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BENDING IN BOTH AXIS

Beams Bending in Both Axis


( Unsymmetrical Bending )
When a beam is subjected to a normal load which causes bending in the x - axis and a tangential
load which causes bending along the mirror axis, it is said that the member is subjected to an
unsymmetrical bending.

The following expression can be written for the stress at any point in a beam subjected to an
unsymmetrical bending.

1. Bending Stress :
a. If lateral loads passes through the centroid of the beam section.
fb =[ (Mx Cx / Ix ) ]+/- [(My Cy / Iy )]
fb = [Mx / Sx] +/- [ My / Sy ]
b. If the lateral loads is applied at the top flange and does not passes through the centroid of the
beam section.
fb = [Mx / Sx] +/- [ My / (Sy/ 2) ]

Note : Only one half of the section modulus about the y-axis is considered effective.
2. Shearing Stress :
fv = [ Vx Qx / b lx ] +/- [ Vy Qy / b Iy ]
3. Using the Interaction Expression :
a. [ fbx / Fbx ] + [ fby / Fby ] < 1.0
for compact laterally supported shapes :
b. [ fbx / 0.66Fy ] + [ fby / 0.75Fy ] < 1.0
For doubly symmetrical l and H shape members with compact flanges continuously connected to
the web and bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is 0.75 Fy.
Note : Consideration should be given to the question of lateral support for the compression
flange which will indicate whether compact or non - compact sections.

Problem # 1
A W 250 x 33 beam carries a uniform gravity load of 8 kn/m including its own weight on a
simple span of 4.6 m. The beam is placed on a slope of 4:12 as shown. Use A 36 steel and
assume that the load passes through the centroid of the section. Fy = 250 MPa.

Properties of W 250 x 33
bf = 146 mm.
d = 258 mm
tf = 9.1 mm.
Sx = 379 x 103 mm3
tw = 6.6 mm.
Sy = 64.7 x 103 mm3
1. Determine the bending stress of the
section with respect to x - axis.
2. Determine the total bending stress
of the section.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual to
the allowable bending stress using interaction value.
Solution :
Flexural stress of the beam about
the x- axis.

Wx = ( 4800 + 512 ) cos 30


Wx = 4600.33 N /m
Mx = WX L2 / 8
Mx = [ 4600.33(5.4)2 ] / 8
Mx = 16.7682 x 106 N.mm
fx = Mx / Sx
fx = 16.7682 x 106 / 511 x 103
fx = 32.81 MPa


axis

Flexural stress of beam about the y-

W1 = 4800 sin 30
W1 = 2400 N /m
W2 = 512 sin 30
W2 = 256 N /m
fy = [ M1/ (Sy /2)] / [ M2 / Sy ]
M1 = WX L2 / 8
M1 = [ 2400(5.4)2 ] / 8
M1 = 8748 N.mm
M1 = 8748 x 103 N.mm
M2 = WX L2 / 8
M2 = [ 256(5.4)2 ] / 8
M2 = 933.12 N.mm
M2 = 933.12 x 103 N.mm
fy = [ M1/ (Sy /2)] / [ M2 / Sy ]
fy = [ 8748 x 103 / ( 174 x 103 / 2 ) ] +
[ 933.12 x 103 / 174 x 103 ]
fy = 105.91 MPa
Ratio of the actual to the allowable
bending stress using interaction equation.
bf / 2 tf = 203.71 / [2(12.57)] = 8.10
b / 2 t < 170 / F y = 10.75
f

use Fbx = 0.66 Fy


Fby = 0.75 Fy
( fx / Fbx ) / ( fy / Fby ) </= 1.0
32.81 / [0.66(250)] + 105.91 / [0.75(250)] = 0.764

