Forest Under Nuclear Blast. Canadian Simulated Effects With TNT - Operation Distant Plain.n-71-3

I
TECHNICAL REPORT N-71-3
PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT

OPERATION DISTANT PLAIN, EVENTS 1, 2A
3, 4, AND 5; PROJECT 3.02A, EARTH MOTION
AND STRESS MEASUREMENTS
by
J. K. Ingram
I-'
May 1971
Sponsored by
Conducted by
Defense Atomic Support: Agency
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment: Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
'
TECHNICAL REPORT N-71-3
PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT

OPERATION DISTANT PLAIN, EVENTS 1, 2A
3, 4, AND 5; PROJECT 3.02A, EARTH MOTION
AND STRESS MEASUREMENTS
by
J. K. Ingram
May 1971
Sponsored by
Defense Atomic Support Agency
NWER Subtask 96X4902

Conducted by
U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi
A.RMYMRC VICKSBURG. MISS.
APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED
TArl
w~:.+-
110. //- 'l/-~
THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT ARE NOT TO BE

USED FOR ADVERTISING, PUBLICATION, OR
PROMOTIONAL PURPOSES.
CITATION OF TRADE
NAMES DOES NOT CONSTITUTE AN OFFICIAL ENDORSEMENT OR APPROVAL OF THE USE OF SUCH
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
70346
ABSTRACT
Ground motions and stresses within the upper 10 feet of soil were
measured on the Distant Plain events detonated in Canada in
1966-67.
Events 1, 2A, 3, and 5 were detonated at the Drowning Ford Test Site, Defence Research Establishment, Suffield (DRES), Alberta, Canada.
Event 4
was detonated at a remote mountainous site near Hinton, Alberta.

Ground motion measurements were unsuccessful for the aboveground detonation (Event 1).
Motion data of good quality were obtained for the re-
maining detonations of the test series (Events 2A, 3,
4,
and 5).
Accelera-
tion and velocity measurements were made in the vertical and horizontal
directions.
In addition, a limited number of vertical stress measurements

Sixty-four data channels were successfully recorded on Event 2A,
were made.
32 for Event 3, 35 for Event
4,
and 33 for Event 5.
Data waveforms, except
4, are included in Appendix A. Event 4 waveforms are included in
for Event
Chapter 5.
Detonation of the surface gas bag, Event 2A, produced no crater.

Airblast-induced ground motions for this event were greater than for Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III.
This was the result
of significant explosive energy going directly into airblast formation

rather than partitioning to the ground through crater formation.
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III were identical in
yield and geometry, but differed in site location.
An additional variant
was introduced by Distant Plain Event 5 which was detonated in frozen

ground.
In spite of these variations, the ground motions were -s-imilar in
amplitude and waveform.
The variances between Distant Plain Event 3 and
Flat Top are -attributed to slight differenc-es in test site soils, explosive
coupling, and instrument canister placement.
The effect of the frozen ground on Distant Plain Event 5 motions was
generally limited to the horizontal vector near the surface.
This was
manifested as higher amplitude and frequency accelerations than for unfrozen ground.
The thin frozen surface layer allowed greater coupling of the
high-frequency components which are attenuated by dry alluvium.

Distant Plain Event 4 primary ground motions in the region of tree
blowdown were down and away from the point of detonation at early times,
then upward due to elastic rebound and., later, refracted energy from depth.
Measured upthrust motions were small in the region instrumented and did not
contribute significantly to the blowdown process.
PREFACE
This report describes the work conducted by the U. S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station (WES) as Project 3.02a of the Operation
Distant Plain Test Series, staged in Alberta, Canada, during 1966-1967.
Project 3.02a was funded by the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) under
Nuclear Weapons Effects Research (NWER) Subtask 96x4902, and was conducted
under the auspices of the Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program.
This work was conducted by personnel of the WES Nuclear Weapons Effects Division under the direction of Mr. G. L. Arbuthnot, Jr., Division
Chief, Mr. L. F. Ingram, Chief, Physical Sciences Branch, and Mr. J. D.
Day, Chief, Blast and Shock Section.
This report was written by Mr. J. K.
Ingram, Project Officer.

Messrs. L. T. Watson, Jr., G. P. Bonner, J. L. Pickens, and others
of the Instrumentation Services Division provided field technical support
in instrument checkout and data acquisition.
COL John R. Oswalt, Jr., CE, COL Levi A. Brown, CE, and COL Ernest D.
Peixotto, CE, were Directors of the WES and Messrs. J. B. Tiffany and F. R.
Brown were Technical Directors during the investigation and the preparation
and publication of this report.
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------PREFACE--------------------------------------------------------------NOTATION-------------------------------------------------------------CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT-----------CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------1.1 Background----------------------------------------------------1.2 Objectives and Scope------------------------------------------1.3 Predictions---------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 2 INSTRUMENTATION-------------------------------------------2.1 Drowning Ford Test Range--------------------------------------2.1.l Layout----------------------------------------------------2.1.2 Placement Methods-----------------------------------------2.2 Hinton Test Site----------------------------------------------2.3 Equipment-----------------------------------------------------2.4 Gage Annotation-----------------------------------------------2.5 Data Reduction------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 3 RESULTS, EVENTS 1 AND 2A----------------------------------3.1 Event 1-------------------------------------------------------3.2 Event 2A------------------------------------------------------3.2.1 Data Recovery---------------------------------------------3.2.2 Ground-Shock Arrival Time---------------------------------3.2.3 Particle Acceleration-------------------------------------3.2.4 Particle Velocity-----------------------------------------3.2.5 Displacement----------------------------------------------3.2.6 Earth Stress----------------------------------------------CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, EVENTS 3 AND 5-----------------------------------4.1 Shot Conditions-----------------------------------------------4.2 Data Recovery-------------------------------------------------4.3 Ground-Shock Arrival Time-------------------------------------4.4 Particle Acceleration-----------------------------------------4.4.1 Near-Surface Vertical Acceleration------------------------4.4.2 Vertical Acceleration for Deeper Gages_--------------------4.4.3 Horizontal Acceleration-----------------------------------4.5 Particle Velocity---------------------------------------------4.5.1 Vertical Velocity-----------------------------------------4.5.2 Horizontal Velocity---------------------------------------4.6 Displacement--------------------------------------------------4.7 Stress--------------------------------------------------------CHAPTER 5 RESULTS, EVENT 4------------------------------------------5.1 Data Recovery-------------------------------------------------5.2 Ground-Shock Arrival Time-------------------------------------7
4
6
12
13
14
14
15
16
21
21
22
22
23
23
25
25
36
36
36
36
36
37
39
40
40
61
61
61
62
63
63
64
65
65
65
66
67
68
103
103
104
5,3 Particle Acceleration-----------------------------------------5.3.1 Vertical Acceleration-------------------------------------5.3.2 Horizontal Acceleration-----------------------------------5.4 Particle Velocity---------------------------------------------5.4.1 Vertical Velocity-----------------------------------------5.4.2 Horizontal Velocity----------------------------------------
104
104
106
106
106
107
CHAPI'ER 6 CONCLUSIONS-----------------------------------------------APPENDIX A DATA WAVEFORMS, EVENTS 2A, 3, AND 5-----------------------
128
131
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------
172
TABLES
1.1
1.2
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3,5
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5,5
5.6
Distant Plain Events-----------------------------------------Prediction Data for Airblast-Induced Ground Motions----------Description of Drowning Ford Soil----------------------------Acceleration Data, Event 2A----------------------------------Velocity Data, Event 2A--------------------------------------Displacement Data, Event 2A----------------------------------Vertical Stress Data, Event 2A-------------------------------Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration and Velocity Ratios,
Event 2A-----------------------------------------------------Acceleration Data, Events 3 and 5----------------------------Velocity Data, Events 3 and 5--------------------------------Displacement Data, Events 3 and 5----------------------------Vertical Stress Data, Events 3 and 5-------------------------Near-Surface Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration Ratios,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III---------Near-Surface Airblast-Induced Vertical Velocity Ratios,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III---------Normalized Peak Horizontal Particle Velocity, Events 3 and 5-Acceleration Data, Event 4-----------------------------------Velocity Data, Event 4---------------------------------------Displacement Data, Event 4-----------------------------------Airblast-Induced Vertical Acceleration Ratios, Event 4-------Ratio of Maximum Upward to Downward Acceleration, Event 4----Airblast-Induced Vertical Velocity Ratios, Event 4------------
19
19
27
42
43
44
45
45
70
71
72
73
73
74
74
108
108
109
110
110
110
FIGURES
1.1
~~
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Wavefront diagram and force vectors---------------------------locations, Events 1, 2A, 3, and

Cross section of gage test plan, Events 1 and 2A-------------Cross section of gage test plan, Events 3 and
Typical gage columns, Drowning Ford Test Site----------------Field locations, Event 4-------------------------------------Cross section of gage test plan, Event 4---------------------Partially grouted instrument canister, 10.0-foot depth,
Event 4------------------------------------------------------Photograph of cleared sector main blast line from GZ,
preshot, Event 4---------------------------------------------Kaman Nuclear experimental accelerometer----------------------
5----------------------5---------------
~ierd
20
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3,7
3.8
3,9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
4.1
4.2
4.3
.4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot

depth, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Ground-shock profile, Event 2A-------------------------------Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus horizontal
range, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Vertical accelerograms, Event 2A-----------------------------Ratio of maximum airblast-induced vertical acceleration and
velocity to surface overpressure versus depth, Event 2A -----Vertical accelerogram comparisons, 1.5-foot depth, Kaman
Nuclear and Pace transducers---------------------------------Vertical accelerograms, radially deployed gages, 1.5-foot
depth, 210-foot horizontal range, Event 2A-------------------Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal
range, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 2A-----------Peak airblast-induced downward particle velocity versus
horizontal range, Event 2A---------------------------------~-
Peak airblast-induced outward particle velocity versus horizontal range, Event 2A---------------------------------------Peak airblast-induced downward displacement versus horizontal
range, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Peak airblast-induced outward displacement versus horizontal
range, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Peak airblast-induced vertical stress versus horizontal range,
Event 2A-----------------------------------------------------Vertical stress waveforms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 2A----------Comparison of surface airblast and near-surface stress waveforms, Event 2A----------------------------------------------Preshot ground temperatures, Event 5-------------------------Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot
depth, Events 3 and 5----------------------------------------Ground-shock profiles, Events 3 and 5------------------------Vertical accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 3--------------Comparison of vertical accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth, Events
3 and 5-- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.- - -- - - - - Vertical accelerograms at 150-foot range, near-surface,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III---------Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus horizontal
range, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat
Top
Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward acceleration to
overpressure, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 2A, 3, and 5
and Flat Top
and
Vertical acceleration waveform modification with depth,
60-foot range, Event 3---------------------------------------Vertical accelerograms, 10-foot depth, Event 3---------------Comparison of vertical accelerograms, 10-foot depth,
Events 3 and 5-----------------------------------------------Horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 5------------Comparison of horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth,
Events 3 and 5------------------------------------------------
II and III-----------------------------------------------1I
III---------------------------------------
46
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal

range, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5------------------------Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration,
1.5-foot depth, 60-foot range, Events 3 and 5----------------Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration,
1.5-foot depth, various ranges, Events 3 and 5---------------Peak airblast-induced downward velocity versus horizontal
range, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and
Flat Top
and
Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward velocity to overpressure, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 2A, 3, and 5 and
Flat Top
and
Horizontal velocity waveforms, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5Horizontal velocity waveforms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 5-------Horizontal velocity waveform comparison, near-surface,
150-foot range, Distant Plain Event 3 and Flat Top
and
Peak airblast-induced outward particle velocity versus
range, Events 3 and 5----------------------------------------Peak crater-induced outward particle velocity versus range,
Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top
and
Peak crater-induced outward particle velocity normalized to
crater radius, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top
and
Peak vertical displacement versus horizontal range,
Events 3 and 5-----------------------------------------------Peak crater-induced horizontal displacement versus horizontal
range, Events 3 and 5----------------------------------------Composite stress plot, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5--------Vertical stress waveform comparison, 1.5-foot depth,
70-foot range, Events 3 and 5--------------------------------Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot
depth, Event 4-----------------------------------------------Ground-shock profiles, Event 4-------------------------------Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus horizontal
range, Event 4-----------------------------------------------Peak crater-induced upward acceleration versus horizontal
range, Event 4-----------------------------------------------Ratio of maximum vertical acceleration to surface overpressure, Event 4------------------------------------------------Vertical acceleration ratio as a function of ground range,
Event
Vertical acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and
cleared sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event 4---------------------Vertical acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and
cleared sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event 4----------Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal
range, Event 4-----------------------------------------------Horizontal acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and
cleared sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event 4---------------------Horizontal acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and
cleared sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event 4-----------
89
90
II
III-------------------------------------------
91
II
III-------------------------------------------
92
93
94
II
II
II
88
III-
95
96
III----------
97
III----------------------------------------------------
98
4-------------------------------------------------------
10
99
100
101
102
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
A.l
A.2
A.3
A.4
A.5
A.6
A.7
A.8
A.9
A.10
A.11
A.12
A.13
A.14
A.15
Peak airblast-induced downward velocity versus horizontal

range, Event
Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward velocity to overpressure, Event 4--------------------------------------------Peak airblast-induced outward velocity versus horizontal
range, Event 4-----------------------------------------------Horizontal velocity waveform comparisons, forested and cleared
sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event
Horizontal velocity waveform comparisons, forested and cleared
sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event
Measured horizontal velocity waveforms compared to integrated
acceleration, 10-foot depth, cleared and forested sectors,
Event 4------------------------------------------------------Vertical acceleration, Event 2A------------------------------Vertical velocity, Event 2A----------------------------------Horizontal acceleration, Event 2A----------------------------Horizontal velocity, Event 2A--------------------------------Vertical stress, Event 2A------------------------------------Vertical acceleration, Event 3-------------------------------Vertical velocity, Event 3-----------------------------------Horizontal acceleration, Event 3-----------------------------Horizontal velocity, Event 3---------------------------------Vertical stress, Event 3-------------------------------------Vertical acceleration, Event 5-----------------------~-------
Vertical velocity, Event 5-----------------------------------Horizontal acceleration, Event 5-----------------------------Horizontal velocity, Event 5---------------------------------Vertical stress, Event 5--------------------------------------
4------------------------------------------------
4-----------------------------4-------------------
11
122
123
124
125
126
127
132
138
142
145
150
152
154
156
158
161
162
164
167
168
171
NOTATION
Ah
Horizontal particle acceleration, g's
Peak resultant particle acceleration, g's
v
c
Vertical particle acceleration, g's

Airblast propagation velocity, ft/sec
Cp
Peak stress propagation velocity, ft/sec
Cs
Seismic propagation velocity in the surface material, ft/sec
d
~
P
P
so
P
1
R
Measurement depth, feet

Shallower depth, feet
Stress at depth, psi
Surface overpressure, psi
Initial stress or stress at prior depth
Rise time, seconds
Uh
Horizontal particle velocity, ft/sec
Peak resultant particle velocity, ft/sec
U
v
Z
Vertical particle velocity, ft/sec
, psi
Horizontal range, feet
T
a
T
r
Arrival time, msec
Depth, feet
The angle of the trailing wave intersection with the ground surface, degrees
Soil density, pcf
12
CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

British units of measurement used in this report can be converted to metric
units as follows.
Multiply
feet
To Obtain
By
0.3048
meters
inches
25.4
millimeters
pounds per cubic foot
16.01846
kilograms per cubic meter
pounds per square inch

tons
6.894757
0.9071847
Fahrenheit degrees
5/9
kilonewtons per square meter

megagrams
Celsius or Kelvin degrees a
a To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) readings, use the following formula: C = (5/9)(F - 32). To obtain
Kelvin (K) readings, use: K = (5/9)(F - 32) + 273.15.
13
CHAPI'ER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
Operation Distant Plain consisted of a series of high-explosive (HE)
and detonable-gas experiments conducted in Alberta, Canada, during FY 1967

under the auspices of the Tripartite Technical Cooperation Program.
This
1
operation is a continuation of a test program begun in 1959 with a 5-ton
shot, and followed by a 20-ton shot in 1960, a 100-ton shot in 1961, and
more recently, a 500-ton shot in 1964.

This current test series was designed to provide airblast, cratering,
and ground-shock data from spherical shots above and at the surface in a
particular soil type for both summer and winter conditions for testing prototype instrumentation, determining response of military equipment, and
conducting experiments in blast biology.
In addition, tree blowdown and
defoliation data were to be obtained from a surface burst in a coniferous

forest.
Table 1.1 lists the events.
Event 1 was a spherical 20-ton TNT charge mounted on a tower with a

height of burst (HOB) of 85 feet.
Event 2 was a 20-ton-equivalent
detonable-gas-filled balloon located at the same HOB and ground zero (GZ)
as Event 1.
Because of destruction of the gas balloon during the inflation
process, Event 2 was rescheduled for testing in October 1966.
Event 2A was
a 20-ton-equivalent detonable-gas-filled bag (surface), similar to Event 2.

Both Events 2 and 2A were to utilize remaining operable instrumentation
from Event 1.
These detonable-gas shots were aimed at producing blast and
thermal effects for target response without creating ejecta and debris.
Both Events 3 and 5 were spherical 20-ton half-buried stacks of TNT.
-Event 3 served -a-s -a normal environrlle-ntal
frozen-ground shot, Event
Series (Reference 1).
~untrol
shot for an identical
5, and to provide correlation with the Flat Top
Event 5 was detonated during the winter when the
1 A table of factors for converting British units of measurement to metric

units is presented on page 13.
14
ground was partially frozen.
The main objectives of this event were to
study cratering and ground-shock effects in a frozen medium.
For Event 5,
a unique test situation was hoped for: that the ground shock from the detonation would be induced into a three-layered system with a relatively slowVelocity layer sandwiched between the top (frozen) layer and the saturated
layer at the water table.
Complex ground-wave interactions were expected.
Little specific scientific knowledge has been assimilated on HE effects in a forested area.
The mechanics of tree blowdown and defoliation
need to be related to air shock and ground motions.
Since the resultant
conditions directly affect troop, helicopter, and surface vehicle movements, considerable effort has been directed toward this problem.
A pro-
totY:Pe shot, Blowdown I, was conducted in a tropical rain forest in Australia.
Event 4 (Blowdown II) was designed to expand the empirical knowledge
to include typical coniferous forest response.

A test site for Event 4 was selected near Hinton, Alberta, Canada, in
the Dominion Forest Preserve.
The soil of the area is primarily saturated
glacial. till in a clayey matrix intermixed with occasional thin layers of

saturated clay, extending down to bedrock, perhaps at 100 feet.
The upper
6 to 8 inches is mostly decaying organic material and root networks.
The
nature of the soil prevents deep root penetration so that the trees are
Only loosely anchored.
Intuitively, it was felt that, because of these
conditions, the directly transmitted ground shock from an explosive source

WOUld be transmitted to the root bundle and perhaps contribute to the blowdown mechanism.
1.2
OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The objectives of Project 3.02a were to measure earth motions and
stresses produced by these detonations, and to analyze and correlate the

resuits with data obtained on other similar shots (Flat Top II and III).
This report covers Project 3.02a participation in Events 1, 2A, and 3
(summer alluvium tests), the Event 4 forest shot (Blowdown II), and
Event 5, the frozen-ground shot, of the Operation Distant Plain Test
Series.
For each event, vertical. and horizontal. acceleration, velocity, and
15
displacement data were obtained for various ranges and depths.

stress data were als9 obtained for all events except Event
4.
Vertical
The number
of data channels employed on each shot is included in Table 1.1.

data obtained is given in Appendix A, except for Event
The raw
4. Event 4 data
traces are given in Chapter 5.

1.3
PREDICTIONS
Predictions for instrument range settings were made from existing
equations derived from one-dimensional theory and empirical data.
Stress
attenuation with depth was determined from the empirical expression developed in Reference 2.
p = p
Where:
d )-0.37
(1)
( dl
P = stress at depth, psi

P = initial stress or stress at shallower depth, psi
1
d = working depth, feet

d = prior depth, feet
1
This equation permits incremental stresses to be calculated; however, an
initial depth-stress input must be assumed.
To set up initial conditions
for solution, a depth of 0.5 foot, where the pressure level approximates
the ground surface overpressure, was assumed.
Particle velocity was calculated from Equation 2, extracted from the
Air Force Design Manual (Reference 3), using pressure inputs previously
calculated from Equation 1 above.
p
pC
Where:
(2)
p
Ur= peak resultant particle velocity, ft/sec

p = soil density (assumed to be approximately
cp
100 pcf)
peak stress propagation velocity, ft/sec
Particle velocity rise times were calculated from Equation 3 (from

Reference 3).
16
(3)
cs
Where:
T = rise time, sec

r
depth, feet
Cs = seismic propagation velocity in the surface material, ft/sec

The peak resultant particle acceleration was predicted using Equation
4.
Ar
Where:
( 4)
=peak resultant particle acceleration, ft/sec/sec
For acceleration in g's Equation 4 becomes:
2U
The angle
= 32.2Tr
(5)
r
is defined as the angle of the trailing wave intersec-
tion with the normal ground surface (Figure 1.1).
This angle may be deter-
mined either graphically or by the expression:

sin
Where:
cs
(6)
c = airblast velocity, ft/sec
The included angle between the resultant and vertical vectors (Figure 1.1)
is equivalent to
e ,
the trailing wave angle.
The vertical and horizontal acceleration components may now be calculated from Equations 7 and 8:
Av = Ar cos
( 7)
(8)
The vertical and horizontal particle velocity components may similarly

be computed.
17
uv
ur
cos
(9)
uh = ur
sin
(10)
Table 1.2 lists the predicted values for airblast-induced ground motions computed for Project 3.02a.
18
TABLE 1.1
DISTANT PLAIN EVENTS
Event
Charge Configuration
20 tons, spherical, TNT, 85-foot

tower
20-ton equivalent 62.5-foot radius,
hemispherical, detonable gas (propane and oxygen), surface
7 ,July 1966
Drowning Ford Test Range, DRES (Defence

Research Establishment, Suffield)
22 July 1966
Drowning Ford Test Range, DRES
20 tons, spherical, TNT, halfburied

50 tons, hemispherical, TN'r,
surface
27 July 1966
Drowning Ford Test Range, DRES
16 August 1966
Hinton, Alberta
20 tons, spherical, TNT, halfburied
9 February 1967 Drowning Ford Test Range, DRES
2A
4
5
TARLE 1.2
Surface
(}ar;e
Depth
d
so
Location
No. Data
Channels
34
PREDICTION DA'rA r"OR AIBBIAST-INDUCED GROUND MOTIONS
Overpressure
p
Date
Pressure
at Depth
p
Resultant
Particle
Velocity
ur
Rts-e-
Resuitant-
Hori--
Time
Particle
Acceleration
A
r
zontal
Particle
Particle Acceleration
Velocity
']'
psi
feet
psi
ft/sec
.seconds
g's
1,000
1.5
5.0
10.0
667.0
1126.0
330,0
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
1,540.0
415.0
174.o
5)0
1.5
5.0
10.0
364.o
234,o
182.0
62.0
40.0
31.0
3lf,O
22.0
17 .o
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
300
1.5
5,0
10.0
16.o
200.0
128.0
99.0
83.0
19.0
12.0
9,5
7,7
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
0.0145
850.0
227.0
95,0
470,0
1211,0
53.0
2).0
200
1.5
5 .o
10.0
12.0
8.0
6.2
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
310.0
82.0
35,0
100
1.5
5.0
10.0
133.0
85.0
66.o
6c{ ,0
43.0
33,0
6.3
lf,0
3,1
0.0025
0.0060
0.0110
50
1.5
5.0
10.0
33,0
21.0
16.o
3,1
1.9
1.5
0.0025
0.0060
O.OllO
30
1.5
16.o
20.0
7,6
1.9
o.8
20
1.5
5.0
13.0
8.o
10
1.5
1.5
6.7
3,4
Harizontal
uh
ft/sec
g's
Vertica-1
Vertical
Particle Particle
Velocity Acceleration
uv
rt/sec
g's
62.0
4o.o
31.0
1,540.0
415.0
174.o
840.0
224.o
94.o
5 .6
3.(i
2.8
140.0
37.0
16.o
4.2
2.6
2.1
1.5
3,2
2.1
l.6
103.0
28.0
12.0
5.6
82.0
22.0
9,3
458.0
121.0
52.0
25 .o
160.0
42.0
17.0
2.2
56.0
15.0
5,9
149.0
39,0
16.o
1.4
0.94
0.74
0.0025
0.0145
77,0
20.0
9.0
47.0
2.6
1.1
o.48
38.0
9.9
4.5
28.0
1.5
69.0
18.o
8.1
38.0
2.1
1.2
o.8
0.0025
0.0060
30,0
8.3
0.80
0,53
20.0
5,5
22.0
6.1
0.62
0.0025
15.0
o.49
12.0
9,3
0,33
0.0025
8.2
0.30
7,4
3.6
19
1.4
1.1
298.0
79.0
34.o
AIRBLAST PROPAGATION
Uh,Ah
Figure 1.1 Wavefront diagram and force vectors.
20
CHAPTER 2
INSTRUMENTATION
2.1
DROWNING FORD TEST RAIDE

2.1.1
Layout.
Test operations for the summer series were to include
Events 1, 2, 2A, and 3, held at the Defence Research Establishment, Suffield (DRES), Drowning Ford Test Range; Event 2 was postponed as mentioned
in Section 1.1.
Because of the compressed shot schedule, gages were em-
placed and checked out at the Events.land 3 sites simultaneously.

recovered from Event
3 were immediately reused on Event 4.
Gages
All gages were
placed essentially along a single radial blast line in each test area (Figure 2.1).
Gage signal cables were run in a covered trench to the recording
instrumentation located in an 8- by 15-foot concrete bunker.

was located approximately 1,200 feet from GZ.
two steps.
The bunker
The cable runs were made in
A trunkline approximately 700 feet long was permanently em-
placed from the instrument bunker toward the test area, terminating in a
hardened junction box.
Individual gage cables were run in a covered trench
from the placement locations to the junction box.

