Table: Effect of Mineral Admixtures on Fresh

Concrete
Quality
Measure
Water
Requirement
s
Air Content

Effect
Fly ash reduces water requirements
Silica fume increases water requirements
Fly ash and silica fume reduce air content
It can be avoided by increasing air entrainer.

Workability

Fly ash, ground slag, and inert materials generally

increases workability. Silica fume reduces
workability; compensate by using superplasticizers.

Hydration

Fly ash reduces heat of hydration. Silica fume

may not affect, but superplasticizers used with
silica fume can increase heat.

Set Time

Fly ash, natural pozzolans, and blast furnace slag

increase set time; Can compensate by using
accelerator.

Table: Effect of Mineral Admixtures on

Hardened Concrete
Quality
Measure
Strength

Effect
Fly ash increases the ultimate strength but
reduces rate of strength gain. Silica fume has
less effect on rate of strength gain than
pozzolans.

Drying
Low concentrations usually have single effect.
shrinkage and High concentrations of ground slag or fly ash

creep

may increase shrinkage. Silica fume may reduce

shrinkage.

Permeability
and
absorption

Generally reduced permeability and absorption.

Alkaliaggregate
reactivity

Generally reduced reactivity, extend of

improvement depends on type of admixture.

Sulfate
resistance

Improved due to reduced permeability.

Silica fume is especially effective.

0- 2% CaCL2 can be used but not more than 0.83% of weight

by cement.
accelerator alternate to cacl2: triethanolamine, sodium
thiocyanate, calcium formate, calcium nitrite, or
calcium nitrate, {IS 9103 and 2645}
http://theconstructor.org/concrete/uses-of-concreteadmixtures/1207/
1:1.5:3 = cement: fine aggregates: coarse aggregate

The formula for calculation of materials for required

volume of concrete is given by:

Where, Vc = Absolute volume of fully compacted fresh

concrete
W =Mass of water
C = Mass of cement

Fa = Mass of fine aggregates

Ca = Mass of coarse aggregates
Sc, Sfa and Sca are the specific gravities of cement, fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates respectively.
The air content has been ignored in this calculation.

ordinary portland cement: IS269 IS8112 or

Is12269 should be used
Gypsum should be 80% pure ( or minimun 35%
CaSO4 content is must). it should be free of
lumps before use.

Fly ash - 50-60%

Sand/stone dust -32-40%
Cement - 8-10%

Fly Ash 50 to 60%

River Sand or Stone Dust 30 to 40%
Cement 8 to 12% { http://buildwithash.com/fly-ashbricks-mixing-proportion-3-important-formulas/ }
This mix ratio is not so popular and not a profitable design for
entrepreneurs. Cement is more expensive than Gypsum and
Lime, hence this formula is useful only during nonavailability of gypsum and lime.

Fly Ash (major part) 55 to 60%

River Sand or Stone dust 20 to 25%
Sludge Lime 15 to 22%
Gypsum 5%
Sludge Lime is less expensive than Hydrated Lime, this mix
ratio is more profitable than other two proportions listed
below. Sludge lime is a waste material and hence it costs less
than hydrated lime. Sludge lime is normally wet and has
lumps, However it can be used to make quality fly ash bricks.
Mix Proportion For Fly Ash Bricks
manufacturing (Here Hydrated Lime is used instead of
Sludge Lime)

Fly ash 57 to 65%

River Sand or Stone dust 18 to 27%
Hydrated Lime 9 to 12 % (C grade)
Gypsum 5%
This is the widely practiced mix proportion to make quality
fly ash bricks. Hydrated lime is easily available and this is the
most common method followed by many successful brick
makers

fly ash - 62%

sand/dust- 25%
lime- 10%
gypsum- 6%
Fly ash- 60-65%
Sand/dust- 18-27%
Lime- 8-12% (hydrated c grade or good uality
sludge lime)
Gypsum- 5%

Fly ash:55- 60%

Sand/dust- 20-25%
Lime-15- 20% (hydrated c grade or good
uality sludge lime)
Gypsum- 5%
Fly ash- 50-60%
Sand/dust- 32-40%
Ordinary portland cement: 8-12%

Raw materials are mixed in pan mixer for 35 minutes or until homogenous and uniform
mixture is achieved with out lumps and
color uniformity.
First dry mix the raw materials to no lumps
and then add water.
Bricks should not be stacked on over more
than 4 layers when hydraulic press is used.
Bricks should be air dried for 2 days and
then cured for minimum of 14 days.
0.2% cement is must for FAL-G blocks

LIME supplier :
1. M/s
. Mysore Acetate & Chemicals Company Ltd.
P.B. No. 6772
Mysugar Building
Sri J.C.W. Road,
Bangalore
560 002
Phone : 211999, 211360, 221462