Problem # 2
A 360 x 91 beam of A 588 steel ( Fy = 345 MPa )
supports a super imposed gravity load of 42 kn/m on a simple span of 6m. Assume full lateral
support.
Properties of W 360 x 91
Sx = 1510 x 103
W = 90.8 kg/m
Sy = 353 x 103
1. Determine the maximum weak
axis moment that this beam could safely support.
2. Determine the lateral concentrated
that the beam could support if it will be acting on the flange at its midspan
3. Determine the lateral concentrated
load that the beam could support if it will be acting at the centroid of the beam at its midspan.
Solution :
Maximum weak axis moment that
this beam could safely support.
Total load = 42 + [ 90.8 (9.81) / 1000 ]
Total load = 42.89 kN/ m
Mx = WX L2 / 8
Mx = [ 42.89(6)2 ] / 8
Mx = 193 Kn.m
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx =193 x 106 / 1510 x 103
fbx = 127.81
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66( 345 )
Fbx = 227.70 MPa
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fby = 0.75( 345 )
Fby = 258.75 MPa
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
( 127.81 / 227.70 ) + ( fby / 258.75 ) = 1.0
fby = 113.51 MPa
My = fby Sy
My = 113.51(353) 103
My = 40.07 x 106 N.m
My = 40.07 kN.m
Lateral concentrated that the beam
could support if it will be acting on the flange at its midspan.

fby = 113.51
My = fby Sy /2
My = 113.51(353) /2
My = 20.0345 x 106 kN.m
My = PL / 4
20.0345 = P(6) / 4
P = 13.36 Kn
Lateral concentrated load at the
midspan if acting at the centroid.
My =
My =
My =
My =
My =

fby Sy
113.51 (353) 103
40.07 x 106 N.mm
40.07 Kn.m
PL / 4

40.07 = P (6) / 4
P = 26.72 kN

Problem # 3
A W 310 x 86 shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The girder is on a simple span
of 6m. Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical load of 72 kN and a lateral load of 7 kN
applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard rail weighing 0.414 kN/m will be used. Use A
36 steel Fy = 250 MPa.

Properties W 310 x 86
W = 254 mm.
Sx = 1280 x 103 mm3
tf = 16.3 mm.
Sy = 351 x 103 mm3
d = 310 mm
Assume that the top flange is not laterally braced between end supports.
1. Determine the bending stress along
the weaker axis.
2. Determine the total bending stress.
3. Determine the total ratio of actual
bending to allowable bending stress using interaction equation.
Solution :

axis.

Bending stress along the weaker

My = PL / 4
My = 7(6) / 4
My = 10.5 Kn.m
fby = My / (Sy / 2 ) ( load not passing through the centroid )
fby = 10.5(106) / (351 x 103 /2)
fby = 59.83 MPa
Total bending stress
Mx = [ WL2 / 8 ] + [ PL /4 ]
Mx = [ 0.414(6)2 / 8 ] + [ 72(6) / 4)]
Mx = 109.86 Kn.m
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 109.86 x 106 / 1280 x 103
fbx = 85.83 MPa

f = fbx + fby

f = 85.83 + 59.83
f = 145.66 MPa
Total ratio of actual bending to
allowable bending stress using interaction equation.
fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby </= 1.0
allowable bending stress :
Lb = 6000 mm
Lc = 200 bf / Fy
L = 200 (254) / 250
c

Lc = 3213 mm
Lu = 137900 / ( Fy d ) / ( bf tf )
Lu = 137900 / ( 250x310 ) / ( 254x16.3 )
Lu = 7367 mm
Lb > Lb
Lb < Lu
Use Fbx = 0.60 Fy
Fby = 0.75 Fy ( bending in weaker axis )
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
( 85.83 / 0.60(250)) + ( 59.83 / 0.75(250) )
0.891 < 1.0
okay

PURLINS
Problem # 1
A W 150 x 14 is used as purlins having a spacing of 1.732 m. on centers. The spacing of the truss
is 5m. with a pitch of 1/4 . Sag rods are placed at the midspan of the purlins. The purlins carries
the following loads. Use A36 Steel Fy = 250 MPa.
Roofing = 0.077 kPa
Live load = 0.96 kPa
Wind Load = 1.60 kPa on vertical projection coefficient of pressure on the windward side = +
0.60

Properties of W 150 x 14
Wt. = 0.133 kN/m
d = 150 mm
tf = 5.5 mm
Sx = 91.5 x 103 mm3
Ix = 6.87 x 106 mm4