Events 1, 2, and 2A gagelines were first connected to the recording
instrumentation through the junction box.
After completion of Events 1 and
2A, the gagelines from the Event 3 site were connected in place of those
from the previous setups.
Sixty-five channels of instrumentation were employed for Events 1
and 2A.
The area instrumented was greater for these events because of
Planned measurements directly under the point of burst.
The stresses ex-
pected to be generated by the high reflected overpressures from Shots 1

and 2A were of particular interest; therefore, the majority of the gages
were in this region.
Only the most distant stations were located in the
mach reflection region.

10 psi.
The overpressures expected ranged from 1,000 to
The gage array is shown in Figure 2.2.
marily at depths
1.5, 5.0, and 10.0 feet.
Gages were positioned pri-
Two additional horizontal ve-
locity gages were included, one at the 16-foot depth and 80-foot range and
one at the 18-foot depth and 210-foot range.
For each of the surface (i.e. half buried) bursts, Events 3 and 5,
21
34 instrument channels were used.
Measurements were made in the surface
overpressure region of 300 to 20 psi as shown in Figure 2.3.
The array was
designed to determine the different propagation phenomena expected between

the frozen and unfrozen ground on Event 5,
The array was positioned in
order to remain generally in the elastic region of earth response.
Proj-
ects 3.04a (Sandia Corporation) and 3.04b (Stanford Research Institute)

obtained complementary data in the hydrodynamic and plastic (close-in) regions; however, these projects did not participate on Event 5.
2.1.2
Placement Methods.
The particle motion canisters used at the
Drowning Ford Test Range were placed in
8-inch-diamet~r
augered boreholes.
The holes in the Event 1 area were initially drilled by a local contractor
using a mud drill.
This method proved to be quite unsatisfactory due to
the ragged nature of the hole and sidewall wetting.
The holes had to be
reamed out later by the DRES field crew using an air auger.
This latter
method was used for the remainder of the instrument holes at Drowning Ford.
In the process of drilling the holes, a fine, free-flowing gray sand
was encountered at a depth of 8 to 12 feet.
This sand layer, which made it
quite difficult to place gage canisters deeper than this level, appeared to
be extensive and was observed in all drill holes.
Several 3-inch-diameter
Shelby-tube samples were taken near the Event 1 area and were analyzed by
the Eric H. Wang Civil Engineering Research Facility, Albuquerque, New
Mexico.
A description of the subsurface material (References 4 and 5) is
given in Table 2.1.

The instrument placement technique was as follows.
The bottom of the
drill hole was tamped smooth and a thin layer of density-matched, lowstrength grout was placed in the hole with a 4-inch-diameter plastic pipe.
The instrument package was lowered into the hole with a placement tool,
properly aligned, and leveled by optical and electrical reference.
The
canister was held in this position until initial set occurred in the grout.
Sufficient additional grout was then added to cover the canister about
4 inches.
After the grout had cured, dry masonry sand was rained into the
hole and tamped in layers until the next instrument level was reached.
Typical gage columns are shown in Figure 2.4.
The stress gages were placed in a separate hole parallel to the
22
Particle motion gage canisters.
Gages were placed downhole with a place-
ment tool and the hole was backfilled with dry masonry sand as in the particle motion hole; however, no grout was used.
2.2
HIN'I'ON TEST SITE

Particle motion transducers recovered from canisters used in Events 1
and 2A were employed for Event
4.
Twenty-four accelerometers and 12 ve-
locity gages were used for a total of 36 channels.

Used for this test.
No stress gages were
Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show the Event 4 location plan and
gage geometry.
Numerous obstacles were encountered in preparing the test site for
gage emplacement.
The nature of the glacial till was such that vertical
gage holes were difficult to drill.
Boulders and cobblestones held in a
clayey matrix predominated the geology of the area.
A backhoe was finally
employed to cut a vertical trench to the desired depth for instrwnent

Placement.
A cavity the size of the gage canister was then dug in the un-
disturbed sidewall.
The canister was placed in the slot, properly aligned,
and grouted in place (Figure 2.7).

tamped.
The trench was then backfilled and
Cables were run in a shallow ditch in both sectors.
sector cable was covered with sand and then indigenous soil.
The cleared
The forest
trench was covered only with indigenous material.

Adverse weather conditions prevailed during most of the site preparation.
Only 2-1/2 days of good weather were available for canister instal-
lation, and all but one of the canisters were emplaced in this period.
Figure 2.8 shows the typical surface condition in the cleared sector.
2.3
:EXiUIPMEN'I'
Ground shock was measured with velocity, acceleration, and earth
stress gages.
The motion gages (Pace A-18 accelerometers, Reference 6,
and Sandia DX velocity gages, Reference 7), which were available commercially, were variable-reluctance-type gages.
The stress gages (References
8 and 9) were designed and fabricated by the Waterways Experiment Station
(WES).
The motion gages and associated calibration and signal conditioning
modUles were assembled on-site and installed in sealed canisters.

23
Usually,
one vertical and one horizontal accelerometer, and a horizontal velocity

gage were employed in each can.
The canisters were potted with wax to
eliminate mount vibrations and prevent water leakage.
The instrument pack-
age was designed to approximately match the density of the native alluvium.
Soil density ranged from about 82 to 85 pcf for the ranges instrumented;
the instrument canister density was 82.5 pcf.
All gages were calibrated in the laboratory before shipment to the
test site.
The accelerometers were statically calibrated on a spin table,
the velocity gages by means of the free-fall method, and the stress gages
in a static pressure chamber.
prior to shot time.
All gages were electrically calibrated just
The stress gages were electrically calibrated at the
amplifier; however, the particle motion gages were calibrated at the

transducer.
The basic electronic system consisted of a 3-kHz carrier amplifierdemodulator system for the particle motion gages and a de signal
conditioner-amplifier system (operational amplifier) for the stress gages.
Gage signals were recorded on both FM magnetic tape and light-beam galvanometer oscillographs.
These methods have been used with a high degree of
success on previous operations.
All systems were activated by means of
hard-wire signals provided by DRES through the Master Control Countdown

System.
The 3-kHz carrier amplifier system response frequency is limited by
the amplifier, but is flat up to 600 Hz.
The amplifier system used with
the stress gages was a de signal conditioner and amplifier with a flat
frequency response up to 20 kHz
and a gain of 1.DD.
Tne frequency limit-
ing factor here was the optical galvanometer of the recording osGillograph,
which limited the signal frequency to about 2.5 kHz.
This limitation is
not imposed when coupling this electronic system to high-frequency magnetic

tape recorders.
Two developmental accelerometers (Kaman Nuclear Model KA-1100) were
mounted along with the Pace gages at the 1.5-foot depth at Locations D and
F (Figure 2.1) in Event 2A.
reluctance gages.
Both the Pace and Kaman gages are variable-
The Pace gage is a relatively low-frequency gage (up
to 1,200 Hz, depending on range), whereas the Kaman gage is a higher
24
frequency gage with stated response up to 3,000 Hz, also dependent on range.
Generally, the higher the acceleration tolerance of the gage (range), the
higher its response frequency.
of the Kaman gage.
Figure
2.9 shows the internal configuration
Signal conditioning for this gage was accomplished
through an in-line signal conditioner/amplifier located at the gage.
Gage
balancing, calibration, and data recording were done in the Ballistic Research Laboratories (BRL) bunker by Kaman Nuclear and BRL personnel.
The
recorded waveforms and calibrations were provided by BRL.
2.4
GAGE ANNOTATION
The gages were alphanumerically coded by event number, horizontal
range from GZ, depth of burial, sector, parameter, and orientation.

For example
1 0
2 A
\
_
l
AV
Orientation
Parameter
Sector1
Depth, ft
Horizontal Range, ft
Event
The parameters are identified as:
A Acceleration
V = Velocity
E = Stress
and orientation as:
H =Horizontal radial
V = Vertical
Single and double integrations of measured data are indicated by the symbols
2.5
and
ff ,
respectively, preceding the gage designation.
DATA REDUCTION
The oscillographic paper was processed innnediately after recovery,
Whereas the magnetic
ta~e
was scanned with an oscilloscope, then sent back
to the WES for controlled playback and analysis.

Data reduction consisted of a system of digitizing the analog signal
data, along with amplitude and timing code factors, processing the
Used for Event 4 only:
F = forested sector; C
= cleared
sector.
25
70346
digitized data to punched cards for computer input, and running the card
decks on the appropriate computer code.
Computer input parameters were
integrated (either singly or doubly) and processed to hard-copy printout

and parameter versus time plots.
Data reduction techniques for Events 1 through
4 consisted of opti-
cally digitizing paper oscillograms with an electromechanical curve follower.
Each time the scan field boundary was reached, the plot was ad-
vanced and reindexed.
Paper stretch, reindexing, and operator error all
contributed to accummulative error, increasing with length of scan.
The
accummulated error was compounded with numerical integration, necessary to

obtain secondary and in some cases tertiary parameters.
By the time Event 5 data were ready for processing, a new analog-todigital data converter was operational which could convert the FM analog
magnetic tape into computer-compatible digital tape.
This advanced process-
ing technique greatly enhanced data reliability for this event.

Because of additional costs required to reprocess the bulk of the test
data for increased accuracy, no reprocessing will be attempted.
26
TABLE 2.1 DESCRIPTION OF DROWNING FORD SOIL
Sample
Description
Depth
feet
0 to 3
Brown silty clay with considerable organic matter in

the form of vertical root systems.
3 to 5.8
Tan silty clay, horizontal stratification, small

amount of organic matter.
5.8 to 6.3
Light brown silty clay, horizontal stratification.
6.3 to 7.9
Light brown silty clay.
7.9 to 10.8 Alternating layers of light tan to light brown silty

clay and fine, clean, gray sand.
10.8 to 13.3
Alternating layers of light tan to light brown silty

clay and fine, clean, gray sand.
27
BUNKER
SCALE
SO
SO
100 1SO FT
JUNCTION BOX
GZ, EVENT 3
GZ, EVENTS 1 & 2a
GZ, EVENT 5
Figure 2 .1
Field locations, Events 1, 2A, 3 , and 5.
28
EVENT I CHARGE
GAGE KEY:
VERTICAL PARTICLE VELOCITY, VERTICAL

PARTICLE ACCELERATION, AND VERTICAL
EARTH STRESS.
RADIAL PARTICLE VELOCITY, RADIAL

PARTICLE ACCELERATION, VERTICAL
PARTICLE ACCELERATION, ANO VERTICAL
EARTH STRESS.
'\/
RADIAL PARTICLE VELOCITY, RADIAL

PARTICLE ACCELERATION, AND VERTICAL
PARTICLE ACCELERATION.
/j,
RADIAL PARTICLE VELOCITY ONLY.
----1----~EVENT
....
2A GAS BAG
ENVELOPE
.....
"'.,"'
'
'\
\
v"
~J
~'I'
\
\
./'
I
\
STA
....
1.5
l1J
l1J
u.
:i
10
'--~
....
a.
l1J
0
15 -
'
20
50
80
95
125
210
390
HORIZONTAL RANGE, FEET
NOTE:
1.
EVENT2A GZ ACTUALLYt.OCATED10FEET FROM.E-\.IENT 1 GZ ON A 7928'11" ARC

OFF NORTH.
2.
STATION
PREDICTED OVERPRESSURE, PSI
EVENT 1
1,000
600.0
MEASURED OVERPRESSURE, PSld

EVENT 2A
500
400.0
300
230.0
120.0
200
170.0
75.0
100c
115.0
44.0
30c
33.0
21.0
1oc
9.4
7.2
A VERTICAL KAMAN NUCLEAR ACCELEROMETER WAS ALSO INCLUDED AT THIS LOCATION.
A VERTICAL KAMAN NUCLEAR ACCELEROMETER WAS ALSO INCLUDED AT THIS LOCATION.

TWO VERTICAL ANO TWO HORIZONTAL ACCELEROMETERS WERE ALSO INCLUDED AT THIS
RANGE BUT ON DIFFERENT AZIMUTHS.
INCIDENT PRESSURE IN MACH REFL.ECTION REGION.
BRL PROJECT 1.01.
Figure 2.2
Cross section of gage test plan, Events 1 and 2A.
29
STA
PREDICTED SURFACE OVERPRESSURE, PSI
.,
CHARGE
/"""/1.;""
300 200
100
50
"'"'V-"'
20
'.>'/~/""
.'"'"'~"'
I-
w
w
IJ..
:z::
I0..
10
15
60
70
105
150

GAGE KEY:
RADIAL PARTICLE VELOCITY, RADIAL PARTICLE ACCELERATION,

VERTICAL PARTICLE ACCELERATION, ANO VERTICAL EARTH STRESS
VERTICAL PARTICLE ACCELERATION ONLY
Figure 2.3
Cross section of gage test plan, Events 3 and 5,
30
225
ORGANIC MATERIAL AND

ROOT NETWORKS
PARTICLE MOTION
COLUMN
STRESS GAGE COLUMN
~ { I 7 ~ \. <.''.' .':":
\ ..
l 1 ( ' l .( c
~
:'.'
...
CABLE
TRENCH
.. :: ..
CABLE
TRENCH
..... :
MASONRY SAND
BACKFILL
INSTRUMENT CABLE
I-
w
w
ALLUVIUM
4
u.
i
Ia.
w
0
INSTRUMENT CANISTER
SE SOIL STRESS GAGE

LOW-STRENGTH, DENSITYMATCHED GROUT
. . '.':: .: . . ... '
11
...
FINE
...
. . ......
..
FREE-FLOWING
GRAY SAND
12
Figure 2.4
Typical gage columns, Drowning Ford Test Site.
31
GZ, EVENT 4
CA
CLEARED
SECTOR
SCALE
200
200
Figure 2.5
400
600 FT
Field locations, Event
32
4.
..
CHARGE
["\
~~
STA
IIJJ
IJJ
ll.
I
ICL
IJJ
10
D
~~"<(
~".
~~,,~
1.5
1.5
240
320
450
700
a. FORESTED SECTOR
CHARGE
STA
IIJJ
IJJ
ll.
320
450
700
ICL
IJJ
10
1.5
240
b. CLEARED SECTOR
GAGE KEY:
'il
RADIAL PARTICLE VELOCITY, RADIAL PARTICLE ACCELERATION,

AND VERTICAL PARTICLE ACCELERATION
Figure 2.6
Cross section of gage test plan, Event
33
4.
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Event 4.
Partially grouted instrument canister, 10.0-foot depth, Event
4.
Photograph of cleared sector main blast line from GZ, preshot,
34
ELECTRICAL CABLES
ASSEMBLY SCREWS
GAGE CASE
-,
I t0...........,.
'
'\I
MOUNTING HOLES
O/*(
FLAT COIL
I ,
0
Figure 2.9
Kaman Nuclear experimental accelerometer.
35
CHAPI'ER
RESULTS, EVENTS 1 AND 2A

3.1
EVENT 1
No data were recorded by Project 3.02a for Event 1.
All data channels
were operable prior to evacuation of the instrument bunker for remote operation.
Failure to properly receive and translate the -30-second primary
start signal or the -2-second backup signal from DRES Control resulted in
no recording equipment turn-on.
Manual shorting of the DRES signal console
relay (simulating a start signal) after the shot resulted in a normal turn-
A check of the transducers confirmed all units were

still in operable condition after the event.
It must be concluded that if either the -30-second primary or -2second backup signal had been properly received and translated, data would
on of all systems.
have been acquired.

3.2
EVENT 2A
3.2.l Data Recovery.
Good data recovery was made on Event 2A.
Sixty-four of sixty-five data channels yielded information.
Peak values
and arrival times are given in Tables 3.1 through 3.4.

3.2.2
channels.
Ground-Shock Arrival Time.
Arrival times were obtained on all
The horizontal velocity calculated from propagation times re-
corded from the gages l.5 feet deep underlying the gas bag was 8,500 ft/sec,
which compares favorably with the computed gas detonation velocity of approximately 8,ooo ft/sec.
Near-surface horizontal propagation rates com-
pared well with the airblast propagation outside the gas bag.
The seismic velocity of the upper 10 feet of soil was determined by
seismic refraction survey before this shot to be approximately 800 ft/sec.
The underlying layer, extending beyond 45 feet in depth, had an apparent
velocity of 1,400 ft/sec.
Propagation velocities for a string of vertical
gages near the surface approximated 875 ft/sec and compared well with the
seismic velocity for the upper layer.
No significant effects of layering
were detected in the data.

Figure 3.1 is a plot of near-surface (1.5-foot depth) ground-shock
arrival times versus horizontal range.
Good comparison is noted between
ground instrumentation and BRL surface airblast arrival (References 4

and 5).
Figure 3.2 is a shock-front diagram constructed from vertical motion
and BRL surface airblast arrival times.
Normal wavefront progression was
observed outside the gas bag; however, an apparent anomaly is indicated for
the region beneath the bag.
The vertical wave front near the center of the
bag appears to lag that near the edge.
A possible cause for this occur-
rence could be a low density in the recompacted material in the area near
the center of the bag.
This area was dug out for the tower footings on
Event 1 and the gas manifold on this event.
Initial propagation through a
less dense backfill would tend to lag that in a denser in situ material.
However, it is doubtful that lag times on the order of those recorded could
be effected aver the short distance traveled.
A mislocated canister was at
once suspected since both motion gages were mounted together and yielded
the same arrival time.
But postshot inspection indicated that the gages
were in their proper locations and the stress gages located in a parallel
hole support the motion gage data.
3.2.3
Particle Acceleration.
Table 3.1 lists the peak acceleration
data for this event.

Vertical accelerations, as shown in Figure 3.3, varied from 702 g's
directly under the bag to 7 g's at 390-foot range for the near-surface
(l.5-foot depth) stations.
Peak accelerations at the 5- and 10-foot depths
Progressively decreased with depth and range with a rate of attenuation

like the near-surface stations.
Outrunning ground motions were not ob-
served over the ground range instrumented for this shot.

To determine the effect of the gas bag, vertical acceleration waveforms at progressive depths for selected stations beneath the gas bag and
outside the bag are compared in Figure 3.4.
The pulse width is noted to be
less for gages near the edge of the gas bag than near the center or just
outside.
Vertical acceleration and velocity were normalized to surface overpressure (Table 3.5) and plotted versus depth (Figure 3,5) to yield a
family of response curves relating to the surface airblast loading.
37
Because points of measurement for surface airblast and ground motion instruments were not coincident, overpressures were derived by interpolation
of the BRL data.
No pressure data were available for regions within the
gas bag; hence, ratios presented are related to positions beyond the bag
radius.
ratios were as high as 2.13 g's/psi and exceeded
A/P
so
unity except at the region of lowest overpressure. A trend of decreasing
Near-surface
A/P
and
so
indicated.
U /P
v
so
ratios with increasing surface overpressure was
Waveforms for the developmental Kaman Nuclear accelerometers placed at

95- and 210-foot ranges can be compared with those for the Pace gages in
Figure 3.6.
Peak values are plotted in Figure 3.3.
Good comparison in
waveforms was noted; however, amplitude disparities were evident at both

positions.
The 95-foot-range Kaman gage measured exactly one-half the
value of the Pace gage, whereas at the 210-foot range the Kaman gage reading was 1.5 times greater than the Pace gage reading.
is strongly suspected for the Kaman gages.
A calibration error
The 95-foot-range Kaman gage
apparently underread as compared with the data trend.
The rise time for
this gage was noted t.o be 1 msec longer than that for the Pace gage, indicating a possible damping problem.
Rise times were identical for Pace and
Kaman gages at the 210-foot range.
Noise with a frequency of approximately
1,000 Hz was superimposed on the signal of the 210-foot-range Kaman gage.

The source of this noise was not determined, but incomplete demodulation of
carrier signal is suspected.
In conjunction with a General American Transportation Corporation
(GATX) project for Event 1 (References 4 and 5), two vertical accelerometers were placed at the 210-foot range by WES.
The GATX project was not
part of Event 2A; however, since the depth and range of these gages gave a
direct radial comparison with the vertical gage (2A-210-l.5-AV) in the main
gageline, output signals were recorded.
3.7.
Waveforms are compared in Figure
The two auxiliary gages (2A-210-l.5-AV1 and 2A-210-l.5-AV2) compared
well in both amplitude and waveform; however, a slight phase shift occurred
between these and the primary gage (2A-210-l. 5-AV).
In addition, the ini-
tial pulse duration was much shorter for 2A-210-l.5-AV.
For horizontal acceleration (Figure 3.8), peak near-surface values

varied from 58 g's directly under the gas bag to 4 g's at 390-foot range.
Figure 3.8 shows a zone extending from 80- to 125-foot range in which there
is considerable scatter in the data.
zontal velocity data.
A similarity was noted in the hori-
The data points at 80- and 95-foot horizontal ranges
(Gages 2A-80-l.5-AH and 2A-95-l.5-AH) appear quite low.
Upon analyzing the
waveforms (Figure 3.9), it was found that the initial peaks had apparently
been clipped, possibly due to malfunction in the transducers or some unexpected response in the soil medium.
Amplifier and recorder bandpass ranges
were well above the data input and are, therefore, not considered sources
of error.
It should be noted that peak value for the 10-foot depth at this range
also shows a decreased value from the data trend.
3.2.4
Particle Velocity.
Peak velocity data are listed in Table 3.2.
Direct vertical particle velocity was measured only under the center of the
bag at three depths.
Peak values ranged from 33 ft/sec at 1.5-foot depth
to 7.9 ft/sec at 10-foot depth.
The integrated acceleration and measured
Velocity for these stations are in excellent agreement.
Peak vertical ve-
locities for all other stations were obtained by single integration of

Vertical accelerometer data, and are shown in Figure 3.lO.
V'ertical veloc_-
ity for the near-surface stations attenuated from 33 ft/sec directly under
the bag to 0.5 ft/sec at 390-foot horizontal range.
Peak downward velocity
attenuated with both depth and range.

