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Social Psychology Quarterly

2003, Vol. 66, No. 4,319-332
Race, Racism, and
Discrimination: Bridging
Problems, Methods, and
Theory in Social Psychological
Research* LAWRENCE D.
BOBO CYBELLE FOX Harvard
University

Analysts are making strong

connections between racism
and the sociological impact
that it has on society.

Relate the
validity of current
day racism with
the implication of
the events on
9/20/2016, Keith
Scott incident.
Address
American
Assimilation

Cultural stereotypes are in

now ingrained into society as
well as the way that society
operates.
Discrimination and racism are
NOT a thing of the past they
are very real and very
present even today. Negative
stereotypes are very much
one reason that racism still
persists. A majority of
Caucasians would state that
they are not racist, yet
underlying flaws in their
upbringing lead to it
occurring subconsciously.
Immigrant assimilation into
the American society plays
a role in modern day racism.
In themselves, however, such
differences do not explain
how people develop such
categorizations and
identities, how they imbue
ethnoracial groups with
meaning, or when and how
they draw on salient
identities, beliefs, and
feelings in any particular
context or setting

Religion, Tolerance and

Intolerance: Views from
Across the Disciplines Russell
Powell and Steve Clarke,

Religious intolerance is very

similar to racism, although
they might differ on how
someone is targeted the
results are often tragically the

Discuss ways
that religion has
promoted or
limited

University of Oxford

same.

9/11 sparked much religious

intolerance because those
acts were carried out under
the guise of being justified by
Islam.

Religious influences on
society have one of the larger
realms of control in which it
can influence society.

New atheism: new atheists,

blame religion for the crimes
of history and for the ongoing
conflicts in the world today ...
they want to make religion
and especially the Christian
religion disappear from the
face of the earth (DSouza
2007, p. xv.).
This aspect of religious
intolerance via which people
who believe there is no god
fight against those that do,
while these believers fight
among each other over which
god is the true god.
Is religion a cause of
tolerance, is it a cause of
intolerance, or do some
aspects of religion cause
tolerance while others cause
intolerance?
Only inaction that is intended
can count as toleration. I
might disapprove of an action
and believe that it ought not
to take place, but if I fail to
act to try to stop it because I
am merely lazy then we
would not describe my
attitude as one of toleration.

intolerance
^^Why does this
occur
How do you
quantify
intolerance?

Britton, Dana M. "Homophobia and

Homosociality: An Analysis of
Boundary Maintenance." The
Sociological Quarterly 31.3 (1990):
423-39. Web.

George Weinberg first coined

the term "homophobia" in
1967. He conceives of homophobia as an "irrational
revulsion." More specifically,
he defines it as the "irrational

condemnation of
homosexuals" which results
in "violence, deprivation, and
separation" (1972, p. vi).
Intolerance can also be
present in regards to a
persons or persons sexual
preference.
Despite the removal of
homosexuality as a mental
disorder, not much has
changed when it comes to
the discrimination and the
intolerance of LGBT people.
Why society fears homosocial
behaviors might appear as
homosexuality. Jean LipmanBlumen defines homosociality
as "the seeking, enjoyment,
and/or preference for the
company of the same sex.
Support for traditional roles
for women increases
homophobia. Support for
traditional roles for men
increases homophobia.
Religiosity increases
homophobia.
Homosociality is an
intervening factor between
sex-role and religious
conservatism and
homophobia.
Largest correlation between

How can other

factors, mainly
religion, morals,
or race play a
part in
intolerance
If so, why do
these factor play
a part.

homophobia and another

societal factor is with
religiosity.
Anti-femininity is a large
factor that significantly
affects homophobia.
There is a possible correlation
between sexism and
homophobia.

Political Psychology, Vol. xx,

No. xx, 2012 Political
Intolerance, Right and Left
Jarret T. Crawford
The College of New Jersey
Jane M. Pilanski
The College of New Jersey

Is political intolerance more

strongly predicted by political
conservatism than by

liberalism?

The general public consensus

would be that members of
the political party opposite of
our own would be the more
intolerant.
Target group used to decide
which was more intolerant,
college students.
The ratio of political
preference was 49 selfidentified liberals and 14 selfidentified conservatives in
the left-wing target condition
and 39 self-identified liberals
and 19 self-identified
conservatives in the rightwing target condition.
Both groups displayed
intolerance towards topics
that were chosen to have the
greatest chance to cause a
negative reaction from the
opposite party. While these
reactions were expected, it
still eludes us whether or not
the majority of American

Where is political
intolerance the
strongest?
^^Why^^
What do other
factors, such as
(age, gender,
religion, or race)
say about why a
particular
member of a
particular party
be intolerant one
way or another.

would respond in a similar

correlation towards their own
political preference.