A = 1730 mm2
bf = 100 mm
tw = 4.3 mm
Sy = 18.4 x 103 mm3
Iy = 0.918 x 106 mm4

1. Determine the total actual bending


stress of the purlin assuming that the loads passes through the centroid of the purlins.
2. Determine the total actual bending
stress of the purlins assuming the live load and roofing is acting on the flange of the purlins.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual and
allowable bending stress assuming that all the loads passes through the centroid of the purlins.
Solution :
Total actual bending stress of the
purlins assuming all the loads passes through the centroid of the purlins :
tan =
=26.6
Vertical loads :
Roofing = 0.077 (1.732)
Roofing = 0.133 kN/m
Live Load = 0.96 ( 1.732)
Live Load = 1.663 kN/m
Wt. of purlins = 0.133 kN/m
Total vertical load = 0.133 + 1.663 +0.133
Total vertical load = 1.93 kN/m
Wind Load :

Pn = 2 P sin / 1 + sin2
Pn = 2 (160) sin 26.6 / 1 + ( sin 26.6 )2
Pn = 1.194 kPa ( normal to the roof )

Multiply this by the coefficient of pressure of 0.6 on the windward side.


Pn = 1.194(0.6)
Pn = 0.7164 kPa ( windward side )
W1 = 0.7164( 1.732 )
W1 = 1.24 kN/m
Wn = 1.24 + 1.93 cos 26.6
Wn = 2.96 kN/m
Wt = 1.93 sin 26.6
Wt = 0.864 kN/m
MX = Wn L2 / 8
MX = 2.96 (5)2 / 8
MX = 9.25 Kn/m

My = Wt L2 / 32
My = 0.864 (5)2 / 32
MX = 0.675 Kn.m
fb =( Mx / Sx ) + ( My / Sy )
fb = ( 9.25 x 106 / 91.5 x 103 ) + 0.675 x 106 / 18.4 x 103)
fb = 137.78 MPa
Total actual bending stress if the live
load and roofing does not pass through the centroid.
Roofing load + live load = 0.133 + 1.663
Roofing load + live load = 1.796 Kn/m

W1 = 1.24 + 1.796 cos 26.6 + 0.133 cos 26.6


W1 = 2.965 N/m
W2 = 1.796 sin 26.6
W2 = 0.804 kN/m
W3 = 0.133 sin 26.6
W3 = 0.06 kN/m
My = 2.965 (5)2 / 8
My = 9.27 Kn. My1 = 2.965 (5)2 / 8
My = 9.27 kN/m
My2 = 0.804 (5)2 / 32
My2 = 0.628 kN.m
My3 = 0.06 (5)2 / 32
My3 = 0.0469 kN.m
fb = ( My / Sy ) + (My2 / ( 1/2 Sy ) + ( My3 / Sy )
fb = [ 9.27 x 106 / 91.5 x 103 ] + [0.628 x 106 / ( (18.4 x 103 ] + [0.0469 (106 ) / 18.4 x 103 )
fb = 172.12 MPa
Ratio of actual bending stress to
allowable bending stress if the passes through the center.
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 9.25 x 106 / 91.5 x 103
fbx = 101.09 MPa
fby = My / Sy
fby = 0.675 x 106 / 18.4 x 103
fbx = 36.68 MPa
bf / 2 tf = 100 / 2(5.5)

= 9.09 < 170 /

Fy

10.75
This is a compact section :
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66 (250)
Fbx = 165 MPa

Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fby = 0.75 (250)
Fby = 187.50 MPa
fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby </= 1.0
( 101.09 / 165 ) + ( 36.68 / 187.50 ) = 0.81
0.81 < 1.0

Problem # 2
A W 250 x 73 A 36 steel is used as a purlin that is simply supported on a 6m. span between roof
is assumed to support a super imposed dead load of 720 N/m2 and a snow load of 1680 N/m2.
The slope of the roof truss for top chord is 1 vertically and 2 horizontally and the purlins are
spaced 3m. on a center. Fy = 250 MPa. Assume the purlin compression flange has full lateral
support.
Properties of W 250 x 73
Sx = 891 x 103 mm3
Sy = 306 x 103 mm3

1. Determine the bending stress about


the axis perpendicular to the top chord.
2. Determine the total bending stress of
the purlin.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual to
the allowable bending stress using interaction equation.
Solution :
Bending stress about the axis
perpendicular to the top chord.