Maximum vertical velocity normalized to surface overpressur_e (Table
3.5) shows the near-surface ratio peaking at 21-psi overpressure, followed

by a gentle decrease at higher overpressures.
This trend is supported by
data from other depths and by the acceleration ratio trends (Figure 3.5).
The peak outward horizontal velocity (Figure 3.11) attenuated relatively little with range at the 5-foot depth.
At depths of 10 feet and
below, the horizontal velocity showed a consistent pattern of attenuation with both depth and range.
imately 4 to
Peak measured horizontal velocity (approx-
~/sec) was greatest at the 1.5-foot depth and 50-foot
range (under the bag).
No horizontal measurements were made closer than
39
this station to GZ.
Integrated acceleration gave a comparable peak value
of approximately 3.1 ft/sec.
As noted earlier, the near-surface velocity
data show an anomalous region at the same general range as do the horizontal acceleration values.
A consistent trend does develop with increas-
ing range; however, the rate of attenuation is quite low.

3.2.5
Displacement.
Particle displacements were computed from nu-
merical integration of acceleration and velocity parameters.

scatter was apparent in the computed values.
Considerable
In many instances, reliable
peak values could not be determined due to the shape of the computed curves,
which were greatly affected by noise, drift (baseline shift), and error in
numerical sampling.
Computed values are listed in Table 3,3,
Vertical displacement attenuated with range outside the gas envelope

at similar rates for all depths instrumented (Figure 3.12). Maximum tran_sient displacement occurred at the center of the gas bag as expected and
was on the order of 1.1 feet at 1.5-foot depth.
This attenuated to a low
of 0.004 foot at the farthest station (390-foot range).

Horizontal displacements ranged from 0.075 foot under the edge of the
balloon (50-foot range) to 0.006 foot at 390-foot range and 1.5-foot depth.
Significantly greater scatter was present in the horizontal data (Figure
3.13) than in the vertical.
3.2.6
Earth Stress.
For the 1.5-foot depth, vertical stress was ap-
proximately 890 psi directly under the gas bag, decaying to 9 psi at the
390-foot range (Table 3.4).
The near-surface measurements past 50-foot
horizontal range are in good agreement with BRL surface airblast data (References 4 and 5), as shown in Figure 3.14. Stress decrease with depth was
much more rapid than had been anticipated, producing only marginal output
signals.
Amplitude accuracy was consequently diminished, and relatively
low confidence levels are placed on the data.

Near-surface waveforms are shown in Figure 3.15.
Typical airblast
loading profiles do not appear to develop in the ground-stress pulse until

the wave front is in a free area, outside the containment zone (i.e., the
zone directly beneath the gas bag).
Direct comparison is made between near-surface stress and surface airblast waveforms at 80- and 210-foot ranges in Figure 3.16.
40
The loading
fronts appear to be retarded in the alluvium as evidenced by increasing

rise times and rapid release of the energy shortly after peaking.
41
TABLE 3.1 ACCELERATION DATA, EVENT 2A

Gage
Ground
Range
feet
Vertical (Positive Downward):
0
2A-0-1.5-AV
2A-0-5-AV
2A-0-10-AV
2A-50-l.5-AV
50
2A-50-5-AV
2A-50-10-AV
80
2A-80-1.5-AV
2A-80-5-AV
2A-80-10-AV
2A-95-1. 5-AV
95
2A-95-5-AV
2A-95-10-AV
125
2A-125-l. 5-AV
2A-125-10-AV
210
2A-210-1.5-AV a
2A-210-l. 5-AVla
2A-210-1.5-AV2
Depth
Arrival
Time
Peak
Positive
Acceleration
Time of
Peak
feet
msec
g's
msec
1.5
5.0
10.0
3.2
12.5
27.4
1.5
5.0
10.0
7.9
12.7
16.4
13.2
17.1
21.5
16.1
19.7
24.7
26.8
33.7
68.9
454
98.8
40.2
702
139
77.3
191
110
35.7
124
14.o
27.0
4.4
16.6
34.8
9.1
16.6
23.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
10.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1. 5
2A-390-1.5-AV
390
Horizontal (Positive Outward):
2A-50-l.5-AH
50
1.5
2A-50-5-AH
5.0
2A-50-10-AH
10.0
80
2A-80-1.5-AH
1.5
2A-80-5-AH
5.0
10.0
2A-80-10-AH
2A-95-1.5-AH
2A-95-5-AH
2A-95-10-AH
2A-125-l.5-AH
2A-125-10-AH
2A-210-l.5-AH a
2A-210-l.5-AH1
2A-210-l.5-AH2 a
2A-390-l. 5-AH
95
1.5
5.0
10.0
125
1.5
10.0
(3.0
29.1
73.1
188
27.6
7.01
7.6
11.3
16.7
14.2
19.0
27.0
58.3
42.8
18.3
10.6
20.7
7-.47
11.7
28.0
8.49
22.6
5.52
19.5
26.2
34.o
28.7
44.4
5.54
6.30
70.3
72.7
15 .7
23.3
28.9
27.0
33,8
68.6
70.8
210
1.5
1.5
Malfunction
1.5
390
188
a Located on different azimuth.

42
95.9
14.9
38.7
15.3
23.5
30.9
18.9
26.2
34.2
28.2
45.2
72.0
76.5
75.3
191
4.2
9.3
15.8
22.8
23.0
30.5
194
VELOCITY DA'l'A, EVENT 2A
TABLE 3.2
Gae;e
Ground Hange
Depth
Arrival Time
feet
feet
msec
Peak
Positive Velocity
Time of Peak
ft/sec
msec
24.3
2A-O-l. 5- \N
f2A-0-1. 5-AV
2A-0-5-UV
f2A-0-5-AV
l.J
3.8
33.4
l. 5
3.2
31.3
23.3
5.0
16.9
15.0
30.6
16.6
28.8
5.0
12.5
10.0
28.5
10.0
27 .4
1.5
7.9
17.9
11.2
).0
12.7
10.9
20.B
10.0
lG.11
1. 5
13.2
f2A-80-5-AV
5.0
17.1
7.66
27.4
f2A-80-10-AV
10.0
21.5
4.98
34.8
1.5
5.0
16.1
19.'I
4.46
27.9
10.0
~l~. 7
3 .12
37 .8
1.')
26.8
6.03
36.4
10.0
31.7
2.30
48.o
2A-0-10-\N
f2A-0-10-AV
f2A-50-l .5-AV
50
f2A-50-5-AV
f2A-50-10-AV
f2A-80-l.5-AV
f2A-95-1. 5-AV
80
95
f2A-9'3-5-AV
f2A-9S-10-AV
f2A-125-1. 5-AV
125
f2A-1?5-)0-AV
7.90
39.0
7.90
38.8
7 .17
11.5
8.611
27.9
18.6
21.6
l.)
m.9
2.10
75.0
f2A-210-l. 5-AVl"
1.5
73.0
3.09
79.4
f2A-210- l. 5-AV':/l
1.5
73.l
3.09
f2A-390-l. )-AV
3'JO
1.5
50
f2A-210-l .5-AV
210
188
o.49
78.0
193
Horizontal (Positive Outvta.rd):
1.5
8.1
5b
f2A-'j0-1.5-All
1.5
7.6
3.12
27 ,0
2A-50-5-Ull
5.0
13.9
1.48
f2A-50-5-All
5.0
11. 3
1.42
16.9
lG.-4
2A-50-10-\JH
10.0
16. 3
0.90
21.8
f2A-50-10-Al!
10.0
16. 7
0.92
25. 7
l.')
12.4
1. 55
18.l
1.5
14.2
o.68
2A-80-5-1JH
5.0
19.0
1.20
21..
f2A-80-5-All
5. 0
19.0
1.04
27.1
2A-50-1.5-U1!
2 A-80-1. 5-U1!
r,o
f2A-80-l.5-All
2A-80-10-Ull
10.0
29.2
0.56
3H.8
f2A-80-10-All
10.0
27.0
o. 73
)8.7
2A-80-16-U1i
lG.o
29.8
0.54
41.2
1.5
16.o
0.62
21. 2
1.5
15. 7
0.72
21. 7
5.0
21.G
1.18
26. 7
2A-95-1.5-Ull
95
f2A-95-1. 5-1.JI
2A-95-5-U11
5.0
23.3
o.88
2G.8
2A-95-lO-U11
10.0
29. 3
0.29
311.0
f2A-95-10-All
10.0
28.9
0.53
35. 3
1. 5
27.4
32.6
f2A-125-l.5-All
1.5
2'{.0
0.60
o.28b
2A-125-l0-U1!
10.0
38.5
f2A-125-10-All
10.0
33.8
0.30
o.62b
f2A-95-5-All
2A-1~5-l.
5-Ull
2A-210-l. 5-Ul!
125
29.0
4G.r)
46.G
1.5
69.G
o.45
f2A-210-l.5-All
1.5
68.6
o. 31
71. ~~
f2A-210-l.5-Alll"
1.5
70.8
o.4G
79.4
78.9
210
18.0
2A-210-18-Uli
2A-390-l. 5-Ull
390
f2A-)90-l. 5-All
11.2
0.10
1011
1.5
189
0.24
191
1.5
188
0.15
194
~ I,ocl'.ted on different <tzimuth.

~estionable.
43
'l'ABLE 3,3
DISPLACEMENT DATA, EVENT 2A
Gage
Ground
Range
Depth
Peak
Positive
Displacement
feet
feet
feet
Gage

f2A-O-l.5-W
ff 2A-0-l. 5-AV
f2A-0-5-W
f f2A-0-5-AV
f 2A-0-10-W
ff 2A-0-10-AV
f f2A-50-l.5-AV
f f2A-50-5-AV
f f2A-50-10-AV
50
f f2A-80-l. 5-AV
f f2A-80-5-AV
f f2A-80-10-AV
80
f f2A-95-l. 5-AV
f f2A-95-5-AV
f f2A-95-10-AV
95
f f2A-125-1. 5-AV
f f2A-125-10-AV
125
Jf2A-210-l. 5-AV
1.5
5,0
0.936
5,0
0.3611
10.0
0.110
10,0
0.094
390
f2A-80-1. 5-llH
0.296
10.0
0.077
1.5
0.147
0.107
f2A-95-1. 5-UH
f 2A-50-5-illl
50
feet
1.5
0,032
0.060
0.070c
1.5
5,0
5,0
95
d
0.014
10,0
0.022
10.0
0.014
16.o
0.026
1.5
5,0
o.o4o
0.024
125
1.-5
0.048
f2A-125-10-IBI
1.5
10.0
0.012
f f2A-125-10-AH
10.0
0.024
1.5
0.008
1.5
0.014
18.o
0.003
1.5
0.006
1.5
0.004
0.075
f f2A-390-1. 5-Al!
f2A-390-l. 5-UH
44
1.5
0.029
f2A-210-1. 5-UH
~ Questionable.
Located on different azimuth.
~ Approximate.
Excessive baseline shift,
0.039
10.0
ff 2A-210-l. 5-AII
f 2A-210-18-mr
0,034
10.0
ff 2A-95-10-Al!
ff 2A-125-1. 5-Afl
0.030
0.012
0.018
1.5
0.007
0.018
f2A-125-l.-5-'illl
0.018
80
5,0
10.0
5,0
o.18oa
1.5
50
10.0
1.5
1.5
5,0
feet
f2A-95-10-IBI
10.0

Jf2A-50-l. 5-AH
feet
f 2A-95-5-UH
ff 2A-95-5-Afl
0.059
o.o41f
1.5
Peak
Positive
Displacement
ff 2A-80-1. 5-AH
f 2A-80-5-UH
ff 2A-80-5-Afl
f 2A-80-10-UH
f f2A-80-10-Af!
f 2A-80-16-UH
0.191
0.122
0.138
10.0
210
f f2A-50-5-Afl
f 2A-50-10-UH
f f2A-50-10-Af!
0,302
1.5
5,0
5,0
f f2A-210-l.5-AVlb
f f2A-210-l.5-AV2b
Jf2A-390-l. 5-AV
1.080
10.0
Depth
Horizontal (Positive Outward) Continued:
1.5
1.5
5,0
Ground
Range
210
390
0.021
TABLE 3.4 VERTICAL STRESS DATA, EVENT 2A

Ground Range
Depth
Arrival Time
Peak Stress
Time of Peak
feet
feet
msec
psi
msec
2A-O-l. 5-EV
2A-0-5-EV
2A-0-10-EV
1.5
5.0
10.0
4.2
8.6
24.5
2A-50-l.5-EV
2A-50-5-EV
2A-50-10-EV
50
1.5
5.0
10.0
9.5
15 .4
23.4
889
210
113
130
5.72a
15 .4
14.6
30.8
39.4
11.4
21.2
31.0
2A-80-l. 5-EV
2A-80-5-EV
2A-80-10-EV
80
1.5
5.0
10.0
15.5
22.2
29.8
137
b
b
18.0
25.5
34.8
2A-95-l.5-EV
2A-95-5-EV
95
1.5
5.0
23.0
23.0
2A-125-1. 5-EV
2A-210-1.5-EV
125
210
1.5
29.6
1.5
2A-390-1. 5-EV
390
1.5
69.5
188
Gage
21.9
32.8
90.7
16.o
17.4a
36.9
73.2
17.5
9.0
198
~ Questionable amplitude.
Low signal, questionable waveform and amplitude.
TABLE 3.5
AIRBLAST-INDUCED VERTICAL ACCELERATION AND VELOCITY RATIOS,

EVENT 2A
Overpressure
psi
Gage Depth Maximum

Acceleration/Overpressure
Maximum
Velocity/Overpressure
feet
g's/psi
ft/sec/psi
120
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.59
0.92
0.30
0.096
0.064
0.042
73
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.70
1.01
0.37
0.118
0.061
0.043
45
1.5
10.0
2.13
0.33
0.134
0.051
21
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.85
1.39
1.32
0.100
0.147
0.147
1.5
o.88
0.062
7.9
45
0-C....~~~~.l.-~~~---"'--~~~--'~~~~-'-~~~~-'-~~~~...._~~~~~~~~--'
100
50
150
200
250
300
350
400
Figure 3.1 Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot

depth, Event 2A.
BRL AIRBLAST DATA

(PROJECT 1.01)
....
f-
w
w
10
IL
I
f0.
9',,''
I
15
20
25
,,
,, ..... _
\ ',
I
I
30
0
'k_
Figure 3.2
100
200
300
Ground-shock profile, Event 2A.
46
400
500
1,000
800
LEGEND
600
400
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
0 KAMAN GAGE
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
!::.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
200
Ill
Cn
80
70.0-FOOT DEPTH/.-0..,,
60
,,,,,.....,,,,,....-
,.
40
7.5-FOOT DEPTH
<{
0::
_J
u
u
0
I-
20
<{
~
8
6
BENEATH GAS BAG
4
OUTSIDE GAS BAG
20
40
60
BO
100
200
400
600
BOO 1,000
Figure 3.3 Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus

horizontal range, Event 2A.
47
1.5 FOOT DEPTH

2AO l.5-AV
100
1.5- FOOT DEPTH

2A-50-l.5-AV
200
0
y-E'LASTIC RE'BOUNO
200
UP
I
400
"'
z0
~
0
40
a: 60
w
...J 80
w
u
u 100
oJ----J.,......,r--~--=:::::,,.==::::::~~~~~~~~
eo
100
120
140
-98.ars
<(
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A50-5-AV
7;,,=12.1MSE'C
20
40
60
_ f 102g'S
20
I
I
20
DOWN
600
5.0- FOOT DEPTH

2A0-5-AV
20
400
DOWN
40
-CJ)
II
-454g'S
UP
200
-IJ9g'S
'r-AtR_BLAST /NOUCE'O MOTION
40
10.0- FOOT DEPTH

2A-50-IO-AV
20
10.0FOOT DEPTH
2A-0-IO-AV
20
20
40
20
60
-11.Jg'S
80
40
0
25
50
75
100
125
25
50
75
100
125
TIME FROM DETONATION, MSEC
a. CENTER OF GAS BAG

0-FOOT RANGE
b. NEAR EDGE OF GAS BAG

50-FOOT RANGE
1.5- FOOT DEPTH

2A-80-l.5-AV
T,,:/J.2MSE'C
401
0
~J--..-2.,.-4'..._::.,.,,:::::::==:=.--_L.:::::::::=.~~~-
40
80
25
50
120
160
200
75
100
-19/g'S
'fQ =17. I MSE'C
"'
-CJ)
z
0
~a:
1.5 FOOT DEPTH

2A-95 l.5AV
(r,,:16./MSE'C
251
20
0
_Jl24g'S
'TQ=l9.1MSE'C
125
5.0 FOOT DEPTH

2A-805-AV
20
40
60
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A-95-5-AV
20
40
w 80
...J
w 100
60
-1/0g'S
~ 20
-14.0g'S
80
10
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
2A-80-IOAV
10.0 FOOT DEPTH

2A95- 10-AV
0
10
20
20
-35.1g'S
-21.0g'S
30
40
0
25
50
75
100
125
25
50
75
100
c. OUTSIDE GAS BAG

80-FOOT RANGE
d. OUTSIDE GAS BAG

95-FOOT RANGE
Figure 3.4 Vertical accelerograms, Event 2A.
48
125
ACCELERATION/OVERPRESSURE
0.1
0.2
0.4
Av /P so,
o.s
0.6
9' S/PSI
2
o.-~~~~~"T-~~~~~-.-~~~....-~---.~--..~~~~~~.....-~~~~---.
Uv/Pso
.....-----.
I
I I/
I I
Av/Pso
.-----.,
I
I
45 P S l - ! - 1
73 PSl---.f./'/
120 PSI~/
OVERPRESSURE / I
II I
II
I/ I
It I
LI.
I/ I
f-
11
f-
I/
0..
l.Ll
0
f
8
10
12 .......~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'-~~~.J.-~-J,~-J,~~~~~~.._~~~~--'
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
VELOCITY/OVERPRESSURE
0.08
0.1
U v /P so,
0.2
0.4
FT/SEC/ PSI
Figure 3.5 Ratio of maximum airblast-induced vertical acceleration and

Velocity to surface overpressure versus depth, Event 2A.
KAMAN AV
62
g's
AT 19.8 MSEC
HORIZONTAL RANGE= 95 FEET
PACE 2A-95-1.5-AV
18.9 MSEC
KAMAN
AV
HORIZONTAL RANGE= 270 FEET
PACE 2A-210-1.5-AV
39
g's
AT 72.0 MSEC
10
20
30
40
TIME, MSEC
Figure 3.6 Vertical accelerogram comparisons, 1.5-foot depth, Kaman Nuclear and Pace transducers.
50
UP
30
20
2A-210-l.5-AVI
T - 73.0 MSEC
0
10
DOWN
-------'-----~~--
-N-
--~=---=----
2A-210-1.5-AV2
2A-210-1.5-AV1
~ 2A-210-1.5-AV
30
GZ
40
50~~~~~....__~~~~-'--~~~~--'-~~~~~~~~~~'--~~~~....__~~~~-'--~~~~--'
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
TIME- F-ROM- DET-ON-A.T.lON-.-MS.E.C_
Figure 3,7 Vertical accelerograms, radially deployed gages, 1.5-foot

depth, 210-foot horizontal range, Event 2A.
51
60
''
LEGEND
0 \.
40
'
0
0
fl
\.
"'
~
U'.A
/0
\
Ill
i:n
0
I<{
'
Pc,.
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
5-FOOT _ / ,
DEPTH
o\.
20
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
'
1,.\SI
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
<
\,)-
10
'
8
\fl
O'.
w
_J
w
u
u
JO.FOOT
DEPTH
'~
40
60
80
100
200
1,000
Figure 3.8 Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration

versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
52
40
50-FOOT RANGE
2A-50-1.5-AH
20
0
20
TOWARD
40
60
AWAY
8
80-FOOT RANGE
2A-80-1.5-AH
Cf)
C>
-i
0
~PROBABLE
j:::
CLIPPED PEAK
<(
ct'.
w
...J
w
u
u
12
95-FOOT RANGE
2A-95-1 .5-AH
<(
4
0
4
8
~ PROBABLE
CLIPPED PEAK
12
12
125-FOOT RANGE
2A-125-1.5-AH
6
0
6
12
18
24
0
25
75
50
100
125
Figure 3,9
Event 2A.
Horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth,
53
50
LEGEND
40
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
f:.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
20
-- -- --
--------~
5.0FOOT DEPTH
I/)
t-="
LL
>-
1-
\~
...J
J.S.FOOT DEPTH
>
0.8
0.6
BENEATH GAS BAG
0 .4
OUTSIDE GAS BAG
0.2
0.1'--~U-~-L~~~~...._~~"'-~..__._~~~~...._~~~--''--~__.,~_._............
20
40
60
80
100
200
400
600 800 1 .ooo
Figure 3.10 Peak airblast-induced downward particle velocity versus horizontal range, Event 2A. Except for those at 0 foot, points are based on
integrated acceleration.
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
MEASURED
AH
5.0FOOT DEPTH
0
I
MEASURED
AH
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
.
fl
MEASURED
AH
16- OR 18-FOOT DEPTH
MEASURED
({)
~ '
Il1.
>-
0.8
I-
u
0
_J
w
>
\
0.6
~
0
0.4
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
\
'
JO.FOOT DEPTH~
\
6.
.\
0.2
'
0.1~~~~-'-~~-'-~--<~~~~~~~~0---~~~~~--'
40
60
80
100
200
400
Figure 3.11 Peak airblast-induced outward particle

velocity versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
55
0.8
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0.6
0.4
.... ........
-- ----
0.2
5.0FOOT DEPTH
1::J\
\
<\QUESTIONABLE
\
\
\
0.1
- - -
- -
6.
.\
0.08
1-
0.06
10.0.FOOT DEPTH
LL
1-
'D
- - - -,.--T--n-
/::;.\
___),\O \
/::;.
0.04
\
\
w
~
w
0
<!
.J
Q_
<fl
0.02
0 .. 0 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
o.oos
LEGEND
0.006
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0.004
I
II
UV
AV
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
D
I
II
UV
AV
10.0-FOQT DEPTH
0.002
A
!::.
I
II
UV
AV
o.oo 1
0
20
60
so
100
200
400
600
800 1,000
Figure 3.12 Peak airblast-induced downward displacement versus horizontal

range, Event 2A.
1.0
Q.8
0.6
._
0.2
1.SFOOT DEPTH
.....
0.4
LEGEND
UH
fJ
AH
UH
{f
AH
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
UH
ff
AH
16- OR 18-FOOT DEPTH

0.1
0.08
.....
w
w
0.06
......
I-
0.04
......
I-
LL
w
~
w
U)
..J
0.02
a.
UH
A D
.....
0
~
A
0.01
0.008
......
Q.006
......
0.004
.-
0.002
0.001
10
20
40
60
so
100
200
400
600 800 1.000
Figure 3.13 Peak airblast-induced outward displacement versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
57
1,000.---------,r----------r-----r---r---r---------r---------,.-----,----,~~
800
''
600
LEGEND
'
''
400
200
''
''
''
' ' ....
\~5.0-FOOT DEPTH
''
60
0
0
5,0-FOO T DEPTH
!:!:.
10.0FOOT DEPTH
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
',,
' '
80
........
BRL AIRBLAST
(PROJECT 1,01)
..
100
',~1.5-FOOT DEPTH
"" ' '

''
(/)
a..
'
40
(/)
(/)
0::
1-
(/)
'
'\'
'
"
..
'
!0~0-r=oD LDEPTH >.~'\
20
"-h.
.
(
'
---OUESTIUNABLE
8
6
QUESTIONABLE-0
BENEATH GAS BAG
OUTSIDE GAS BAG
'-----r;------...._______
0
20
~----_.
40
___..__...._________.._________'-----.Jl...--.Jl...-..J
60
80
100
200
400
600 800 1,000
Figure 3.14 Peak airblast-induced vertical stress versus horizontal range, Event 2A.
58
2A-390-1.5-EV
390.0-FT RANGE
.01 SEC
.02
.04
.06
.10
.08
.12
.14
.16
.18
TIME FROM DETONATION, SECONDS
Figure 3,15
Event 2A.
Vertical stress waveforms, 1.5-foot depth,
59 .
,.,-- 178 PSI
---v
80-FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE

