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Synchronous motor
Construction
It has 2 parts:a) Stator
b) Rotor
It has 2 types of windings:a) Field winding
o
On the rotor
b) Armature winding
o Voltage is induced on it
o On the stator
o Always connected in Y-connection.
b) Cylindrical (non-salient/round)
o
Synchronous Generator
Principle of Operation
Rotor is turned by a prime mover, producing a rotating magnetic field within the air gap.
The rotating magnetic field induces 3 voltages within the stator winding
The rotating magnetic field & the rotor rotate at the same speed called synchronous speed, ns
given by:
ns
120 f
p
- No of poles
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EG
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
Stator Circuit
EG I a Z s VT
IL
Pout ( 3 )
3VL cos
Ia IL
S 3
3VL
(For Y connection)
Ia
and
IL
3
(For connection)
Phasor Diagram
EG I a Z s VT
Example 1 (FKM)
A 3 star-connected generator supplies a load of 10 MW at power factor 0.85 lagging and the
terminal voltage is 11 kV. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm/phase and synchronous reactance
of 0.66 ohm/phase. Calculate the line value of emf generated. Draw the phasor diagram.
Synchronous Motor
Principle of Operation
It has 2 supplies:o
The 3 ac supply produces a 3 current flow in the stator winding that will produce a rotating
magnetic field.
The interaction between the rotor current and the stator field produce a force that drives the
rotor @ motor (both the rotating magnetic field & the rotor rotate at the same speed ns).
Equivalent Circuit
Consider only 1
EA
VT
Ia
Xs
Ra
Rotor Circuit
Stator Circuit
E A VT I a Z s
IL
Pinput (3 )
3VL cos
Ia IL
S 3
3VL
(For Y connection)
Ia
and
IL
3
(For connection)
Phasor Diagram
E A VT I a Z s
Example 2 (FKM)
A 2300 V 3, star-connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohm/phase
and a synchronous reactance of 2.2 ohm/phase. The motor is operating on 0.5 power factor
leading with a line current of 200 A. Determine the value of generated or counter emf per phase.
Draw the phasor diagram.
Voltage Regulation
In general,
V .R.
VNL VFL
VFL
V .R.
EG VT
VT
V .R.
VT E A
EA
Example 3 (FKM)
A 200 kVA, 600 V, 50 Hz 3 synchronous generator is Y-connected. The generator has a
synchronous reactance 0.10 ohm/phase and armature resistance of 2.0 ohm/phase. Calculate the
voltage regulation if the generator is operating at 0.75 leading power factor.
Synchronous Generator
Pinput P Pm
Pm PCL Pout
Where
Pm 3EG I a cos
PCL 3I a Ra
2
Pout
Pout
3VT EG sin
Xs
Maximum power transfer (the generator can supply) occurs when =90 given by:
Pmax
3VT EG
Xs
Synchronous Motor
Pinput PCL Pm
Pm P Pout
Where
Pm 3E A I a cos
PCL 3I a Ra
2
Pinput
3VT E A sin
Xs
Pmax
3VT E A
Xs
10
Pinput
Torque Equation
P 60 P
2N
Tm
Pm 60 Pm
s 2ns
Tout
2N
rad / s
60
Pout 60 Pout
s
2ns
For maximum torque (also known as stalling / pull out / breakdown torque)
Tmax
Pmax
s
Example 4 (FKM)
A 2000 V, 500hp, 3 Y connected synchronous motor has a resistance of 0.3 and a
synchronous reactance of 3.0 per phase respectively. Determine the induced emf per phase if
the motor works on full-load with an efficiency of 92 % and p.f = 0.8 leading.
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A synchronous motor has no net starting torque and cannot start by itself.
If the rotor field poles are excited by the field current (from DC supply) and the stator terminals
is connected to a 3 AC supply, the motor will not start. Instead, it vibrates.
12
The speed of a synchronous motor can be controlled by changing the frequency of the power
supply.
At any fixed frequency, the speed of a synchronous motor remains constant even for changing
load conditions, unless if the motor loses synchronism.
The synchronous motor is therefore very suitable for accurate speed control and also in
application where several motors have to run in synchronism.
Figure 1 shows the schematics diagrams for open-loop speed control of a synchronous motor
by changing the output frequency and voltage of an inverter or cycloconverter.
The inverter circuit allows variation of frequency (and hence motor speed) over a wide range,
whereas the cycloconverter circuit permits variation of frequency below one-third of the supply
frequency.
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a) Open-loop control
b) Closed-loop control
Figure 2: Self-controlled synchronous motor
In the open-loop frequency control, if a load is suddenly applied, the rotor momentarily
slows down, making the torque angle increase beyond 90 and leading to loss of
synchronism.
However, if the rotor position is sensed as the rotor slows down and the information is used
to decrease the stator frequency, the motor will stay in synchronism.
In such a scheme, the rotor speed will adjust the stator frequency and the drive system is
known as self-controlled synchronous motor drive.
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