Professional Documents
Culture Documents
( BLD 60303 )
ASSIGNMENT 1 :
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
TAYLORS LAKESIDE UNIVERSITY
GROUP MEMBERS
CONTENT
Introduction
- Introduction to development site
Site and Safety
- Plants and Machinery
Preliminaries Work
- Site Layout
- Setting Out
- Earth Work
Foundation
- Foundation type and construction process (from site visit)
- Foundation type and construction process (from reference)
Superstructure
- Beam and Column
- Slab
- Wall
- Staircase
Doors And Windows
Roof
- Roof type and construction process (from site visit)
- Roof type and construction process (from reference)
Summary
References
1-3
4 - 11
12 - 15
16 - 19
20
21-22
23
23
24
25
26 - 35
36
37 - 40
41 - 42
43 - 45
46 - 49
50 - 58
59
60 - 74
75 - 77
78
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INTRODUCTION
BY . KOO JIAN XIANG
The location of the factory is situated at Senawang, Seremban, the primary industrial area of the prosperous
Senawang town. The construction of the new factory is currently at its Superstructure Stage. They had just
completed the ground slab of the factory 2 months ago. The whole development of this factory will take
around 2 years of construction time to finish.
INTRODUCTION
BY . KOO JIAN XIANG
The bungalow itself is located at the prime area of the neighbourhood as it is easily accessible to the
highway which leads to the city centre of Seremban not more than 10 minutes of driving. The
bungalow now is currently at its Superstructure Stage and estimated time to finish the whole
construction will be around a year and a half.
INTRODUCTION
BY . KOO JIAN XIANG
The bungalow itself is located at the prime area of the neighbourhood as it is easily accessible to the
highway which leads to the city centre of Seremban not more than 10 minutes of driving. The
bungalow now is currently at its Superstructure Stage and estimated time to finish the whole
construction will be around a year and a half.
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INTRODUCTION
BY . KOO JIAN XIANG
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The area is well-connected to a network of banks, offices, shops, food & beverages outlet and etc. It is
surrounded by more than 30 housing area which captured about 90,000 population, and strategically
located in heart of Seremban whereby its only 100m away from the Middle Ring Road that is linked to
S2,S3, Town Center and etc. The development of the commercial building is currently at its
Preliminaries Stage and it will be taking about 2 years to complete the whole project.
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Construction work is a dangerous land-based job which include many dangerous task and unsafe
condition such as falling from height, collapsing and electric shock. However these can be controlled
by the management to decrease the rate of hazards occur in construction site. Safety equipment and
training are needed to provide for construction worker to create a safe construction environment.
Safety awareness is required to everyone who are included in the construction site
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Scaffolding
Ladder
Public Protection
Public and visitors have the hazard to be
injure in or nearby the construction site. The
boundaries of the construction site has to be
fenced to prevent outsider. Fencing should
not be lower than 2 meters high to prevent
the accessing of unauthorized people to the
construction site. Pedestrians and road users
should not be affected by vehicles entering
or leaving the construction site. Netting are
required on scaffolds for high rise building to
prevent object fly off the construction site.
Holes and uneven ground has to be covered
and lighting has to be provided during the
night. The construction site must hire security
to secure the site during day and night to
prevent access of unauthorized people.
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Personal protective is vital for all construction worker because it decreases the
hazard of been injured while working. Boots with slip-resistant are required for all
construction worker. It is worn to prevent crushed toes from falling objects when
working around with equipment. Safety glasses or face shields have to be worn at
any time work operations which may cause foreign objects getting into the eye.
For example during welding, cutting, grinding, nailing, or when working with
concrete and harmful chemicals or when exposed to flying particles. When
construction worker has to be exposed to any electrical hazards, safety glasses or
face shields have to be worn. Gloves are required when worker doing heavy duty
work and insulated gloves are required when exposed to electrical hazard. Hard
hats is required when there is a potential for objects falling from above or bumps
into the workers heads from fixed objects, or accidental head contact with
electrical hazards. Hard hats are routinely inspected by people in charge for
dents, cracks or deterioration and have to be in good condition at all time. It
must be replaced after an electrical shock or heavy blow.