BRL SURFACE AIRBLAST
(PROJECT 1.01)
T 0 = 10.2 MSEC
,;--- 137 PSI
WES STRESS GAGE

1.5 FEET DEEP
2A-80-1.5-EV
T
= 15.5 MSEC
,.,--21.6 PSI
,,-;---~-------------..._...__~B~R~L~S~U~R:F~A~C~E~A~IR::B~L~A:S~T--~
T 0 = 66.6 MSEC
~~~ 7-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
WES STRESS GAGE

1.5 FEET DEEP
2A-210-1.5-EV
____L_ T
0
= 69.5 MSEC
10
12
14
TIME, MSEC
Figure 3,16 Comparison of surface airblast and near-surface

(1.5-foot depth) stress waveforms, Event 2A.
60
CHAPI'ER
RESULTS, EVENTS 3 AND 5

4.1
SHOT CONDITIONS
An anomalous airblast wave was noted in Event 3.
DRES high-speed
photography showed a gas jet and associated bow wave which preceded the
primary airblast wave and propagated along Projects 1.01 (BRL) and 3.02a
(WES) gagelines.
Project 1.01 noted a double-spiked pressure pulse (both
spikes of similar magnitude at approximately 6 msec separation) at ground

level, beginning at the 105-foot horizontal range and extending to about
310 feet (References
4, 5, and 10). No effects of this double-peaked wave
were seen in the ground motion data, pointing out the integrating (smoothing) characteristics of the Drowning Ford alluvium on fast transient airblast inputs.
The winter conditions hoped for on Event 5 failed to materialize.
There was practically no snow cover, only a thin layer of ice and slush.
Ground temperatures were relatively high, approximately 20 F at a depth of
2 feet as measured in the WES instrument holes (Figure 4.1).
Project
3.05 ground temperature measurements were somewhat lower than those made by
WES.
However, the Project 3.05 thermocouple lines were located along radii
different from the ground motion gageline and were covered by more snow and
ice, which would have insulated the ground better in those areas.
Observa-
tion of preshot drillings from the test area indicated that only the upper
6 inches or so of the ground contained enough moisture to be considered

truly frozen.
No water table was detected.
As a result of these condi-
tions, the anticipated three-layered system, i.e., frozen upper layer,

transitional zone, and saturated under layer, was not present.
Therefore,
major differences in ground-shock propagation between Events 3 and 5 were

not expected.
4.2
DATA RECOVERY
Detonation of Event 5 occurred 3.5 seconds prematurely; as a conse-
quence, the automatic channel calibrator was still in sequence since it

Was programmed to cut off at -2.5 seconds.
61
Five gages recorded signals
while electrically offset in the calibration mode.
The light-beam galva-
nometer oscillographs, which were programmed to switch from slow to fast

record at -2 seconds, began recording in slow speed.
The speed of these
recorders increased as the data were being recorded, giving a nonlinear

time base; however, the FM magnetic tape units were operating at normal
speed and 33 of 34 data channels were successfully recorded.
this event were taken from tape playback.
detonation time posed a problem.
All data for
Determination of true zero or
A small-amplitude electrical signal was
detected on the fiducial channel which could have been generated by the detonation and fed back through the system.
This signal was consistent with
respect to time on all recorders and was determined to be actual event zero.
Of 34 channels of information, 32 were successfully recorded for
Event 3 and 33 for Event 5.
Peak values are listed in Tables 4.1 through
4.4.
For Event 3, Projects 3.04a and 3.04b obtained complementary data in
the hydrodynamic and plastic (close-in) regions (References 4 and 5).
How-
ever, these projects did not participate on Event 5.

4.3
GROUND-SHOCK .ARRIVAL TIME

Arrival times are listed in Table 4.1 and near-surface (1.5-foot depth)
arrival times versus distance are shown in Figure 4.2.
Ground-shock arrival
times for near-surface vertical accelerations were earlier for Event 5 than
for Event 3 out to a range of 105 feet.
First motion arrivals ranged from
about 8 msec at the 60-foot station to 18 msec at 105 feet for Event 5 as
compared to 11 msec and 21 msec for Event 3.
At the 150-foot station, the
arrival times for the two events were about equal, and at the 225-foot station, the arrival was slightly later for Event 5.
From the 105-foot station
outward, the first arrivals approximated those of the airblast for Event 3,
but were outrunning slightly in Event 5.
A spatial shock-front diagram (Figure 4.3) constructed from BRL (Project 1.01) surface airblast-arrival data (References 4, 5, 10, 11, and 12),
Sandia Corporation (Project 3.04b) hydrodynamic data (Reference 4), and
WES (Project 3.02a) subsurface arrival measurements shows the wavefront
propagation.
Outrunning ground motion was observed at the 225-foot station

62
for Event 5,
outrunning was not observed on Event 3 on the relatively
close-in WES array.
4.4 PARTICLE ACCELERATION

4.4.1
Near-Surface Vertical Acceleration.
Modification of near-
surface waveforms with range for Event 3 is shown in Figure 4.4.

forms are characteristic for airblast-induced accelerations.
The wave-
The pulses
are characterized by a sharp initial downward spike followed by a lower

amplitude, longer duration upward peak.
Near-surface waveforms for Events 3 and 5 are compared in Figure 4.5.
Both earlier arrival times and higher frequencies are noted for the Event 5
data, except at the 225-foot range where arrival time is later for Event 5,
An initially upward-going precursor was also noted at the 225-foot range
for Event 5,
This motion, along with the arrival time data, indicates an

1
outrunning ground motion.
No outrunning was noted for the range measured
on Event 3,
Near-surface vertical acceleration waveforms and peak values for
Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III (Reference 1) are compared in Figures 4.6 and 4.7.
Good agreement is noted in both waveform and amplitude.
Slight phasing differences are evident (Figure 4.6), but are perhaps attributable to material property variance between test sites and slight
detonation and coupling disparities.
In Figure 4.7, the Event 5 accelerations are shown to be generally
Similar to, but higher than, those measured on Event 3.
Data for both
events fall within the general range of the Flat Top measurements.
Atten-
uations with range for the four events are tabulated on the following
Page.
Significantly higher values were measured for both vertical and horizontal (Section 4.4.3) accelerations at the 70-foot range and 1.5-foot
Reference 13 and unpublished memorandum by D. W. Murrell, "On Outrunning

Ground Motion," September 1968, Nuclear Weapons Effects Division, U. S.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station.
Maximum
Acceleration
Range
Minimum
Acceleration
Range
g's
feet
g's
feet
3
5
196
60
12
225
164
60
20
225
Flat Top II
145
65
27
150
Flat Top III
137
65
10
250
Event
Attenuation
Rate
R-2.00
R-1.68
depth for Event 5 compared to Event 3 (Figures 4.7 and 4.14).
The higher
frequencies and amplitudes of Event 5 were influenced by the thin frozen

surface layer which allowed greater coupling and transmission of the highfrequency shock components.
The vertical component at this station was
higher than the Event 3 measurement by a factor of 2, and the horizontal

component by a factor of 3.
Ratios of peak near-surface vertical acceleration to surface overpressure for Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III are listed in Table 4.5
and plotted in Figure 4.8.
ure for comparison.
Data for Event 2A are also included in the fig-
There is a general decrease in the ratio values around
100 psi for all events except Flat Top III, for which there was an increase.
Averaged data indicate little attentuation between 10- and 200-psi overpressures.
Flat Top measurement locations extended closer to the detona-
tion point than did those on Distant Plain, and the
Av /P so
ratios tended
to attenuate at this higher pressure region.

4.4.2
Vertical Acceleration for Deeper Gages.
Event 3 acceleration
pulse modification with depth is displayed in Figure 4.9.
The initial
downward spike diminishes in amplitude and broadens with increasing depth,

and is no longer the predominant feature at the 10-foot level.
Vertical accelerograms for three locations at the 10-foot depth are
compared in Figure 4.10 for Event 3.
Initial downward motion was followed
by an oscillating upward phase and finally a second downward pulse.
The
initial peaks at this depth attenuated little with increasing horizontal

range.
The third upward peak shows definite attenuation and is indicative
of the direct (crater-induced) ground shock.

Events 3 and 5 waveforms for the 10-foot depth are compared at 60- and
64
70-foot horizontal ranges in Figure 4.11.
Although a considerably higher
frequency perturbation is imposed on the Event 5 waveforms, with corresponding faster rise times, the overall similarity between Events 3 and 5
is apparent.
4.4.3
Horizontal Acceleration.
Event 5 horizontal acceleration
waveforms for all 1.5-foot depth stations are shown in Figure 4.12.
Wave-
form comparisons between Events 3 and 5 are shown for the 60- and 70-foot
stations in Figure 4.13.
The Event 5 waveforms exhibit higher frequency
and amplitude components than the Event 3 signals.

Peak airblast-induced horizontal accelerations are plotted versus
range for the near-surface gages in Figure 4.14.
A trend of amplitude at-
tenuation with increasing range is noted for the near-surface data.
Event
5 values ranged from 34 g's at 60-foot horizontal range to 3 g's at 225-
foot range for the near-surface stations.
Comparable values from Event 3
ranged from 19 to 2 g's. Near-surface attenuation rates were nearly iden86

tical, R- 1 68 for Event 3 and R- 1
for Event 5.
4.5
PARTICLE VELOCITY
A composite velocity data listing for Events 3 and 5 is given in
Table 4.2.
No vertical velocity gages were used in either Event 3 or 5,
Therefore, vertical velocities were computed by singly integrating vertical

acceleration.
4.5.1
Vertical Velocity.
Near-surface vertical velocity waveforms at
60-foot range are compared between Events 3 and 5 in Figure 4.15.
Event 5
waveforms are characteristically of faster rise time and higher frequency

in the airblast-induced phase than Event 3, but are otherwise similar in
appearance.
Near-surface vertical waveforms at various ranges are compared
between Events 3 and 5 in Figure 4.16.
Outrunning gr0und motion on Event 5
is indicated by the upward-going precursor on Gage 5-225-1.5-AV (225-foot

range).
A plot of the computed peak airblast-induced (early time) velocity
Versus horizontal range is shown in Figure 4.17.
This plot includes
E:vents 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III data for comparison.
The Event 5
data are lower valued and appear to attenuate more rapidly (R- 1 84 ) with
65
1
increasing horizontal range than the Event 3 (R- 33 ) or Flat Top data.
Both Events 3 and 5 data fall below those of the Flat Top Series.
Ratios of airblast-induced vertical velocity to surface overpressure
above the point of reference are listed in Table 4.6.
Event 5 ratios did
not exceed 0.032, while Event 3 values reached 0.061.
Figure 4.18 shows
these ratios as a function of the corresponding surface overpressure.

Events 3 and 5 data trend similarly, the Event 5 data falling about 50 percent lower than Event 3.
the Event 3 points.
The Flat Top III data fall some 25 percent above
All data are consistent at overpressures exceeding
40 psi, showing attenuation with increasing pressure.

4.5.2
Horizontal Velocity.
Horizontal particle velocity waveforms
are characterized by an initially outward-going pulse of relatively fast

rise time and short duration induced by the surface airblast.
This is fol-
lowed by a later arriving pulse with longer rise time, higher amplitude,
and considerable duration (approximately twice that of the airblast motion)
produced by the crater-induced motion.
compared in Figure 4.19.
Waveforms for Events 3 and 5 are
The Event 5 motions have higher frequencies and
_faster_rise _times for both airblast- and crater-induced phases than Event 3
Figure 4.20 shows measured near-surface horizontal velocity and integrated
acceleration waveforms from Event 5.
waveform is quite high.
The amplitude of the 105-foot range
This is an unreasonable value and was probably
caused by a malfunction in the calibration module.
Good waveform compari-
son is noted at later times between the measured and integrated data.
Note
the lower integrated value at 105-foot range as compared to the questioned

value from the direct measurement.
Direct waveform comparison between Event 3 and Flat Top II and III was
made for the 150-foot horizontal range.
Figure 4.21.
This composite piot is shown in
Typically, the early airblast-induced motions showed scatter
and waveform variance.
Later direct-induced motions show general agreement
Airblast-induced horizontal velocity is plotted as a function of range

in Figure 4.22.
Near-surface values tend to increase from 60- to 105-foot
range, then rapidly decrease.
Deeper stations show no clear trends.
Peak outward particle velocities from the direct-induced (latearriving) ground shock for Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III are
66
plotted versus range in Figure 4.23.
Event 5 near-surface values ranged
from 7.8 ft/sec at 60-foot horizontal range to 0.33 ft/sec at 225-foot

range.
These compare to 7,3 ft/sec and 0.47 ft/sec for Event 3.
Flat Top
II values at 1-foot depth ranged from 3.7 ft/sec at 65-foot range to 0.43
ft/sec at 150-foot range.
No Flat Top III data were available at 65-foot
range; the 150-foot range value was 0.82 ft/sec.
These data, as with the
horizontal acceleration, attenuate with increasing horizontal range.

To achieve a degree of scaling, peak crater-induced particle velocity
was ratioed to the square root of crater radius and plotted as a function
of the ratio of range to crater radius.
Comparison of Flat Top and Distant
Plain data (Figure 4.24) shows similar slopes but varying offsets.
Event 3
compared well with Flat Top III, Flat Top II data falling below these and
Event 5 data falling above.
4.6
The values are listed in Table 4.7.
DISPIACEMENT
All displacement data (Table 4.3) are derived from particle
acceleration- and velocity-time histories.
Confidence levels are less
for displacement than for the measured parameter.

Peak vertical airblast- and crater-induc-ed transient displacements- are
Plotted as a function of range for Events 3 and 5 in Figure 4.25.
Cratering-induced (upward) displacement predominated in both events, as
for the Flat Top Series.
The crater-induced motion predominated out to
150-foot range on Event 3 and out to 190-foot range on Event 5.

induced motion predominated beyond these ranges.
Airblast-
Near-surface motion at-
tenuations were similar for both events. The airblast-induced motion attenuated with range as R-1 17 for Event 3 and as R- 1 55 for Event 5. Event
3 amplitudes were greater.
Cratering motion attenuated about three times

more rapidly than the airblast motion. Values were R-4 24 for Event 3 and
R-4.60 for Event 5. Amplitudes were similar on both events.
Peak horizontal displacements (Figure 4.26) are about equal to the
vertical values at ranges less than 100 feet.
zontal motions increase over the vertical.
At greater ranges, the hori-
Event 3 horizontal displace-
ments are generally higher than are those of Event 5.
Attenuation with
range (Figure 4.26) approximates R- 3 15 for Event 3 and R- 2 91 for Event 5,

67
4.7 STRESS
Peak stress data are tabulated in Table
4.4.
The near-surface
stresses appeared to attenuate with range roughly as did the airblast for
. bl as t at t enuated with range as R-o.94
Event 3. The Event 3 surface air
0
and the near-surface stress approximately as R- 83 . Event 5 airblast
61
2 20
attenuated as R- 0
and near-surface stress as R- .
Signal levels from Events 3 and 5 stress gages were excessively low,
resulting in poor resolution of late-time (low-amplitude) data.
The stress
waveforms for Event 3 show initial compression decaying to zero followed by

a second compressive pulse.
Waveforms from Event 5 are likewise initially
compressive, but pulse to tension (apparent) after some 60 msec.
For both
cases, the second pulse is caused by the crater-induced ground shock (Fig-
4.27). Typical waveforms are compared between Events 3 and 5 in Figure 4.28.
ure
Since stress is a tensor quantity, motion vectors are indeterminate

from its waveform.
Velocity, however, is vector related and may be uti-
lized to determine motion polarity or direction.
Waveforms from similarly
located vertical velocity gages compared with vertical stress waveforms

clearly show the pulses are of opposite polarity, the first being airblast
induced and downward, the second crater induced and upward.
Both motions
should be seen as compressive stress.

The cause of the second stress pulse sign reversal in Event 5 stress
signals is unclear at this time.
It may be related to unloading of some
prestress in the gage diaphragms or mechanical edge-loading effects.
As-
suniing a nominal prestress (due to placement, etc.), the diaphragms would

respond linearly to the compressive loads that were applied.
But, on un-
loading, the gage output would appear to go into tension (the recorded
magnitude being highly improbable for soils of such low cohesion). In actuality, the diaphragms would be returning to the normal unloaded point
below the initial prestress.
Prestresses, unfortunately, were not measured.
Gages were electrically nulled just
~rior
to the event, thus effectively
shifting the zero base if prestresses were indeed present.
Under certain
loading conditions, edge loads could induce strains in the sensors bonded
68
to the diaphragms, thus causing a spurious output, the polarity of the signal generated being dependent upon the sensor(s) most affected.
Theoretical computations (Reference
14)
indicate that large amounts of
energy are dissipated in the first few inches of dry alluvium such as that
of Drowning Ford.
This is in support of the at first surprisingly low
stresses measured at relatively shallow depths.

expected in stress data for several reasons:
Higher scatter is to be
(1) stress is perhaps the
most sensitive parameter to variance in soil properties (stiffness, density, impedance, etc.); (2) it is difficult to achieve adequate and consistent coupling of the gage to the soil under field conditions; and
(3) the state of stress will vary as the rate of loading varies and as the
load vector changes.
TABLE 4.1 ACCELERATION DATA, EVENTS 3 AND 5
Gage, 3- or 5-
Ground
Range
Depth
Arrival Time
Event 3
feet
feet
msec
Peak Positive
Acceleration
Event 5
msec
Event 3
Event 5
g's
g's
165
24.5
12.5

60-1.5-AV
60-5-AV
60-10-AV
60
70-1.5-AV
70-5-AV
70-10-AV
1.5
5.0
10.0
10.6
11.8
16.8
13.3
195
59.0
12.4
70
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.5
14.2
18.0
9.96
10.9
14.5
104
29.8
10.1
225
30.3
11.1
105-1.5-AV
105-10-AV
105
1.5
10.0
21.0
27.3
18.3
21.6
53.9
11.4
58.3
14.3
150-1.5-AV
150
1.5
38.7
38.7
44.2
36.5
225-1.5-AV
225
1.5
73.4
78.5
12.1
20.4
18.7
12.2
1.88
34.4
a
2.13
14.o
5.45
44.3
5.76
7 .99b
10.0b
8.17
8.24

60-1.5-AH
60-5-AH
60-10-AH
60
70-1.5-AH
70-5-AH
70
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.4
12.4
8.04
a
17.2
13.7
1.5
5.0
11.8
15.7
9.88
11.6
105-1.5-AH
105
1.5
21.8
16.9
150-1.5-AH
150
1.5
37.9
36.0
225-1.5-AH
225
1.5
74.4
77.2
~ No signal recorded.
Quest ion ab le
70
12.3
1.91
14.4
3.40
TABLE 4.2 VELOCITY DATA, EVENTS 3 AND 5
Gage, 3or 5-
Ground
Range
feet
Arrival
Time
Depth
feet
Peak AirblastInduced Velocity
Peak CraterInduced Velocity
Event 3
Event 5
Event 3
Event 5
Event 3
Event 5
msec
msec
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec
8.17
8.24
9.17
7.72
2.64
6.02
3.61
2.64
5.71
3.37
2.44

1.5
5.0
10.0
10.6
11.8
16.8
13.3
1.5
5.0
10.0
11.5
14.2
18.o
9.96
10.9
14.5
6.92
4.02
1.5
10.0
21.0
5.08
2.15
2.21
27.3
18.3
21.6
150
1.5
38.7
38.7
3.26
1.24
225
1.5
73.4
78.5
1.15
0.52
1~5-
10~5
44a
7.77
11.4
12.6
12.4
18.2
17.2
8.78
1.12
4.26
o.44
4.15
4.99
a
5.2
13.7
4.93
2.57
8.03
1.06
a
0.90
b
7.26
1.5
5.0
5.0
10.0
10.0
iL3a
8.04
10.6
a
10.0
1.5
1.5
5.0
5.0
13.6
11.8
16.ob
10.2
0.69
b
o.4ob
3.ob
2.90
6.00
0.90
0.50
3.92
5.71
9.88
11.2
11.6
2.56
3.8
7.0
1.5
1.5
23.1
21.8
18.6
5.55b
17.7d
16.9
1.00
3.59
2.05
1.5
1.5
40.5
0.90
o.47
1.82
0.20
o.45
0.96
37.9
38.7
36.o
1.5
75.0
74.4
75.9
77.2
0.26
o.54b
0.22
o.47b
0.33
f60-1.5-AV
f 60-5-AV
f 60-10-AV
60
f70-l.5-AV
f 70-5-AV
f70-10-AV
70
fl05-1.5-AV
f 105-10-AV
105
fl50-l.5-AV
f225-1.5-AV
2.33
1.87

60-1.5-UH
60
f60-1.5-AH
60-5-UH
f 60-5-AH
60-10-UH
f 60-10-AH
70-1.5-UH
f70-l.5-AH
70
70-5-UH
f 70-5-AH
105-1.5-UH
flo5-1. 5-AH
105
150-1.5-UH
fl50-1.5-AH
150
225-1.5-UH
225
f225-1.5-AH
1.5
15.7
: No signal recorded.
Questionable
~ Clipped peak.
Erroneous amplitude due to instrument tilt.
71
0.50
3.10
TABLE 4,3
DISPLACEMENT DATA, EVENTS 3 AND 5
Gage, 3or 5-
Ground
Range
feet
Depth
Peak AirblastInduced Displacement
Peak CraterInduced Displacement
Event 3
Event 3
Event 5
Event 5
feet
feet
feet
feet
feet
1.5
5,0
0.07
0.04
1.40
0.07
0.03
10.0
0.03
0.27
0.76
0.20
0.95
o.45
1.5
0.04
0.76
0.50
5.0
10.0
o.o4
0.30
0.04
