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The following expression can be written for the stress at any point in a beam subjected to an
unsymmetrical bending.
1. Bending Stress :
a. If lateral loads passes through the centroid of the beam section.
fb =[ (Mx Cx / Ix ) ]+/- [(My Cy / Iy )]
fb = [Mx / Sx] +/- [ My / Sy ]
b. If the lateral loads is applied at the top flange and does not passes through the centroid of the
beam section.
fb = [Mx / Sx] +/- [ My / (Sy/ 2) ]
Note : Only one half of the section modulus about the y-axis is considered effective.
2. Shearing Stress :
fv = [ Vx Qx / b lx ] +/- [ Vy Qy / b Iy ]
3. Using the Interaction Expression :
a. [ fbx / Fbx ] + [ fby / Fby ] < 1.0
for compact laterally supported shapes :
b. [ fbx / 0.66Fy ] + [ fby / 0.75Fy ] < 1.0
For doubly symmetrical l and H shape members with compact flanges continuously connected to
the web and bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is 0.75 Fy.
Note : Consideration should be given to the question of lateral support for the compression
flange which will indicate whether compact or non - compact sections.
Problem # 1
A W 250 x 33 beam carries a uniform gravity load of 8 kn/m including its own weight on a
simple span of 4.6 m. The beam is placed on a slope of 4:12 as shown. Use A 36 steel and
assume that the load passes through the centroid of the section. Fy = 250 MPa.
Properties of W 250 x 33
bf = 146 mm.
d = 258 mm
tf = 9.1 mm.
Sx = 379 x 103 mm3
tw = 6.6 mm.
Sy = 64.7 x 103 mm3
1. Determine the bending stress of the
section with respect to x - axis.
2. Determine the total bending stress
of the section.
3. Determine the ratio of the actual to
the allowable bending stress using interaction value.
Solution :
Flexural stress of the beam about
the x- axis.
axis
W1 = 4800 sin 30
W1 = 2400 N /m
W2 = 512 sin 30
W2 = 256 N /m
fy = [ M1/ (Sy /2)] / [ M2 / Sy ]
M1 = WX L2 / 8
M1 = [ 2400(5.4)2 ] / 8
M1 = 8748 N.mm
M1 = 8748 x 103 N.mm
M2 = WX L2 / 8
M2 = [ 256(5.4)2 ] / 8
M2 = 933.12 N.mm
M2 = 933.12 x 103 N.mm
fy = [ M1/ (Sy /2)] / [ M2 / Sy ]
fy = [ 8748 x 103 / ( 174 x 103 / 2 ) ] +
[ 933.12 x 103 / 174 x 103 ]
fy = 105.91 MPa
Ratio of the actual to the allowable
bending stress using interaction equation.
bf / 2 tf = 203.71 / [2(12.57)] = 8.10
b / 2 t < 170 / F y = 10.75
f
Problem # 2
A 360 x 91 beam of A 588 steel ( Fy = 345 MPa )
supports a super imposed gravity load of 42 kn/m on a simple span of 6m. Assume full lateral
support.
Properties of W 360 x 91
Sx = 1510 x 103
W = 90.8 kg/m
Sy = 353 x 103
1. Determine the maximum weak
axis moment that this beam could safely support.
2. Determine the lateral concentrated
that the beam could support if it will be acting on the flange at its midspan
3. Determine the lateral concentrated
load that the beam could support if it will be acting at the centroid of the beam at its midspan.
Solution :
Maximum weak axis moment that
this beam could safely support.
Total load = 42 + [ 90.8 (9.81) / 1000 ]
Total load = 42.89 kN/ m
Mx = WX L2 / 8
Mx = [ 42.89(6)2 ] / 8
Mx = 193 Kn.m
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx =193 x 106 / 1510 x 103
fbx = 127.81
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66( 345 )
Fbx = 227.70 MPa
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fby = 0.75( 345 )
Fby = 258.75 MPa
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
( 127.81 / 227.70 ) + ( fby / 258.75 ) = 1.0
fby = 113.51 MPa
My = fby Sy
My = 113.51(353) 103
My = 40.07 x 106 N.m
My = 40.07 kN.m
Lateral concentrated that the beam
could support if it will be acting on the flange at its midspan.
fby = 113.51
My = fby Sy /2
My = 113.51(353) /2
My = 20.0345 x 106 kN.m
My = PL / 4
20.0345 = P(6) / 4
P = 13.36 Kn
Lateral concentrated load at the
midspan if acting at the centroid.