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Electricity Supply
Electricity is one of the main cause of fire on site and electric shock to the
construction worker. All electrical equipment has to be safe condition and
maintain regularly and has to be planned, managed and monitor by person in
charge to reduce the risk of construction worker exposed to electricity.
Equipment such as scaffolds and ladders should be placed not more 3 meters
from electrical power line. Damage and worn electrical cords have to be
replaced and multiple plug adapters are strictly prohibited in the construction site
Vehicle
Vehicles can cause on-site accident to the construction worker and road traffic
accident to the public. Traffic road must be properly planned in the construction
to ensure the safety of the site. Fire and explosion may occurs on the vehicles that
carry explosive and flammable materials into the site. Advance planning of route
for transportation in the site is vital to ensure both drivers and vehicles are
capable and competent to carry out the task. Traffic rule in site is also necessary
to be included into the site safety plan.
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Plants and machinery act as an important role in all construction site. It can be categories to transport
vehicles, earth-moving and excavating equipment and material handling machinery. However,
supervisor in the construction site should make sure that a safe and suitable access are provided, the
traffic and pedestrian routes are organized and be in controlled.
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Bulldozer
Excavators
Excavator is heavy
construction equipment
which consists of a
boom, dipper, bucket
and a cab on rotating
platform which is known
as a house. The house
sits
atop
an
undercarriage with
tracks or wheels. They
are a natural progression
from the steam shovels
and often mistakenly
called power shovels. The used of hydraulic system achieved the
function and the movement of the excavator. It uses to excavate and
dig the natural surface below or above the ground, lifting the earth
and general grading work in the construction site.
Loader
A loader is a type of vehicle that is
primarily used to clear, dig or load
material such as rock and sand into
another type of machinery. It is often
used to carry loose object from the
ground and move it from one place
to another without push the object
on ground. However, there is a
limitation a loader can dig which is
that it cannot dig a lot below the
level of its own wheels. The deep
bucket can store around 3-6 cubic
meters of earth and it is depending
on the model. Most of the loader are
wheeled but not tracked. Although
the sharp edged materials on
construction site would damage the
rubber wheels but it provides better
mobility and speed to the loader
and it do not damage the paved
roads.
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Transporting vehicles
Material Handling
Mobile Crane
Mobile crane is the most basic type
of crane and is mounted on a mobile
platform. A mobile crane is a cablecontrolled crane mounted on
crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a
hydraulic-powered crane with a
telescoping boom mounted on trucktype carriers or as self-propelled
models. It is designed to transport or
lift heavy object easily to a site with
the flexibility to access the sites which
may be difficult to other types of
cranes.
Haul Truck
Tower crane
Haul truck is mainly design to
use for high production mining
and heavy-duty work in the
construction site. It is usually has
an open 4 wheeled vehicle
with a load skip in front of the
driver, while its cab in front of
the load. The skip can tip to let
the load falls on the ground. It
has a capacity that range from
40tons to 100 tons.
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Crawler crane
Concrete Mixer
The crawler crane is a crane
mounted on an undercarriage
with a set of crawlers which
provide stability and mobility. It
is a lifting machine which
mounted on a tracked
movable platform. This crane is
capable to per form lifting
operations on different types of
ground sur faces, even soft
grounds because the entire
weight of the machine is
Forklifts
Road roller
Forklift is a material handling
equipment that have the ability
to lift and move a certain
object or material in a short
distance. Most forklift have a
certain load capacity in
between 1 to 5 tons. It is
available in many variation
and load capacity that some
of the forklift is able to lift up to
50 tons.
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PRILIMINARIES
BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
In construction, preliminaries present the GENERAL DETAILS of a project as well as going into the
specifics that should be known, like what will be required to execute the project and what conditions
are relevant.
