PIV

, 1 25~29,
Laser
PIV, Visualization Technique
2016. 1. 28.
Contents
Introduction
Visualization Techniques
Principle of PIV
PIV Measurement System
PIV Evaluation Method
Uncertainty Analysis
Applications
References
KAERI
Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division
- 167 -
Introduction
Backgrounds
Historical development of visualization using seeding particle
9 Quantitative velocity data from particle streak photographs (1930)

9 Laser speckle velocimetry; Youngs fringes analysis (Dudderar & Simpkins 1977)
9 Particle image velocimetry
9 Interrogation by means of spatial correlation
9 Digital PIV
9 Stereoscopic PIV; holographic PIV (volume PIV)
KAERI
Introduction
Backgrounds
Why use imaging?
Conventional methods (HWA, LDV)
Particle image velocimetry
Single-point measurement
Traversing of flow domain
Time consuming
Whole-field method
Non-intrusive (seeding)
Instantaneous flow field
Only turbulence statistics
After: A.K. Prasad, Lect. Notes short-course on PIV, JMBC 1997
KAERI
- 168 -
Introduction
Coherent structures in a TBL (turbulent boundary layer)
Kim, H.T., Kline, S.J. & Reynolds, W.C. J. Fluid Mech. 50 (1971) 133-160.
Smith, C.R. (1984) A synthesized model of the near-wall behaviour in turbulent boundary layers. In: Proc. 8th Symp. on Turbulence
(eds. G.K. Patterson & J.L. Zakin) University of Missouri (Rolla).
KAERI
Flow velocity measurement technique
Intrusive
techniques
Pitot-static probe
Hot wire, Hot film
Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV)
Flow velocity
measurement
techniques
Particle based
technique
Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV)
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
Non-intrusive
techniques
Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)

Molecule-based
techniques
Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV)
KAERI
- 169 -
Classification of PIV technique
Particle
Particle
Streak
Streak
Particle
ParticleImage
Image
Velocimetry
Velocimetry
Particle
Streak
Particle
Streak
Velocimetry(PSV)
Velocimetry(PSV)
Sparse
Particle
ParticleTracking
Tracking
Velocimetry(PTV)
Velocimetry(PTV)
Dense
Particle
Image
Cross-Correlation
Velocimetry(PIV)
Velocimetry(PIV)
Particle
Particle
Image
Image
Laser
Speckle
Laser
Speckle
Velocimetry(LSV)
Velocimetry(LSV)
Speckle
Speckle
Pattern
Pattern
Holographic PIV
Holographic PIV
Time-resolved PIV
Holographic PIV
KAERI
Particle Streak Velocimetry (PSV) - cylinder wake
(a) Raw particle streak image
(b) Superimposed streaks of three images
Each streak should be identified individually

Demerits
9
limited number of vectors

9 laminar flow
9 directional ambiguity problem
KAERI
- 170 -
LSV (Laser Speckle Velocimetry)
Optical configuration for LSV
Double-exposed specklegram
Formation of Youngs fringes
Optical processor for measuring velocity vector

KAERI
Principle of PIV
Two main techniques for 2D velocity field measurement
PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry)
9 Definition : Tracking of each particle
9 Pros : high spatial resolution, true Lagrangian velocity of particle

9 Cons : difficult adaptation, clear particle image required
PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry)

9 Definition : correlation between interrogation windows
9 Pros : easy to adaptation, robust in noise, no necessity of particle detection
9 Cons : not a real velocity of particle, low spatial resolution
KAERI
- 171 -
Principle of PIV
Seeded Flow
Laser
Optics
Area of Investigation
KAERI
10
Principle of PIV
Displacement field
The fluid motion is represented as a displacement field
Particle
at time t+ t
*
vi (t )
*
* *
u ( X , t ) X i (t2 )
Particle
at time t
Particle
trajectory
*
D
Fluid
pathline
'x
# u,
't o0 't
lim
*
X i (t1 )
'y
#v
' t o 0 't
lim
Inherent assumptions
t cc
* *
* *
D( X ; t c, t cc) | u > X ( t ), t @ dt
tc
After: Adrian, Adv. Turb. Res. (1995) 1-19
KAERI
Tracer particles follow the fluid

motion
Tracer particles are distributed
homogeneously
Uniform displacement within
interrogation region
- 172 -
11
Principle of PIV
Ingredients
FLOW
sampling
Acquisition
seeding
quantization
illumination
enhancement
Pixelization
imaging
registration
selection
correlation
Interrogation
estimation
RESULT
KAERI
analysis
validation
12