= 26.6

x = 3cos 26.6
x = 2.68 m

W1 = 720 (3)
W1 = 2160 N/m
W2 = 1680 (3)
W2 = 5040 N/m
W3 = ( W1 + W2 ) cos
W3 = ( 2160 + 5040 ) cos 26.6
W3 = 6438 N/m
W4 = W2 sin 26.6
W4 = 5040 sin26.6
W4 = 2256.7 N/m
W5 = 2160 sin 26.6
W5 = 976.2 N/m
Mx = W3 L2 / 8
Mx = 6438 (6)2 / 8
Mx = 28.97 x 106 N.mm
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 28.97 x 106 / 891 x 103
fbx = 32.51 MPa

Total bending stress of the purlin.

My1 = W4 L2 / 8
My1 = 2256.7 (6)2 / 8
My1 = 10.155 x 106 N.mm
My2 = W5 L2 / 8
My2 = 967.2 (6)2 / 8
My2 = 4.35 x 106 N.mm
fby = [ My1 / Sy ] + [My2 / Sy ]
fby = [10.155 x 106 / (306 x 103 ] + [4.35 x 106 / 306 x 103 ]
fby = 80.59 MPa

Total bending stress :


fb = fbx + fby
fb = 32.51 + 80.59
fb = 113.10 MPa
Ratio of the actual to the allowable
bending stress using interaction equation.
[ fbx / Fbx ] + [ fby / Fby ] </= 1.0
[ fbx / 0.66 Fy ] + [ fby / 0.75 Fy ] </= 1.0
[ 32.51 / 0.66 (250) ] + [ 80.59/ 0.75 (250) ] = 0.63

Problem # 3
A W 6 x 16 section is to serve as a purlin between roof trusses 7.2m on centers. The roof is
assumed to support a dead load of 960 N/m 2 of roof surface including its own weight and a live
load of 1000 N/m2 of horizontal roof surface projection. The slope of the roof truss is 1 vertical
to 2 horizontal and the purlins are to be spaced 1.8m on centers. Use A 36 steel with Fy = 248
MPa. Assume all loads pass through the center of gravity of the section. Sag rods are to be placed
at the middle thirds between trusses.
Properties of W 6 x 16
A = 3058 mm2
d = 159.51 mm
bf = 102.36 mm
tf = 10.29mm

Sx = 167 x 103 mm3


Sy = 36 x 103 mm3
tw = 6.60 mm

1. Determine the bending stress along


the x axis of the W section.
2. Determine the bending stress along
the y axis of the W section.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual to
the allowable bending stress using intersection equation.
Solution :
Determine the bending stress along
the x axis of the W section.

Mx = Wx L2 / 8
Mx = 2984.69 ( 7.2)2 / 8
Mx = 19341 N.m
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 19341 x 103/ 167 x 103
fbx = 115. 81 MPa
tan

1
2

= 26.6

x = 1.8 cos 26.6


x = 1.61( horizontal roof surface projection )

Dead load = 960 (1.8)


Live load = 1000(1.61)
Total vertical load

= 1728 N/m
= 1610 N/m
= 3338 N/m

Wx = 3338 cos 26.6


Wx = 2984.69 N/m
Bending stress along y axis of the
W section.
Wy = 3338 sin 26.6
Wx = 1494.62 N/m
My = Wy L2 / 8 ( sag rods at middle thirds )
My = 1494.62 ( 7.2)2 / 90
My = 860.9 N.m
fby = My / Sy
fby = 860.9 x 103/ 36 x 103
fby = 23.91 MPa
Ratio of the actual to the allowable
bending stress using intersection equation.
[ fbx / Fbx ] + [ fby / Fby ] </= 1.0
Check if compacted or non-compact section:
bf / 2 tf < 170 / Fy
102.36 / 2(10.29) < 170 / 248
4.97 < 10.8
This is a compact section :
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66 (248)
Fbx = 163.68 MPa
For bending along weak axis :
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fby = 0.75 (248)
Fby = 186 MPa
Using interaction value :
[ fbx / Fbx ] + [ fby / Fby ] </= 1.0
[ 115.81 / 163.68 ] + [ 23.91 / 186 ]
0.836 < 1.0

TENSION WITH BENDING


Usually bottom chords of trusses are subjected to tension with bending but
bending in tension members are not as serious as those in compression
members due to the fact that tension tends to reduce lateral deflections
unlike the compression members, they tend to cause more or bigger lateral
deflections.
The combined stress is due to axial stress which causes tensile stresses and
due to bending which causes both tensile and compressive stresses.
f = T / A +/- MC / I