o.4o
0.28
0.03
0.30
0.65
1.5
10.0
0.05
0.02
None
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.02
f f60-l.5-AV
f f60-5-AV
f f60-10-AV
60
f f70-l.5-AV
f f70-5-AV
f f70-10-AV
70
f fl05-l.5-AV
f fl05-10-AV
105
f fl50-l.5-AV
150
1.5
0.03
None
0.02
0.03
f f225-1.5-AV
225
1.5
0.01
0.006
o.005a
0.007
1.5
a
a
1.90
a
0.92
0.33
0.75
o.2oa

f60-1.5-UH
60
f f60-l.5-AH
1.5
f60-5-UH
f f60-5-AH
5,0
5.0
10.0
10.0
f 60-10-UH
f f60-10-AH
f70-l.5-UH
f f70-l.5-AH
70
f70-5-UH
f f70-5-AH
fl05-l.5-UH
105
f f105-1.5-AH
fl50-l.5-UH
150
f fl50-1.5-AH
f225-1.5-UH
f f225-l.5-AH
225
a
a
0.87
o.68
a
a
a
b
a
o.47
0.60
b
0.54
0.34
1.5
1.5
5.0
5,0
0.92
a
b
b
a
b
b
a
0.29
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.30
o.48
0.19
1.5
0.71
b
0.12
1.5
1.5
b
b
b
b
0.03
0.02
0.02
~ No signal recorded.
Questionable.
72
0.02
TABLE 11,4
Gar;e,
or
VERTICAL STRESS DATA,
<~VENTS
Ho.nr;e
5-
F.vent 5
Event 3
feet
feei.:;
(,Q-5-EV
60-10-EV
70
70-1. 5-F.V
70-5-EV
msec
msec
1.5
60
h0-1. 5-EV
Peak AirblastInduced Stress
Arrival
Time
Depth
Ground
3-
3 Arm 5
F.vent 3
psi
psi
37,6
9,9
7 ,59
Event
8.111
5.0
10.0
22.7b
16.8
l.')
11,l,
10.7
63
29.2
5.0
i8.o
11.5
38
11.0
20
25.0
3.8b
6.4
105-1. 'J-F:V
10)
1.5
2l<. 3
18.fl
1')0-1. 5-EV
150
l.')
39.8
37.6
3,11
3.6
225-1.5-EV
2?5
1.5
78.0
77,!1
9,3
3,7
~ no sir,n~l record~d.
Questionable.
TABLE 11. 5
TIF:AH-SHRFACE A rnm,AST-WDIJr:EJl VF:rrr !CJ\], 1\cr:1:T,F:Hl\TJO!I RJ\TTOS'

!lTSTATI' PLl\Tlf EVE!l'1'3 3 Mm 5 Alm FLAT TOP II AND III
Distant Plain Event 3
Overpresc:ure
psi
Maxir:nun
AccelerQ.LiDn/
Overpre;;sure
f'.'s/psi
Overpressure
Maximum
Overpressure
380
g's/poi
0.32
0.82
221,_'i
0.71,
o.63
21'.J
LOii
210
0.(9
93,5
o.63
llO
o.48
o.83
39,0
o.'}1
0.58
17 .')
J. l(,
'?370.
1(,5
110
o.49
53.5
21.0
45.0
"" Extrapolated.
73
Overpressure
0.60
Maximum
Acee lera ti on/

Overpressure
Overpressure
psi
r's/psi
Maximum
Acceleration/
Acceleration/
Overpressure
pci
Flat Top III
Flat Top II
psi
r,'s/psi
980
0,311
500
o.!n
280
o.49
130
1.48
42.0
0.98
15.0
0.67
TABLE
4.G NEAR-SURFACE AIRBLAST-I!IDUCED VERTICAL VELOCITY Rf\TIOS, DISTANT PLAIN

EVENTS 3 A!ID 5 A!ID FLAT TOP II AND III
All velocity data listed are from integrated vertical acceleration.


Overpressure
psi
Flat Top II
Maximum
Flat Top III
Velocity/
Velocity/
Velocity/
Maximum
Velocity/
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
Overpressure
MaximlU!l
ft/sec/psi
500
0.0?4
280
0.037
0.027
140
0.117
130
0.075
45
0.038
42
0.083
15
0.053
llO
0.046
93.5
0.023
53.5
0.0(,1
39,0
0.032
21.0
0.055
17 .5
0.030
VF.WC TTY,
Gace
Depth
EVENTS 3 A.'lD 5
Rance/
Crater Radius
Crater-Induced
Velocity
F.vent
3 Event
feet
feet
feet
feet
35.1
32.8
60
60
1.5
1.5
1.71
35.1
32.8
60
Go
).0
').O
1.71
1.83
35.1
32.8
60
Go
10.0
10.0
1.71
1.83
35.1
32.8
70
70
1.5
l.'.)
1.99
2.13
35.1
32.8
70
70
5.0
5.0
1.99
2.13
35.1
32.8
105
105
l.5
1.5
2.99
3.20
35 .1
32.8
150
150
1.5
1.5
4.27
4.58
o.45
35.1
32.8
225
225
1.5
1.5
6.42
6.86
o.47
Event. 3
feet
0.023
0.050
215
Event. ')
980
O.OZ/
0.0!12
Even:; 3
ft/sec/psi
210
1()
Gace
Rance
psi
380
0.039
Crater
ft/sec/psi
Overpressure
0.027
237
TABLE 11. 7 l/OHMAf, JZED PEAK IKJHlZONTAL PAR'rlCLE
Maximum
psi
ft/sec/psi
psi
22!1
Radius
Overpressure
Event
Event 3 Event
feet
~ Clipped peak.
Questionable.
74
1.83
Velocity/
Crater Radius 1/ 2
F:vent 3
Event
Event 3
Event 5
ft/sec
ft/sec
ft/sec/rt 1/ 2
ft/sec/rt 1/ 2
7.26
7 .77
1.23
1.36
4.15
4.99
0.10
o.88
3.10
10.0b
0,53
3.92
5.71
o.66
1.00
2.56
1.47
o.43
0.26
"
17 .7b
0.96
o.os
0.17
0.33
0.08
0.06
I-
w
w
:c
Ia.
ll.
LEGEND
10
CABLE B, 8 FEB 67, PROJECT 3.05

-
12
CABLE C, 9 FEB 67, PROJECT 3.05
- - - WES, 9 FEB 67
........~~'--~~~~.._~_._~~...._~__,'--~......_~~"'-~-u
12
16
20
24
28
32
40
8
36
4
14..._~
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 4.1 Preshot ground temperatures, Event 5. Project 3.05 temperatures were obtained by U. S. Army Cold
Regions Research Engineering Laboratories (CRREL) and
were supplied by J. Smith of CRREL.
75
jJ
/
/
/
60
w
(/)
'/
w
~
I-
40
EVENT 3 (SUMMER)~/
_J
<(
>
a::
a::
<(
EVENT 5 (WINTER)
/
/
J)/
20
/
/
~
Figure 4.2 Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal

range, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5.
76
BRL AIRBLAST (PROJECT 1.01)

\
I
\
I
I
I
18
46
'21
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
SANDIA CORP. (PROJECT 3.04 h)
77
"
lJMSC
50
3-60-1.5-AV
0
50
UP
100
150
DOWN
195 g's
200
-"'
z0
II>

3-70-1.5-AV
25
0
i=
<(
Ta = 11.5 MSEC
0::
w
_J
w 50
u
u
<(
104 g's
100
1.7
25
Ta

3-105-1.5-AV
=21MSEC
53.9 g's
50
25

3-150-1.5-AV
50
Ta = 73.4 MSEC
~ __,..L_r---__::::=~--3--2-2_5_-_1._5=-A~V------==~ ~s
50
100
150
Figure
4.4 Vertical accelerogra.ms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 3.

78
200
100
60-FOOT RANGE
50
,1
50
100
UP
+
DOWN
150
~
C>
0
I-
200
<(
0::
w
...J
w
u
u
105-FOOT RANGE
25
<(
0
25
EVENT 3 (3-105-1.5-AV)
50
225-FOOT RANGE
10
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
Figure 4.5 Comparison of vertical accelerograms, 1.5-foot

depth, Events 3 and 5.
79
200
40
~FLAT TOP
30
~
O>
EVENT 5 (WINTERl-.._j
10
i=
1\
,1
:\ /\,
EVENT J (SUh'MER)
20
UP
ID (6 AVI)
11 ~
I
I
FLAT TOP JI (6 AVI)
I
\
I
---
DOWN
----
<(
0:
w
w
u
u
10
...J
20
<(
30
~
40
41 g'S
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
BO
90
100
110
Figure 4.6 Vertical accelerograms at 150-foot range, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III.
80
400
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
0
0
--
200
--
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
1.0FOOT DEPTH
FLAT TOP Il
<>FLAT TOP ID
6
100
"'
i:n
.
z
0
I<(
80
\
60
a::
w
_J
w
u
u
<(
40
'\ \~0
a..
\'(~.---EVENT 5
(WINTER)
\
\
20
~\
\
\
8'-----'----'-~---'--'-......&..-------------'---------'"----~
40
60
80
100
200
400
Figure 4.7 Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration

versus horizontal range, near-surface, Distant Plain
Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III.
LEGEND
6
DISTANT PLAIN
4
(/)
a..
',
0::
::J
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
EVENT 2A
FLAT TOP
"'
i:n
/!; Il
-- m
(/)
(/)
w
0::
a..
0::
>
0
'
0.8
0
I-
,,:<'\ '
I
/
/
/
0.6
<{
0::
.J
w
u
0.4
u<{
Q,1
.......~~.._~...............~~~~-'-~~~---''--~--0.~---__,
200
400
40
60
so 100
600 soo 1 .ooo
'--~~~--o.~~~~
10
20
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
Figure 4.8 Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward acceleration

to overpressure, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 2A, 3, and 5
and Flat Top II and III.
82
10
Ta
10
"'
3-60-10-AV
12.4 g's
10
UP
'
Ta
3-70-10-AV
i=
<{
a::
w
_J
w
DOWN
u
u
10. 1 g's
<{
10
10
3-105-10-AV
11.4
10
g's
50
100
150
Figure 4.10
Vertical accelerograms, 10-foot depth, Event 3.
84
200
40
60-FOOT RANGE
UP
30
20
DOWN
10
!:'1
O>
0
I<!'.
0:
w
w
u
u
\
I
I I
.J
~. .>JI
10
12.4 9 s
112.5 g'S
<!'.
20
70-FOOT RAN-GE
10
EVENT 3
~~-~----~-- ~
10
100
50
150
200
Figure 4.11 Comparison of vertical accelerograms, 10-foot depth,

Events 3 and 5.
85
EVENT 5
5-60-1.5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
0
0
CD
5-70-1.5-AH
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
=r
0
0
=r
TOWARD
0
CD
en
J,
5l
.....
~
i..J
a:
5-105-1.5-AH
AWAY
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
5l
5-150-1.5-AH
...
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
"'
2
~
...
...
5-225-1.5-AH
225.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
...
...
1
.oo .ot .02 .03 .O'I .os .os .ftl .1111 .09 to .11 tz tl t'I ts t8 11 t8 t9 .zo
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure 4.12
Horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 5.
86
40
60-FOOT RANGE
20
20
TOWARD
40
!:"
80
70-FOOT RANGE
O>
AWAY
0
I-
60
<!
a::
w
.J
40
<!
20
2.0
40
20
20
AO
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Figure 4.13 Comparison of horizontal accelerograms, 1.5-foot depth,

Events 3 and 5.
60
LEGEND
40
1.SFOOT DEPTH
0 \
0
0
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
\
\
\
\
20
\
\
\
.,,
"'z.
10
I-
<{
\
\
0::
w
.J
w
u
u
\~EVENTS
6
<{
\
\
a,
\
\
\
\
\
2
1 ......._____________..____._____________
40
60
80
~------------~
200
100
400
HORIZONTAL RANGE. FEET
Figure 4.14 Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot depth, Events
3 and 5,
88
EVENT 3
}3-60-1.5-AV
UP
j
AIRULAST
INDUnD
MOTION
CRATER
INDUCE:.[J
MOTION
,,.
(To
(r
--------
--- ---
;:::
"-
>-
,,.,,.
; ;
B 17 MSEC)
--- ---
()
:;:
10.6 MSEC)
~---BASELINE SHIFTED
1()
0
_J
UJ
>
10
0.02
0.04
0 06
0 09
0. 10
0. 12
0.14
0 16
0. 18
0.'20
0.22
TIME. SECONDS
Figure 4.15 Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration, 1.5foot depth, 60-foot range, Events 3 and 5.
] v~
60-FOOT RANGE
~~ ::l~r=-----~-~;::--f-5-60-1.5-_AV
70-FOOT RANGE
f 5-70-1 .5-AV
5.ool~~=====
~
+ v
105-FOOT RANGE
u
~
....
u.
,:
....
u
0
5.0
UP
f3-105-l .5-AV
20[
o~~~~~~__,_~~~~~~~~==~f-5_-1~0~5-_1_.5_-A_v~-
DDWN
~;;:--------=---
-------=-==
2.0
_J
w
>
150-FOOT RANGE
.v
:l-r--.. . .-7'-~-------f_5_15_0-_1.5_-A_v_
f3-150-1.5-AV
""""~
1.ol
225.fOOT RANGE
v
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.175
0.5
L""\ f3-2251 .5-AV

~
0.025
PRECURSOR
0.5
0.200
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
EVENT 3, SUMMER
EVENT 5, WINTER
Figure 4.16 Vertical velocity waveforms from integrated acceleration, 1.5foot depth, various ranges, Events 3 and 5.
90
...
4-
10
8
'\
o'
'o
u
'\
(/)
'\
'f-
.
\
\
lL
EVENT
>-
5~\
f-
\
\
_J
>
''\
'
...
LEGEND
DISTANT PLAIN
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0.6
.
...
l:l
--
q
\
INTEGRATED
FLAT TOP Il
0.8
MEASURED
INTEGRATED
FLAT TOP ill
'' \
--
'\ \
\
MEASURED
INTEGRATED
ci,
\
\
0.4
40
60
so
100
200
400
Figure 4.17 Peak airblast-induced downward velocity

(integrated values) versus horizontal range, nearsurface, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top
II and III.
91
0.8
LEGEND
0.6
DISTANT PLAIN
0.4
Ui
a..
u
w
..
0.2
w
0::
:::>
(/)
(/)
w
a..
0::
w
0::
>-
"
0.1
...... ,
.y
0.06
,..,,. _,,........
.. ..------
./'
-~.
'''\
\
u
_J
EVENT 2A
tJ. n
--m
.'
0 08
f-
EVENT 3
,,,,---------..._-...
,,
>
EVENT 5
FLAT TOP
(/)
fLL
0
0
0.04
o-- -- __ ...a.---...
>
...... .....
0.02
Q,01
~------__.,
10
---- --
~-~
-.
""
'll'
'
~-----
_________,_____....___..__._________..._________._____,,,__
20
40
60
80 100
200
400
500
~---
000 1 ,ooo
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
Figure 4.18 Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward velocity to

overpressure, near-surface, Distant Plain Events 2A, 3, and 5 and
Flat Top II and III.
92
60-FOOT RANGE
,,,,,,.,,.,,,,.-----------
Oi.rt-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,_-,----=~~~~~~~~~~~~~---"''"--
.,,..,,, . - - - - - /
/
//~EVENTS
I
I
I/
I
I
t;:
EVENT 3
(SUMMER)
I
I
I
I I
AWAY
""
I
I
>f-
TOWARD
I
I
I
u
w
(/)
(WINTER)
70-FOOT RANGE
_J
__ ,,,,
>
_......---
----- --
-- -
......
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
I ,___EVENT 5
\/
(WINTER)
v
6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Figure 4.19
Horizontal velocity waveforms, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5.
93
60-FOOT RANGE
2
5-<;0-1.5UH
l~AIRBLAST
4
I
8
5-70 1 .5-UH
~
I
u.
"'....
;
>::
0
..J
I
I
I
10
12
:[
:[
51501.5UH
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
f 5-1501.5-AH
'
225-FOOT RANGE
0.12
5-225-1.S..UH
0.14
AWAY
150 FOOT RANGE
1--~~~~~~~'~-~~~~~~~~~-
0.02
-~
'-
TOWARD
I
I
'Q_/
........:::::::
' ....
....
5-70-1.5 AH
f5-1051.5AH
"")
I
I
IP'....
I
I
I
AMPLITUDE UNRELIABLE
DUE TO INSTRUMENT
~[
h~
I
I
I
I
I
'I
I
I
14
_16
5-105-1.5-UH
I
I
>
(_
r
0
I
I
CRATER INDUCED
MOTION
70-FOOT RANGE
II ~
BLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
2[
~AIR
CRATER-INDUCED
MOTION
INDUCED
MOTION
5-60-1.5-AH
0,16
0.18
0.20
',
2:[-~~~~-~'-'~~~============--~~
, ,
0.02
0.04
006
0.08
f52251.5AH
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
TIME FROM OETONATION, SECONDS
MEASURED
Figure 4.20
INTEGRATED ACCELERATION
Horizontal velocity waveforms, 1.5-foot depth, Event 5,
020
TOWARD
1.0
0.8
0.53 FT/SEC
0.6
I
I
u 0.4
w
(/)
',
IlJ..
DISTANT PLAIN
I1" '
0.2
'\
--.
<FLAT TOP 11 (6 VRJ)
\ /'\
>-
I-
AWAY
_J
w 0.2
>
0.4
I
0.6
0.8
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Figure 4.21 Horizontal velocity waveform comparison, nearsurface, 150-foot range, Distant Plain Event 3 and Flat Top
II and III.
95
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
0
0
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
()
II
(,Q
'I-lJ..
0.8
I-
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0.4
>
II
0.6
0
...I
fl
l)
>-
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
0
0.2
0.1
40
60
I
80
100
200
400
Figure 4.22 Peak airblast-induced outward particle velocity versus range, Events 3 and 5.
10
\
6
8
<>-
~\
LEGEND
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
s.OFOOT DEPTH
() EVENT 3
II
\!:J.
()
0
0
EVENT 5
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
1 .0-FOOT DEPTH
6
\
FLAT TOP II
"-FLAT TOP Ill
(/)
.......
ILJ..
\~EVENTS
\
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
(WINTER)
\
'
>-
I-
EVENT 3
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
(SUMMER)
.J
>
'
Q.B
0.6
0
6
0.4
\
\
60
so
100
200
'\
400
Figure 4.23 Peak crater-induced outward particle

velocity versus ran~e, Distant Plain Events 3 and
5 and Flat Top II and III.
97
10
LEGEND
6
\ t.
4
fl
FLAT TOP II
--
FLAT TOP III
0
0
DISTANT PLAIN 3
DISTANT PLAIN 5
\'
\'
FLAT TOP II
......
1-
u.
.......
l/J
.......
1-
u.
......
\
:J
0
<t:
0.8
\
\
\
'r
-t:., \
<t:
\
\
Q:'.
u
>-
\\
\:-\
0.6
1-
.......
'
Q:'.
Q:'.
Vi
0.4
1-
\
\
\\
_J
>
DISTANT PLAIN 3
\\
DISTANT PLAIN 5
'
\\
\\
0.2
\
\
\
\",\
\~
'o
\
\
\
\
\
\
0.10t--~~~~~-t-~~~~~~~~~~-+;-;-~~.--~~~--1
b
\
b
.........._~~~~~-'-~~~-'-~~..._~.....__..~..._...._........~
1.0
2
4
8
10
6
0.05'--....L.~'---'-
0.5
RANGE/CRATER RADIUS
Figure 4.24 Peak crater-induced outward particle velocity

normalized to crater radius, Distant Plain Events 3 and 5
and Flat Top II and III.
2.0
1.0
I
I
o.e
0.2
I
I
0.2
l.5FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
CRATER INDUCED
(UPWARD)
0.5-FOOT DEPTH
I
1
.~
Al RB LAST INDUCED
CRATER INOUCE:O
10.0FODT DEPTH
6
A
(UPWARD)~
AIRBLAST INDUCED
CRATER INDUCED
0.1 1--------------4~---+---~--~~~
0.08
...... o.oe
io.04
...
...::>
I-
0.1
~- 0,08
...
a o.oe
u
<
"'0
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
CRATER INDu!:O
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
CRATER INDUCED
(UPWARD)
ii
I
I
I
......
...
0.4
.,
0.4
\I
\
o.e
LEGEND
I
A
o.e
1.0
~--~-----~-~---~
0.8
0.04
0.02
ii
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
(DOWNWARD)
0.02
"'0
0.01
l--------------ll---"""1r---------;
0.008
0.008
0.01
0,008
t
I
0.004
:~J._ _.....____._~~~~~
I
\
I
I
o.ooe
0.002'----'----.l.--.J...-L--l----'----..JL---'--....J......I
40
80 80 100
200
400 eoo aoo 1poo
20
10
HORIZONl"L RANGE, FEET
EVENT 3
Figure 4.25
and 5.
10
20
40
200
eo 80 100
HORIZONT"L RANGE1 FEET
400
.J
eoo eoo 1,000
EVENT 5
Peak vertical displacement versus horizontal range, Events 3
99
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
5,0FOOT DEPTH
0,8
1-
0.6
w
lL
1-
z
w
0.4
:E
u
<(
EVENT 3
II
EVENT 5
10,0-FOOT DEPTH
EVENT 3
EVENT 5
.
\
[J \
~\
EVENT 5 __.r'\\
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
\
(WINTER)
~
\
-EVENT 3
1.SFOOT DEPTH
(5UMMER)
....I
--a.
II)
0.1
0.08
0.06
\
\
\
0.04
\
\
\
\
\
0.02
Figure 4.26 Peak crater-induced horizontal displacement versus horizontal 'range, Events 3 and 5.
100
60
COMPRESSION
(ii
a. 40
~
Ill
Ill
a::
TENSION
70-FOOT RANG
IIll
J:
I-
a:: 20
<
w
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.12
0.14
0.16
TIME FROM DETONATION 1 SECONDS
EVENT 3
COMPRESSION
40
TENSION
20
Ill
a.
20
40
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
O.OB
0.10
TIME FROM DETONATION 1 SECONDS
EVENT 5
Figure 4.27
Composite stress plot, 1.5-foot depth, Events 3 and 5.
101
60
70-FOOT RANGE
COMPRESSION
40
TENSION
I\
20
I\\
:iw
I I
I
Cl'.
!;;
I
I {'
f-
a:
<i
I
\
or---\jr-~1--~-=--~~=-~~~-="----==:::::::=====::;::;:==:===:=
'
'\
' '......
20
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.09
---- ------~EVENTS
//
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Figure 4.28 Vertical stress waveform comparison, 1.5-foot depth, 70-foot

range, Events 3 and 5.
102
CHAPI'ER 5
RESULTS, EVEN'I'
5.1
DATA RECOVERY
pata recovery for this event was good.
failed to produce data.
Only one channel out of 36
Due to a 1-1/2-hour delay in detonation, the trace
(an accelerometer) drifted beyond its range.
Reentry into the test area
was not permitted at that time and no adjustments could be made.
A large
number of particle impacts (ejecta) were noted upon postshot site inspection.
All but one of the cleared-sector instrument cables were severed
near the recording bunker shortly after detonation.
Fortunately, the cable
damage occurred late enough not to interfere with the data.

It should be noted that the transducers employed for Event
4 were
high-range gages utilized from the Drowning Ford (Events 1 and 2A) instrument packages.
Initial set range values were later reduced and no compen-
sation could be made for the higher range calibration resistor sealed inside the instrument canisters.
Sufficient signal level could be achieved
only by increasing amplifier gain.
Motions were lower than expected, re-
sulting in low signal-to-noise ratios.
Additionally, ground runs for the
primary power supplies for all project bunkers were strung on top of the
saturated ground (some actually submerged in pools of water), resulting in
considerable stray currents induced in most signal cables.
Induced tran-
sient voltage levels in these cables ran as high as 38 volts.

The overall effect of the aforementioned conditions was high noise
level and amplifier drift.
Consequently, numerical integrations of the
data contain inherent inaccuracies which limit the reliability.
Error ac-
cumulation was such that second integrals are useful, in large measure,
only for qualitative purposes.
Significant baseline shifts occurred on a
major portion of the recorded data, rendering even first integrals highly
suspect at all but very early times.
Treatment of the data in this section,
therefore, will concern primarily the measurand.
Newly developed digital
filtering techniques will allow retrieval of much data contained within the
noise; however, due to the additional effort and costs involved, it is not
planned to reprocess the data at this time.
103
Listings of peak values for
the data taken are given in Tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.
5.2
GROUND-SHOCK ARRIVAL TIME

Arrival times (Table 5.1) for the near-surface (1.5-foot depth) ac-
celerations ranged from 71 msec at 240-foot horizontal range to 393 msec at

700-foot horizontal range in the forested sector.
For the same region, the
times ranged from 63 to 351 msec in the cleared sector.
Both initial and
peak motion arrival times were earlier for the cleared sector (Figure 5.1).
This is in agreement with surface airblast measurements made by BRL Project 1.01 (References 1and15).
The computed near-surface horizontal propagation velocity was higher
in the cleared sector than in the forested sector, 1,610 versus 1,430
ft/sec.
This was also noted in Project 1.01 surface airblast which propa-
gated at a rate of approximately 2,080 ft/sec in the cleared sector, compared with 1,780 ft/sec in the forested sector.
Outrunning ground motion
was observed for both instrument lines, with surface emergence (i.e., the
projected point on the ground surface where outrunning first occurs) closer
-fur
the cleared -s-ector.
This is shown _graphkally in J'igure 5 .2.
probable critical path is indicated by a dashed line.
The
Significantly higher
refraction is seen in the cleared sector, indicating a very high-velocity

(probably saturated) layer occurring near the 15-foot depth with accompanying higher impedance in the upper layers.
for this event.
5.3
Seismic profiles were not taken
PARTICLE ACCELERATION
A prime objective was to measure the upthrust ground-shock component
(caused by cratering action and refraction) and to attempt a determination

of its effect on the tree blowdown mechanism.
To accomplish this, two
components of acceleration and one of velocity were measured along radial

lines in both the forested and cleared sectors.
Peak accelerations are
listed in Table 5.1.

5.3.1 Vertical Acceleration.
Peak downward accelerations are plotted
against horizontal range in Figure 5.3 and range from about 11 g's at the
1.5-foot depth and 240-foot horizontal range to 3 g's at the 1.5-foot depth
104
and 700-foot horizontal range for the forested sector.
At comparable
ranges in the cleared sector, values were 5 g's at the 5.0-foot depth and
2.5 g's at the 1.5-foot depth.
A trend of attenuation with increasing
range is noted for the 1.5-foot-deep gages in both sectors.
Little atten-
uation of the vertical component is observed at depths greater than 1.5

feet.
Peak upward acceleration is plotted against horizontal range in Figure 5.4.
The 1.5-foot-depth data do not show any trend of attenuation with
increasing range in the forested sector.
All other locations show the ex-
pected attenuation.
Peak downward and upward accelerations were normalized to surface
overpressure directly above the point of measurement.
Surface overpres-