The main components are:
Powerful light source (laser)
Shaping optics: lightsheet
Seeding material
Camera(s) recording particle images
Synchronization unit
Software to control acquisition and post-processing
KAERI
- 173 -
13

Component: light source
Requirements: monochromatic (single wavelength), ability to be bundled,
redirected and formed into a sheet -> LASER
9 continuous wave, or
9 pulsed
To obtain short flashes of light (freeze motion), CW-lasers need rotating

mirrors/prisms.
9 Nowadays usually Nd:YAG lasers 532nm wavelength (green)
9 Pulses with 4-10 ns length, 20mJ@1kHz - 800mJ@10Hz per pulse

9 2 cavities (twin laser) to generate 2 independent pulses
KAERI
14

Component: light source
Transmittance
Spatial res.
Temporal res.
Safety
Visual light
Sonography
PET
MRI
Near infra-red
X-ray tube
Synchrotron X-raysDouble pulsed

Nd:YAG laser
for PIV
KAERI
- 174 -
15

Component: light path & light sheet optics
Requirements: turn the point-shaped laser into an evenly illuminated flat sheet
inside the field of interest
Light sheet optics using three cylindrical lenses

KAERI
16

Component: Seeding particles
Remember: We measure particle motion, not fluid motion
Requirements: - small: follow the flow neutrally
- same density as fluid, neither buoyant nor sinking

- big and reflective: give good scattered light image
- cheaply available or easy to generate
- homogenous in size and behavior
- non-toxic, chemically inactive
KAERI
- 175 -
17

Liquid flow
Type
Material
Gas flow
Mean Dia.
(Pm)
Solid
Aluminum
Glass spheres
Synthetic granules
Pliolite
Polystyrene
Hollow glass
Al & Magnesium flakes
Rayon flocs
2-7
10-100
10-500
40-200
10-200
<25
10-100
150-800
Liquid
Different oils
Mixed droplets
50-500
20-200
Gas
Oxygen bubbles
50-1000
KAERI
Type
Solid
Smoke
Material
Mean Dia.
(Pm)
Polystyrene
Aluminum
Magnesium
Glass P-balloons
Synthetic granules
Dioctylphathalate
Talc
Lycopodium
Glass spheres
0.5-10
2-7
2-5
30-100
10-50
1-10
10
30
20
Different oils
DEHS
0.5-10
2-5
18

How dense should the seeding be?
Source density: N S
C' z 0 S 2
dW
M02 4
Ns <1 : individual partical image

Ns > 1 : speckle pattern
Image density: N
I
C'z 0
2
D
I
M02
C
Dz0
M0
dt
DI
tracer concentration [m-3]

light-sheet thickness [m]
image magnification [-]
particle-image diameter [m]
interrogation-spot diameter [m]
The image density represents the mean number of particle images in an interrogation
region. For a successful PIV measurement NI > 10 - 15
KAERI
- 176 -
19

Two modes of extracting velocity from tracer motion
Low image density

NI << 1
Particle tracking velocimetry
High image density
NI >> 1
Particle image velocimetry
KAERI
20

Component: recording device (camera)
Requirements: fast image rate, good resolution (typically 1k by 1k, up to
4k by 4k = 16 Mpixels
Two sensor techniques commonly available,

CCD
9 fast in recording double-frames (2 pics, 1 ms apart)
9 slower in overall acquisition rate: 1-20 Hz
9 best s/n-ratio, highest sensitivity

9 established technology
CMOS
9 highest effective frame rates (500, 1000, even 5000 Hz)
9 image subsections can be picked for even higher speeds
9 fast developing technique
KAERI
- 177 -
21

CCD vs. CMOS
(Charge-coupled device vs. Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor )
Most functions take place on cameras PCB
CMOS imager converts charge to voltage

at the pixel
CCD images sensor has better quality at low speed

CMOS image sensor is superior in high-speed imaging
KAERI
22

Frame straddling:
To measure velocities ranging from mm/sec to supersonic speeds
without directional ambiguity
First laser pulse at end of the frame 1 exposure period
Second laser pulse at the beginning of frame 2 exposure period
Camera must have a short time between two exposures
Minimum frame
straddling time
frame 1
pulse 1
KAERI
frame 2
pulse 2
- 178 -
23

PIV Measurement of Turbulent Flows
Characteristic Scales of Turbulence

9 Time scale: Kolmogrov time scale,

9 Length scale: Kolmogrov length scale,
Taylor microscale,
Integral length scale
PIV Measurement of Turbulent Flows

9
9
9
9
Very short exposure time -> Pulse laser, AOM

Length scale -> micro-zoom lens, small interrogation window size
Synchronization between laser and CCD camera
Consecutive PIV measurement
KAERI
24