My =
My =
My =
My =
My =
fby Sy
113.51 (353) 103
40.07 x 106 N.mm
40.07 Kn.m
PL / 4
40.07 = P (6) / 4
P = 26.72 kN
Problem # 3
A W 310 x 86 shape is to be used as a bridge crane runway girder. The girder is on a simple span
of 6m. Assume that the crane wheel imparts a vertical load of 72 kN and a lateral load of 7 kN
applied at the top flange of the girder. A standard rail weighing 0.414 kN/m will be used. Use A
36 steel Fy = 250 MPa.
Properties W 310 x 86
W = 254 mm.
Sx = 1280 x 103 mm3
tf = 16.3 mm.
Sy = 351 x 103 mm3
d = 310 mm
Assume that the top flange is not laterally braced between end supports.
1. Determine the bending stress along
the weaker axis.
2. Determine the total bending stress.
3. Determine the total ratio of actual
bending to allowable bending stress using interaction equation.
Solution :
axis.
My = PL / 4
My = 7(6) / 4
My = 10.5 Kn.m
fby = My / (Sy / 2 ) ( load not passing through the centroid )
fby = 10.5(106) / (351 x 103 /2)
fby = 59.83 MPa
Total bending stress
Mx = [ WL2 / 8 ] + [ PL /4 ]
Mx = [ 0.414(6)2 / 8 ] + [ 72(6) / 4)]
Mx = 109.86 Kn.m
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 109.86 x 106 / 1280 x 103
fbx = 85.83 MPa
f = fbx + fby
f = 85.83 + 59.83
f = 145.66 MPa
Total ratio of actual bending to
allowable bending stress using interaction equation.
fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby </= 1.0
allowable bending stress :
Lb = 6000 mm
Lc = 200 bf / Fy
L = 200 (254) / 250
c
Lc = 3213 mm
Lu = 137900 / ( Fy d ) / ( bf tf )
Lu = 137900 / ( 250x310 ) / ( 254x16.3 )
Lu = 7367 mm
Lb > Lb
Lb < Lu
Use Fbx = 0.60 Fy
Fby = 0.75 Fy ( bending in weaker axis )
( fbx / Fbx ) + ( fby / Fby ) </= 1.0
( 85.83 / 0.60(250)) + ( 59.83 / 0.75(250) )
0.891 < 1.0
okay
PURLINS
Problem # 1
A W 150 x 14 is used as purlins having a spacing of 1.732 m. on centers. The spacing of the truss
is 5m. with a pitch of 1/4 . Sag rods are placed at the midspan of the purlins. The purlins carries
the following loads. Use A36 Steel Fy = 250 MPa.
Roofing = 0.077 kPa
Live load = 0.96 kPa
Wind Load = 1.60 kPa on vertical projection coefficient of pressure on the windward side = +
0.60
Properties of W 150 x 14
Wt. = 0.133 kN/m
d = 150 mm
tf = 5.5 mm
Sx = 91.5 x 103 mm3
Ix = 6.87 x 106 mm4
A = 1730 mm2
bf = 100 mm
tw = 4.3 mm
Sy = 18.4 x 103 mm3
Iy = 0.918 x 106 mm4
Pn = 2 P sin / 1 + sin2
Pn = 2 (160) sin 26.6 / 1 + ( sin 26.6 )2
Pn = 1.194 kPa ( normal to the roof )
My = Wt L2 / 32
My = 0.864 (5)2 / 32
MX = 0.675 Kn.m
fb =( Mx / Sx ) + ( My / Sy )
fb = ( 9.25 x 106 / 91.5 x 103 ) + 0.675 x 106 / 18.4 x 103)
fb = 137.78 MPa
Total actual bending stress if the live
load and roofing does not pass through the centroid.
Roofing load + live load = 0.133 + 1.663
Roofing load + live load = 1.796 Kn/m
Fy
10.75
This is a compact section :
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
Fbx = 0.66 (250)
Fbx = 165 MPa
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Fby = 0.75 (250)
Fby = 187.50 MPa
fbx / Fbx + fby / Fby </= 1.0
( 101.09 / 165 ) + ( 36.68 / 187.50 ) = 0.81
0.81 < 1.0
Problem # 2
A W 250 x 73 A 36 steel is used as a purlin that is simply supported on a 6m. span between roof
is assumed to support a super imposed dead load of 720 N/m2 and a snow load of 1680 N/m2.