Members subject to both axial tension and bending shall be proportioned at


all points along their length to satisfy the following equation.
Bending in one axis only.
Fa / ft + fbx / Fbx < 1.0
fa = computed axial stress
fa = T/A
fb = computed bending stress
Ft = allowable tensile stress
Ft = 0.60 Fy
Fbx = allowable bending stress
Bending in both axis
Fa / ft + fbx / Fbx + fbY / FbY < 1.0
Ft = 0.60 Fy
Fbx = 0.66 Fy for compact section
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fbx = 0.60 Fy for non - compact section

Problem # 1
A W 450 x 60 beam having a simple span of 6m. carries a uniform load "W"
kN/m throughout its span. The beam is also subjected to an axial tensile
force of 106 kN. The compression flange is supported laterally at quarter
points only. Use A 36 steel.Fy = 250 MPa
Properties of W 450 x 60
A = 7590 mm2
Sx = 1120 x 103 mm3
d = 455 mm.
bf = 153 mm
tf = 13.3 mm
1. Determine the maximum length of
the compression flange at which the allowable bending stress maybe taken
as 0.60 Fy.
2. Determine the allowable bending
stress.
3. Determine the safe value of "W" so
as not to exceed the combined bending and tensile stresses.
Solution :
Maximum length of the compression
flange at which the allowable bending stress maybe taken as 0.60 Fy.
Cb = 1.0
For simply supported Beams.
L
L
L
L

=
=
=
=

137900 Cb / [ Fy d ] / [ bf tf ]
137900 (1)/ [ 250(455) ] / [ 153(13.3) ]
2467 mm
2.467 m
Allowable bending stress

L1 = 200 b1 /

Fy

L1 = 200 (153) /

250

L1 = 1935 mm
Lb = 6000 / 4
Lb = 1500 mm < Lc = 1935 mm
Use Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66 (250)
Fb = 165 MPa
Safe value of "W" so as not to
exceed the combined bending and tensile stresses.
fa / Fa + fb / Fb = 1.0
fa = T / A
fa = 690000 / 7590
fa = 90.91 MPa

Fa = 0.60 Fy
Fa = 0.60(250)
Fa = 150 MPa
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66(250)
Fb = 165 MPa
fa / Fa + fb / Fb = 1.0
90.91 / 150 + fb / 165 = 1.0
fb = 65 MPa
f b = M / Sx
M
M
M
M
M

=
=
=
=
=

fb Sx
65(1120) 103
72.8 Kn.m
WL2 / 8
W(6)2 / 8

72 = W(6)2 / 8
W = 16.18 K/m

Problem # 2
A simple beam 4.5m in span carries a concentrated load of 260 kN at its
midspan and is subjected to an axial tensile force of 250 kN. Fy = 248 MPa.

Three sections are being considered as follows with their corresponding


properties relevant to this problem.
Section

Area

W 24 x 55

0.01 m2

Beam
Depth
0.599 m

W 21 x 57

0.012 m2

0.535 m

W 21 x 62

0.014 m2

0.533 m

Moment of
Inertia
0.0005619
m4
0.0004810
m4
0.0005720
m4

1. Which of the following gives the


nearest value of the lowest axial stress.
2. Which of the following gives the
nearest value of the lowest bending stress.
3. Which of the following gives the
safest section
Solution :

Lowest axial stress.

For 24 x 55
fa = T / A
fa = 250 / 0.012
fa = 25000 kPa
For 21 x 57
fa = 250 / 0.012
fa = 20833 kPa
fa = 20.83 MPa
For 21 x 62
fa = 250 / 0.014
fa = 17857 kPa
fa = 17.86 MPa
Lowest stress = 17.86 MPa

Lowest bending stress

M=PL/4
M = 260 (4.5) / 4
M = 292.50 Kn.m

For 24 x 55
fb = MC / I

fb = 292.50(0.599) / 0.0005619(2)
fb = 155906 kPa
fb = 155.91 MPa
For 21 x 57
fb = 292.50(0.535) / 0.0004810(2)
fb = 162669 kPa
fb = 162.67 MPa
For 21 x 62
fb = 292.50(0.533) / 0.0005720(2)
fb = 136278 kPa
fb = 136.28 MPa
Lowest bending stress = 136.28 MPa

