Ch.

I Introduction to Valves

1.1. Valve
Valves are mechanical devices specifically designed to
direct, start, stop, mix, or regulate the flow, pressure,
or temperature of a process fluid.
Berdasarkan atas fungsinya, aplikasinya, dan
rancangannya, valve dapat dibedakan ke dalam
beragam kelas styles, sizes, dan ragam pressure.
Tipe yang umum ditemukan adalah plug, ball, globe,
butterfly, dan gate valves.
Valve dapat dibuat dari berbagai material seperti:
steel, iron, plastic, brass, atau sejumlah material
paduan khusus lainnya.
Komponen-komponen utama sebuah valve diberikan
pada Gbr. 1
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

The internal
elements of a valve
are collectively
referred to as a
valve's trim.
The trim typically
includes a disc,
seat, stem, and
sleeves needed to
guide the stem.
A valve's performa
nce is determined
by the disk and
seat interface and
the relation of the
disk position to the
seat.

Gbr. 1 Basic components of a valve

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 2
Manual Valve

Gbr.3
Control Valve
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 4
Ball Valve
Gbr. 5
Gate Valve
Gbr. 6
Plug Valve
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 7
Globe Valve
Gbr. 8
Butterfly Valve
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 9 Pinch Valve

open

throttling

closed

Gbr. 10 Diaphragm Valve

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1.2 Klasifikasi Menurut Fungsinya

Berdasarkan atas rancangan dan fungsi valve in
handling the fluid, valve dapat dibagi ke dalam 3
kelompok: on-off valves, non-return valves, and
throttling valves.
On-off valves: handle the function of blocking the
flow or allowing it to pass.
Non-return valves: allow one direction flow only.
Throttling valve: allow for regulation of the flow at
any point between fully open to fully closed.
One confusing aspect of defining valves by function
and its specific valve-body design (plug, ball, globe,
gate, butterfly, pinch, etc.)
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1. On-off Valves
Terkadang juga disebut sebagai block valve.
Kelompok valve ini yang umum dijumpai: gate, plug,
ball, pressure relief, dan tank-bottom valves.
Jenis on-off valve umumnya hand-operated, walaupun
dapat diotomasi dengan tambahan aktuator.
Pressure-relief valves adalah self-actuated on-off
valves yang dapat terbuka hanya jika preset pressure
dilampaui (mencegah over pressuration).
Pressure-relief valves dibagi menjadi 2: Relief valves,
untuk aplikasi pada fluida cair dan safety valves,
untuk aplikasi pada fluida gas.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 11 Pengetesan pressure-relief valve

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

2. Non-return Valves
Nonreturn valves memungkinkan fluida untuk
mengalir ke suatu arah yang diinginkan (hanya satu
arah saja).
Semua check valves termasuk ke dalam kelompok
nonreturn valves.
Valve jenis ini digunakan untuk mencegah terjadinya
backflow yang tidak diinginkan.
Contoh aplikasi: untuk melindungi instalasi pompa
atau kompresor dari backflow saat shut down.
Nonreturn valves juga digunakan dalam sistem proses
dengan variasi tekanan yang harus dijaga secara
terpisah.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 12 Piston check valve dalam bidang migas

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

3. Throttling Valves
Valve jenis ini digunakan untuk mengatur aliran,
temperatur, atau tekanan.
Operasi throttling valves: manual (handwheel or
lever) atau dengan kontrol otomatis, Gbr. 13(a).
Pressure regulators adalah throttling valve yang
memvariasikan posisi valve untuk menjaga tekanan di
hilir valve tetap konstan, Gbr. 13(b)
Automatic control valves atau control valves is a term
commonly used to describe valves that capable of
varying flow conditions to match the process
requirements dilengkapi dengan actuator.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

(b) Pressure regulator

(a) Globe control valve

Gbr. 13 Contoh throttling valves

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1.3 Klasifikasi Menurut Aplikasinya

Tiga klasifikasi valve menurut aplikasinya: general
service valve, special service valves, dan severe
service valves.
General service valves: valve yang dapat
digunakan pada banyak aplikasi tanpa perlu
modifikasi.
Special service valves: valve yang dirancang
khusus untuk aplikasi tertentu/spesifik.
Severe service valves: valve yang dirancang khusus
untuk mencegah efek samping pada aplikasi yang
sulit.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1. General Service Valves

Termasuk ke dalam kelompok ini adalah valve yang
dirancang untuk mayoritas aplikasi yang umum:
Lower-pressure: ANSI Class 150 s/d 600.
Moderate-temperature rating: -50oF s/d 650oF.
Non-corrosive fluid
Common pressure drop yang tidak menyebabkan
kavitasi atau flashing.
Dalam perancangannya, valve tipe ini dibuat dengan
level interchangeability dan flexibility yang tinggi
sehingga memiliki rentang aplikasi yang lebar.
Material body: baja karbon atau baja tahan karat.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Manual

