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DRILLING ENGINEERING
Drilling Hydraulics
1
Drilling Hydraulics
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
Rheological Models
Optimum Bit Hydraulics
2
Conservation of momentum
Rheological Models
Newtonian
Bingham Plastic
Power Law
API Power-Law
Equations of State
Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas
q
2 .4 4 8 d
Annular Flow
q
v
2
2
2 .4 4 8 d 2 d 1
WHERE
g D
W
p 1V
1
v
2
2
2
2
1
Q = 0 (heat)
= constant
0 .0 5 2
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
where
2
2
v1
p1 and p2
are pressures in psi
is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2
are velocities in ft/sec.
pp
is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
pf
is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft.
D
D
1 ,4 0 0 p s i
4 0 0 g a l/m in .
1 2 lb m /g a l.
1 0 ,0 0 0 f t.
(mud pits)
ID
D C
2 .5 in .
3 ,0 0 0 p s i
2 .4 4 8 d
(g a l/m in )
2
(in )
400
2 6 .1 4 ft/s e c
2
2 .4 4 8 * (2 .5 )
p 1 0 .0 5 2 (D
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
p
-4
D 1)
( v 22 v 12 ) P p P f
0 0 .0 5 2 * 1 2 (1 0 ,0 0 0 - 0 )
- 8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
-4
* 1 2 ( 2 6 . 1 4 2 0 2 ) 3 ,0 0 0 1, 4 0 0
0 6 ,2 4 0 6 . 6 3 ,0 0 0 1, 4 0 0
10
p 2 p 1 0 .0 5 2 ( D 2 D 1 )
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
-4
(v v1 ) P p P
2
2
f
11
and
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
2
n
p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
12
If
P f 0
E q u a tio n m a y b e w r itte n a s
vn c
p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
c d
0 .9 5
v n 0 .9 5
1 ,0 0 0
3 0 5 ft/s e c
4
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0 * 1 2
13
14
vn c
p
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
b it
& v
-5
8 .3 1 1 * 1 0
C
2
d
2
t
3 .1 1 7 A
15
Hydraulic Horsepower
HHP of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power
r a te o f d o in g w o r k
F * s / t
* A
q
A
q p
In field units:
q p
H H P
1714
4 0 0 * 3 ,0 0 0
700hp
1714
16
0 .9 5
q 4 0 0 g a l/m in
1 2 lb /g a l
p n 1 ,1 6 9 p s i
17
q vn
m v m
Fj
v
t
3 2 .1 7 * 6 0
t
C
F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q p
0 .9 5
q 4 0 0 g a l/m in
1 2 lb /g a l
p n 1 ,1 6 9 p s i
F j 0 . 0 1 8 2 3 * 0 . 9 5 * 4 0 0 1 2 * 1 ,1 6 9 8 2 0 l b f
18
E x p e r im e n ta lly ,
F
A
V
L
Shear stress = viscosity * shear rate
19
F
A
V
L
20
dyne
1
2
cm
sec
i.e.,
21
d yn e se c
cm 2
22
Slope of line
23
24
Example 4.16
Example 4.16
s h e a r s tre s s F / A 1 0 0 / 2 0 d y n e s /c m
-1
s h e a r ra te
V /L
1 0 /1 s e c
dyne s
0 .5
0 .5 p o is e
2
10
cm
5
50 cp
26
27
p y
if y
if - y y
p y
if - y
Power-Law Model
29
Power-Law Model
if 0
n 1
if 0
Rheological Models
1. Newtonian Fluid: shear stress
absolute viscosity
shear rate
2. Bingham Plastic Fluid:
y ( p)*
What if y
y yield point
p plastic viscosity
31
Rheological Models
3. Power Law Fluid:
K ( )
K = consistency index
n = flow behavior index
Velocity Profiles
(laminar flow)
33
35
36
37
38
Fig 4.34:
39
40
P PUM P PSC P DP P DC
P B P D C A P D P A ( P
HYD
42
Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Flow pattern is linear (no radial flow)
Velocity at wall is ZERO
Produces minimal hole erosion
43
Types of Flow
Turbulent Flow
Flow pattern is random (flow in all directions)
Tends to produce hole erosion
Results in higher pressure losses
(takes more energy)
Provides excellent hole cleaningbut
45
Types of flow
Fig. 4-30. Laminar and turbulent flow patterns in a circular pipe: (a) laminar
46
flow, (b) transition between laminar and turbulent flow and (c) turbulent flow
R e
v d
In field
units,
R e
928 v d
47
Re
928 v d
d pipe I.D., in
viscosity of fluid, cp.
PPUMP
Q = 280 gal/min
= 12.5 lb/gal
PPUMP = PDP + PDC
+ PBIT NOZZLES
+ PDC/ANN + PDP/ANN
+ PHYD
49
"Friction" Pressures
2,500
DRILLPIPE
2103
2,000
1,500
DRILL COLLARS
1,000
BIT NOZZLES
500
ANNULUS
0
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
50
51
52
Pb
Fromv Eq.
n C(4.31)
d
8 .0 7 4 * 1 0
vn
i.e.
Pb
pum p
b it
pum p
b it
p d p s p
dp
dc
dca
dpa
cq
1 .7 5
if th e f lo w is tu r b u le n t.
In general,
cq
where 0 m 2
58
b it
P H b it
pum p
p b it q p
1714
d P H b it
0 w hen
dq
pum p
pum p
q cq
cq
m 1
1714
c (m 1)q
0
59
p
i .e . , w h e n p
i .e . , w h e n p
P
H b it
c (m 1)q
(m 1)p
p u m p
pum p
p
m 1
p u m p
is m a x im u m w h e n
1
p
m 1
pum p
60
F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q
0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q
(p
b it
pum p
pd )
61
(p
F j 0 .0 1 8 2 3 c d q
pum p
p d )
p
F
0 .0 1 8 2 3 c
cq
cd q
m 2
62
2
p d
p
m 2
63