Optimization of UPFC Location and Capacity to

Improve the Stability using ABC and GSA Algorithm

B.Vijay kumar, M.Ajay Kumar, N.V.Srikanth,Member,IEEE, Y.Chandra sekhar
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Institute of Technology Warangal, India
1
bairuvijaykumar@gmail.com
location and optimal capacity of a given number of
FACTS in a power system, different types of optimization
algorithm have been used such as genetic algorithms,
simulated annealing, tabu search and etc [13] [14].

Abstract In this paper optimal location and capacity of

Unified Power Flow Controller to improve the power system
stability using hybrid technique composed of ABC-GSA
algorithms is proposed. Here, the maximum power loss bus is
identified as the most suitable location for connecting the UPFC
under generator outage conditions. The optimum location has
been determined using the Artificial Bees Colony (ABC)
algorithm. Depending on the violated power flow quantities the
Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) optimize the required
capacity of the UPFC to recover the initial stable operating
condition. The proposed work is implemented in the MATLAB
platform and the performance is analyzed by comparison with
individual algorithms ABC and GSA. The comparison results
demonstrate the superiority of the proposed Hybrid approach
and confirm its potential to solve the problem.

In this paper a hybrid technique based optimal location and

sizing of UPFC to improve the power system stability is
proposed. Here, the maximum power loss bus is identified as
the most favorable location for fixing the UPFC, because the
generator outage becomes affects the power flow constraints
such as power loss, voltage, real and reactive power flow. The
optimum location has been determined using the Artificial
Bees Colony (ABC) algorithm. Depending on the violated
power flow quantities the Gravitational Search Algorithm
(GSA) optimize the required quantity of the UPFC to recover
the initial operating condition. The rest of the paper organized
as follows: the recent research works is analyzed in section 2;
the problem formulation is given in section 3; the proposed
method is explained in section 4; and section 5 gives the
results.

KeywordsUPFC, ABC, GSA

I.

INTRODUCTION

Electric power systems are forced to operate to almost

their full capacities due to the environmental and
economic constraints to build new generating plants and
transmission lines [2] [3]. The amount of electric power
that can be transmitted between two locations through a
transmission network is limited by security and stability
constraints [1]. Power flow in the lines and transformers
should not be allowed to increase to a level where a
random event could cause the network collapse because of
cascaded outages [4] [5]. Flexible Alternating Current
Transmission System (FACTS) is a static equipment used for
controlling the power transmission system [6] [7]. FACTS is
defined as "a power electronic based system and other static
equipment that provide control of one or more AC
transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and
increase power transfer capability [8]. The various types of
FACTS devices available for this purpose includes Static Var
Compensator (SVC), Thyristor controlled series Capacitor
(TCSC), Static Synchronous series compensator (SSSC),
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Interlink Power Flow
Controller (IPFC) [10]. Among them, UPFC is one of the
FACTS devices that can control the power flow in
transmission line by injecting active and reactive voltage
component in series with the transmission line [9] [11].

II.

In literature, numbers of related works are available which

based on improving the power transfer capability of power
system. Some of them reviewed here. Husam I. Shaheen et al.
[15] have presented an approach based on differential
evolution technique to find out the optimal placement and
parameter setting of UPFC for enhancing power system
security under single line contingencies. At first they
performed contingency analysis and ranking process to
determine the most severe line outage contingencies
considering line overloads and bus voltage limit violations as a
performance index. In the second step, they applied
differential evolution technique to find out the optimal
location and parameter setting of UPFC under the determined
contingency scenarios. They perform simulations on an IEEE
14-bus and an IEEE 30-bus power systems. The obtained
results indicate that installing UPFC in the location optimized
by DE could significantly enhance the security of power
system by eliminating or minimizing the overloaded lines and
the bus voltage limit violations.
Seyed Abbas Taher et al. [16] have presented the
applications of hybrid immune algorithm to find the optimal
location of UPFCs for obtaining minimum total active and
reactive power production cost of generators and minimizing
the installation cost of UPFCs. UPFC was utilized effectively
in this paper to increase power transfer capability of the

For a meshed network, an optimal location of UPFC

device allows to control its power flows and thus to
increase the system load ability [12]. To solve the optimal

978-1-4799-7949-3/15/$31.00 2015 IEEE

RECENT RESEARCH WORK: A BRIEF REVIEW

existing power transmission lines, and reduce operational and

investment costs. They were performed simulations on IEEE
14-bus and 30-bus test system.