Preliminaries, in general, tend to outline numerous details concerning a construction project that is
nearing the end of its planning stages
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PRILIMINARIES
BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Cleaning
Fencing
Excavator
Leveling
Thoroughly level the ground to ensure the safety. If there is
any hole in the ground, it must be filled up completely.
Site office
Site office is a temporary structure
with the necessary accommodations
for the contractors or architects to
either plan out the schedule for the
day or to just take a break.
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PRILIMINARIES
BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Storage
Labor shed
Utility connection
As civil construction needs continuous power and water
supply, a generator as well as a connection to the areas
water line is made to help ease the construction process.
Site office
Site office is a temporary structure
with the necessary accommodations
for the contractors or architects to
either plan out the schedule for the
day or to just take a break.
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PRILIMINARIES
BY . JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Setting Out
Earthworks
The natural surface of ground is not leveled to the extent that there is an
appreciable slope either across or along or both across and along the site.
The ground floor is to be at or just
above ground level at the highest
point, some dry fill material such as
broken brick or concrete hardcore is
imported to raise the level of the
oversite concrete and floor. This fill will
be placed, spread and consolidated
up to the external wall once it has
been built.
Plumb Bob
To check the verticality
of buildings less than
20m in height)
Floor level
Ground level
Solid filing
under the floor
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FOUNDATION
BY . LIM WOO LEON & NG KWANG ZHOU
The function of any foundation is to safely sustain and transmit to the ground on which it rests the
combined dead, imposed and wind loads in such a manner as not to cause any settlement or other
movement which would impair the stability or cause damage to any part of the building.
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FOUNDATION
BY . LIM WOO LEON
Pad Foundation
The site applies only pad foundation or shallow foundation because the
building is constructed below 4 feet below ground which doesnt require any
deep piling and it also has good subsoil condition.
RC or steel column Pad Foundation
The pad foundation uses RC or steel Reinforced
column instead of grillage as it doesnt C o n c r e t e
required to transmit heavy loads from Column
steel columns but just enough to act as a
load bearing foundation
The bars of steel added into the concrete
foundation resist all tensile forces induced
into the foundation.
Pad Foundation
Excavation
Setting
concrete
Reinforcement for
Slump
lean
Add reinforcement
Bar
Build formwork
Isolated foundation
It is used to support isolated loads such
as those in columns, piers
Also, it is constructed with a square
base where its reinforcement patterns
are distributed in both ways.
Two way reinforcement pattern
Isolated or pad foundation designed
to span in two directions threfore main
bars are placed in the bottom both
ways.
Add ties
formwork
for
Pour concrete
RC or
S t e e l
Column
Blinding
Cons
Pads are very shallow and can be easily uprooted
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SUPERSTRUCTURE
BY . HENG SY HUA & MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
Superstructure is the building part that is above the foundation or basement, serves the purpose of the
building function. It includes beams, columns, slab, wall and staircase.