The slope of the roof truss for top chord is 1 vertically and 2 horizontally and the purlins are
spaced 3m. on a center. Fy = 250 MPa. Assume the purlin compression flange has full lateral
support.
Properties of W 250 x 73
Sx = 891 x 103 mm3
Sy = 306 x 103 mm3
= 26.6
x = 3cos 26.6
x = 2.68 m
W1 = 720 (3)
W1 = 2160 N/m
W2 = 1680 (3)
W2 = 5040 N/m
W3 = ( W1 + W2 ) cos
W3 = ( 2160 + 5040 ) cos 26.6
W3 = 6438 N/m
W4 = W2 sin 26.6
W4 = 5040 sin26.6
W4 = 2256.7 N/m
W5 = 2160 sin 26.6
W5 = 976.2 N/m
Mx = W3 L2 / 8
Mx = 6438 (6)2 / 8
Mx = 28.97 x 106 N.mm
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 28.97 x 106 / 891 x 103
fbx = 32.51 MPa
My1 = W4 L2 / 8
My1 = 2256.7 (6)2 / 8
My1 = 10.155 x 106 N.mm
My2 = W5 L2 / 8
My2 = 967.2 (6)2 / 8
My2 = 4.35 x 106 N.mm
fby = [ My1 / Sy ] + [My2 / Sy ]
fby = [10.155 x 106 / (306 x 103 ] + [4.35 x 106 / 306 x 103 ]
fby = 80.59 MPa
Problem # 3
A W 6 x 16 section is to serve as a purlin between roof trusses 7.2m on centers. The roof is
assumed to support a dead load of 960 N/m 2 of roof surface including its own weight and a live
load of 1000 N/m2 of horizontal roof surface projection. The slope of the roof truss is 1 vertical
to 2 horizontal and the purlins are to be spaced 1.8m on centers. Use A 36 steel with Fy = 248
MPa. Assume all loads pass through the center of gravity of the section. Sag rods are to be placed
at the middle thirds between trusses.
Properties of W 6 x 16
A = 3058 mm2
d = 159.51 mm
bf = 102.36 mm
tf = 10.29mm
Mx = Wx L2 / 8
Mx = 2984.69 ( 7.2)2 / 8
Mx = 19341 N.m
fbx = Mx / Sx
fbx = 19341 x 103/ 167 x 103
fbx = 115. 81 MPa
tan
1
2
= 26.6
= 1728 N/m
= 1610 N/m
= 3338 N/m
Problem # 1
A W 450 x 60 beam having a simple span of 6m. carries a uniform load "W"
kN/m throughout its span. The beam is also subjected to an axial tensile
force of 106 kN. The compression flange is supported laterally at quarter
points only. Use A 36 steel.Fy = 250 MPa
Properties of W 450 x 60
A = 7590 mm2
Sx = 1120 x 103 mm3
d = 455 mm.
bf = 153 mm
tf = 13.3 mm
1. Determine the maximum length of
the compression flange at which the allowable bending stress maybe taken
as 0.60 Fy.
2. Determine the allowable bending
stress.
3. Determine the safe value of "W" so
as not to exceed the combined bending and tensile stresses.
Solution :
Maximum length of the compression
flange at which the allowable bending stress maybe taken as 0.60 Fy.
Cb = 1.0
For simply supported Beams.
L
L
L
L
=
=
=
=
137900 Cb / [ Fy d ] / [ bf tf ]
137900 (1)/ [ 250(455) ] / [ 153(13.3) ]
2467 mm
2.467 m
Allowable bending stress
L1 = 200 b1 /
Fy
L1 = 200 (153) /
250
L1 = 1935 mm
Lb = 6000 / 4
Lb = 1500 mm < Lc = 1935 mm
Use Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66 (250)
Fb = 165 MPa
Safe value of "W" so as not to
exceed the combined bending and tensile stresses.
fa / Fa + fb / Fb = 1.0
fa = T / A
fa = 690000 / 7590
fa = 90.91 MPa
Fa = 0.60 Fy
Fa = 0.60(250)
Fa = 150 MPa
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Fb = 0.66(250)
Fb = 165 MPa
fa / Fa + fb / Fb = 1.0
90.91 / 150 + fb / 165 = 1.0
fb = 65 MPa
f b = M / Sx
M
M
M
M
M
=
=
=
=
=
fb Sx
65(1120) 103
72.8 Kn.m
WL2 / 8
W(6)2 / 8
72 = W(6)2 / 8
W = 16.18 K/m
Problem # 2
A simple beam 4.5m in span carries a concentrated load of 260 kN at its
midspan and is subjected to an axial tensile force of 250 kN. Fy = 248 MPa.