III.

PROBLEM FORMULATION

A. Power Flow studies of UPFC

The UPFC is one of the FACTS devices, which provides
the independent control of the real and reactive power flow,
voltage magnitude and enhance the dynamic stability of the
system. The UPFC consists of two switching converters like
series converter and shunt converter operated from a common
DC link. The converters are connected to the power system via
coupling transformers. The UPFC structure can be described
in the following figure 1.

T. Nireekshana et al. [17] have investigated the use of

FACTs devices, like SVC and TCSC, to maximize power
transfer transactions during normal and contingency situations.
Real-code Genetic Algorithm (RGA) was used as an
optimization tool to determine the location and controlling
parameters of SVC and TCSC. The suggested methodology
was tested on IEEE 14-bus system and also on IEEE 24-bus
reliability test system for normal and different contingency
cases.
A.R. Phadke et al. [18] have proposed a strategy for
placement and sizing of shunt FACTS controller using Fuzzy
logic and Real Coded Genetic Algorithm. A fuzzy
performance index based on distance to saddle node
bifurcation, voltage profile and capacity of shunt FACTS
controller is proposed. The proposed technique can be used to
find the most effective location and optimal size of the shunt
FACTS devices. The proposed approach has been applied on
IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 57-bus test systems.
K.Ravia et al. [19] have proposed an Improved Particle
Swarm Optimization (IPSO) for optimizing the power system
performance. Due to slow convergence and local minima,
particle swarm optimization fails to give global results. To
overcome these drawbacks, they presented the application of
improved particle swarm optimization for optimal sizing and
allocation of a Static Compensator (STATCOM) and
minimize the voltage deviations at all the buses in a power
system.

Fig.1. Structure of the UPFC

The above figure shows the structure of the UPFC; the

Generator G connected with the buses m and n. Here the
converters are connected via transformer. It includes the
impedances of the converter such as series impedance Zse,
shunt impedance Zsh , Generator side impedance ZG and load
impedance ZL .The converters are connected with the DC link
capacitor Cdc with voltage Vdc capacity. These can be
incorporated to the UPFC power flow equations [20]. The
UPFC power flow equations are required to solve the power
system affected quantities like equality constraints and the
inequality constraints. It may occur due to the outage of
generators presented in the power system. The power system
generators must satisfy the total demand of the consumers as
well as power loss of the transmission lines. It is denoted as
the equality constraints or power balance condition of the
power system. The required power balance condition can be
described in the following equation (1).

The heavily loaded lines and sustained bus voltages at

desired levels are increased the uncontrolled exchanges in
power systems. For that reason, power systems need to be
supervised in sequence to make use of the obtainable network
competently. FACTS devices released positive latest prospects
for controlling the power flow and expanding the loadability
of the accessible power transmission system. Among the
FACTS devices, the UPFC is one of the most promising
FACTS devices for load flow control seeing as it can either
concurrently manage the active and reactive power flow
alongside the lines in addition to the nodal voltages. As per the
characteristics of the UPFC, scheduling the implementations,
it has some practical concern for finding the optimal location.
In practical, the optimal location of UPFC tends not by
randomly, and the matching methodical exploration is not
frequently adequate. Several researches have put effort to
solve the optimal location of UPFCs with respect to different
purposes and methods. For determining the optimal location,
the operating condition of UPFC must be pre-assigned. Some
of the optimization algorithms used to determine the location
and size of UPFC are genetic algorithm, particle swarm
optimization, differential evaluation and etc. This cannot be
utilized to find the capacity and location at the same time so
that the hybrid approach is needed. The proposed method is
briefly described in the following section.

NG

i
G

= PD +

i =1

NG

(P

j
L

+ jQ Lj )

(1)

j =1

The power system stability also considers the voltage

stability of every node. The stable power flow needs the
voltage at each bus should be in the range of 0.95 to 1.05 pu.
The change in voltage can be described by the following
equations (2).
Vi =

Where

(V )
l

1
l

Vi

(2)

i =1

= V slack

i =1

P jQ
Z i i
Vi

(3)

Depending on these constraints, the optimum location and

capacity of the UPFC has been determined using the proposed
hybrid technique.

IV.

Once the above process is finished, the system is ready to

produce the maximum power loss bus at the specified
generator bus fault condition. The optimum capacity of the
UPFC has been selected from the following section.