Solution for PIV Measurements of Turbulent Flows
Increase particle number density
Decrease FOV (Field of View) size
9 Interrogation window size ' < Taylor micro-scale
Field of View for PIV Measurement (32x32 sub-pixel accuracy)
CCD Camera
FOV size for K

W=2'
FOV size for O
O=2'
512 x 512 pixel
1K x 1K pixel
2K x 2K pixel
16 x 16 vectors
32 x 32 vectors
64 x 64 vectors
1.6 x 1.6 mm
3.2 x 3.2 mm
6.4 x 6.4 mm
16 x 16 mm
32 x 32 mm
64 x 64 mm
cf. Kolmogorov scale W ~ 0.2 mm for TBL

Taylor microscale O ~ 2-3 mm for TBL
KAERI
- 179 -
25

Component: synchronization
KAERI
26

Lens
KAERI
- 180 -
27

Component: synchronization
KAERI
28

Component: software
Image acquisition
9 adjust measurement parameters
9 control hardware devices
9 create image database with acquisition information
Data analysis
9
9
9
9
KAERI
statistics, export image processing / enhancement (if necessary)

masking of unwanted areas
analysis: image pair > vector map
visualization
- 181 -
29

FT
OFT
t and t + t
(a) Single-frame/double-exposure, Youngs fringes technique

FT
I I
FT
-1
t and t + t
(b) Single-frame/double-exposure, auto-correlation method
FT
t+ t
*
I1 I2
FT
-1
(c) Double-frame/single-exposure, cross-correlation method

KAERI
30

Double-exposure PIV recording strategies
Double exposures on a single frame auto-correlation
9 No need to transfer data within Dt
9 Directional ambiguity of displacement
9 Cannot detect small displacements
Single exposures on separate frames cross-correlation

9 Fast data transfer, or use cross-correlation camera
9 No directional ambiguity
9 Small displacements detectable
KAERI
- 182 -
31

PIV interrogation analysis
R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX

The image intensities are
separated into:
I Ic
Mean intensity
The spatial correlation can be

separated into three terms:
R(s)
intensity fluctuation
RC (s) RF (s) RD (s)
RC -- mean background correlation

RF -- correlation between mean intensity and intensity fluctuations
RD -- correlation of image fluctuations
KAERI
32

Spatial correlation
RP
RD-
RD+
RC+RF
Double-exposure image
KAERI
Interrogation cell
- 183 -
Auto-correlation
33

PIV interrogation analysis
R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX

The image intensities are
separated into:
I Ic
Mean intensity
The spatial correlation can be

separated into three terms:
intensity fluctuation
RC (s) RF (s) RD (s)
R(s)
RC -- mean background correlation

RF -- correlation between mean intensity and intensity fluctuations
RD -- correlation of image fluctuations
KAERI
34

Illustration of correlation principle (1D)
'
I1 ( X)
I 2 ( X)
Shift direction
R(s)
R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX
Shift (a variable)
s
KAERI
- 184 -
35

I1 ( X)
I 2 ( X s)
s
R(s)
s
KAERI
36

P-I
I1 ( X)
P-II
I 2 ( X)
R(s)
R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX
Shift in 2D
s
KAERI
- 185 -
37

P-II
P-I
Match perfectly
KAERI
38

Cross-correlation through FFT
Direct cross-correlation (in space domain)
N
I fg (m, n)
f (k , l ) g (k m, l n)
k 1 l 1
N
f (k , l ) g (k , l )
2
k 1 l 1
k 1 l 1
9 (m,n) is the displacement
Correlation via FFT (in frequency domain).

9 Advantage: reduce the computation time
KAERI
- 186 -
39

Cross-correlation through FFT
f(m,n)
F(u,v)
FFT
g(m,n)
G(u,v)
FFT
FT of
Cross-correlation
)(u,v)
=F(u,v)G*(u,v)
)(u,v)
)(m,n) = f(m,n) g(m,n)
FFT-1
Peak detection
Find 'x, 'y then

convert to velocity
KAERI
40

Displacement-correlation peak
&
RD ( s )
&
&
RD ( s ) RDc ( s )
random
correlations
displacementcorrelation peak
KAERI
- 187 -
41
Uncertainty in the PIV System
The PIV measurement system consists of several sub-systems, and the
evaluation of the measurement needs to consider the coupling between
the sub-systems.
The guideline of UA on PIV measurement has been proposed by the
Visualization Society of Japan (VSJ, 2002) as a result of an organized
project on PIV standardization (PIV-STD project, Nishio, et al., 1999).
The principle of the PIV measurement on flow speed u can be described
as follows
where, D = magnification factor