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Beam
Bea
BY . HENG SY HUA
Beam is a structure that can carry and support external load
preventing the whole structure from collapsing
Reinforce bar
Reinforce bar is used as a frame for the beam
-act as support system for the whole stucture
Diagram 1 shows the transmission of load and force from beam to ground
Beam
columns
ground
Advantages of concrete
beam
-low cost
concrete
150 mm
spacing
R6 link
Hooks are
bends given to
the end of
tension bars to
develop an
equivalent
embedment
length for
anchorage. A
standard hook
is a 90, 135,
or 180
Effective depth is
measured from the
compression face to the
centroid of tension
reinforcement
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Beam
Type of beam connection
Steel beam
Advantage
-withstand corrosion
-withstand higher presuure and load
-shorter fixing time
Fixed beam has 2 fixed ends into the wall for higher load and strength
S shape
Cantilever beam
W shape
Tension side
C Shape
Compression side
Structural
tubing
One end fixed into the wall to create an open yet sheltered space
Continuous beam
Type of connection
To connects
the girder and
beam
Ratio of concrete
6 bucket of stone : 4 bucket lake sand : 1 packet cement : 8 bucket water
Stabilising
angle
Shear connection
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Columns
BY . HENG SY HUA
Vertical structure which responsible in transferring load from ceilings to
Rebars
All the rebar comes with identification card upon government approval
Column on site
Concrete column
Grade / tyoe of the rebar
-easy to be mould
-lower costing
Series number
Logo for the government unit
Columns with 6 main bars and column with 8 main bars as Position of the 2 different
Columns
Framework
Opening for beam
form
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Plywood column
Process
Lapping
Casting liquid
Yorks
Excess rebal
for lapping
of the next
floor
Concrete casting go
through
Wooden fromwork
Formwork are inserted
surrounding the column to
create a space for liquid
concrete to pour inside . Yorks
and tropping are added at
the side to support the
formwork from pressure and
secure it from movement.
Excess rebal
for lapping
of the next
floor
41
SLAB
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
Slab is a flat horizontal plane that is a common yet important structural element
of modern buildings. It functions as a walking surface for the users but may be
also serve as a load bearing element. The depth of a concrete slab floor is
relatively smaller compared to its span. Slabs may be supported on two sides
only or have beams on all four sides.
(site)
(reference)
Precast
concrete
slabs
Advantages:
Time saving, construction can be done in a shorter time span.
Less labour is required compared to casting concrete on site
Cheaper if large structures are to be built
One Way Slab
One Way Slab is supported by
parallel beams only.
Bends in only one direction.
Main reinforcement is provided in
only one direction.
Suitable for light and moderate load.
Ratio of longer side to shorter side is
more than 2.
Disadvantages:
Less resistance to Earthquake and wind forces
Limited to sizes that manufacture have in hand
Higher maintenance cost
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SLAB
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
In site, the slabs are casted both separately with the beam and also together
with the beam
Concrete slab
- Resists compressive force
BRC wire mesh
- E x t r a r e i n f o rc e m e n t :
transfer load to beams
Damp-proof membrane
- Prevent water from
entering
Sand
- To flatten out the ground
surface
Hardcore
- To fill in any voids on the
ground
(site)
Construction Process
Ground beams are installed first, continued by the ground floor slab.
Formwork is inserted at the correct placement for ground slabs.
Sand is filled and levelled, followed by a layer of damp prove
membrane. BRC mesh is inserted and concrete is casted and cured.
Formwork is removed after drying.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Cast InSitu Concrete Slab
Advantages:
Flexible to the design
Less maintenance cost
More resistance to earthquake and wind
forces
Cheaper for small scale projects
Do not require large handing equipment to
ship the slabs pieces
Disadvantages:
Requires more time to let the concrete cur
Will be affected by the weather condition
More skilled labours are required on site
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Wall
A vertical structure that made up of stone, brick or concrete. It acts as a divider
Type of brick
to create and divide spaces as well as as protection for human. Walls also act as an
BY . HENG SY HUA
Type of wall
-greyish colour
-compressed by machine to become
a block
Masonry wall
-from by bricks and cement
Clay brick
-made by clay
Redish colour
-duration to produce longer
-smoother surface
-formwork and concrete casting
needed
-lowered working duration
Concrete
-combination of cement ,
water, and mine sand
-form work is needed
-cheaper for mass production
Wall
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Joint
Type of bond
Concrete is used to bond all the bricks together and different arrangement
of brick will produce different effect .