sures were extrapolated where measurement locations did not coincide.

Ratios in no case exceeded 0.8 g's/psi, with forested sector values generally exceeding those of the cleared areas (Table 5.4).
Normalized data
are plotted versus overpressure in Figure 5.5 and show little change for
the downward near-surface (1.5-foot depth) motion.
Data at the 5-foot
depth and below appear to increase with decreasing overpressure; however,

only two data points are available for this depth in each test area, limiting their statistical significance.
The upward motion generally increases
with decreasing overpressure at all depths for which a pattern could be

established except 5 feet in the forested area.
Downward acceleration was ratioed against the upward component (Table
5.5) and plotted versus ground range in Figure 5.6.
The ratio is seen to
attenuate with range in both sectors at the shallow depth (1.5 feet), indicating an increase in direct (upward) ground-shock retransmission at larger
distances due to energy refraction and surface airblast attenuation.
The
direct-transmitted energy at the 5-foot depth attenuated rapidly between

the two locations monitored (240- and 320-foot horizontal ranges) in both
sectors, resulting in an increase in the acceleration ratios.
The ratio
attenuated rapidly from near-surface downward to the 10-foot depth at the

close-in stations.
Vertical waveforms are compared between both sectors in Figures 5.7
105
and 5.8.
A secondary spike is seen at later times, first downward, then
upward.
5.3.2
Horizontal Acceleration.
versus range in Figure 5.9.
Horizontal accelerations are plotted
Peak outward values ranged from 5 to o.6 g in
the forest and from 1.5 to 0.5 g in the cleared sector for the ranges
instrumented.
Waveform comparisons between the two sectors are shown in Figures 5.10
and 5.11.
The waveforms exhibit rather typical shapes, a leading high-
frequency outward-going spike followed by an apparent inward motion of

about the same magnitude or greater than the initial motion.
Frequencies
of early motion components tend to be lower in the forested sector, with

corresponding lower amplitude.
In all cases, first motions were outward
going (away from the charge).
The deeper gages along the forested sector
generally exhibited a more oscillatory character at early t:imes than companion gages along the cleared sector.
Both peak vertical and horizontal accelerations in the forested sector
exhibited a low value out of the normal data trend at the 320-foot range
and 1. 5-foot depth. -Wis was not eviu."'-enced by the ho-rizontal velocity
measurement at the same point.
5.4
(Compare in Figures 5.7, 5.10, and 5.15.)
PARTICLE VELOCITY
5.4.1 Vertical Velocity.
this event.
No vertical velocity gages were used for
Consequently, data presented were obtained solely from inte-
grated acceleration.
Low signal-to-noise ratios and instrument drift
created much difficulty in producing realistic late-t:ime portions of the

velocity envelope.
First peaks are reasonably accurate, but reliability
steadily degrades with increasing time.

Derived peak airblast-induced vertical velocities are listed in Table
5.2.
The 1.5-foot data plotted as a function of range (Figure 5.12) at-
tenuated with increasing range.

depths.
No clear trend was indicated for greater
Forest sector amplitudes were higher near surface (1.5 feet), but
lower at the 5-foot depth than those from the cleared sector.
Ratios of peak vertical velocity to surface overpressure above the
point of measurement (Table 5.6) are plotted as a function of range in
106
Figure 5.13.
Little attenuation is indicated for near-surface measurements,
but considerable attenuation is seen at depth.

5.4.2
Horizontal Velocity.
Horizontal velocities (Table 5.2) were
directly measured and enjoy higher confidence than the vertical computation.
Horizontal data were higher in the forested sector near surface and about
equal at a depth of 5 feet as evidenced by the velocity-range plot of Figure 5.14.
Forest and cleared area near-surface horizontal velocity waveforms are
compared in Figure 5.15.
to a range of 450 feet.
become nearly equal.
ure 5.16.
A pronounced outward-going spike predominates out

Beyond this station, inward and outward motions
Waveforms from deeper locations are compared in Fig-
Waveforms are quite similar except for 4-320-5-F-UH which ap-
pears to have lost part of the energy.
Improper coupling of the instru-
ment package to the soil or a soft area in front of and near the package
could have contributed to this response.
In some cases, reasonable integrations were performed on accelerationtime histories.
Selected comparisons are made for directly measured hori-
zontal velocity and integrated acceleration in Fig_ure 5.17.
Excellent
comparison is had at the 240-foot range station, cleared sector, at 10-foot

depth as seen in the upper portion of Figure 5.17a.
The measured and inte-
grated histories are superposed for the first cycle and a half, with phase
shift occurring past that point.
Both yielded 0.39-ft/sec peak outward ve-
locity caused by direct-coupled (crater-induced) energy.
Coincidentally,
these stations are exceptions in that the cratering energy was dominant.
The velocity values listed in Table 5.2 and plotted in Figures 5.12 and
5.14 are related to the surface airblast loading.
the same location for the forest sector.
Figure 5.l7b compares
Amplitude disparities exist at
all points for this comparison, the integrated values being about twice
those of the direct measurement.
107
TABLE 5.1
ACCELERATIOll DATA, EVEJIT 4
G:roun1l
Thr.i:e
Forested S._:ctor
Dept;h
Arriv,i.l
'rime
fee+
Vertic~tJ
Positive
Hee;ative
PP-"ik
leak
T'eCJ.k
Pe:i.k
Value
Time
V:Llue
Time
g's
msec
m:-;ec
Prediction
Vulue
Cleared Sector
Arrival
Time
Negative
Positive
Peak
Vnlue
Peak
'l'ime
Peak
V'.llue
Peak
'rime
msec
g's
msec
g's
msec
g's
(Po~i +..ive Dow~1w.L!"d):
a.NJ
4-?1+0-1.')-
40
lt-?ll-Q-10-
AV
l+- '~:;Q-1. '.!-
71.?
'.:.o
h-:'lt0-5-_AV
3~'0
AV
l+-3~0-5-_J\.V
l-i--1+50- l .'.)-_AV
l;i_:;O
4-700-J.)-_AV
700
'/7.2
l0.8
1.75
75.8
1.80
111.0
P.<J.O
1.31
114.o
63.5
4.91
70.8
l.b7
(,4.6
2. 34
72. 8
1. 211
83.6
80.11
10.0
1.5
120.0
11.58
12e.o
l.90
i110.o
107.o
11.20
lO'.).O
1.59
i26.o
22.0
5.0
99.'7
2.4cl
131.0
0.74
14(,.0
91.0
5.40
n8.o
1.50
l:l6.0
6.1
\J
9.3
l. S
3.(,
lforizo11t,'ll (l'OsitJvP 0ut:w.i.r:l):

1i-:'l;0-1. ~)-_AH
1+-2h0-5-
h-320-1.5h--',:'0-)-
2ltO
J\H
AH
l.'3
s .o
i.119
r:r.1
10.0
1.111
69.5
n2.o
o.G~
3?0
1
0.73'
Al!
107.0
o.79c
l 10.0
110.0
0.<)5
llSJ.O
20.0
l?.O
lt-700-1, ')-_AH
700
351.0
~ 1'' f'or ''o;o::s~~ 1 1; (' for ~l~.irA'l
r:r_)
~ Que,';i,ionr1ble recorcl.
Second por:i tive pectk.
rec01rj.
leak value.s for '.HT '.lre for '.lirblo.:-::,-induce'l n:otion.
Depth
Jt'ore:~
led Sec ~.ur
T're.Jic~.ion
Cleared Sector
V'.llU>:>
.-\rrivil
l'o:oil.i.ve
l\.rrivfll
Time
Tir.i.i<!
msec
fli-~'!r(i-1,'> _a1\V
Jlt-2li0-'j-
c,.o
r ,-21+0-1 o-_,',,/
Value
'I'bne
Vri.lue
rime
ft/sec
"'"ec
ft/sec
m.:.ee
T'oci t.i Vf!

Peak
Value
msec
ft./oec
f'eak
'i'ime
J1=~;1k
VJ.. lu~
re:ik
1'ime
msec
ft./cec
T~.5
0.?9
O.ll8
o.rr,
m2ec
rt/sec
1
AV
700
.!1 -~'.l;CJ-1. )- _rnr
240
L-~'110-5-_UH
ID!
320
4-320-'.J-_tn!
0.78
0.97
1.07
::;.o
1;-V0-1.5-_1m
l'eri.k
320
f'-'.~0-5- _JV
11-;'110-10-
T'r>8.k
0.'10
b
10.0
fi:-700-1.C,-
T'e8.k
~~l:O
J..V
f''-c~o-1.';-_;1v
T'er.l}~
!JJ'.1
<"
0.28
1. 5
'(?.
o.~.r)
~l
3.110.0
i.li
'. 0
1 .1 ~'
01 ~. 0
O.?fi,
(/J
10.1)
O. l(
8?.0
()~
.8
0.2f
,,1.
,~
70.0
0.37
1.5
LO'J
ni.o
0 .r.
lO?.O
O.liJ
l?5.0
0.25
0.80
').0
o.~-1
l'Hl.o
O.rJ/
103.0
O.~(,
12').0
O.ll
0.53
o.~o
1,_1,50-l.5-_1JH
450
234 .o
o. ~8 211.c.o
!1-700-1.5-_1n1
700
39'.0
0.27
1,1,2.0
0.119
352.0
~ F for f'0reste:1; r for c1elr>:!:J,

r:o rceord.
c ~n,::.:t:iO?nble re::-orci.
108
o. "30
TABLE 5.3
DISPLACEMENT DATA, EVENT 4

Ground
Range
Gage
feet
Peak Displacement
Depth
feet
Forested Sector
Cleared Sector
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
feet
feet
feet
feet
J!4-240-1.5- a AV
f !4-240-5.0-- AV
f !4-240-10- AV
240
J!4-320-1.5-f !4-320-5.0-
320
AV
AV
1.5
0.036
5.0
0.014
0.012
10.0
0.008
1.5
o.05oc
o.05oc
5.0
0.050
0.040
f f4-450-l.5-_AV
450
1.5
0.007
f f4-700-l.5-_AV
700
1.5
0.004

f4-240-1.5-_UH
f4-240-5.0-
240
UH
J4-240-10-_UH
!4-320-1. 5-
!4-320-5.0-
UH
320
UH
1.5
5.0
10.0
0.023
0.012
o.017e
0.012
0.013
0.062
0.032
0.014
1.5
0.010
0.034
0.028
5.0
0.031
0.070
0.017
0.002
0.004
rl
!4-450-1.5-
UH
450
1.5
0.008
0.005
!4-700-1. 5-
UH
700
1.5
0.059
0.032
a
b F for forested; C for cleared.
No record.
~ Approximate.
Indetenninate.
e
Second peak.
109
'rABLE 5.4
AIRBLAST-INDUCED VERTICAL ACCELERATION RATIOS, EVENT 4
Overpressure
Forested
Sector
Depth
Maximum Acceleration/Overpressure
Cleared
Sector
Downward
Upward
Forested
Sector
Cleared
Sector
Forested
Sector
Cleared
Sector
g's/psi
psi
psi
feet
g's/psi
g's/psi
g 1 s/psi
24.o
4o.o
1.5
5,0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1.5
o.450
0.073
0.075
0.055
14.o
20.0
9,5
4.8
11.0
5.0
0.123
0.058
0.560
0.270
0.328
0.177
o.64o
0.620
0.042
0.031
0.080
0.075
0.136
0.053
0.248
0.359
o.497
0.126
: Not instrumented,
No record.
TABLE 5,5
RATIO OF MAXIMUM DOWNWARD TO UPWARD ACCELERATION, EVENT 4

Depth
Ground
Rane;e
Acceleration Ratio
AV Down/AV Up
Forested Sector
feet
feet
240
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1. 5
320
450
700
Cleared Sector
8.0
1.3
2.9
1.9
7,0
3.6
2.4
3,3
2.6
1.7
3,9
~ Not instrumented,
No record.
TABLE 5,6
AIRBLAST-INDUCED VERTICAL VELOCITY PATIOS, EVENT 4

Overpressure
Forested Sector
psi
24.o
Depth
Cleo.red Sector
psi
feet
4o.o
1.5
5.0
10.0
1.5
5,0
1.5
1.5
14.o
20.0
9,5
4.8
11.0
5,0
~ Not instr=ented,
No record.
110
Maximum Velocity/Overpressure
Forested Sector
Cleared Sector
ft/sec/psi
ft/sec/psi
a
0.058
0.029
b
0.079
0.051
0.097
0.086
0.020
0.013
0,059
0.043
a
0.056
500
LEGEND
CLEARED SECTOR
400
"'
PEAK TIME
AIRBLAST ARRIVAL IBRL)
"
300
:!'
ARRIVAL TIME
FORESTED SECTOR
,El
ARRIVAL TIME
FORESTED SECTOR
PEAK TIME
,,,,,."
1,430 FT/SEC
AIRBLAST ARRIVAL IBRL)
w
:!'
f:
...J
<(
a:
a:
,.. ,,"'
200
,, ,,"'
,,
,, ,,
,, ,,"
,,"'
"
<(
/,,,,,-"''---_CLEARED SECTOR
..,"'
1,610 FT/SEC
,,"'
,..~
100
Ol..-oK:1"'1:;:..=:..:..::....J.~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'-~~~~~"'-~~~~--l~~~~~--1.~~~~~...L~~~~~J
100
200
300
400
500
500
700
800
Figure 5.1 Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot

depth, Event 4.
111
,,,,,,
,,
60 MSC
GZ
I
I
1'
1\
104 MSEC
II
~
I
I
I
I
T0 =107 , / ' \
/
5.0
1.5
....
w
I
I
I
,,,"
SUPERSEISMIC
REGION
...w
OUTRUNNING
REGION
....
a.
TRANSSEISMIC REGION
10.0
15.0'-~~~~~~~~~~--~~-'-'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
100
200
400
300
500
a.
600
700
800
CLEARED SECTOR
I
I
l/OMSEC
\I
I
I
I
I
I
\
.... ...... ......
7;,=120
... .....
OUTRUNNING
REGION
TRANSSEISMIC REGION
15.0L-~~~---'-~~~~--'-~--'-~~-'---'--~~~'--~-'-~--'-~~~~-'-~~~~-'-~~~--'
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
b. FORESTED SECTOR
Figure 5.2 Ground-shock profiles, Event
112
4.
800
60
LEGEND
40
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
D
20
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
fj.
CLEARED
"'
;,,
.
10
I-
<t:
0::
w
-'
w
u
u
<t:
1 '---~~~~~--'-~~~~~~...__~~~'--~--'-~-'
100
400
600
800 1 ,000
200
Figure 5.3 Peak airblast-induced downward acceleration versus horizontal range, Event 4.
113
'''
Ill
Ci
o.s
I<!
a::
w
--'
w
u
u
<!
0.6
''
' 'Q
'
0.4
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0FOOT DEPTH
0.2
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0FOOT DEPTH
[),,
CLEARED
0.1~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~~-....~~~~..._~~"'-~-'
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
Figure 5.4 Peak crater-induced upward acceleration

versus horizontal range, Event 4.
114
1 0
0.8
0 6
0
0
0.4
.... '
(ii
Q_
'"'
Ol
' ..... .....
0.2
0::
::J
\
0
Q_
)a
(f)
(f)
0::
..... ~
'
0 1
0::
w
>
o.os
'z
0.06
0
0
-f0::
w
_J
w
0.04
'~,,
LEGEND
DOWN-
1 5-FOOT D-EPTH
<t
'
_...L_
FORESTED
CLEARED
A-
4-
U-P
LI
[j,
'iJ
5 0-FOOT DEPTH
u
u
FORESTED
<t
CLEARED
0 02
t::.
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
CLEARED
10
20
40
60
so
100
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
Figure 5.5 Ratio of maximum vertical acceleration to surface overpressure, Event 4.
115
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
s.0-FOOT DEPTH
a.
:J
FORESTED
>
CLEARED
<{
,
''
3:
0
0
>
<{
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
''
'''
0
f<{
0::
0
f--4:
CLEARED
'x....----:-:
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
''
''
'
' ' 'O,
FORESTED
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
oc
w
_J
w
CLEARED
u
u
<{
........~~~~~~~~~-'-~~~~~...._~~~~~~~
OL-~~~~~~~~
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
Figure 5.6 Vertical acceleration ratio as a function of ground

range, Event 4.
116
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR

2
UP
I
l+-
2
4
DATA QUESTIONABLE PAST

THIS POINT
DOWN
4-240-1.5-F-AV
8
10
12
ELECTRICAL OFFSET
0
2
j:
'!'
en
4-320-1.5-F-AV
<!.
4-320-1.5-C-AV
a::
UJ
_J
UJ
u
u
\0
<!.
12
4-450-1.5-F-AV
0
2
4
~[
0
~
lw.
'
l'=-v
4-700-1.5-F-AV
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
4-700-1.5-C-AV
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 5.7 Vertical acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and

cleared sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event 4.
117
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR
240FOOT HORIZONTAL RANGE
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
1.6
1.6
4-240-5-F -AV
0.8
4-240-5-C-A V
0.8
l.- DATA QUESTIONABLE

PAST THIS POINT
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.0
PAST THIS POINT
UP
+
DOWN
4.8
4.8
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
0.8
4-240-10-C-AV
0.8
I<(
Cl'.
1.6
-!
w
u
u
2.4
<(
LI
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
1,6
0.8
4-320-5-F-AV
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1,6
2.4
2.4
4-3205-C-A V
3.2
4.0
4.8
5.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
TIME FROM DETONATION. SECONDS
Figure 5.8 Vertical acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and

cleared sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event 4.
118
~
"'
Cn
z
0
j::
<l'.
0.6
w
_J
w
0.6
0::
u
u
.........
..............
<l'.
0.4
..........
..... ""O,
LEGEND
1.5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0-FOOT DEPTH
0.2
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
Di, CLEARED
0.1
100
400
200
600
BOO 1,000
Figure 5.9 Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal range, Event 4.
119
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR

2.4
1.6
TOWARD
0.8
4-240-1,5-F'-AH
0
i._ DATA QUESTIONABLE
PAST THIS POINT
0.8
AWAY
1.6
2.4
NOTE:
3.2
HASH APPEARING AT LATE TIMES ON EVENT 4

WAVEFORMS IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE VERY LOW
SIGNAL-TONOISE RATIOS OF THE DATA AND TO
THE DATA PROCESSING METHODS AVAILABLE.
4.0
-"'
O>
0
I-
4.8
1.6
<{
4-320-1.5-F-AH
a::
w . {},8
..J
w
u
u
<{
.wwJ'~/VV"\vv-
~DATA
o.st~
0
QUESTIONABLE
PAST THIS POINT
0.8
Q,
4-320-1.5-C-AH
t--1-r-'.llv-~-----------
1.6
0.8
4-450-1.5-F-AH
i._ DATA QUESTIONABLE

PAST THIS POINT
0.8

0.8
4-700-1.5-F-AH
1.6
0.8
1.6
4-700-1.5-F-AH
t--------....,,,..,_,_.__________
~~
1-- DATA QUESTIONABLE PAST THIS

POINT
0.8
0.2
0,4
0.6
0.8
ABLE PAST THIS
0.8
POINT
I
1.0
0,2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 5.10 Horizontal acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and

cleared sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event 4.
120
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR

5.0-FOOT DEPTH
2.4
2.4
1.6
1.6
4-240-5-C-AH
4-240-5-F-AH
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1,6
1.6
DATA QUESTIONABLE
PAST THIS POINT
TOWARD
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
1.6
1.6
AWAY
Ill
Cl
z
2
f<(
a::
w
_J
w
u
u
<(
0.8
0.8
4-240-10-F-AH
4-240-10-C-AH
0
1.6
2.4

5.0-FOOT DEPTH
1.6
1.6
4-320-5-F-AH
4-320-5-C-AH
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
PAST THIS POINT
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 5.11 Horizontal acceleration waveform comparisons, forested and

cleared sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event 4.
121
LEGEND
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5.0-FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
fj,
CLEARED
(/)
"
0.8
I-
>-
I0
0
.J
LL
0.6
>
0.4
0.2
Figure 5.12 Peak airblast-induced downward velocity

122
0.8
LEGEND
0.6
1 .5-FOOT DEPTH
0.4
FORESTED
CLEARED
S.0-FOOT DEPTH
I
0
(/)
a.
'0
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
(/)
'I-
0.2
/:l
LL
CLEARED
n::
:::>
(/)
(/)
n::
a.
n::
w
>
o------
;:
l-
0.04
...J
>
0.02
A
0.01
L-~~~--''--~~~--'~~--'-~_..~...._~~~~~~~~~..._~__.....___.....__.
10
20
40
60
80
100
OVERPRESSURE, PSI
Figure 5,13 Ratio of maximum airblast-induced downward velocity to

overpressure, Event 4.
123
LEGEND
1.SFOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
5,0FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
CLEARED
10.0FOOT DEPTH
FORESTED
t::.
CLEARED
u
UJ
(/)
'I-
0.8
LL
>-
I-
0,6
u
-o
_J
w
>
o,
0.4
\
\
0.2
''
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
'o
'
0.1
--~~~~~~........~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
100
200
400
600
800 1,000
Figure 5.14 Peak airblast-induced outward velocity

124
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR

0.4
4-240-1.5-F-UH
0
TOWARD
0.4
-0.8
AWAY
--1.2
-1.6
-2.0
-2.4
u
w
U)
r:
lL
;
0.4
....
...J
>
-o
4-320-1.5-F-UH
~~::::::::::=::::- ~:
4-320-1.5-C-UH
w-.. .
~v---y---
1---r-E
-0.8
':[
d\
4-450-1.5-F-UH
,+...
-0.4
0.4[
Ot---~~-rl\'\J_f\_,__..~~- 01--~~~v~f\-~c=----/\-+""7~~-
__
4-700-1.5-F-UH
- 0 . 4 -
0 2
0.4
0 6
C/
0.8
0.4 [
4-700-1.5-C-UH
-0.4
1.0
0 2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 .o
Figure 5.15 Horizontal velocity waveform comparisons, forested and cleared

sectors, 1.5-foot depth, Event 4.
125
CLEARED SECTOR
FORESTED SECTOR

5.0-FOOT DEPTH
0.4
4-240-5-C-U H
ELECTRICAL
OFFSET
-0.4
4-240-5-F-U H
TOWARD
-0.8
-0.8
-1.2
-1.2
+
AWAY
u
w
10.0-FOOT DEPTH
(/)
LL
4-240-10-C-U H
or (\
>-
f-
o~rv~~
_J
>
-o.4 L
'J

5.0-FOOT DEPTH
0.4
0.4
4-320-5-F-UH
-0.4
4-320-5-C-U H
-0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Figure 5.16 Horizontal velocity waveform comparisons, forested

and cleared sectors, 5.0- and 10.0-foot depths, Event 4.
126
TOWARD
0.4
4-240-10-C-AH
......
\
\
\
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
0.4
0
+
__
AWA
...._
...... ......
..,,,
'-../
CRATER.INDUCED MOTION
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
a. CLEARED SECTOR
1.0
(/)
'f-IJ..
-
J4-240-10-F-AH
>f--
0.5
>
4-240-10-F-UH
AIRBLAST
INDUCED
MOTION
0.5
0.74 FT/SEC
CRATER-INDUCED
MOTION
1.0
'---~~~~~-'-~~~~~-'--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
b. FORESTED SECTOR
Figure 5.17 Measured horizontal velocity waveforms compared to integrated
acceleration, 10-foot depth, cleared and forested sectors, Event 4.
127
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS
Project 3.02a failed to record any data from Event 1.
Failure
to
either receive or properly translate sequence start signals from DRES timing and control resulted in no equipment turn on.
The equipment was set
for automatic mode and the bunker was not manned.
On all subsequent tests
except Event 4, the instrument bunkers were :f'ully manned.

Ground motions at the Drowning Ford Test Site were similar for Events
3 and 5, although Event 5 exhibited higher frequency signals and somewhat
higher output in the horizontal plane near the ground surface.
This was an
influence of the thin frozen surface layer which allowed greater coupling
and transmission of the high-frequency components.
High-frequency pertur-
bations are normally attenuated quite rapidly by dry alluvial soils.

Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 correlated well with the Flat Top Series
on all motion parameters in both amplitude and waveform.
Observed dispar-
ities and scatter are largely attributed to slight differences in test

site soils, explosive coupling, and instrument canister placement.
blast induction predominated in-verti-cal -a.ml
hori~untal
Air-
acceleration over
the ranges instrumented, while crater induction predominated in horizontal

displacement out to a range of 150 feet for Event 3 and to 190 feet for
Event 5.
Vertical velocity was influenced about equally by both loading
modes.
The detonable gas bag experiment (Event 2A) produced no crater.
Airblast-induced ground motions for this event were greater than for Events
3 and 5 or Flat Top.
This was a result of significant explosive energy
going directly into airblast formation rather than partitioning to the

ground through crater formation coupled with a much larger initial volume
and effective area loaded.
Stress measurements attempted in this test series yielded only limited
success.
Amplitude attenuation with depth appeared to be excessively
rapid, but is supported by recent findings as discussed in Reference 15.

Stresses were higher for Event 3 than for Event 5, but both were significantly lower than the surface airblast.
128
Event 2A stresses, however, were
very nearly the magnitude of the airblast above the point of measurement.
Stress measurements below 1.5 feet were generally of marginal signal level,
