th

2016 - 5 year

Grammar Summary for Reference & Practice

Prof. Patty De Franco

Email: patiteacher@yahoo.com

: Patty De Franco

1. LINKERS

Linkers are words that we use to join sentences. They are also called connectors.
They are classified into LINKERS OF PURPOSE, CONTRAST, CONSEQUENCE,
REASON, etc.

Contrast

Structure

although

Although I felt tired, I went on working.

though

I continued working though I felt tired.

even though

Even though I felt tired, I continued working.

however/nevertheless

I felt tired. However/Nevertheless, I continued working.

despite

Despite feeling tired, I continued working.

Despite the fact that I felt tired, I continued working.
Despite my tiredness, I continued working.

in spite of

In spite of feeling tired,...

In spite of the fact that I felt tired, ...
In spite of my tiredness, ...

Reason
because/since/as

I called him because I wanted to hear his voice.

Since I wanted to hear his voice, I called him.
As I wanted to hear his voice, I called him.

because of

I went to bed because of my terrible headache.

due to/ owing to *

Due to/Owing to my terrible headache, I went to bed. *

NOT INCLUDED IN THE EXAM

Consequence
so

I wanted to pass my exam, so I studied hard.

as a result

I wanted to pass the exam. As a result, I studied hard.

Purpose
in order to/in order not to

I didnt make any noise in order not to wake the baby up

I came back to my hometown in order to see my old
friends.

so as to/so as not to

I didnt make any noise so as not to wake the baby up.

2. SO/SUCH WE USE SO AND SUCH FOR EMPHASIS.

SO + ADJECTIVE

SO MUCH + NOUN

SO MANY + NOUN

SUCH + A/AN + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

SUCH + ADJECTIVE + PLURAL NOUN

Examples:

She was so beautiful that all the guys were in love with her.
There was so much work to do that I couldnt have lunch.
There are so many things that I dont understand!!
She was such a beautiful girl that all the guys were in love with her.
They were such fantastic singers that everybody wanted to listen to them

TOO AND ENOUGH

TOO

We use too to exaggerate.

This coffee is too hot to drink!

This table is too heavy to move!
TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO INFINITIVE

ENOUGH

We dont have enough money to buy a car. (Were poor)

We arent intelligent enough to pass the exam. (Were silly)

ENOUGH IS USED BEFORE A NOUN AND AFTER AN ADJECTIVE:

Enough chairs
Intelligent enough
It means that we have or not, sufficient of something.

2. WISHES AND REGRETS

We can express wishes about a present or a past situation.

There are different structures:

A) EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT A PRESENT SITUATION.

Situation: I have a big nose. I dont like it. I hate it.

I say:
I wish I had a small nose. I wish I didnt have a big nose.
If only I had a small nose. If only I didnt have such a big nose!

WISH + SIMPLE PAST = PRESENT SITUATION

IF ONLY + SIMPLE PAST = PRESENT SITUATION
B) EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT A PAST SITUATION.
Situation. The party was amazing. I didnt go.
I say: I wish I had gone to the party
If only I had gone to the party!
WISH + PAST PERFECT = PAST SITUATION
IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT = PAST SITUATION

C) EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE/THINGS

Situation. My little brother always touches my things. Its so annoying for me!
I say: I wish my little brother wouldnt touch my things!

WISH + PERSON + WOULD/WOULDNT DO SOMETHING.

NOTE: WE NEVER NEVER NEVER EVER USE WISH AND WOULD FOR THE
PERSON I OR WE.

D) EXPRESSING WISHES ABOUT SOMETHING PRESENT THAT I OR WE CANT

DO NOW.
Situation. I have no money. I cant go on holidays.

I say: I wish I could go on holidays.

WISH + I/WE + COULD DO SOMETHING

4. CRITICISM. (SAY IT, IT FEELS GOOD: CRITICISMMMMMM)

We express criticism when we criticize a past action. We can criticize our own past actions, or
somebody elses past actions.
Situation. I didnt study for the test. I failed.
I say: I should have studied. (Now its too late)
Situation: I told her she was stupid. (And she was, but)
I say: I shouldnt have said to her that she was stupid.

SHOULD/SHOULDNT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

REMEMBER HOW TO PRONOUNCE THIS PHRASE;
WE DONT SAY SHOULD HHHHHHHHHHHAVE.