Flemish bond
-alternating of stretcher and header
arranging side to side
-commonly used for external wall
-a kind of trowelled joint which is finished by striking off excess mortar with
trowel
Raked joint
Wood board
10mm
Wall
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Construction technique
On site
Stiffener
Layering technique
Dowel bars
-Dowel bars are added into the
wall the prevent collapsing of wall
due to vibration
-The bars are added every in
every 4 layers
Lintel
-act as the support system above door
frame
-to lessen the load of the door frame
-prevent the wall above door frame from
collapsing
Wire mesh
-commonly used in cement
sand brick
-to enable the cement sand
wall withstand vibration
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STAIRCASE
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
FUNCTION:
- Provide access between levels
- Provide safe means of travel between floors
- An essential part of an emergency egress
In the sites that we had visited, there are two main types of stair that is present:
-Half Turn Stairs
-Two Quarter Turn Stair
These two types of stairs are commonly used and the area beneath it is used
as storage spaces for most of the buildings.
Advantages:
- More visually interesting
- The landing provide a resting area while ascending
Disadvantages:
- More difficult to build compared to a straight run stair
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STAIRCASE
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
Terminologies
Baluster
Nosing
The exposed edge of tread that
protrudes over the riser below
Handrail
A protecting member fixed to
posts or a wall for people to
hold on to for support
Landing
The flat surface between flights of
staircase to act as a resting area for
people
Ledger
- Horizontal timber in a scaffold
that is attached to the vertical
- To support the putlogs
Wedges
Timber wedges were used
vertically and horizontally
underneath staircase in slots
cuts into stringer to secure riser
and treads
Step
Consist of a tread and riser
Stringer
- Relates to the portion of
stairs running along the
stairs side
- Acts as main structural
support for the surface
part of stairs
Riser
The vertical part of a
step between two
consecutive treads
Tread
The upper surface of a step
on which the foot is placed
Carriage
An inclined beam which
supports the steps or adds
support between the strings of a
wooden staircase, usually
between the wall and outer
string
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STAIRCASE
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
5
Starter
Bar
(Reference)
Crane
Precast
Concrete
Staircase
Precast
Concrete
Staircase
Next, it is shipped to the site. It will
then be moved in by using cranes.
In-Situ RC
Landing
Lastly, it is installed at the desired
placement by fixing it with suitable
fixations.
Advantages
- Time saving
- Do not stress the foundation wall of building
- Lighter than in-situ concrete stairs
- Better quality control because built in
controlled environment
- Cheaper
- Suitable for large scale projects
- Able to install easily anytime
Disadvantages
- Limited to the sizes that manufacturer has
- Requires big machineries to move it
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STAIRCASE
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
Staircase Materials(Reference)
Timber Stairs
Metal Stairs
Glass Stairs
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Door: An opening or closing structure which is commonly use as an entrance. It divides both interior
and exterior spaces as well as connects each other.
Window: An opening that allows light, sound and air to pass through. It contributes in air circulation
and heat reduction.
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DOORS
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
Doors and doorways give access from the outside into the interior of a building
and entry between interior spaces. Doorways ought to be sufficiently large to
travel through effectively and accommodate the moving of interior fittings.
Swinging (On-Site)
Terminology
Door Operation
Jamb
either of the two side
members of a
doorframe.
Stop
projecting part
of a doorframe
against which a
door closes.
Threshold
Casing
Bypass Sliding
- Slides on overhead track and
guides
- Low resistance to weather
and sound
Folding
- Folds flat against each other
- Require less operating space
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DOORS
BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Misalignment
Hinges
Non-Removable Pin Hinges
This is a common feature in most commercial door
hinges, but is also available for residential use.
It is a security hinge where the hinge pin prevents them
from removing the door to break in. In order to remove
the door, someone would have to cut the barrel off of
the hinge.
Pin must be fully inserted
in leaf for set screw to line
up with notched section
of pin.
Set screw
engages with
notched section
of pin.
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DOORS
BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Apply water
resistant
coating
Confirm the
opening is plumb,
level and square.
Attach wood
blocking flush with
the opening sill.
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DOORS
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
1880,2490.3100 (Wood)
1830 3050 3660 (Aluminium)
Panel
Panel
with
sash
Louvered
French
Door
French
Door
with
divided
lights
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WINDOWS
BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Casement windows have operating sashes that are sidehinged and usually swing outward.