which limited resolution.
Ground shock was not found to be a significant factor influencing the
tree blowdown mechanism on Event
4. Primary motions in the blowdown region
were down and away from the point of detonation at early times, then upward
due to elastic rebound and, later, due to cratering action and refracted
energy from depth.
Measured upthrust motions were small in the regions in-
strumented and are felt to have provided only minimal enhancement to the
translation effects imposed on the trees by airblast drag forces.
129-130
APPENDIX A
DATA WAVEFORMS, EVENTS 2A,
3, AND 5
The data presented in this appendix are uncorrected

for baseline shift and are representative of the
original data recorded.
131
EVENT 2A
2A-0-1.5-AV
GROUND ZERO
1.5 FT DEPTH
"'
8::r
UP
+
DOWN
Iii
2A-0-5-AV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
I/)
J,
0
:if
~
~
l&J
....I
2A-0-10-AV
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
TIME FRM DET SEC
Figure A.l
.150
.175
.200
Vertical acceleration, Event 2A (Sheet 1 of
132
.225
6).
.250
EVENT 2A
2A-50-1.5-A V
50.0 FT RANCE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
~
UP
+
DOWN
(I)
2A-50-5-AV
'
(.D
I-
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
2
0
:E
LI.I
a7
~
u
cc
...J
2A-50-10-A V
50.0 FT RANGE
I 0 .0 FT Df.PTH
"'
.ooo
.025
.oso
.075
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
TIME FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.l
(Sheet 2 of
133
6).
.200
.zzs
.250
EVENT 2R
2A-80-1.5-AV
0
80.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
JJ
UP
+
DOWN
u;>
2A-80-5-AV
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
l.D
0
I-
a:
a:
'ii
IU
..J
8a:
al
0
~
2A-80-10-A V
80.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
o+-~~ef>'...J~::::;::::-~~~~~~~~~-
:r
000
.025
.oso
.075
ICIO
.125
ISO
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.l
(Sheet 3 of 6).
134
.175
.mo
.225
.zso
EVENT 2A
2A-95-1.5-A V
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
0
"'
UP
0
Q
DOWN
2A-95-5-AV
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
"'
0
0
If)
i.D
....~
i.J
'"
~
0
"'
"'
0
2A-95-10-A V
Q
"'
0
"'
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
ISO
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.l
(Sheet
135
4 of 6).
.175
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
2
2
2A-125-1.5-AV
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
"
~
0
~
0
"
2
i
UP
(/)
'
(.!)
:z
DOWN
I-
cc:
a:
.....
.....
u
2A-125-10-AV
__J
cc:
,,,
..,
0
..,
,,,
.,,
~
--
~J
.ooo
.025
.050
.075
.100
.IZS
.ISO
.175
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.l
(Sheet 5 of 6).
136
.2()()
.2Z5
.250
EVENT 2A
2
2A-210-1.5-AV
Cl
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
!<l
51
...
"
2A-210-1.5-AV1
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.
2
UP
lit
Ul
c.b
~-
-.....
~
LU
...J
~
u
a:
2-
2A-210-1.5-AV2
DOWN
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.,--
~
111
.ooo
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
.150
.175
.200
.225
.250
TJHE FRH OET - SEC
2A-390-1.5-A V
N
..
"
IO
.
.oso
.075
.100
.125
ISO
.175
.200
.225
TIHE FRH OET - SEC
Figure A.l
(Sheet 6 of 6).
137
.250
.175
.300
j~
~]~
u
w
IL4..
>-
....
u
I-
..J
>
~...
EVENT 2R
2A-0-1.5-UV
GROUND ZERO
l.5FT DEPTH
I 2A-0-1.5-AV
GROUND ZERO
1.5 FT DEPTH
UP
2A-0-5-UV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
DOWN
j2A-0-5-AV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
..
C>
!:!
:j
v
2A-0-10-UV
j
..
..
..
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
...........
I 2A-0-10-AV
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
C>
.000
.025
.050
.075
.100
.IZS
.150
.175
.200
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.2
Vertical velocity, Event 2A (Sheet 1 of
138
.225
4).
.250
EV:::NT 2R
12A-50-1.5~A V_
0
50.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
,,.
..
~
I 2A-50-5-Av
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
,,.
UP
..
~
..
I 2A-50-10-A v
DOWN
50.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
0
LI
IQ
"'
I....
....
I-
LI
I 2A-80-1.5-Av
80.0 FT RANGE
J.5FTDEPTH
-'
>
"'
..
I 2A-80-5-A v
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
0
N
.,,
..
2A-80-10-AV
0
80.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
....
"'
.000
.025
.050
.075
IZS
.100
TIHE FRH DET
Figure A.2
ISO
.175
SEC
(Sheet 2 of 4).
139
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
I 2A-95-1.5-A v
:J
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.......-==
I 2A-95-5-AV
..,
...
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
...
UP
..,
,,.
"'
..,
...,u
~
....
...
j 2A-95-10-AV
DOWN
IL.
Q
...
>
,,.
....
>-
u
0
...,...J
..,
f 2A-125-1.5-AV
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:i
~
~~
I 2A-125-10-AV
125.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
..;
.000
.025
.050
.O'/S
.100
.125
.17S
ISO
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figu.re A.2
(Sheet
140
of
4).
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
J2~210:.5-~
"'
210 0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
UP
"'
I 2A-210-1.5-AV1
DOWN
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.
....
I 2A-210-1.5-AV2
UJ
IQ
I-
"--
....
>-
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
I-
u
0
Lil
>
\(
..
....
:zo
.ooo
.025
.oso
.075
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
.200
.ttS
.250
TIHE FRH OET - SEC

~
":
'!
~
I 2A-390-1.5-A v
'!
":
390.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
.m
.200
TIHE FRH OET - SEC
Figure A.2
(Sheet
141
.250
.275
4 of 4).
.JOO
.3ZS
.350
EVENT 2A
,,.0
2A-50-1.5-AH
50.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
TOWARD
,,.
2A-50-5-AH
AWAY
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
~
0
2A-50-10-AH
:r
.
0
Ill
J,
zc
...
~
II.I
..J
tl
u
a:
..
:e
2A-80-1.5-AH
,,.
80.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
,,.
=~.
0
2A-80-5-AH
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
2
c
g
~
..
2A-80-10-AH
80.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
,,.
0
,,.
CD
.ODO
.025
.050
.075
.100
.125
.150
.175
.zoo
.zzs
TIHE FRH OET - SEC
Figure A.3
Horizontal acceleration, Event 2A (Sheet 1 of 3).

142
.250
!2
EVENT 2A
..,,.
2A-95-1.5-AH
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
,,.
.
~
2A-95-5-AH
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
2
Q
5l
TOWARD
51
UJ
....
cc
cc
11.J
...I
...
2A-95-10-A H
AWAY
,,.
.
.,,.
....
a
2A-125-1.5-AH
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
a
~
it;
2A-125-10-AH
,,."'
125.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
.
..,,.
a
00
.DllO
.ozs
.050
.07S
.tzs
.100
.ISO
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.3
(Sheet 2 of 3).
143
.t7S
.zoo
.ttS
.zso
.
.
EVENT 2A
2A-210-1.5-AH
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:r
:r
TOWARD
...
2A-210-1.5-AH 1
AWAY
....
:r
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:r
...
(/')
J,
.ooo
~
cc
w
-'
.ozs
.060
.075
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
.200
.225
TIME FRH OET - SEC
....
.
.
...
2A-390-1.5-AH
390.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:r
"'
I
100
.125
.ISO
.175
.200
.225
.250
TIME FRM OET - SEC
Figure A.3
(Sheet 3 of 3).
144
.Z7S
.300
.us
.250
EVENT 2A
j 2A-50-1.5-AH
50.0-FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
2A-50-5- UH
":
50.0-FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
0-1--~,....---::::::------------------------~
I 2A-50-5-AH
AWAY
50.0-FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
(/)
'-..
f-
u.
>-f-
""
0
0
_J
>
2A-50-5'UH
50 0-FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
o+---.--_J:_;~or:=LJl----f:::::::====:==:==::::i......,~~~_::_::.__~~
I 2A-50-10-AH
50.0FT RANGE
~+------------------!-'...,___ 10.0 FT DEPTH - - -
.000
.ozs
.oso
-~
.~
.~
.~
.rn
.~
.zzs
Figure A.4
Horizontal velocity, Event 2A (Sheet 1 of 5).
.250
EVENT 2A
0....---.------,,_...,----=,----------- 2A-80-1.5-U H - - -
I 2A-80-1.5-AH
80.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
2A-80-5-UH
800 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
I 2A-80-5-AH
~
1-
...
80.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
EVENT 2A
2A-80-10-UH
80.0 FT RANGE
-==-10.0 FT DEPTH
~l
7
~rJ~~y:--:;r'~'----"~~=========r-==-~~~-
J2A-80-10-AH
80.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
":
~+-~r.---r=~--:;:::=-<====::::::::7'.c::=~~====-~
2A-80-18-U H
80.0 FT RANGE
18.0 FT DEPTH
..
.000
.025
.050
.015
,100
.Its
.ISO
.175
TIHE FRH DET SEC
Figure A.4 (Sheet 2 of
146
5).
.200
.225
.2SO
EVENT 2A
2A-95-1.5-U H
95 0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
0
I 2A-95-1.5-AH
~]
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
-=-=
2A-95-5-UH
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
......-=:-=----
'{
TOWARD
II&..
~
I-
g
_,
Lo.I
>
f 2A-95-5-AH
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
AWAY
--C
2A-95-10-U H
":
'".:
f 2A-95-10-AH
95.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
":
~
":
'".:
"!
.ooo
.025
.050
.07$
.100
.125
.ISO
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.4
(Sheet 3 of 5).
147
.175
.200
.225
.250
EVENT 2A
2A-125-1.5-UH
\V;J
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5FT DEPTH
-Clc::z::::
TOWARD
+
AWAY
~]
I 2A-125-1.5-AH
-----
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
ILL.
I-
....
2A-125-10-UH
ti
0
..J
.....
125.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
>
"!1
}A;v--c
V'""C
-==---
I 2A-125-10-AH
125.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
"!
~
"'!
":
~
.ODD
.ms
.060
.1175
1111
l!:S
lSll
.175
TII FAH OCT - SEC
Figure
A.4 (Sheet 4 of 5).
148
.mo
.!ZS
.ESD
EVENT 2A
2A-210-1.5-UH
'":
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.
~
'":
f 2A-210-1.5-AH
\f
TOWARD
,.
"!
.....
"'C7
2A-210-18-UH
AWAY
~I-
210.0 FT RANGE
l.5FTDEPTH
210.0 FT RANGE
18.0 FT DEPTH
>-
I-
u
0
..J
i..i
>
-.000
.025
.075
.050
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
.200
.225
.250
TIME FRH DEJ - SEC-
2A-390-1.5-U H
0
390.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
+-----------'-4~,.....t----->.~~~~~-~
I 2A-390-1.5-AH
:]
390 0 FT RANGE
"' ..-----.---.---...--"-v-,c=>,--C'>.--,-=
.100
.125
.ISO
.175
.200
.225
.250
.275
TIME FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.4
(Sheet 5 of 5).
149
FT DEPTH
.300
.325
.3SO
EVENT 2A
2A-0-1.5-EV
GROUND ZERO
1.5 FT DEPTH
2A-0-5-EV
GROUND ZERO
5.0 FT DEPTH
~ 1----~~.L.---~..::..~::::-:=-=::::-:__~~~~2A~-0--10__EV----~
GROUND ZERO
10.0 FT DEPTH
2A-50-1.5-EV
50.0 FT RANGE
1.5FT DEPTH
2A-50-5-EV
50.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
2A-50-10-EV
50.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
TIHE FRH OET SEC
Figure A.5
Vertical stress, Event 2A (Sheet 1 of 2).
150
.18
EVENT 2A
2A-80-1.5-EV
80.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
COMPRESSION
Fil
2A-95-1.5-EV
95.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
2A-95-5-EV
95.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
s:
;;:;
a..
en
en
s:
2A-125-1.5-EV
I-
en
125.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:c:
....~
Fil
2A-210-1.5-EV
s:
210.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
2A-390-1.5-EV
390.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.01 SEC
.02
.04
.06
.08
. ID
.12
TIME FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.5
(Sheet 2 of 2).
151
.14
.16
.18
EVENT 3
3-60-1.5-A V
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
~
3-60-5-AV
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
UP
3-60-10-A\J
DOWN
60.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
enI
I-
3-70-1.5-A V
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
j
Si
3-70-5-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
3-70-10-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
;-~-,-~t-~~~-1r7~'"==...,.==--~ 10.0FT DEPTH
-.DO .01 .02 .03
I
.Qll
TIHE FRH DET -
Figure A.6
.OS .Oii .07 .Oii ,09 .10 II .12 Ill l'I IS Ill .17 .18 .19 .20
s~c
Vertical acceleration, Event 3 (Sheet 1 of 2).

152
-.DO .01
.oz
.03 .D'I .OS .08 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11 .12 .13 .1'1 .15 .111 .17 .111 .19 .20
Tl HE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.6
(Sheet 2 of 2).
153
EVENT 3
J3-60-1.5-AV
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
+
DOWN
f3-60-5-AV
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
~t-
"-
>-
- t-
~
...I
f 3-60-10-AV
.....
>
60.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
-.000
.ozs
.oso
.07S
.100
.125
.150
, 175
.200
TIME FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.7 Vertical velocity, Event 3 (Sheet 1 of 2).
154
EVENT 3
f3-70-1.5-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
I .'5 FT DEPTH
UP
-l-
f 3-70-5-AV
DOWN
70.0 FT RANGE
5 0 FT DEPTH
f3-70-10-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
u
~.....
.....
....
.....
-....
u
f3-105-1.5-AV
_J
>
105.0 FT RANGE
I 5 FT DEPTH
f 3-150-1.5-AV
150 0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
I 3-225-1.5-AV
225 0 FT RANGE
I 5 FT DEPTH
.000
.025
.oso
.D7S
.100
.!ZS
.ISO
TIME FRM DET SEC
Figure A.7
(Sheet 2 of 2).
155
.175
.200
EVENT 3
3-60-1.5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
3-60-5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
D
TOWARD
3-60-10-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
------
UI
-:E
t o-
L&.I
...I
~
u
ct:
~1
3-70-1.5-AH
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~
~
3-70-5-AH
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
.02
O'I
.06
.08
.10
.12
.I~
TIHE FRH OET - SEC
Figure A.8
Horizontal acceleration, Event 3 (Sheet 1 of 2).
156
EVENT 3
II)
3-105-1.5-AH
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
TOWARD
II)
Cf)
lD
AWAY
3-150-1.5-AH
;:::
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
LU
_J
t1
er
~
3-225-1.5-AH
.--~--.~~--.-~~--.~~-.~~.-~~-.~~,------,
.02
.O'f
.06
.06
.10
TIME FRM DET - SEC
Figure A.8
(Sheet 2 of 2).
157
.IZ
.I~
.16
EVENT 3
3-60-1.5-U H
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
f 3-60-1.5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
TOWARD
+
AWAY
3-60-5-UH
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
t.J
~....
...
........
8-'
IA.I
>
~1
""V
""
~~
.
3-60-5-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
3-60-10-UH
C>
600 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
.
,.
3-60-10-AH
60.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
..
-.00 .01
.oz
.03
,QI!
.DS .06 .ftl .08 .09 .10 ,II .12 .13
.I~
.IS .18 .17 .18 .19 .20
TIHE FR/1 DET - SEC
Figure A.9
Horizontal velocity, Event 3 (Sheet 1 of 3).
158
EVENT 3
3-70-1.5-UH
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5FT DEPTH
TOWARD
+
AWAY
3-70-1.5-AH
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
3-70-5-UH
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
3-70-5-AH
700 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
.00.01
.02 .03 .O'l
.05 .06 .07 .08 .09 .10 .11
.12 .13 .14
TIME FRM DET - SEC
Figure A.9
(Sheet 2 of 3).
159
.15 .16 .17 .16 .19 .20
EVENT 3
3-105-1.5-UH
105 0 FT RANGE
I 5 FT DEPTH
3-105-1.5-AH
105.0 FT RANGE
I. 5 FT DEPTH
]
-
3-150-1.5-UH
150.0 FT RANGE
l.5FT DEPTH
(..)
~
,_
"-
....
,_
g_.
....>
TOWARD
-1
~
AWAY
) 3-lS0-1:5-AH
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
3-225-1.5-UH
l (l
225.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
l(l
3-225-1.5-AH
225.0 FT RANGE
I 5 FT DEPTH
.00.01 .02 .03 .O'I .OS .06
.rn
TIME FRH DET SEC
Figure A.9
.08 .09 .10 .II .12 .13 .I~ .IS .16 .17 .18 .19 .20
(Sheet 3 of 3).
160
EVENT 3
3-60-10-EV
60.0-FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
0
COMPRESSION
0
"'
l(l
3-70-1.5-EV
70 0-FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
iii
0.
vi
(/)
..
0
3-70-5-EV
70.0-FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
er
I-
(/)
I-
er
<(
g
!<l
3-105-1.5-EV
105.0-FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
3-150-1.5-EV
150.0-FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
0
3-225-1.5-EV
"'
225.0-FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
0
.02
,O'I
.06
.08
.10
.12
, 1q
Figure A.10
Vertical stress, Event 3.
.16
EVENT 5
5-60-1.5-A V
..
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
5-60-5-AV
60.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
.
UP
+
DOWN
en
J,
5-60-10-AV
60 .0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
5-70-1.5-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
:1
5-70-5-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
5-70-10-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
.
-.00 ,01
.oz
.03 .O'I .OS .06 .07 .06 .09 .10 ll .12 .13 . l~ IS .18 .17 , 18 .19 .20
TIHE FRH OET - SEC
Figure A.11
Vertical acceleration, Event 5 (Sheet 1 of 2).

162
EVENT 5
5-105-1.5-AV
Iii
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
a
Iii
2
5-105-10-AV
105.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
UP
U'l
I
CJI
DOWN
5-150-1.5-AV
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
er.
5-225-1.5-AV
225.0 FT RANGE.
1.5 FT DEPTH
a
-.00 .DI
.D2 .03 .O'f .OS .06 .D7 .D8 .09 .ID .II .12 .13
.I~
TIME FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.11
(Sheet 2 of 2).
.15 .16 .17
.~D
EVENT 5
f 5-60-1.5-AV
"'
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
Cl
UP
"'
DOWN
I-
i...
"'
>-
....
i..l
I-
_J
LI.I
>
"'
j 5-60-10-A V
..."'
60.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
"'...
.oo .01 .02 .03 .11'1 .os .OB .rn .oe .09 to .11 t2 t3 tlf ts te t7 us
. ts
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.12
Vertical velocity, Event 5 (Sheet 1 of 3).
164
.20
EVENT 5
f 5-70-1.5-AV
70.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
f 5-70-5-AV
U'I
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
.
U'I
(.J
~
I....
>-
I-
g
d
>
70.0 FT RANGE
10.0 FT DEPTH
UP
DOWN
"] v
fo-105-1.5-A V
~J-
=--
105.0FTRA~
1.5 FT DEPTH
t<
f 5-105-10-AV
I 05.0 FT RANGE
I 0.0 FT DEPTH
-.00 .01 .02 ,03 .11'1 .OS .OS .ftl .OS .09 .10 .II .12 .13 .l'I .IS .Ill .11 .18 .19 .20
Tl HE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.12
(Sheet 2 of 3).
165
EVENT 5
f 5-105-1.5-AH
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
UP
+
DOWN
f5-225-1.5-AV
225.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
O_
-.oo .ot .02 .03 .D'I .os .1111 .01 .1111 .09 to .11 t2 t3 t'I ts 11 t7 ta ta .20
TI HE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.12
(Sheet 3 of 3).
166
EVENT 5
i
5-60-1.5-AH
60.0FT RANGE
..
:r
0
CIO
5-70-1.5-AH
70.0-FT RANGE
:r
0
0
:r
TOWARD
0
CIO
~
c:n
0
Icl:
0::
w
_J
w
0
0
cl:
fil
5-105-1.5-AH
AWAY
105.0-FT RANGE
fil
5-150-1.5-AH
...
150.0-FT RANGE
...
2
...
5-225-1.5-AH
..,
225.0-FT RANGE
.
..,
.
t
,00 .Ol .02 .03 .11'1 .OS .08
.rn
Figure A.13
.08 .09 .10 ll .12 .13 l'I IS II .17 US .19 .20
Horizontal acceleration, Event 5,
EVENT 5
..
5-60-1.5-U H
0"t-Ttl't";:;:::=====~~~~~~~~~~6~0~.0~F~T;:-;:::R~A~N~G~E~~~
1.5 FT DEPTH
5-60-1.5-AH
..
60.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
TOWARD
co
...
.
.
5-70-1.5-UH
AWAY
70.0 FT RANGE
I. 5 FT DEPTH
~I-
"-
,...
I-
u
0
...J
w
>
I 5-70-1.5-AH
:~
70.0 FT RANGE
tv
:j
~~
5-105-1.5-UH
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
yo
I 5-150-1.5-AH
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
~]
.DO .01 .02 .03 .11'1 .OS .Oii .111 .Oii .09 , 10 II , 12 .13 I~ IS .18 , 17 UI 19 .20
TIHE FRH DET - SEC
Figure A.14
Horizontal velocity, Event 5 (Sheet 1 of 3).
168
EVENT 5
5-150-1.5-UH
~
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
t-:
'"!
f 5-150-1.5-AH
<.J
,.. .
;J
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
...........
TOWARD
I-
LL.
>-
I-
is
-....
5-225-1.5-UH
AWAY
t-:
Q
t-:
,,,.
f 5-225-1.5-AH
225.0 FT RANGE
C>i-~~~~~~~~--~~r-~~~~~l.~S~F~T~D~E~P~T~H~~-
.00 .DI
.or
.03
I
,()II
.OS .08 .07 .08 .09 ID .11 .12 tl I~ ts .18 .17 .18 .19 .20
TIHE FRH DET SEC
Figure A.14
(Sheet 2 of
3).
EVENT 5
l'J
5-50-5-l.JH
0 +-~~.__~......::~~~~~---~~~~~~so.-0
FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
!\I
TOWA~O
..,.
Vl
ID
AWAY
(..)
u.J
en
.........
CJ
t-
u..
>t-
.......
c.J
0
=i
\!:.
5-60-10-UH
\=r
_J
u.J
>
5-70-5-UH
N-.
--- ' '
....
l'J
..,.
l!l
''
'\
__ ...
''
ID
-D.OOC
0-~25
0.030
0-"75
'
......
.,,,.--- ----- ---------
___ -- --- ------ f
0.100
0.125
0.)50
5-70-5--AH
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
0.!75
TIME FROM DET - SECS

Figure
A.l4 (Sheet 3 of 3)
170
-------
0.200
0.225
0.250
SI
!<3
5-70-1.5-EV
iC
(/)
(/)
a:
t-
(/)
:I:
5-70-5-EV
t-
cc
a:
UJ
70.0 FT RANGE
5.0 FT DEPTH
---SI
5-105-1.5-EV
!<3
105.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
...
!<3
5-150-1.5-EV
150.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
......
5-225-1.5-EV
225.0 FT RANGE
1.5 FT DEPTH
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
Tit Fllt OCT SEC
Figure A.15
Vertical stress, Event 5.

171
'16
.18
REFERENCES
F. M. Sauer and C. T. Vincent; "Ferris Wheel Series, Flat Top
Event, Project Officer's Report - Project l.2/l.3a, Earth Motion and Pressure Histories"; POR-3002 (WT-3002), 12 April 1967; Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California; Unclassified.
1.
2. W. R. Perrett and V. L. Gentry; "Free-Field Measurements of Earth

Stress, Strain and Ground Motion"; Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE, Project 1.4,
WT-716, February 1955, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