Cohn, DVera. "Millennials:

Confident. Connected. Open
to Change." Pew Research
Centers Social Demographic
Trends Project RSS. Ed. Rich
Morin. Pew Research Center,
24 Feb. 2010. Web. 07 Oct.
2016.
<http://www.pewsocialtrends.
org/2010/02/24/millennialsconfident-connected-open-tochange/>.

Millennials are the most

diverse in almost all
categories racially and
ethnically.

They are less religious and

less skeptical of the
government.
They are expected to be the
most educated generation in
history.
Strong political support
despite being so young.

Use to help
explain the
correlation with
my generation
and why it is so
diverse and
accepting of
others.
How can this
diversity that is
present in
millennials be
spread towards
others?

Millennials are more receptive

to immigrants than older
generations.
Millennials are the most open
to change of any generation,
followed closely by Gen Xers,
then Boomers, then Silents.
"Generational
Differences." SpringerReferenc
e (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
<http://www.wmfc.org/uploads/
GenerationalDifferencesChart.p
df>

There isnt much to annotate

here, given that the chart is
just numerical data.

Numerical data
to display the
differences
between the
generations.

Salis, George. "Racism in

America." Stetson Today.
Stetson University, 02 Oct.
2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2016.
<http://www.stetson.edu/today/
2015/10/racism-in-america/>.

60% percent of Americans

say that race relations are
bad right now.

Is there a cure?
How do we work
to fix racism?
Use quote from
text.

There is a difference between

how whites and blacks react
to the current state of affair.
Social media has made
examples of current day
racism easier for all to see.
However, these acts arent
something new, now is just

when many people can see

what happening.
Recognizing and
accepting those differences is
what makes our journey on this
Earth so incredibly dynamic and
beautiful,

Cohen, Lisa J., Ph.D. "The

Psychology of Prejudice and
Racism." Psychology Today.
Sussex Publishers, LLC, 11 Jan.
2011. Web. 07 Oct. 2016.
<https://www.psychologytoday.
com/blog/handy-psychologyanswers/201101/thepsychology-prejudice-andracism>.

Racism is a form of prejudice,

involving prejudicial attitudes
or behavior towards members
of an ethnic group.

The way that society to

reduce racism is cooperation
towards shared goals, equal
status between groups, and
the support of local
authorities and cultural
norms.
Relationships between races,
both platonic and romantic
help to lower stereotypes and
stigmas about another race.

Hinson, Sandra. "Chapter 12.

Race And Policy." City
Economics (n.d.): n. pag
24. Racial Equity Tools. MP
Associates. Web.
<http://www.racialequitytools.o
rg/resourcefiles/race_power_pol
icy_workbook.pdf>

The effects and string that

racism has woven into our
society are deep and many
different aspects must be
addressed to fix the problems
we have today.
Understanding and resisting
racialization/structural racism
must be one of the most
crucial steps in address the
underlying problem in
American society today.
Often the policies and laws
put into place that affect
minorities differently are laws
of zero tolerance, and by that
I mean that once you break
that law you receive the
harshest punishment

Use this for the

psychology
impact from
racism
Help link ending
racism to other
positive
behaviors

regardless of the offense. This

seems like a fair system,
however even though any
race could be found guilty,
the provisions that these laws
enforce are often ones that
are more likely broken by a
lower income, less educated
citizen thus targeting
minorities.
Routledge, Clay. "Exploring the
Psychological Motives of
Racism." Psychology Today.
Sussex Publishers, LLC, 31 Aug.
2013. Web. 07 Dec. 2016.
<https://www.psychologytoday.
com/blog/moremortal/201008/exploring-thepsychological-motives-racism>.

Self-esteem can affect ones

feelings toward others that
we perceive as doing better

than us.
Group conflict is key to our
early survival as a species,
however now that
competition for resources is
more stream-lined and less
barbaric, those group based
competitive urges can
manifest in a person opinion
of another group (IE race)

considers why
some people are
racism
Use to help prove
improper logic
and flaws
towards a
superiority
mentality