Aerodynamics & Flight Mechanics

Research Group

Joukowski Aerofoil Modelling in

MATLAB
S. J. Newman
Technical Report AFM-11/13
January 2011


UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES

AERODYNAMICS AND FLIGHT MECHANICS RESEARCH GROUP

Joukowski Aerofoil Modelling in MATLAB

by

S. J. Newman

AFM Report No. AFM 11/13

January 2011

School of Engineering Sciences, Aerodynamics and Flight Mechanics Research Group

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PreliminaryDiscussion
The2DPotentialFlowisbuiltupusing3basiccomponents,namely:

FreeStream
Doublet

Vortex

Theassumptionismadewhereby,theflowvelocityisgivenby:

q u iv

(1.)

W i

(2.)

dW
u iv
dZ

(3.)

TheComplexPotentialis:

Fromwhichwehave:

And:

q q

dW
u 2 v2
dZ

q
CP 1
U

(4.)

FreeStream
If the incident freestream flow is angled by to the X axis of velocity U, the Complex
Potential(W)isgivenby:

W Uz ei

(5.)

Doublet
Adoubletplacedattheoriginis:

Doublet
z

dW
Doublet
dz
z2

(6.)

However,thedoubletwillcreatetheflowofafreestreampassingacircularcylinder.Ifthe
cylinderradiusisr c ,thenthedoubletstrengthspecificationcanbemodifiedtogive:

Ua 2 i
W
e
z
dW
Ua 2 i
2 e
dz
z

(7.)

Vortex
Avortexplacedattheoriginis:

W kVortex i log z

dW i kVortex

dz
z

(8.)

Total
Hence,assemblingthethreecomponentsgivestheoverallresult:

2
Ua
W Uze i
ei kVortex i log z
z
dW
Ua 2 i i kVortex
i
Ue 2 e
dz
z
z

(9.)

JoukowskiTransformation
TheJoukowskitransformationtakesacircleandtransformsitintoanaerofoiltypeofshape
usingthefollowingcomplexexpression:

Z U

Ua 2

(10.)

Whereaistheradiusofthereferencecirclecentredattheorigin.

ThecirclewhichtransformstotheaerofoilshapeisdefinedasshowninFigure1:

roff

rc

Figure1
Usingtheabovedefinitions,thecircleisgivenby:

circ rc ei roff ( cos i sin )

(11.)

Thereferenceangle,,isgivenby:

sin

roff sin
rc

(12.)

AnexampleofthetransformationgeometryisshowninFigure2:

Figure2RefCircle(Green),BaseCircle(Blue),Aerofoil(Red)

TheinversetransformationfromtheZtotheplaneisgivenby:

Z Z 2 4a 2

2
Z Z 4a

2
2

if

real ( Z ) 0
(13.)

if

real ( Z ) 0

Notetheuseofbothsolutionsoftheinversetransformationquadraticequation.

KuttaCondition
Thefullydevelopedflowoveranaerofoilrequirestheflowtoleavethetrailingedge
tangentially.ThisisknownastheKuttaconditionandisachievedbyadjustingthevortex
strength.Therequirementisaresultoftheviscousnatureofthefluid.Potentialflowdoes
notallowforviscositysothisisananalyticaltweaktoenableanecessaryresultofviscosity
tobeincludedinapotentialflowmodel.
InorderfortheKuttaconditiontobemetthevortexstrengthmustbeofthecorrect
magnitude,givenby:

K 2aU sin

(14.)

WhencethefinalflowComplexPotentialisdefined(intheplane)by:

W U e

Ua 2

ei 2aU sin i log

dW
Ua i i 2aU sin
i
Ue 2 e
dz

(15.)

10

Examples
Usingtheabovetransformation,thefollowingfiguresshowcontoursofstreamfunction,
speedandpressurecoefficient:

KuttaConditionOff
Contours of Stream Function a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 Kutta Off
3

-1

-2

-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

11


Contours of Speed a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 U = 1 Kutta Off
3

2.2
2

2
1.8
1.6

1.4
0

1.2
1

-1

0.8
0.6

-2
0.4
0.2

-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

12


Contours of Pressure Coefficient a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 U = 1 Kutta Off
3
0.5
2

0
-0.5

-1
-1.5

-2
-1

-2.5
-3

-2

-3.5
-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

-4

KuttaConditionOn

13


Contours of Stream Function a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 Kutta On
3

-1

-2

-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

14


Contours of Speed a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 U = 1 Kutta On
3