Safest section

[ fa / 0.60 Fy ] + [ fb / 0.66 Fy ] < 1.0


For 24 x 55
[ 25 / 0.60( 248) ] + [ 155.91 / 0.66(248) ] = 1.12 ( not safe )
For 21 x 57
[ 20.83 / 0.60( 248) ] + [ 162.67 / 0.66(248) ] = 1.13 ( not safe )
For 21 x 62
[ 17.86 / 0.60( 248) ] + [ 136.28 / 0.66(248) ] = 0.95 ( safe )
Use 21 x 62 safest section

Problem # 3
The national Structural Code of the Philippines states that for flexural
members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their web,
the allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the larger
value from equation 1 or 2 and 3 except that equation is applicable only to

sections with a compression flange that is solid and approximately


rectangular in cross section and that has an area not less than the tension
flange. Higher values of the allowable compressive stress are permitted if
justified by a more precise analysis. Stresses shall not exceed those
permitted by NSCP, if applicable.
For channel bent about their major axis, the allowable compressive stress is
determined from equation 3.
When

703270Cb/ Fy < L / rt < 3516330Cb/ Fy

Fb = [ (2 / 3) ( Fy (L /rt )2 ) / 10.55 x 106 Cb ] Fy


When L / rt >

equation 1

3516330Cb/ Fy

Fb = 1172100 Cb / ( L / rt )2

equation 2

Or when the compression flange is solid and approximately rectangular in


cross section and its area is not less than of the tension flange.
Fb = 82740 Cb / ( Ld / Af )
In the foregoing :
L = distance between cross section braced against twist or lateral
displacement of the
compression flange in mm. For cantilevers braced
against twist only at the support, L may conservatively be taken as the
actual length.
rt = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange plus
1/3 of the compression web areas, taken about an axis in the plane of the
web in mm.
At = area of compression flange in mm2 .
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 ( M1 / M2 ) + 1.30 ( M1 / M2 )2 but not more than 2.3, where
M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at the ends of the
unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the member and where M1 /
M2 the ratio end moments, is positive when M1 and M2 have the same sign,
( reverse curvature bending ) and negative when they are for opposite signs
( single curvature bending ). When the bending moment at any point within
an unbraced length is larger than that at both ends of this length, the value
of Cb shall be taken as unity. Use the interaction formula :
Fa / o.60 Fy + fb / Fb < 1.0
The steel section has the following properties :
A = 0.012 m2
rt = 0.053 m
tf = 0.016 m

Sx = 0.00208 m3
d = 248 MPa
Fy = 248 MPa

1. Which of the following gives the


axial tensile stress if axial load only existed.

2. Which of the following gives the


bending stress if the bending alone existed.
3. Using the interaction formula which
of the following gives the value of both axial and bending moment
interaction value.
Solution :
Axial tensile stress if axial load only
existed :
fa = T / A
fa = 600000 / 0.012
fa = 50 x 106 N/m2
fa = 50 MPa
Bending stress if bending alone
existed.
M = WL 2 /8
M = 10(8) 2 /8
M = 80 Kn.m
fb = 80 / 0.00208
fb = 38462 kN/m2
fb = 38.46 MPa
Interaction value of both axial and
bending
Cb = 1.0
703270 ( 1 )
248

= 53.25

3516330 ( 1 )
=119.07
248

L / rt = 8 / 0.053 = 150.94 > 119.07


Use Fb =1172100 (Cb ) / (L / rt )2
Fb = 1172100 (1) / (150.94)2
Fb =51.47 MPa
Fb = 82740(Cb ) / (Ld / Af)
Fb = 82740(1.0 ) / [8(0.533) /0.210 (0.016)]
Fb = 65.20 MPa < 0.6 Fy
Check :
0.6Fy = 0.6( 248 ) = 148.8 MPa
Use Fb = 65.20 MPa
Interaction Value :
( fa / 0.6Fy ) + fb / Fb < 1.0
( 50 / 0.6x248 ) + 38.46 / 65.20 = 0.926
SPACING OF RIVETS OR BOLTS IN BUILT-UP BEAMS

When two or more thin layers of beams are fastened together with a bolt or a rivet so that they
act as a unit to gain more strength, it is necessary to design the to size or spacing of these bolts or
rivets so that it can carry the shearing force acting between each adjacent layers.
Consider

the

beam

shown

in

the

figure.