Area
W 24 x 55
0.01 m2
Beam
Depth
0.599 m
W 21 x 57
0.012 m2
0.535 m
W 21 x 62
0.014 m2
0.533 m
Moment of
Inertia
0.0005619
m4
0.0004810
m4
0.0005720
m4
For 24 x 55
fa = T / A
fa = 250 / 0.012
fa = 25000 kPa
For 21 x 57
fa = 250 / 0.012
fa = 20833 kPa
fa = 20.83 MPa
For 21 x 62
fa = 250 / 0.014
fa = 17857 kPa
fa = 17.86 MPa
Lowest stress = 17.86 MPa
M=PL/4
M = 260 (4.5) / 4
M = 292.50 Kn.m
For 24 x 55
fb = MC / I
fb = 292.50(0.599) / 0.0005619(2)
fb = 155906 kPa
fb = 155.91 MPa
For 21 x 57
fb = 292.50(0.535) / 0.0004810(2)
fb = 162669 kPa
fb = 162.67 MPa
For 21 x 62
fb = 292.50(0.533) / 0.0005720(2)
fb = 136278 kPa
fb = 136.28 MPa
Lowest bending stress = 136.28 MPa
Safest section
Problem # 3
The national Structural Code of the Philippines states that for flexural
members with an axis of symmetry in, and loaded in the plane of their web,
the allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the larger
value from equation 1 or 2 and 3 except that equation is applicable only to
equation 1
3516330Cb/ Fy
Fb = 1172100 Cb / ( L / rt )2
equation 2
Sx = 0.00208 m3
d = 248 MPa
Fy = 248 MPa
= 53.25
3516330 ( 1 )
=119.07
248
When two or more thin layers of beams are fastened together with a bolt or a rivet so that they
act as a unit to gain more strength, it is necessary to design the to size or spacing of these bolts or
rivets so that it can carry the shearing force acting between each adjacent layers.
Consider
the
beam
shown
in
the
figure.
The shearing stress at the contact surface between the two planks is
fv=VQIbfv=VQIb
The effective area covered by each bolt group has a length equal to the spacing of the bolts.
The total shearing force F acting between the two surfaces must be equal to the total shearing
force R produced by the bolts.
F=fv(be)=VQIbbe=VQIeF=fv(be)=VQIbbe=VQIe
then,
R=VQIeR=VQIe
where R is the total shearing force to be resisted by the bolts and is equal to the allowable
shearing stress area number of bolts in the group. R should be taken at the contact surface
nearest the neutral axis where the shearing stress is greatest. The spacing of bolts, e, is also called
pitch.
Problem # 1
A beam is formed by bolting together two W200 100 sections as shown in Fig. P-599. It is
used to support a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m (including the weight of the beam) on a
simply supported span of 10 m. Compute the maximum flexural stress and the pitch between
bolts
that
have
a
shearing
strength
of
30
kN.
Solution:
Properties of W200 100
A = 12 700 mm4
tf = 23.7 mm
d = 229 mm
Ix = 113 106 mm4
Maximum moment
Mmax= Wo L 28
Mmax = 30(102)8
Mmax= 375 kNm
Maximum shear
Vmax = woL2=30(10)2
Vmax = 150 kN
By transfer formula for moment of inertia
INA = 2[(113106) + (12700)(229/2)2]
INA = 559000350 mm4
Maximum flexural stress
fbmax = McI=375(10002)(229)559000350
(fb)max=153.62 MPa
answer
Bolt pitch
R=VQNAIe
2(30)=150[12700(229/2)]559000350e2(30)=150[12700(229/2)]559000350e
e=153.77
mme=153.77 mm
answe
Problem # 2
A box beam, built up as shown in Fig. P-593, is secured by screws spaced 5 in. apart. The beam
supports a concentrated load P at the third point of a simply supported span 12 ft long. Determine
the maximum value of P that will not exceed Fv = 120 psi in the beam or a shearing force of 300
lb in the screws. What is the maximum flexural stress in the beam?