'X = displacement length
't = time interval between successive images
Gu = (systematical) uncertainty factor of flow visualization
KAERI
42
Uncertainty in the PIV System
The guideline of UA on PIV measurement has been proposed by the
Visualization Society of Japan (VSJ, 2002) as a result of an organized
project on PIV standardization (PIV-STD project, Nishio, et al., 1999).
Time interval
Flow speed
u D 'X / 't G u
Experimental error
Image displacement
Magnification factor
uc
Sensitivity coefficient
uu2 u x wu / wx ut wu / wt
2
uu , u x , ut : uncertainties of u, x, t
ITTC 7.5-01-03-03 (2008)
KAERI
- 188 -
43
Main parameters of the uncertainty
Uncertainties for velocity, u
Parameter
Category
D (mm/pix)
Calibration
Acquisition
'X (pix)
Reduction
't (s)
Acquisition
Gu (mm/s)
Experiment
KAERI
Error sources
Reference image
Physical distance
Image distortion by lens
Image distortion by CCD
Board position
Parallel board
Laser power fluctuation
Image distortion by CCD
Normal view angle
Mis-matching error
Sub-pixel analysis
Delay generator
Pulse time
Particle trajectory
3-D effects
Priority
L
L
M
L
L
L
H
M
L
H
H
L
L
M
H
44
Uncertainties for position, x
Parameter
Category
Xs, Xe
Acquisition
X0
Calibration
Error sources
Digital error
Non-uniformity of distribution
Priority
H
Origin correlation
Uncertainties for time, t
KAERI
Parameter
Category
ts, te
Acquisition
Error sources
Priority
Origin correlation
- 189 -
45
General Guidelines
Position
Information
Photographic
Technique &
Equipment Spec.
PIV Software
Time
Information
KAERI
46
Principal dimensions of PIV measurement
Example) Pool HX experiment
Pyrex glass
KAERI
Target Flow of Measurement

Target flow
2-D boiling flow
420 x 420 mm2
Measurement area
Calibration
Distance of reference points
400 mm
Distance of reference image
1950 pixels
0.205 mm/pixel
Flow Visualization
Tracer particle
Fluorescent sphere particle
20 Pm
Average diameter
Standard deviation of diameter 0.3 Pm
Average specific gravity
1.02
Light source
Double pulse Nd:YAG laser
60 mJ
Laser power
Thickness of laser light sheet
~ 1.0 mm
Time interval
15 ~ 50 ms
Image Detection
Camera
Spatial resolution
2048 x 2048 pixels
Sampling frequency
5 Hz
Gray scale resolution
8 bit
Cell size
15.15 mm x 15.15 mm
Optical system
Distance from the target
1220 mm
Length of focus
60 mm
F number of lens
f 2.8
Data Processing
Pixel unit analysis
Cross correlation method
Correlation area size
64 x 64 pixels
32 x 32 pixels
Search area size
Sub-pixel analysis
3 points Gaussian fitting
- 190 -
47
Summary of system uncertainties for velocity, u
Parameter
Error sources
D (mm/pix) Magnification factor
u(xi) (unit)
Ci (unit)
ciu(xi)
0.00105 (mm/pix)
108.0 (pix/s)
0.113
'X (pix)
Image displacement
0.081 (pix)
11.4 (mm/pix/s)
0.923
't (s)
Gu (mm/s)
Image interval
Experiment
2.39E-08 (s)
0.032 (mm/s)
0.2 (mm/s2)
1.0
1.20E-08
0.032
Combined uncertainty
uu
0.930 (mm/s)
Random uncertainty for velocity, u

ur = 0.0174 mm/s (from 30 successive data)
Total uncertainty for velocity, u (95% confidence, k=2)
=1.86 mm/s (for the representative velocity, 0.1 m/s)
KAERI
48
Application (1) small pool experiment

Backgrounds
PAFS (Passive Auxiliary Feedwater System) is one of the advanced safety features
adopted in the APR+ (Advanced Power Reactor Plus)
It is needed to investigate the local thermal mixingg characteristics inside a PCCT
KAERI
- 191 -
49

Experimental test rig
650 u 300 u 60 mm3
Left side and bottom plates are made

of stainless steel (20 mm thickness)
Back plate is made of polycarbonate
(15 mm thickness)
Front and right side plates are made of
Pyrex glass (3 mm thickness)
Initial water height: 400 mm
3/4 diameter of heater rod, length:
150 mm (except for 10 mm of nonheating length)
5 thermocouples for fluid temperature
KAERI
50