5. CONDITIONALS

CONDITIONAL

USE

STRUCTURE

Zero
conditional

Situations that
are always
true.

IF + SIMPLE PRESENT

First
conditional

Possible
situations in
the future

IF + SIMPLE PRESENT

Second
conditional

Unreal
situations.
Hypothetical,
imaginary
situations

IF + SIMPLE PAST

MAIN CLAUSE + SIMPLE PRESENT

MAIN CLAUSE + FUTURE

WILL/WONT + INFINITIVE

MAIN CLAUSE +
WOULD/WOULDNT/COULD/MIGH
T + INFINITIVE

EXAMPLE

If you mix red

and yellow, you
get orange.
If you like Brit
pop, you will
love Oasis.

If I were a fish,
the cat would
eat me.
If I had time, I
would go to the
gym.

Third
conditional

Unreal
situations in
the past.
Imaginary
situations in
the past

IF + PAST PERFECT/PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS
MAIN CLAUSE + WOULD
HAVE/COULD HAVE/MIGHT HAVE
+ PARTICIPLE

If I had known
your number, I
would have
called you.
I would have
gone to the
party if I had
been invited.

6. SPECULATION
We can make speculations about present, future and past situations.
There are only three forms:

MUST- MIGHT/MAY- CANT/COULDNT

PRESENT AND FUTURE

MUST + INFINITIVE

PAST
MUST HAVE +
PARTICIPLE

USE
Something that you know is
true/was true.
Expressions: Im sure, Im
positive, Im certain.

MIGHT/MAY/ +
INFINITIVE

MIGHT/MAY + HAVE +
PARTICIPLE

Something that is possible, likely.

You arent sure.
Expressions: Its likely, Its
probable, Perhaps.

CANT + INFINITIVE

CANT/COULDNT HAVE
+ PARTICIPLE

Something that is impossible. You

are certain, sure.
Expressions: Im certain, Im
sure, Im positive that sth
isnt true.
Its impossible

MUSTNT AND CAN ARE NEVER NEVER NEVER EVER USED FOR
SPECULATION!!!
Examples:

She must be a teacher. She is teaching the first conditional in that classroom.
She cant run very fast. She is 84 years old.
She might be the directors daughter, but I am not sure.
She might not speak Spanish very well, she is Chinese.
She must have been an excellent doctor. Everybody admired him.
She cant/couldnt have been an honest person. He has been in prison twice.
They might have read the novels, but I am not sure.

7. VERB PATTERNS : GERUNDS, INFINITIVES.

When you have two verbs together, the second verb takes the gerund or infinitive form
according to the first verb. Example: If you use the verb want and then the verb sleep, you
have to use to sleep because want takes an infinitive form. Its called a PATTERN. YOU
HAVE TO RESPECT THESE PATTERNS.

Gerunds (going)

Infinitives (to go)

Bare Infinitive (go)

1. After a preposition.

1. After an adjective

1. After modal verbs

I am tired of doing so
much homework.

I am happy to be here.

can could will would shallshould- mustI should go now.

You mustnt speak in class.

2. When the verb is the

subject of the sentence
Smoking is bad for
your health.

2. To express purpose

I went to the shops to

buy some milk.

3. After certain verbs:

3. After certain verbs:

enjoy, fancy, hate, keep

on, imagine, love, mind,
miss, practise, stop, look
forward to, avoid, be used
to, get used to, cant
stand, etc.

choose, decide, expect,

manage, need, plan,
promise, refuse, seem,
tend, want, would like

2. After the verbs let and make

My parents let me go out at
night.
She always makes me cry.

8. PASSIVE VOICE

We use the passive voice to make sentences more natural or more formal. Using the passive voice
sounds much more natural in English. This language is found in newspapers, magazines, articles,
etc.

The passive voice has only one structure, which is really easy to remember:
VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

We have to change the form of the verb to be all the time, it depends on the tense that we need.

TENSE

PASSIVE
STRUCTURE

EXAMPLE

Present Simple

is made

A film is made.

Present

is being made

A film is being made now.

Present Perfect

has been made

A film has been made.

Past Simple

was made

A film was made last year.

Past Continuous

was being made

A film was being made.

Past Perfect

had been made

A film had been made.