OVERVIEW OF THE HYBRID TECHNIQUE

In this section optimal location and sizing of UPFC to

improve power system stability based on a hybrid technique is
proposed. Initially, the IEEE standard bench mark systems
normal power flow and the stability conditions are analyzed.
Afterwards the generator outages are introduced in the system.
Here, the maximum power loss bus is determined from the
ABC technique, it is identified as the most favorable location
for fixing the UPFC. Depending on the affecting parameters,
the optimum capacity of the UPFC is identified using the GSA
algorithm. It is used to recover the normal operating condition
and enhance the stability. The ABC algorithm based optimal
location determination is explained in the following section.

C. Gravitational Search Algorithm

Gravitational Search Algorithm is an optimization
algorithm based on the law of gravity proposed by Esmat
Rashedi [22]. In the proposed algorithm, agents are considered
as objects and their performance is measured by their masses.
All these objects attract each other by the gravity force, and
this force causes a global movement of all objects towards the
objects with heavier masses. Hence, masses cooperate using a
direct form of communication, through gravitational force.
The heavy masses which correspond to good solutions
move more slowly than lighter ones, this guarantees the
exploitation step of the algorithm. In GSA, each mass (agent)
has four specifications: position, inertial mass, active
gravitational mass, and passive gravitational mass. The
position of the mass corresponds to a solution of the problem,
and its gravitational and inertial masses are determined using a
fitness function.

A. Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Several approaches have been proposed to model the
specific intelligent behaviors of honey bee swarms. Artificial
Bee Colony (ABC) is a relatively new member of swarm
intelligence. Karaboga has described the Artificial Bee Colony
(ABC) algorithm based on the foraging behavior of honey
bees for numerical optimization problems. Problems
optimizations depend on a number of parameters and the
choice of these parameters affects the performance. In the
ABC algorithm, the colony of artificial bees contains three
groups of bees: employed bees, onlookers and scouts [21].

In other words, each mass presents a solution, and the

algorithm is navigated by properly adjusting the gravitational
and inertia masses. By lapse of time, we expect that masses be
attracted by the heaviest mass. This mass will present an
optimum solution in the search space.

B. ABC Based Optimum Location Determination

In the proposed hybrid technique first part is the optimum
location identification of the UPFC. Here, the power flow
terms such as voltage, real and reactive power flow and power
loss are already determined using the Newton-Raphson (N-R)
method. Then the generator outage is introduced at the
generator buses, which causes the instability at the system. So
the maximum power loss bus and the corresponding affecting
parameters are attained using the ABC technique. The
algorithmic steps to optimize the location are given in the
following.

D. UPFC Sizing Prediction Using GSA

This section explains the proposed hybrid technique second
part, i.e., determination of the optimum capacity of the UPFC.
It may be obtained by optimizing the power flow quantity of
the UPFC. Here, the difference between bus voltages at normal
time and the generator outage time are reduced. Then the
optimized voltage is used to find the finest capacity of the
UPFC. By using the optimum capacity of the UPFC the
stability of the power system is enhanced. The steps to find the
optimum capacity of the UPFC are explained in the following.

Step1: Initialize the population of the line power loss and

voltage (Xi) at all the buses.
Step 2: Generate the random number of population input
voltage and the power loss.
Step 3: The employ bee phase, which evaluates the fitness of
the population.
Step 4: Set the iteration count as 1, i.e., iteration I=1.
Step 5: Repeat
Step 6: The onlooker bee attains the elite fitness function of
the bus system and improve the velocity of the populations.
Step 7: Apply the selection process to find the better fitness of
the new solutions and determine the probability.
Step 8: If better solutions are not achieved, abandon the
solutions and produce the random number of scout bee
solution.
Step 9: Memorize the best solution achieved so far.
Step 10: To check the iteration range, if the iteration not
achieves the maximum range increase the iteration count
I=I+1 or else terminate the process.

Step 1: Identification of search space and initialize the voltage

limit of the IEEE bench mark system and the UPFC power
flow equations, which are assumed as the agents.
Step 2: Random generation of the input voltage and form the
fitness function; the proposed system considers the fitness
function as minimization of the voltage deviation between
normal bus voltage and fault time bus voltage.
Step 3: Identify the fitness of the agents
Step 4: Update the gravitational constant G (t), best fitness
F(B), worst fitness F(w) and mass of the agents Mi(t) . The
gravitational search constant G(t) is initialized at the beginning
and it will reduce with time to control the search accuracy.
Step 5: Determine the total force of the agents at different
directions
Step 6: Calculating the acceleration and velocity
Step 7: Updating the agents position
Step 8: To check the fitness of the new agents and memorize
the best solutions.
Step 9: Repeat the procedure from step 3 to 7 until it reaches
the stop criteria.

