STEEL STRUCTURES

LECTURE # 13

Deflection of Beams
Cover-Plated Beams
By

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY 2016

Deflection of Beams
2

In addition to being safe, the structure must be serviceable ; Serviceable

structure is one that performs satisfactorily, not causing any discomfort such as
excessive deflection, vibrations, cracking of plaster or glass, etc.
AISC provides little guidance on deflection in chapter (L), but other
building codes provides the following criteria:
Plastered construction
Unplastered floor const.
Unplastered roof const.

L
s
360
L
s
240
L
s
180

When L = span length (preferably in inches), and the deflection is combined effect
of service dead load and service live load (un factored deflection) = s
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Example on Deflection Criteria

Example B 9

Select a standard W-shape of Fy = 50 ksi steel to support 5 k/ft live load.

Lateral support is continuous. The permission live load deflection is L/360
Solution:

5k/ft live load

30'
Assume beam wt. = 100 lb/ft
Wu = 1.2 WD + 1.6 WL = 1.2 0.1 + 1.6 5 = 8.12 k/ft.

1
8.12 (30)2
2
Mu Wu L
913.5
8
8

k ft.

L
5
384

Select W27 x 84 from table (3.2) page (3-15).

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

wL4
EI

Check deflection:

Since fall lateral bracing, assume compact section:5 wL4

b Mn = b Mp = b Fy Zx Mu
384 EI
Mu 913.5 12
Zx

243.6 in3
bFy
0.9 50

L/2

(Table 3 23)

5
5 (30 12)4

1.1 in
384 12 29000 2850
L
30 12

1 in (N.G.)
360
360
2016

Example on Deflection Criteria

4

Since deflection control the design, we select a section for

deflection criteria from (table 3.3) as follows:

Ireq.

5wL
384 E req.

5 125 30 12

3142.2 in 4
384 29000 1
4

From table (3 3) page (3 21)

Select W 30 90 with Ix = 3610 in4
Note: Deflection of beams is not a function of the grade of
steel used, rather it is a function of load, span and
section moment of Inertia.
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Unbraced beam Selection Example

5

Select a W shape made of A572-Gr 50 steel to support live loads as

shown below. The maximum deflection shall not exceed L/240. Lateral
support at ends only.
Solution :-

If we ignore self wt. of beam, then

20k

Cb = 1

MA = MB = MC = Mmax = 620 = 120 kft.

20k

A
6'

Mu = 1.6 Mmax=1.6 120 = 192 kft

C
6'

6'

6'

24'

Enter selection charts with Lb = 24 ft.

Select W12 53
b Mn = 208kft > 192kft OK.

include beam weight:

Mu = 192+(1.2)0.053 (24)2 = 197 kft
STEEL STRUCTURES

OK

ALGHRAFY

2016

Unbraced beam Selection Example (contd.

6

Check Deflection:

L
24 12

1.2 in.
240
240
From beam tables (case (9) table 3 23 page 3 213)

Maximum permissible deflection =

max

Pa 2

3l 4a2
24EI

where:

Evan if dead load deflection

is considered,

20k

P=
(service live load)
a = (6 12) in.
l = (24 12) in. = span

max

20 6 12
2
2
324 12 46 12
24 29000 425

5
wL4
DL

0.004 in.
384 EI
Total 1.114 1.2 O.K.

= 1.11 in < 1.2 in O.K.

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Cover-Plated Beams
7

Some material savings can be achieved when adopting a

limited capacity beam , strengthened by two cover plates to
flanges in zones of higher bending requirements.
Ap

tp

tp

Strength due to cover plate

Capacity of W-shape

M-diag.
Length of
cover plate

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Cover-Plated
8

d tp
Z x Z x 2 A p Z x A p (d t p )
(Beam)
2 2
or Z x Z x Ap d
(t p is small)
Z x - Zx
d
required Z x Z x of beam

d
Select width of cover platte (bp ) less than b f

Ap

tp

Ap

tp

Ap

(for full welding), then t p

bp

After plate thickness and width are determined,

the plate length is determined from the B.M. diagram.
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Example on Cover Plates

Example B 12
9
For the simple beam shown, design the beam utilizing
W 18x46 which is available in stack, Fy = 36 ksi
DL = 1.2 k/ft
Assume full lateral bracing (Lb = 0).
LL = 2.8 k/ft
Solution

20 ft
w ul2 5.92x(20)2
Mmax

296 k ft.
Factored load
8
8
Wu = 1.2 D.L. + 1.6 L.L.
wL
20
Vmax u 5.92
59.2 k.
= 1.2 x 1.2 + 1.6 x 2.8 =
2
2
Selection is compact, thus Mn Mp Z xFy
5.92 k/ft.

(Z x )req.

Mu
296 12

109.6 in 3
bFy 0.9 36

(Zx)av ailable 90.7 in 3 (Z x )req.

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Example on Cover Plates

Example B 12
Zreq. Z av a.

10

109.6 90.7
1.1 in 2
d
18.06
5
say A p 1.2 in 2
bp 4 in
tp
in
16
18.06 0.3125
Actual Z x 90.7 2 x 1.25

2
2

Ap

= 90.7 + 23 = 113.7 in3 > 109.6 in3

O.K.

Shear strength of w 18 46 v Vn = 176kips

v Vn > Vu = 59.2k

OK

Length of Cover Plates:

Moment capacity of beam = b Mp = 0.9 90.7 36/12 = 245 kft.
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Length of Cover Plates:

11

need plate

The beam moment capacity is

296

good up to (x) location. The

245
x

5.92 k/ft

middle

region

requires

coved-plates.
20'

5.92 x 2
Moment at X Mx 59.2
2
5.92 x 2
59.2 245 x 1 5.85 & x 2 14.15
2
Theoretica l length of Cover Plate x 2 - x 1 8.30.
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Length of Cover Plates:

Development , length.

12

Need extra length to develop the strength of the plate, This extra length
at each end is called development length. This should be added to the
theatrical length to get the actual length..
Minimum extra length at each end = 2 width of plate
(twice width)

2 42
9.05
In this example, need total length 8.3
12
5 5
Use 9'- 4" length
plate
16
5'- 4"

9'- 4"

5'- 4"

W18 46
20'
STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016

Thank You
13

STEEL STRUCTURES

ALGHRAFY

2016