Unclassified.
3. N. M. Newmark and J. D. Haltiwanger; "Air Force Design Manual:
Principles and Practices for Design of Hardened Structures"; AFSWC-TDR-62138, December 1962; Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland Air Force
Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Unclassified.
4. "Operation Distant Plain Preliminary Report"; DASA 1876-1 (DASIAC
Special Report 53-1), Volume I, December 1966; Defense Atomic Support
Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa
Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
5. "Operation Distant Plain Symposium"; DASA 1947-1 (DASIAC Special
Report 60-1), Volume I, September 1967; Defense Atomic Support Agency Information Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa Barbara, California; For Official Use O;nly.
6. "Pace A-18 Accelerometer Tech Bulletin"; Revised February 1965,
Pace Engineering Co., North Hollywood, California; Unclassified.
7. J. -W. -Wistor; ''An Ext-ended Ha..'1ge Velocity Gage for Measurements

in High-Shock Environment"; Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
Unclassified.
8. J. K. Ingram; "Procedure for Assembling SE-Type Soil Stress
Gages"; Instruction Report No. 8, March 1967; U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Mississippi; Unclassified.
9. J. K. Ingram; "Development of a Free-Field Soil Stress Gage for
Static and Dynamic Measurements"; Technical Report No. 1-814, February
1968; U. S. Arm:y Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg,
Mississippi; Unclassified.
10. R. E. Reisler and others; "Airblast Parameters for SUilllller and
Winter 20-Ton Explosions, Operation, Distant Plain, Events 3 and 5";
Memorandum Report No. 1894, November 1967; U. S. Army Materiel Connnand,
Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland;
Unclassified.
11. "Operation Distant Plain Preliminary Report"; DASA 1876-3, Volume III, January 1968; Defense Atomic Support Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
12.
M. J. Dudash, ed.; "Operation Distant Plain Symposium II";

172
DASA 2207 (DASIAC Special Report 83), May 1968; Defense Atomic Support
Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa
Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
13. F. M. Sauer, G. B. Clark, and D. C. Anderson; "Nuclear Geoplosics;
Part Four, Empirical Analysis of Ground Motion and Cratering"; DASA
1285(IV), May 1964; Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California;
Unclassified.
14. J. M. McCormick, M. 1. Baron, and I. Nelson; "Studies on the
Distant Plain lA Event"; DASA 2213, July 1968; Paul Weidlinger Consulting
Engineer, New York, New York; Unclassified.
15. "Operation Distant Plain Preliminary Report"; DASA 1876-2 (DASIAC
Special Report 53-2), February 1967; Defense Atomic Support Agency Information and Analysis Center, General Electric, TEMPO, Santa Barbara, California; For Official Use Only.
173
DIS~RIBUTION
LIST FOR TECHNICAL REPORT N-71-3
Address
Chief of Research and Development

Headquarters, Department of the Army
ATTN: Director of Army Technical Information
Washington, D. C. 20310
Chief of Research and Development
Department of the Army
ATTN: Atomic Office
CRDES
No. of
Copies
3 copies of
Form
1473
1
1
Division Engineers, U. S. Army Engineer Divisions

Continental United States
Commandant, U. S. Army Command & General Staff College
ATTN: Archives
Fort Leavenworth, Kans. 66027
Cy to ea
1
Commanding General, Aberdeen Proving Ground

.A.TTN: Director, Ballistic Research Laboratories
Mr. -Ueorge l ) . Teel
Mr. J. Keefer
Mr. J. Meszaros
Aberdeen, Md. 21005
1
1
Commanding General, The Engineer Center

ATTN: Assistant Commandant, Engineer School
Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060
Commanding General, USA Missile Command

Huntsville, Ala. 35809
Commanding General, U. S. Continental Army Command

Fort Monroe, Va. 23351
'
Commanding General, U. S. Army Materiel Command

ATTN: AMCRD-DE-N
Commanding Officer, Picatinny Arsenal

ATTN: ORDBB-TK
Dover, N. J. 07801
174
No. of
Copies
Address
Army (Continued)
Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command
Institute of Nuclear Studies
Fort Bliss, Tex. 79916
Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
and Development Center
ATTN: Technical Documents Center, Building 315
Mr. R. Medding
Mr. E. Leland
Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060
1
1
1
Department of the Army, CE Ballistic Missile Construction Office

P. 0. Box 4187
Norton AFB, Calif. 92409
Director of Civil Defense, Office of the Secretary of the Army

ATTN: Mr. George Sisson (RE-ED)
Director, Nuclear Cratering Group, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
P. 0. Box 808
Livermore, Calif. 94550
Director, U. S. Army CRREL

P. O. Box 282
ATTN: Mr. Ted Vogel
Mr. North Smith
Hanover, N. H. 03755
1
1
Director, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory

P. O. Box 4005
ATTN: Library
Champaign, Ill. 61820
District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Omaha

6012 U. S. Post Office and Court House
215 N. 17th Street
ATTN: MRCGS-B
Omaha, Nebr. 68101
Superintendent, U. s. Military Academy

ATTN: Library
West Point, N. Y. 10996
175
No. of
Copies
Address
Army (Continued)
u. s.
Army Engineer Division, Missouri River

P. O. Box 103, Downtown Station
ATTN: Mr. Ken Fox
Mr. E. G. Erikson
Oma.ha, Nebr. 68101
U. S. Army Safeguard Coilll!land, Redstone Arsenal

ATTN: Mr. H. L. Solomonson
Mr. Ed Rosenfeld
Huntsville, Ala. 35801
1
1
Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army

ATTN: Mr. G. Chase, ENGME-RD
Dr. L. Schindler, ENGMC-NX
Mr. M. L. Martin, ENGMC-ED
Mr. G. W. Prescott, ENGCW-EG
Mr. C. F. Corns, ENGCW-ED
1
1
1
Division Engineer, USAE Division, Huntsville

P. 0. Box 1600, West Station
ATTN: Mr. Mike Dembo
Huntsvill~, Ala. 35807
U. S. Army Research Office
ATTN: Mr. Merrill Kreipke
Dr. V. Zadnick
Arlington, Va. 22209
1
1
1
1
U. S. Army Advanced Ballistic Missile Defense Agency

1320 Wilson Blvd & Ft. Meyer Drive
ATTN: LTC Marvin Kortum
Safeguard Systems Manager, Safeguard Systems Office

1320 Wilson Blvd.
ATTN: Dr. John Shea
Chief of Naval Research, Navy Department

ATTN: Code 811
176
No. of
Copies
Address
Navy (Continued)
Commander, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Navy Department
ATTN: Code 04
Code 03
1
1
Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command

Commanding Officer, Nuclear Weapons Training Center

Atlantic Naval Base
ATTN: Nuclear Warfare Department
Norfolk, Va. 23511
Commanding Officer, Nuclear Weapons Training Center

Pacific, Naval Station, North Island
San Diego, Calif. 92136
Commanding Officer & Director, Naval Ship Research and

Development Center
ATTN: Mr. E. Habib
Carderock, Md. 20007
Commanding General, Marine Corps Development and Education Command

ATTN: Director, Development Center
Quantico, Va. 22134
Commanding Officer & Director, U. S. Naval Civil Engineering

Laboratory
ATTN: Dr. W. Shaw
Mr. J. Allgood
Mr. R. Seabold
Port Hueneme, Calif. 93041
1
1
1
Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Damage Control Training Center

Naval Base
ATTN: ABC Defense Course
Philadelphia, Pa. 19112
Commanding Officer, U. S. Naval Weapons Laboratory

ATTN: TE
Dahlgren, Va. 22448
Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

ATTN: Mr. Joe Petes
Dr. L. Rudlin
Silver Spring, Md. 20910
177
1
1
No. of
Copies
Address
Navy (Continued)
Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station
ATTN: Mr. Hal Richey
China Lake, Calif. 93555
Director, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory

Special Projects, Navy Department

ATTN: SP-272
Air Force
Commander, Air Force Weapons Laboratory
ATTN: WLIL
Dr. M. A. Plamondon
CPI' Don Gage
CPT L. E. Browder
Mr. R. Henney
Kirtland Air Force Base, N. Mex. 87117
2
1
1
1
1
Commander, AF Rome Air Development Center

ATTN: Mr. R. Mair
Griffiss AFB, New York 13440
Lookout Mountain Air Force Station

8935 Wonderland Avenue
ATTN: Mr. K. Hackman
Los Angeles, Calif. 90041
Commanding General
ATTN: STEWS-TE-NT (Mr. J. Gorman)
White Sands Missile Range, N. Mex.
88002
Air Force Institute of Technology

AFIT-L, Building 640
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air Force Base

ATTN: SCTSW
Air Force Technical Applications Center

Department of the Air Force
178
No. of
Copies
Address
Air Force (Continued)
Director, Air University Library
Maxwell AFB, Ala. 36112
Commander, Strategic Air Command

ATTN: OAWS, COL Conklin
Offutt AFB, Nebr. 68113
Commander, Tactical Air Command

ATTN: Document Security Branch
Langley AFB, Va. 23365
Space and Missile Systems Organization

ATTN: SAMSO (SMQ,NM)
CPI' M. Heimbecker
COL J. D. Putnam
Mr. W. T. Winter
LTC Jack Cahoon
Norton AFB, Calif. 92409
2
1
1
1
1
Headquarters, USAF
ATTN: AFRDQSN
Director, Air Research and Development- Conunand Headquarters

USAF
ATTN: Combat Components Division
Director of Civil Engineering, Headquarters, USAF

ATTN: AFOCE
Director, U. S. Air Force Project RAND, Via:

Liaison Office, The RAND Corporation
1700 Main Street
ATTN: Library
Dr. Harold L. Brode
Santa Monica Calif. 90406
U. S. Air Force
1
Other DOD Agencies

Administrator, National Aeronautics & Space Administration
400 Maryland Avenue, S. W.
179
No. of
Copies
Address
Other DOD Agencies (Continued)
Assistant to the Secretary of Defense (Atomic Energy)
ATTN: LTC Luther B. Aull III
Commander, Field Command, DASA, Sandia Base
ATTN: ECDV
FCTG-5
TCCOM
TCDT
Albuquerque, N. Mex. 87115
Defense Documentation Center (DDC), Cameron Station
ATTN: Mr. ~er Kahn
Alexandria, Va. 22314 (NO TOP SECRET TO THIS ADDRESS)
Director, Defense Atomic Support Agency
ATTN: APSI
APTL
SPSS
SPLN
Director of Defense Research and Engineering
AT'.flf: Technical Li~rary
Mr. Frank J. Thomas
Director, Advanced Research Projects Agency
ATTN: NTDO (Dr. Stan Rubt)
Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
ATTN: DIAAP-IK2
DIA-AP8B-l
1
1
1
1
1
12
1
1
6
1
Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group

Langley Research Center, NASA, Langley Field

ATTN: Mr. Philip Donely
Hampton, Va. 23365
.Manager, Albuquerque Operations Office, USAEC

P. 0. Box 5400
180
Address
No. of
Copies

Manager, Nevada Operations Office, USAEC
P. O. Box 1676
Las Vegas, Nev. 89101
National Aeronautics & Space Administration

Man-Spacecraft Center, Space Technology Division
Box 1537
Houston, Tex. 77001
National Military Command System Support Center

Pentagon BE 685
ATTN: Technical Library
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission

ATTN: Chief, Classified Tech Lib, Tech Information Service
U. S. Documents Officer, Office of the Unites States National

Military Representative~SHAPE
APO New York 09055
Armed Services Explosives Safety Board

Nassif Building
ATTN: Mr. Russell Perkins
Sandia Corporation, Livermore Laboratory

P. O. Box 969
ATTN: Document Control FOR: Technical Library
Division of Technical Information Extension

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission
P. O. Box 12
Oak Ridge, Tenn. 37830
TRW Systems, Inc., One Space Park

ATTN: Mr. F. Galbraith
Redondo Beach, Calif. 90278
Kaman Aircraft Corporation, Nuclear Division

Garden of the Gods Road
ATI'N: Mr. D. Sachs
Mr. Dale Seacrist
Colorado Springs, Colo. 80907
No. of
Copies
Address
University of Denver, Colorado Seminary
Denver Research Institute, University Park
ATTN: Mr. J. Wisotski
Denver, Colo. 80210
TRW Systems Group, San Bernardino Operations

600 E. Mill Street, Building 527, Room 710
San Bernardino, Calif. 92402
Other Agencies
Aerospace Corporation
1111 E. Mill Street
ATTN: Mr. Craig Smith
San Bernardino, Calif.
92408
Agbabian-Jacobsen Associates, Engineering Consultants

8939 South Sepulveda Boulevard
ATTN: Dr. Jim Workman
Los Angeles, Calif. 90045
Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education and Research

5200 Gihson BLvd.-, S-. R.
Applied Theory, Inc.

1728 Olympic Blvd
ATTN: Dr. John G. Trulio
Santa Monica, Calif. 90404
Battelle Memorial Institute

505 King Avenue
ATTN: Dr. P. N. Lamori
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Whippany Road

ATTN: Mr. R. W. Mayo
Whippany, N. J. 07981
The Boeing Company

P. 0. Box 3707
ATTN: Technical Library
Seattle, Wash. 98124
Chief Superintendent, Defence Research Establishment

Suffield, Ralston, Alberta, Canada
182
Address
No. of
Copies
Other Agencies (Continued)

Denver Mining Research Center, Building 20
Denver Federal Center
ATTN: Dr. Leonard A. Obert
Denver, Colo. 80225
Edgerton, Germeshausen & Grier, Inc.

95 Brookline Avenue
ATTN: D. F. Hansen
Boston, Mass. 02129
Engineering Physics Company

12721 Twinbrook Parkway
ATTN: Dr. Vincent J. Cushing
Rockville, Md. 20852
General American Transportation Corporation

General American Research Division
7449 North Natchez Avenue
Niles, Ill. 60648
General Electric Company, TEMPO

816 State Street
ATTN: )1r. Warren Chan ( DASIAC)
Santa Barbara, Calif. 93101
Stanford Research Institute

Menlo Park, Calif.
IIT Research Institute

10 West 35th Street
ATTN: Dr. Eliot Raiser
Chicago, Ill. 60616
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory

P. O. Box 1663
ATTN: Report Librarian
Los Alamos, N. Mex. 87544
Ministry of Defense, MEXE,

ATTN: Dr. Philip S. Bulson
:Mr. Bruce T. Boswell
Christchurch, Hampshire, England
The Mitre Corporation,
Route 62 and Middlesex Turnpike
Bedford, Mass. 01730
No. of
Copies
Address
Other Agencies (Continued)
Physics International Company
2700 Merced Street
ATTN: Dr. Charles Godfrey
Mr. Fred M. Sauer
San Leandro, Calif. 94577
1
1
Research Analysis Corporation

Document Control Supervisor
McLean, Va. 22101
Sandia Laboratories
P. O. Box 5800
ATTN: Dr. M. L. Merritt
Mr. W. R. Perret
Document Library
1
1
Systems, Science and Software

P. O. Box 1620
ATTN: Dr. R. Duff
La Jolla, Calif. 92037
'URS Corporation
1811 Trousdale Drive

ATTN: Mr. Harold Mason
Mr. K. Kaplan
Burlingame, Calif. 94010
1
1
Paul Weidlinger, Consulting Engineer

110 East 59th Street
ATTN: Dr. M. L. Baron
New York, N. Y. 10022
Center of Astrogeology
601 East Cedar Ave.
ATTN: Dr. David Roddy
Flagstaff, Ariz. 86001
College and Universities

University of California, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
P. o. Box 808
ATTN: Technical Information Division
184
Address
No. of
Copies
College and Universities (Continued)

University of Illinois, Urbana Campus
Department of Civil Engineering
ATTN: Professor N. M. Newmark
Professor A. J. Hendron, Jr.
Urbana, Ill. 61801
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Division of Sponsored Research
77 Massachusetts Avenue
A'ITN: Dr. Robert V. Whitman
Cambridge, Mass. 02139
University of New Mexico

Eric H. Wang Civil Engineer Research Facility
ATTN: Dr. Eugene Zwoyer
185-186
Unclassified
Securitv Cl asstricahon
DOCUMENT CONTROL DAT A R & D

(Security clealflcatlon ol title, body ol bttact and /nder/na annotation muat be entered when the overall report I clllld)
(Corporal author)
2a. REPORT SECURITY CL.AISIFICA flON
I. ORIGINATING ACTIVITY
u. s.
Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Vicksburg, Mississippi
Unclassified
2b, GROUP
3. REPORT TITLE
PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT, OPERATION DISTANT PLAIN, EVENTS 1, 2A, 3, 4, AND 5,
PROJECT 3.02a, EARTH MOTION AND STRESS MEASUREMENTS
ol raport .nd JncludV dt)
4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (1)-p
Final report
15, AUTHOR(!> (Fltt name, middle Initial, lat name)
James K. Ingram
e.
REPORT DATE
May
7a, TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES
1971
185
la. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.
l'b.
NO. OFl;EFS
Oa. ORIGINATORS REPORT NUM'llER(I)
b. PROJECT NO.
Technical Report N-71-3
NWER Subtask 96x4902
Ob. OTHER REPORT NOCS> (Any other numbeor. lhat may be lllnd
th/a Npotl)
d.
10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
ti SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY
Defense Atomic Support Agency

Washington, D. c.
II. ABSTRACT
Ground motions and stresses within the upper 10 feet of soil were measured on the Distant Plain events detonated in Canada in 1966-67. Ground motion measurements were unsuccessful for Event 1. Motion data of good quality were obtained for the remaining
detonations (Events 2A, 3, 4, and 5). Vertical and horizontal acceleration and velocity and a limited number of vertical stress measurements were made. The surface gas
bag, Event 2A, produced no crater. Airblast-induced ground motions for this event were
greater than for Distant Plain Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III as the result of
significant explosive energy going directly into airblast formation rather than partitioning to the ground through crater formation. Events 3 and 5 and Flat Top II and III
were identical in yield and geometry, but differed in site location. An additional
variant, frozen ground, was introduced in Event 5. In spite of these variations,
ground motions were similar in amplitude and waveform. Variance& between Event 3 and
Flat Top are attributed to slight differences in test site soils, explosive coupling,
and instrument canister placement. The effect of frozen ground on Event 5 motions was
generally limited to the horizontal vector near the surface. This was manifested as
higher amplitude and frequency accelerations. The thin frozen surface layer allowed
greater coupling of high-frequency components which are attenuated by dry alluvium.
For Distant Plain Event 4, primary ground motions in the region of tree blowdown were
down and away from the point of detonation at early times, then upward due to elastic
rebound and, later, to refracted energy from depth. Measured upthrust motions were
small and did not contribute significantly to blowdown.
DD .'=:.. 1473
111aP1LACI DD fl'OlllM 171, I JAN WHICH 18
oeoLT ... o .. Alll'MY u
187
Unclassified
security ClaulflcaUon
Unclassified
...
Security Classification
LINK A
LINK B
LINK C
KEV WORDS
ROLIE
WT
ROLE
WT
ROLE
WT
Distant Plain (Operation)

Explosion effects
Ground motion
Soil stresses
II
188
Unclassified
Security Claulflcatlon

Forest Under Nuclear Blast. Canadian Simulated Effects With TNT - Operation Distant Plain.n-71-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Forest Under Nuclear Blast. Canadian Simulated Effects With TNT - Operation Distant Plain.n-71-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I

TECHNICAL REPORT N-71-3

PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT

Defense Atomic Support: Agency

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment: Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

TECHNICAL REPORT N-71-3

PROJECT OFFICER'S FINAL REPORT

Defense Atomic Support Agency

NWER Subtask 96X4902

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi

A.RMYMRC VICKSBURG. MISS.

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED

110. //- 'l/-~

THE CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT ARE NOT TO BE

was detonated at a remote mountainous site near Hinton, Alberta.

Motion data of good quality were obtained for the re-

maining detonations of the test series (Events 2A, 3,

In addition, a limited number of vertical stress measurements

32 for Event 3, 35 for Event

and 33 for Event 5.

Data waveforms, except

4, are included in Appendix A. Event 4 waveforms are included in

Detonation of the surface gas bag, Event 2A, produced no crater.

This was the result

of significant explosive energy going directly into airblast formation

was introduced by Distant Plain Event 5 which was detonated in frozen

In spite of these variations, the ground motions were -s-imilar in

amplitude and waveform.

The variances between Distant Plain Event 3 and

The thin frozen surface layer allowed greater coupling of the

high-frequency components which are attenuated by dry alluvium.

This report was written by Mr. J. K.

Ingram, Project Officer.

CHAPI'ER 6 CONCLUSIONS-----------------------------------------------APPENDIX A DATA WAVEFORMS, EVENTS 2A, 3, AND 5-----------------------

Wavefront diagram and force vectors---------------------------locations, Events 1, 2A, 3, and

Ground-shock arrival time versus horizontal range, 1.5-foot

Peak airblast-induced outward acceleration versus horizontal

Peak airblast-induced downward velocity versus horizontal

Horizontal particle acceleration, g's

Peak resultant particle acceleration, g's

Vertical particle acceleration, g's

Peak stress propagation velocity, ft/sec

Seismic propagation velocity in the surface material, ft/sec

Measurement depth, feet

Rise time, seconds

Horizontal particle velocity, ft/sec

Peak resultant particle velocity, ft/sec

Vertical particle velocity, ft/sec

Horizontal range, feet

Arrival time, msec

Soil density, pcf

CONVERSION FACTORS, BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

pounds per cubic foot

kilograms per cubic meter

pounds per square inch

kilonewtons per square meter

and detonable-gas experiments conducted in Alberta, Canada, during FY 1967

more recently, a 500-ton shot in 1964.

In addition, tree blowdown and

defoliation data were to be obtained from a surface burst in a coniferous

Table 1.1 lists the events.

Event 1 was a spherical 20-ton TNT charge mounted on a tower with a