Step 10: Terminate the process.

Table II shows power loss at normal condition, generator
outage condition and after connecting optimal capacity UPFC
at optimal location for different single generator outages. Here
it can be observed that by connecting optimal capacity UPFC
at optimal location power loss of the system is reduced.

Once the above process is completed, the system is ready to

give optimal location and capacity of UPFC to enhance
stability of the power system. The proposed method was
implemented in the MATLAB platform and its performance is
checked with various operating conditions. It is given in the
following section.
V.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The proposed hybrid method is implemented in the

MATLAB platform. The obtained results are compared with
various operating conditions. Here, the hybrid technique is
applied to the IEEE 30 bus standard bench mark system. The
discussion about the test system is given in the following.
The Structure of the IEEE 30 bus system is shown in fig
2.8. IEEE-30 bus benchmark system consists of six generator
bus, 21 load bus and 42 transmission lines, is analyzed in this
section. Initially, the system load flow analysis is done by the
standard Newton-Raphson (N-R) method. Here, the IEEE 30
bus system standard details are used. Afterwards, the
generators outages (single, double) are introduced and the
corresponding stability is analyzed. Due to the generator
outages the system loses the stability, which can be identified
by the load flow analysis of the system after the generator
outage. Stability conditions can be restored by connecting
optimum capacity UPFC at optimal location, which can be
determined by the proposed hybrid optimization algorithm.

Fig.3. Voltage profile during generator outage at 2nd bus

The voltage profile variation for IEEE-30 bus system at

single generator outage is shown in figure 3. Here; second bus
generator is given outage. The voltage profile is shown for
normal condition, during the generator outage and after
connecting UPFC whose location & capacity are determined
using hybrid method. The voltage profile variation of the same
system for other single generator outage is shown in figure 4.
From the voltage profile analysis, we found that the voltage
profile at each bus is collapsed at the generator outage, but
voltage profile is restored to normal condition after connecting
UPFC. Figure 5 shows the voltage profile comparison of the
IEEE -30 bus system at normal condition, Single generator
outage condition, after connecting optimal capacity UPFC at
optimal location which determined by ABC algorithm, GSA
technique and the hybrid method. Here it can be observed that
the collapsed voltage during the generator outage time is
recovered into the normal condition using this hybrid method.

Fig.2. Structure of the IEEE 30 bus system

A. Single Generator Outage

In this case at a time one generator is given outage and
corresponding stability is analyzed. Table I shows power
flows during normal condition, generator outage condition and
after connecting optimal capacity UPFC at optimal location
for different single generator outages. Here it can be observed
that the best line is optimized by the ABC algorithm and the
capacity of the UPFC is optimized by the GSA technique.

Fig.4. Voltage profile during generator outage at 6th bus

found that the voltage profile at each bus is collapsed at the

generator outage, but voltage profile is restored to normal
condition after connecting UPFC. Table IV gives power loss
comparison under double generator outage at different
conditions. Here it can be observed that power loss is reduced
to 8.706 using proposed hybrid method

Fig.5. Voltage profile comparison during generator problem at 2nd bus

Table III gives power loss comparison under single

generator outage at different conditions i.e. Power loss at
normal condition, Power loss at generator outage condition,
Power loss after connecting the optimal capacity UPFC at
optimal location which is determined using ABC algorithm,
GSA algorithm and Hybrid algorithm. Here it can be observed
that power loss is reduced to 9.498 using hybrid method.

Fig.6. Voltage profile during generator outage at buses 2 and 6

TABLE III
POWER LOSS COMPARISON OF SINGLE GENERATOR OUTAGE
USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

Outage
Generator
bus no.
2

Power loss in MW
Normal
10.809

Outage
12.768

ABC

GSA

Hybrid

9.858

9.542

9.498

B. Double Generator Outage

In this case at a time two generators are given outage and
corresponding stability is analyzed. The voltage profile
variation for IEEE-30 bus system at double generator outage is
shown in figure 6. Here generators 2 & 6 are given outage.
The voltage profile is shown for normal condition, during the
double generator outage and after connecting UPFC whose
location & capacity are determined using hybrid method.
Figure 7 shows the voltage profile comparison of the IEEE -30
bus system at normal condition, Double generator outage
condition, after connecting optimal capacity UPFC at optimal
location which is determined by ABC algorithm, GSA
technique and the hybrid method. From the figures it can be

Fig.7. Voltage profile comparison during double generator problem

TABLE IV
POWER LOSS COMPARISON OF DOUBLE GENERATOR PROBLEM
USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

Outage
Power loss in MW
Generator
Outage
Normal
ABC GSA Hybrid
bus no.
22
27 10.809 13.051 9.662 9.221 8.706

TABLE I
POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF SINGLE GENERATOR OUTAGE USING THE HYBRID METHOD

Power flow
Generator
bus no.