1.5
0

-1

-2

0.5

-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

15


Contours of Pressure Coefficient a = 1 rc = 1.0986 roff = 0.1 = 10 U = 1 Kutta On
3

-1

-2

-1

-3

-2

-4

-5

-3
-3

-2

-1

0
X

MatlabFile
%
%
Joukowski Aerofoils
%
%
SJN 5/11/09
%
clear all
xmax=5;
nx=150;
a=1;
deltadeg=10;
roff=.1;
U=1;
alfdeg=5;
kutta=1;
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------delta=deltadeg*pi/180;
offset=roff*(-cos(delta)+1i*sin(delta));
circrad=abs(offset-a);
beta=asin(roff*sin(delta)/circrad);
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

16

alf=alfdeg*pi/180;
kuttagamma=2*circrad*U*sin(alf+beta);
if kutta~=0
vortex=kuttagamma;
else
vortex=0;
end
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------x=linspace(-xmax,xmax,nx);
y=x;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
Z=X+1i*Y;
ZETA=.5*(Z-sqrt(Z.^2-4*a^2)).*(real(Z)<0)+...
.5*(Z+sqrt(Z.^2-4*a^2)).*(real(Z)>=0);
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
% CONTOURS OF STREAM FUNCTION
W=U*exp(1i*-alf)*ZETA...
+U*exp(1i*alf)*circrad^2./(ZETA-offset)...
+vortex*1i*log(ZETA-offset);
v1=-40:.1:40;
contour(X,Y,imag(W),v1,'b');
hold on
if kutta~=0
title(['Contours of Stream Function a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' Kutta On']);
else
title(['Contours of Stream Function a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' Kutta Off']);
end
xlabel('X');
ylabel('Y');
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------theta=linspace(0,2*pi,101);
ctheta=cos(theta);
stheta=sin(theta);
ZETACIRC=circrad*(ctheta+1i*stheta)+offset;
ZCIRC=ZETACIRC+a^2./ZETACIRC;
fill(real(ZCIRC),imag(ZCIRC),'r','FaceAlpha',1);
%axis(xmax*[-1 1 -1 1]);
axis(3*[-1 1 -1 1]);
%axis([1.5 2.5 -.5 .5]);
%axis equal
grid on
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
figure % CONTOURS OF SPEED
dWdZ=U*exp(1i*-alf)...
-U*exp(1i*alf)*circrad^2./(ZETA-offset).^2 ...
+vortex*1i./(ZETA-offset);
Q=abs(dWdZ);
v2=0:.05:3;
contour(X,Y,Q,v2);
colorbar
hold on
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------

17


theta=linspace(0,2*pi,101);
ctheta=cos(theta);
stheta=sin(theta);
ZETACIRC=circrad*(ctheta+1i*stheta)+offset;
ZCIRC=ZETACIRC+a^2./ZETACIRC;
fill(real(ZCIRC),imag(ZCIRC),'r','FaceAlpha',1);
%axis(xmax*[-1 1 -1 1]);
axis(3*[-1 1 -1 1]);
%axis([1.5 2.5 -.5 .5]);
%axis equal
grid on
if kutta~=0
title(['Contours of Speed a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' U = ',num2str(U),' Kutta
On']);
else
title(['Contours of Speed a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' U = ',num2str(U),' Kutta
Off']);
end
xlabel('X');
ylabel('Y');
%>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
figure % CONTOURS OF PRESSURE COEFFICIENT
CP=1-Q.^2/U^2;
v3=-10:.1:1;
contour(X,Y,CP,v3);
colorbar
hold on
%-------------------------------------------------------------------------theta=linspace(0,2*pi,101);
ctheta=cos(theta);
stheta=sin(theta);
ZETACIRC=circrad*(ctheta+1i*stheta)+offset;
ZCIRC=ZETACIRC+a^2./ZETACIRC;
fill(real(ZCIRC),imag(ZCIRC),'r','FaceAlpha',1);
%axis(xmax*[-1 1 -1 1]);
axis(3*[-1 1 -1 1]);
%axis([1.5 2.5 -.5 .5]);
%axis equal
grid on
if kutta~=0
title(['Contours of Pressure Coefficient a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' U = ',num2str(U),' Kutta
On']);
else
title(['Contours of Pressure Coefficient a = ',num2str(a),...
' r_c = ',num2str(circrad),...
' r_o_f_f = ',num2str(roff),...
' \delta = ',num2str(deltadeg),'\circ',' U = ',num2str(U),' Kutta
Off']);
end

18


xlabel('X');
ylabel('Y');

19

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