When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation.
The inner end of the sash may slide along a track on the sill
or jamb as the sash swings outward.
A pair of sashes may close on a vertical mullion or having
afloating astragal to close on each other.
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WINDOWS
BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Synthetic rubber
sealing gasket
Hollow core may be
filled with closed cell
foam
sub-sill
Thermal Insulation
Poor insulation and high conductivity are characteristics of solid profile
metal windows. This is much less apparent with hollow profile outer
members, as they can be considerably enhanced by a thermal infilling
of closed cell foam.
Finish
Paint application prevents surface oxidation of the aluminium frames.
Condensation
Polyurethane--resin thermal breaks between internal and external
profiles inhibits cold bridging. This reduces the opportunity for
condensation to form on the surface.
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WINDOWS
BY . LIM WOO LEON & JUSTIN CHONG YONG SHENG
Hang the
window after
total curing.
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WINDOWS
BY . MADELINE LIEW ZHI QI
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
Roof , an essential part of every building where it act as a protection towards weather and primary
sheltering element for the interior spaces of a building . The construction of roof must be strong to
withstand wind loads therefore each components has to be securely fastened to each other. The roof
also add attractiveness to the building in creating different architectural effects which will enhance
the ambience of the building when viewing it as a whole.
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
Valley
Hip Roof
The hip & valley roof has an additional ridge, which joins the
main roof ridge at the same height, which creates a single
valley for an L shaped roof. It may also join the roof surface
at the same height or at a lower level on a side or end,
without connection to a hip, creating two valleys for a T
shaped roof.
Disadvantages
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
Collar Tie
Fascia
Top Plate
Purlin
Centring Rafter
Top Plate
Fascia
Collar Tie
Common Rafter
Creeper Rafter
Valley Rafter
Valley Cripple Creeper
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ThePre-construction
1. Calculating Roof Slope
2. Laying Out Roof Framing Plan
Construction
3. Roof Framing
4. Underlayment
5. Roofing
6. Roof Drainage
7. Roof Flashing
Pre - Construction
1. Calculating Roof Slope
Factors affecting the roof slope : Roofs span, run and rise.
Span : Distance between outer edges of top plates
Total Run : 1/2 the span
A : Outline of building
Total Rise : Vertical distance from top plate to the upper end of measuring line
Unit Rise : Number of inches that a roof rises for every 12 of run ( unit run )
Slope = Ratio ( Unit Rise : Unit Run )
Pitch = Ratio ( Total Rise : Span )
Ridge Board
Measuring Line
12
Unit Run
Pitch
Unit Rise
Tail
Rafter
8
Total Rise
Unit Rise
Unit Run
Span
Total Rise
Total Run
Total Run
Span
ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
3. Roof Framing
In trussed-roof construction, prefabricated trusses are
attached as a unit. Their lower chords form the ceiling of the
room while the top chords form the roof. In conventional
roof construction, carpenters assemble the roof from
individual ceiling joists and rafters. The rafters should not be
erected until the ceiling joists have been fastened in place.
The ceiling joists act as a tie to prevent the rafters from
pushing the exterior walls outward.
Steel Joists :
ROOF
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3. Roof Framing
TRUSSES
The triangles formed by the beams, bars and ties allow the
truss to distribute the weight it carries over a broader area.
Steel Trusses
Steel Roof Trusses ~ these are triangulated plane frames
which carry purlins to which the roof coverings can be fixed.
Steel is stronger than timber and will not spread fire over its
surface and for these reasons it is often preferred to timber
for medium and long span roofs. The rafters are restrained
from spreading by being connected securely at their feet by
a tie member. Struts and ties are provided within the basic
triangle to give adequate bracing. Angle sections are
usually employed for steel truss members since they are
economic and accept both tensile and compressive
stresses. The members of a steel roof truss are connected
together with bolts or by welding to shaped plates called
gussets. Steel trusses are usually placed at 3000 to 4500
centres which gives an economic purlin size.