2
6
13

Best location

Normal

During outage

After connecting
UPFC

From bus

To
bus

P
(MW)

Q
(MVAR)

P
(MW)

Q
(MVAR)

P
(MW)

Q
(MVAR)

12
5
10

15
7
22

19.675
23.744
4.047

7.796
13.825
6.617

19.797
24.763
4.044

7.755
14.248
6.581

20.457
21.010
1.316

7.715
17.652
7.105

22

12

15

19.675

7.796

19.797

7.755

20.015

7.222

27

10

22

4.047

6.617

4.044

6.581

1.704

8.118

TABLE II
POWER LOSS AT SINGLE GENERATOR OUTAGE USING THE PROPOSED HYBRID METHOD

Best location

Generator
bus. no

From bus

To bus

2
6

12
5

15
7

13

10

22

22
27

12
10

15
22

Power loss in MW
Normal

10.809

[9]

VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effectiveness of the optimal location
and sizing of UPFC to enhance the power system stability is
proposed. Here, the proposed method was applied into the
IEEE 30 bench mark system and the effectiveness is tested
against different generator outages. Initially the single
generator problem is performed at different ways in the bus
system and afterwards double generator problem was
introduced. In these conditions, the voltage profile and the
power loss is analyzed at normal condition, ABC algorithm,
GSA algorithm and proposed hybrid technique. From the
presented analysis, it can be concluded that, the proposed
hybrid method was effectively enhancing the stability of the
power system by the selection of optimum location and
optimum capacity of the UPFC; hence it is superior to other
techniques.

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

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AUTHORS

Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering at

the NITW, Warangal, India.
Currently, he is an Assistant
Professor in electrical engineering
department of NITW. His research areas
are power system operation and control,
planning
studies
of
distribution
generation and renewable energy
systems

B.Vijay Kumar was born in

Warangal, India. He received the B.
Tech degree in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering and M.
Tech degree in Power Systems
Engineering from National Institute
of Technology, Warangal, India, in
2002 and 2008, respectively. He is
currently working towards the Ph.D
degree in Power Systems at National
Institute of Technology, Warangal, India. His Current
research interest includes Enhancement of Power
System Stability using FACTS devices and AI
techniques. He is a member of the Institution of
Engineers, India. He has good number of journal &
conference papers published/accepted for publication.
M.Ajay Kumar was born in
Srikakulam, India, in July 1982. He
received the B. Tech degree in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
from Sarada Institute of Science
Technology
and
Management,
Srikakulam, India, in 2004, and M.
Tech degree in Power Systems Engineering from
National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India, in
2010. He is currently working towards the Ph.D degree in
Power Systems at National Institute of Technology,
Warangal, India. He has 14 papers in journals, and
International/ National conferences. His Current research
interest includes HVDC transmission systems and their
impact on Power System Stability.Mr. Kumar is a
member of Institution of Engineers, India, and a student
member of IEEE.
N. V. Srikanth was born in
Vijayawada, India, in 1966. He
received the B. Tech degree in
Electrical &Electronics Engineering
from College
of Engineering,
Osmania University, Hyderabad,
India, in 1988, and his M. Tech and
Ph.D degrees in Power Systems
Engineering from National Institute of
Technology, Warangal, India, in 1999
and 2007, respectively. Currently, he is an Associate
professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India. He has
35 papers in journals, and International/ National
conferences. His areas of research interests include Fuzzy
logic applications in power systems, power system
stability& control, HVDC transmission systems, and their
impact on power system stability. Dr. Srikanth is an active
member in many professional organizations. He is a
member of IEEE, a member of the Institution of Engineers,
India, and a lifetime member of ISTE
Chandrasekhar Yammani received B.Tech degree in
electrical and electronics engineering from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India, in 2007
and M.Tech Degree in power systems engineering from the
National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW),
Warangal, India, in 2009 and he is working towards the