PIV system configuration
4M pixels CCD Camera
65 mJ two-head Nd:YAG laser

Pulse generator, 8 frames per second
Notch filter (O=532 nm)
Long-pass filter (O>550 nm)
Fluorescent polymer particle (I a20 Pm)

(SGa1.02)
200 velocity vector fields are acquired
Ensemble average: average, fluctuation,
turbulent intensity and so on
KAERI
- 192 -
51

Mean velocity vector field (with varying pool temperatures )
T070H400
KAERI
T090H400
T100H400
52

Mean velocity vector field (with varying pool heights )
T100H400
KAERI
T100H300
- 193 -
T100H200
53
Application (2) 2D Film Flow Experiments

Backgrounds
In an accident condition of a nuclear reactor, multi-dimensional two-phase flows
may occur in the reactor vessel downcomer and reactor core
During Large LOCA, multi-dimensional two-phase flow appears with an
interaction between a downward liquid and a transverse gas flow
KAERI
54

Measurement of liquid film velocity
Uncertainty analysis with general guide

Parameter
(unit)
Error sources
ciu(xi)
(mm/pix)
X (pix)
t (s)
u (mm/s)
Image displacement
Image interval
Experiment
X (mm)
Digital error
Non-uniform distribution
Origin correlation
8.50
3.57
0.11
0.10
9.21 (mm/s)
0.004
0.032
0.016
0.004
0.036 (mm)
2.00E-09 (s)
4.00E-08 (s)
4.01E-08 (s)
(mm/pix)
t (s)
KAERI
Delay genertor
Pulse time
Uncertainty : < 6%
- 194 -
55

Results (1/10 scale) : without entrainment
KAERI
56
References
1. Adrian, R. J., 1991, Particle-imaging techniques for experimental fluid mechanics,
Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech., 23, 261304.
2. Westerweel, J., 1993 Digital particle image velocimetry. PhD Dissertation Delft
University Press, Delft
3. Scarano, F., 2002 Iterative image deformation methods in PIV. Meas. Sci. Technol.,
13, R1R19, PII: S0957-0233(02)20239-8 (REVIEW ARTICLE)
4. Fincham, A. M. and Delerce, G., 2000 Advanced optimization of correlation imaging
velocimetry algorithms, Exp. Fluids, 29, S01322
5. Nishio, S., Okamoto, K., Kobayashi, T., and Saga, T., 1999, Evaluation of System
Performance and Uncertainty Analysis of PIV (PIV-STD Project), Proceedings of the
3rd International Workshop on Particle Image Velocimetry, pp. 465-470.
6. Nishio, S. and Murata, S., 2003, A Numerical Approach to the Evaluation of Error
Vector Appearance Possibility in PIV, Proceed-ings of 5th International Symposium on
Particle Image Velocimetry, pp. 3321.1-3321.9.
7. Visualization Society of Japan, 2002, Hand-book of Particle Image Velocimetry,
Morikita Publishing Co. Ltd. (in Japanese).
KAERI
- 195 -
57

PIV

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

PIV

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

, 1 25~29,

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

9 Quantitative velocity data from particle streak photographs (1930)

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Particle image velocimetry

Only turbulence statistics

After: A.K. Prasad, Lect. Notes short-course on PIV, JMBC 1997

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Planar Doppler Velocimetry (PDV)

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)

Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF)

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

(a) Raw particle streak image

(b) Superimposed streaks of three images

Each streak should be identified individually

limited number of vectors

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Optical configuration for LSV

Formation of Youngs fringes

Optical processor for measuring velocity vector

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

9 Pros : high spatial resolution, true Lagrangian velocity of particle

PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry)

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Tracer particles follow the fluid

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

To obtain short flashes of light (freeze motion), CW-lasers need rotating

9 Pulses with 4-10 ns length, 20mJ@1kHz - 800mJ@10Hz per pulse

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Synchrotron X-raysDouble pulsed

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Light sheet optics using three cylindrical lenses

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

- same density as fluid, neither buoyant nor sinking

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Ns <1 : individual partical image

tracer concentration [m-3]

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Low image density

Particle image velocimetry

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Two sensor techniques commonly available,

9 best s/n-ratio, highest sensitivity

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

PIV Measurement System

Most functions take place on cameras PCB

CMOS imager converts charge to voltage

CCD images sensor has better quality at low speed

Thermal Hydraulics Safety Research Division

R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX

RC (s) RF (s) RD (s)

R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX

RC (s) RF (s) RD (s)

R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX

R(s) I1 ( X)I 2 ( X s)dX