The shearing stress at the contact surface between the two planks is
fv=VQIbfv=VQIb
The effective area covered by each bolt group has a length equal to the spacing of the bolts.

The total shearing force F acting between the two surfaces must be equal to the total shearing
force R produced by the bolts.
F=fv(be)=VQIbbe=VQIeF=fv(be)=VQIbbe=VQIe
then,
R=VQIeR=VQIe
where R is the total shearing force to be resisted by the bolts and is equal to the allowable
shearing stress area number of bolts in the group. R should be taken at the contact surface
nearest the neutral axis where the shearing stress is greatest. The spacing of bolts, e, is also called
pitch.

Problem # 1
A beam is formed by bolting together two W200 100 sections as shown in Fig. P-599. It is
used to support a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m (including the weight of the beam) on a
simply supported span of 10 m. Compute the maximum flexural stress and the pitch between
bolts
that
have
a
shearing
strength
of
30
kN.

Solution:
Properties of W200 100
A = 12 700 mm4
tf = 23.7 mm
d = 229 mm
Ix = 113 106 mm4

Maximum moment
Mmax= Wo L 28
Mmax = 30(102)8
Mmax= 375 kNm
Maximum shear
Vmax = woL2=30(10)2
Vmax = 150 kN
By transfer formula for moment of inertia
INA = 2[(113106) + (12700)(229/2)2]
INA = 559000350 mm4
Maximum flexural stress
fbmax = McI=375(10002)(229)559000350
(fb)max=153.62 MPa
answer
Bolt pitch
R=VQNAIe
2(30)=150[12700(229/2)]559000350e2(30)=150[12700(229/2)]559000350e
e=153.77
mme=153.77 mm
answe

Problem # 2
A box beam, built up as shown in Fig. P-593, is secured by screws spaced 5 in. apart. The beam
supports a concentrated load P at the third point of a simply supported span 12 ft long. Determine
the maximum value of P that will not exceed Fv = 120 psi in the beam or a shearing force of 300
lb in the screws. What is the maximum flexural stress in the beam?

MR2=0
12R1=8P
R1=23P
MR1=0
12R2=4P
R2=13P
Mmax = 4(23P)=83P lbft
Based on allowable shearing force of beam
fv=VQNAIb
Where:
V = 2/3 P
QNA = 6(1)(4.5) + 2 [ 5(1)(2.5) ] = 52 in3
I = 8(103)/12 - 6(83)/12 = 410.67 in4
b = 2 in

fv = 120 psi
Thus,
120=23P(52)410.67(2)120=23P(52)410.67(2)
P=2843.1 lb
Based on allowable shearing force of the screws
R=VQscrewIe
Where:
R = 2(300) = 600 lb
V = 2/3 P
Qscrew = 6(1)(4.5) = 27 in3
I = 410.67 in4
e = 5 in
Thus,
600=23P(27)410.67(5)
P = 2737.8 lb
For safe value of P,
use P = 2737.8 lb.

answer

Bending stress:
fb=McI=83(2737.8)(12)(5)410.67
fb=1066.67 psifb=1066.67 psi
answer

Problem # 3
A concentrated load P is carried at midspan of a simply supported 12-ft span. The beam is made
of 2-in. by 6-in. pieces screwed together, as shown in Fig. P-595. If the maximum flexural stress
developed is 1400 psi, find the maximum shearing stress and the pitch of the screws if each
screw
can
resist
200
lb.

For concentrated load P at midspan of a simply supported beam of span L = 12 ft.