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
3. Roof Framing
Purlin Cleats
Angle Rafter
Angle Strut
Truss symmetrical
about center line
Purlin Cleat
HD
#10 SDS HD-B
Angle Tie
8mm thick Gusset Plate
Concrete Beam
Gusset Plate
Shop Bolted
Connections
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
3. Roof Framing
Ridge Board
Common Rafters
RAFTERS
Rafters are sloped framing members running downward
from the peak of the roof all the way to the plates of the
outside walls. They are the support for the roof load. Ceiling
joists tie the outside walls together, support the ceiling
materials for the room below, and secure the bottom ends
of the rafters.
Carpenters build conventional rafter roof frames on-site. The rafters are
installed one piece at a time.
Types of Rafters:
1. Common Rafter
2. Centring Rafter
3. Hip Rafter
4. Crown-end Rafter
5. Creeper Rafter
6. Valley Rafter
7. Valley Creeper Rafter
Hip Rafter
Valley Jacks
Hip Jack
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
Hip Rafter
3. Roof Framing
Ridges
Usually a deep and narrow member, it is the highest
member of the roof, which runs horizontally for the length of
the roof, less twice the half span, plus one rafter thickness.
It must be level and parallel to wall plates for its length with
the rafters being nail-fixed onto it on opposite sides. The
ridge on a hip roof may be joined in length as for a gable
roof.
The ridges are butt jointed together at the same height to
form a hip & valley T or L shape. The length of the ridge
forming the T or L shape will be equal to the length of the
wall plate extension, plus half the thickness of a rafter, less
half the thickness of the ridge
The hips are deep-sectioned members, which run from the external corners of the wall
plates to the end of the corner formed between the centring rafter and the crown end
rafter. The hips bisect the 90 external corners at 45, when viewed on plan or are placed at
the appropriate bisected angle for external corners other than 90, as would be the case
for a semi-octagonal ended hip roof.
Crown-end Rafter
The crown end rafters are cut and fitted against both ends
of the ridge to form the sloping end sections. They act as
opposing braces making the hip e roof a strong self-braced
frame. The length of the crown end is similar
to the common rafter, apart from the top end deduction,
i.e. it is shortened by half the rafter thickness as opposed to
the half ridge thickness of the common rafter.
Centring Rafter
Ridge
Centring Rafter
Crown End Rafter
Creeper Rafter
These are basically common
rafters, which are shortened by
equal amounts to fit against the
face of the hips at the maximum
rafter spacing. The lower end is
identical to the common rafters
but the top end has a compound
cut, i.e. face and edge cuts, which
is formed by the plumb bevel for
common rafter and the edge
bevel for creeper. They are usually
set out from a pattern rafter and
cut in pairs to fit on either side of
the hips
Plan
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3. Roof Framing
Ridge
Support Block
Purlins
Hip
Common Rafter
Purlin
Adjustable
Centre Fulcrum
ELEVATION
Hip Rafter
Hip
Creep Rafter
Purlin
PLAN
Creep Rafter
Underpurlin
Tyloc Plates
and bolt
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
3. Roof Framing
- Summary
71
ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
4. Underlayment
The use of super sisaltion under the roof frames.
Super Sisalation
Physical Characteristic
Super Sisalation has an outer later of aluminium foil bonded
to high density Kraft papers, bonded together with a heavy
coating of flame retardant and tear strength.
The blue face of the weave reduces any problems with
reflected glare during installation.
Thermal Performance
When used in conjunction with an
airspace, Sisalation is an effective
thermal insulation material because of
the high reflectivity and low emissivity
of its aluminium foil surfaces.