MR2=0
12R1=8P
R1=23P
MR1=0
12R2=4P
R2=13P
Mmax = 4(23P)=83P lbft
Based on allowable shearing force of beam
fv=VQNAIb
Where:
V = 2/3 P
QNA = 6(1)(4.5) + 2 [ 5(1)(2.5) ] = 52 in3
I = 8(103)/12 - 6(83)/12 = 410.67 in4
b = 2 in
fv = 120 psi
Thus,
120=23P(52)410.67(2)120=23P(52)410.67(2)
P=2843.1 lb
Based on allowable shearing force of the screws
R=VQscrewIe
Where:
R = 2(300) = 600 lb
V = 2/3 P
Qscrew = 6(1)(4.5) = 27 in3
I = 410.67 in4
e = 5 in
Thus,
600=23P(27)410.67(5)
P = 2737.8 lb
For safe value of P,
use P = 2737.8 lb.
answer
Bending stress:
fb=McI=83(2737.8)(12)(5)410.67
fb=1066.67 psifb=1066.67 psi
answer
Problem # 3
A concentrated load P is carried at midspan of a simply supported 12-ft span. The beam is made
of 2-in. by 6-in. pieces screwed together, as shown in Fig. P-595. If the maximum flexural stress
developed is 1400 psi, find the maximum shearing stress and the pitch of the screws if each
screw
can
resist
200
lb.
answer
Max =
V
d tw
Max =
VQ
lb
Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=
12
12
b = 18 mm
Max =
VQ
lb
Maxt =
VQ
lb
Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=
12
12
b = 18 mm
VQ
Maxt =
lb
V = max. vertical shear
Note : Max. vertical shearing stress is numerically equal to max. horizontal shearing stress at
the same point.
Average shearing stress in web :
Max 1=
V Q1
lb
Q = 60(20)(80) + 70(18)(35)
( 60 ) (20)(80)3 ( 6018)(140)3
I=
12
12
b = 18 mm
V Q2
2=
lb
Q2=60 ( 20 ) (80)
V = max. vertical shear
Average shearing stress of web :
2
Ave . = 2+ ( 1 2)
3
Shear flow :
If the shearing
which represents the longitudinal force per unit length transmitted across the section at a given
level.
Shear flow :
VQ
q=
lb b
q=
VQ
I
h
tw <
When
998
FY
310264 K v
2
h
Fy ( )
tw
when CV
Cv = [ 500/ ( h/ tw ) ] [
when Cv > 0.80
< 0.80
Kv / Fy ]
Problem # 1
Show that the shearing stress developed at the neutral axis of a beam with circular cross section
is = (4/3)(V / r2). Assume that the shearing
stress is uniformly distributed across the
neutral axis.
fv=VQIb
Where
fv=
Q=Ay=12r2(4r3)=23r3
I=14r4I=14r4
b=2rb=2r
Thus,
=V(23r3)14r4(2r)=8Vr36r5
=43(V/r2)
(okay!)
Problem # 2
A uniformly distributed load of 200 lb/ft is carried on a simply supported beam span. If the crosssection is as shown in Fig. P-570, determine the maximum length of the beam if the shearing
stress is limited to 80 psi. Assume the load acts over the entire length of the beam.
fv=VQIbfv=VQIb
Where:
fv=80psi
V=100L
Q= 8(5)(2.5)6(4)(2)
Q = 2in3
I = 112(8)(103)112(6)(83)
I = 12323in4
B = 86
B = 2in
Thus,
80=100L(52)12323(2)
L=12.64 ftL=12.64 ft
answer
Problem # 3
The cross-section of a beam is an isosceles triangle with vertex uppermost, of altitude h and base
b. If V is the vertical shear, show that the maximum shearing stress is 3V / bh located at the
midpoint of the altitude.
fv=VQ/Ib
fv=VQ/Ib
Where
Q = 12xy[23(hy)]
Q = 13xy(hy)
I=136 bh3
b=x
Thus,
fv=V[13xy(hy)](136bh3)(x)
fv=12Vy(hy)bh3
fv=12Vbh3(hyy2)
dfvdy=12Vbh3(h2y)=0
h=2y
y=12h
Maximum shearing stress occurs at the mid-height of the altitude, h
fvmax= 12Vbh3[h(12h)(12h)2]
fvmax= 12Vbh3[12h214h2]
fvmax= 12Vbh3(14h2)
fvmax= 3Vbh
answer
References :
http://www.mathalino.com/reviewer/mechanics-and-strength-of-materials/spacing-of-rivets-orbolts-in-built-up-beams
https://www.google.co.in/steel+design
https://www.yahoo.co.in/steel+design
Structural Engineering and Construction
By: Besavilla