Vmax=12P
Mmax=14PL=14P(12)=3P
From the cross section shown:
I=8(83)124(43)12=320 in4
QNA=4(2)(2)+6(2)(3)+2(2)(1)=56 in3
Qscrew=6(2)(3)=36 in3
From bending stress
fb=McI
1400=3P(12)(4)320
P=3111.11 lb

Maximum shear stress


fv=VQNAIb=12(3111.11)(56)320(4)
fv=68.06 psi

answer

From strength of screw


R=VQscrewsIe
2(200)=12(3111.11)(36)320s
s=2.28 in
answer

SHEARING STRESS OF BEAM


Maximum web shear stress :

Max =

V
d tw

V = maximum shear force


d = depth of beam
tw = web thickness
Maximum horizontal shear stress :

Max =

VQ
lb

Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=

12
12
b = 18 mm
Max =

VQ
lb

V = Max. vertical shear


Maximum Vertical shearing stress :

Maxt =

VQ
lb

Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=

12
12
b = 18 mm
VQ
Maxt =
lb
V = max. vertical shear
Note : Max. vertical shearing stress is numerically equal to max. horizontal shearing stress at
the same point.
Average shearing stress in web :

Max 1=

V Q1
lb

Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=

12
12
b = 18 mm
V Q2
2=
lb
Q2=60 ( 20 ) (80)
V = max. vertical shear
Average shearing stress of web :

2
Ave . = 2+ ( 1 2)
3
Shear flow :
If the shearing

is multiplied by the width b, we obtain a quantity q, known as shear flow,

which represents the longitudinal force per unit length transmitted across the section at a given
level.
Shear flow :
VQ
q=
lb b
q=

VQ
I

Allowable shear stress :

h
tw <

When

998
FY

Allowable shear stress :


Fv = 0.40 Fy
h
998
When t w > FY
Allowable shear stress :
FY
Fv = 2.89 C v
But less than 0.40 Fy
Where ;
C v=

310264 K v
2

h
Fy ( )
tw

when CV

Cv = [ 500/ ( h/ tw ) ] [
when Cv > 0.80

< 0.80

Kv / Fy ]

Kv = 4 + [ 5.34 (a/h)2 when a/h < 1.0


Kv = 5.34 + [ 4.0 / (a/h)2 when a/h > 1.0
For a rolled section without stiffeners
Kv = 5.34
Note :
h/ tw > 260 intermediate stiffeners are required.
Where:
tw = thickness of web
a = clear spacing between transverse stiffeners
h = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation
a/ h = aspect ratio
Spacing for intermediate stiffeners when required, the web shear stress.
Fv < [ Fy / 2.89 ] Cv or less than 0.40 Fy.
a/h < [ 260 / (h / tw ) ]2
a/h < 3.0

Problem # 1
Show that the shearing stress developed at the neutral axis of a beam with circular cross section
is = (4/3)(V / r2). Assume that the shearing
stress is uniformly distributed across the
neutral axis.
fv=VQIb
Where
fv=
Q=Ay=12r2(4r3)=23r3
I=14r4I=14r4

b=2rb=2r

Thus,
=V(23r3)14r4(2r)=8Vr36r5
=43(V/r2)
(okay!)

Problem # 2
A uniformly distributed load of 200 lb/ft is carried on a simply supported beam span. If the crosssection is as shown in Fig. P-570, determine the maximum length of the beam if the shearing
stress is limited to 80 psi. Assume the load acts over the entire length of the beam.

fv=VQIbfv=VQIb

Where:
fv=80psi
V=100L
Q= 8(5)(2.5)6(4)(2)
Q = 2in3
I = 112(8)(103)112(6)(83)
I = 12323in4
B = 86
B = 2in
Thus,
80=100L(52)12323(2)
L=12.64 ftL=12.64 ft

answer

Problem # 3
The cross-section of a beam is an isosceles triangle with vertex uppermost, of altitude h and base
b. If V is the vertical shear, show that the maximum shearing stress is 3V / bh located at the
midpoint of the altitude.
fv=VQ/Ib
fv=VQ/Ib

Where
Q = 12xy[23(hy)]
Q = 13xy(hy)
I=136 bh3
b=x
Thus,
fv=V[13xy(hy)](136bh3)(x)
fv=12Vy(hy)bh3
fv=12Vbh3(hyy2)
dfvdy=12Vbh3(h2y)=0
h=2y
y=12h
Maximum shearing stress occurs at the mid-height of the altitude, h
fvmax= 12Vbh3[h(12h)(12h)2]
fvmax= 12Vbh3[12h214h2]
fvmax= 12Vbh3(14h2)
fvmax= 3Vbh
answer

References :
http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/spacing-of-rivets-orbolts-in-built-up-beams
https://www.google.co.in/steel+design
https://www.yahoo.co.in/steel+design
Structural Engineering and Construction
By: Besavilla

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