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
4. Roofing
Tile Roofing
Tile roofing consists of clay or concrete units that overlap
or interlock to create a strong textural pattern. Like slate,
roofing tiles are fire-resistant, durable and require little
maintenance. They are also heavy (800 to 1000 lb. per
square; 363 to 454 kg per 9.29 m2) and require roof framing
that is strong enough to carry the weight of the tiles. Roofing
tiles are normally installed over a solid plywood deck with an
underlayment of 30 lb. or 45 lb. roofing felt. Special tile units
are used at ridges, hips, rakes, and eaves.
Cement Mortar
Field Tiles
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
6. Roof Drainage
Gutter
The amount of rain or melting snow a roof and its drainage
system must handle is a function of:
- The roof are a leading to the roof drains or gutters.
- The frequency and intensity of the rain fall for the region
Flat roofs should be pitched to roof drains that are located
at the low points and that connect to the storm drain system
of the building. A system of scuppers or overflow drains may
also be required with the inlet flow 2" (51) above the low
points of the roof. Rainwater shed by sloping roofs should be
caught by gutters along the eave to prevent ground
erosion.Gutters empty in to vertical downspouts or leaders
that, in turn, discharge into a dry well or storm sewer system.
In dry climates or for small roof areas with adequate
overhangs, gutters may be omitted and a bed of gravel or a
masonry strip set in the ground under the eave line. Gutters
are typically of vinyl, galvanised steel, or aluminium,
although copper, stainless steel, terne metal, and wood
ones are also available. Aluminium gutters can be coldformed on-site in continuous runs without joints.
Gutter Details :
ROOF
74
7. Roof Flashing
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
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ROOF
BY . LEE YET YEE
Angle clip
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BY . LEE YET YEE
Details
78
Summary
Heng Sy Hua 0321999
As conclusion, construction process is the most
essential part for an architect to manipulate to ensure
the quality of the building as well as ensuring the
smoothness of every construction stages
Construction of ground floor
slab formwork
References
Preliminary works
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Preliminaries_in_construction
What are preliminaries in construction? (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://www.reference.com/business-finance/preliminariesconstruction-256e2cde9b00e08f#
Setting out process
http://www.aboutcivil.org/setting-out.html
Earthworks
http://www.epa.ie/licences/lic_eDMS/090151b280013e5a.pdf
Site layout
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Site_layout_plan_for_construction
Plants and machinery
Thomas, B. M. (2014). The Purpose Of Crawler Crane - PurposeOf. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.purposeof.com.au/the-purpose-of-crawler-crane/
A. (2015). 4 Types of Cranes and Their Functions | CDH Rentals. Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.cdhrentals.com/4-types-of-cranes-and-their-functions/
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Site safety
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html
Superstructure
Chudley, R. (1999). Construction technology (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman.
Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Doors & Windows
Chudley, R. (1999). Construction technology (2nd ed.). Harlow: Longman.
Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
Aluminum Windows Pros and Cons | DoItYourself.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.doityourself.com/stry/aluminum-windows-pros-and-cons
BUILD LLC. (2015, May 19). A Modern Guide to Windows | BUILD Blog. Retrieved from http://blog.buildllc.com/2015/05/a-modern-guide-to-windows/
Capral Limited. (2012). The Benefits of Aluminium Windows - Capral. Retrieved from http://www.capral.com.au/The-Benefits-of-Aluminium-Windows
Roofing
Roofing Designs: Advantages and Disadvantages of Hip Roofs. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.selfhelpandmore.com/building/roofing/designs/
index.php
HIP ROOF FRAMING AND BUILDING - myrooff.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://myrooff.com/hip-roof-framing-and-building/
Trusses, Rafters... What the Heck is the Difference? (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://activerain.com/blogsview/2135174/trusses--rafters----what-the-heck-isthe-difference Open web steel joist. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Open_web_steel_joist
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Div_6_Woods_Plastics/Partial Carpentry pdfs/Framing_Roofs_NAVEDTRA_14044.pdf
Layout Of Roof Plan - ChestofBooks.com. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Cyclopedia-Carpentry-Building-1-3/Layout-OfRoof-Plan.html
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