Otomatis

Gbr. 14 Example of two general service valves

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

2. Special Service Valves

Special service valves is a term used for customengineered valves that are designed for a single
application that is outside normal process application.
Valve jenis ini biasanya untuk aplikasi pada
temperatur tertentu, tekanan tinggi, atau medium
yang korosif.
Gbr. 15 memperlihatkan contoh sebuah control valve
yang dirancang dengan sweep-style body dan trim
dari keramik untuk aplikasi yang erosif dengan pasir
dan tekanan yang tinggi.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 15 Sweep-style globe valve used

in erosive mining application
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

3. Severe Service Valves

Severe service valves are valves equipped with
special features to handle volatile applications, such
as high pressure drops that result in severe
cavitation, flashing, choking, or high noise levels.
Pada kondisi tertentu sering dibutuhkan special
actuation untuk mengatasi gaya yang terjadi.
Gbr. 16 shows severe service valve to handle 1100oF
(593oC) liquid-sodium application with multistage trim
to handle a high pressure drop and a bonnet with
special cooling fins.
The electro-hydraulic actuator is capable of producing
almost 89 ton of thrust.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Gbr. 16 Severe service valve designed to handle highpressure drop, high temperature liquid-sodium application
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1.4 Klasifikasi Menurut Gerakan

Some users classify valves according to the
mechanical motion of the valve: linear or rotary.
Linear valves are known for their simple design, easy
maintenance, and flexibility with more size, pressure
class, and design options than other motion
classification the most common type of valves.
Linear-motion valves (linear valves) memiliki
rancangan sliding-stem yang mendorong closure
element saat valve membuka atau menutup.
Gate, globe, pinch, diaphragm, split-body, three-way,
and angle valves semuanya masuk ke dalam
kelompok linear valves.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Rotary-motion valves (rotary valves) use a closure

element that rotates-through a quarter-turn or 90o
range-to open and close the flow.
Rotary valves are usually smaller in size and weigh
less than comparable linear valves.
The applications is limited to certain pressure drops
and are prone to cavitation and flashing problem.
As rotary-valve designs have matured, they have
overcome these inherent limitations and now being
used at an increasing rate.
Ball, plug, butterfly valves semuanya masuk ke dalam
kategori rotary-motion valves.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1.5 Klasifikasi Menurut Port Size

1. Full-Port Size
Valves with internal flow equal to the full area of the
inlet port.
Jenis ini utamanya digunakan sebagai on-off and
blocking service valves, dimana aliran harus distop
atau dialihkan.
Full-port valves memungkinkan penggunaan pig
dalam pipeline.
The pig is a self-driven (or flow-driven) mechanism
designed to clean the inside of the pipeline and to
remove any process buildup or scale.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

2. Reduced-Port Size
Reduced-port valves are those whose closure
elements restrict the flow (area of closure element is
less then the area of the inside diameter of pipeline.)
Pembatasan aliran menyebabkan terjadinya pressure
drop saat aliran melewati closure element dan
sebagian tekanan dapat direcovery setelahnya.
The primary purpose of reduced-port valves is to
control the flow through reduced flow or throttling,
which is defined as regulating the closure element to
provide varying levels of flow at a certain opening of
the valve.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

1.6 Common Piping Nomenclature

Valve and piping nomenclature has been heavily influenced
by imperial system (ANSI standards).
The psi is used to refer to pressure and NPS to refer to
valve and pipe size (in inches across the pipes inside
diameter.
In many countries, outside of the USA, valve and piping
nomenclature is based on the International System of Units
(metric system) from ISO.
Typically metric valve measurement are called out in
millimeter and pressure are noted in kilopascal (kPa) (or
bar).
ISO standards refer to pipe diameter as nominal diameter
(DN) and pressure rating as nominal pressure (PN).
Tables 1 and table 2 provide quick reference for both ANSI
and ISO standards.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Table 1 NPS versus DN

NPS (in.)

DN (mm)

NPS (in.)

DN (mm)

0.25

8.0

200

0.5

15

10.0

250

0.75

20

12.0

300

1.0

25

14.0

350

1.25

32

16.0

400

1.5

40

18.0

450

2.0

50

20.0

500

2.5

65

24.0

600

3.0

80

36.0

900

4.0

100

42.0

1000

6.0

150

48.0

1200

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Table 2 ANSI Pressure Class vs. Nominal Pressure*)

ANSI Pressure Class

Nominal Pressure (PN)

(pounds of force per square

inch of surface area)

(allowable pressure in bar)

150

16

300

40

600

100

900

160

1500

250

2500

400

4500

700

Note:
PN is an approximation to the corresponding ANSI pressure class, and should
not be used as an exact correlation between two standards.
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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

Reference
Skousen, P.L., Valve Handbook, McGraw-Hill, USA,
1998.
Fisher, Control Valve Handbook, Fisher Control
International, USA, 2001.

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Ch. I Introduction to Valves

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