Future will

will be made

A new film will be made.

Future going to

is/are going to be made

A new film is going to be made.

Modal verbs

should be made

An exception should be made.

Continuous

would be made
can be made
must be made

The situation must be considered.

has to be made
might be made
Examples:
Active Voice. Paul Sheldon is going to write a new novel soon.
What is he going to write? A new novel
So,

Passive Voice: A new novel is going to be written by Paul Sheldon soon.

Active: Parents shouldnt give money to their kids if they are irresponsible.
Passive: Kids shouldnt be given money if they are irresponsible.
Active: The manager paid the salaries yesterday.
Passive: The salaries were paid yesterday by the manager.

Active: They are selling the tickets for the match now.
Passive: The tickets for the match are being sold now.

WE CHANGE THE FORM OF THE VERB TO BE, NOT THE TENSE

WE KEEP THE TENSE FROM THE ACTIVE VOICE. IF THE ACTIVE VOICE IS IN
THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THE PASSIVE VOICE IS ALSO IN THE SIMPLE PRESENT.
IF THE ACTIVE VOICE IS IN THE PRESENT PERFECT, THE PASSIVE VOICE IS
ALSO IN THE PRESENT PERFECT.

9. HAVE SOMETHING DONE

This is part of the passive voice. We use this structure when another person does something for
you, you dont do it yourself. It could be a service for example.
Examples.
Im painting my house. (Im doing it myself.)
Im having my house painted. ( A painter is doing the job.)
VERB HAVE (IN ANY TENSE) + SOMETHING + DONE (PAST PARTICIPLE)
a) Somebody made these copies for me.
I had these copies made.
b) Somebody is going to clean my bedroom.
I am going to have my bedroom cleaned.
c) Somebody has repaired my car.
I have had my car repaired.

IN GENERAL, WE USE THIS STRUCTURE TO REFER TO SERVICES LIKE: CLEAN

THE HOUSE, WASH THE CAR, MEND OUR CLOTHES, FIX THE PIPES,
MANICURE, PEDICURE, HAIRDRESSERS SERVICES, MEDICAL SERVICES.

I will have my blood pressure controlled.

I had my computer repaired in Axa last week.

10. REPORTED SPEECH

When a person is speaking, the person uses some words. This is called DIRECT SPEECH.
When I tell another person what somebody said, I have to use REPORTED SPEECH.

If a person told me yesterday these words:

I really hate you and I dont want to see you any more.
I talk to my friend and I say: You know what he told me?????
He said that he really hated me and that he didnt want to see me any more.
In the DIRECT SPEECH, the person used the present tense, but when I report what the person
told me, I have to change the tense into the past tense.
Here you have a table with the changes.
DIRECT SPEECH

REPORTED SPEECH

Present Simple

Past Simple

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Simple

Past Perfect

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

Doesnt change

Past Perfect Continuous

Doesnt change

Future will

would

Future is/am/are going to

was/were going to

Modal verbs (should, would)

Dont change

Must

Had to

Other changes:
Here

there

This

that

these

those

come

go

yesterday

the previous day, the day before

ago

before

last year/week etc

the previous year/ the year before

tomorrow

the following day

next Sunday, etc

the following Sunday

at the moment, now

at that moment

Now, the structures and the verbs that we need.

A) STATEMENTS SAID TO ME/TOLD ME THAT...
Its cold here. He said.
He said that it was cold there.
He told me that it was cold there.
B) IMPERATIVES, COMMANDS, ORDERS. TOLD ME/HIM TO DO SOMETHING.

Turn on the lights he said

He told me to turn on the lights. (Pay attention, the verb is in the INFINITIVE FORM)
C) QUESTIONS: ASKED ME/WANTED TO KNOW IF/WHETHER.
In questions, there are two forms.
1) YES/NO QUESTIONS.

 Do you smoke? she asked.

She asked if/whether I smoked.
She wanted to know if/whether I smoked.
2) WH- QUESTIONS.
When did you arrive? she asked.
She asked me when I had arrived.
She wanted to know when I had arrived.
3) INDIRECT QUESTIONS
What time does the match start? she asked.
She asked what time the match started.
She wanted to know what time the match started.
4) REQUESTS: ASKED SOMEBODY TO DO OR NOT TO DO SOMETHING.
YES: HE ASKED ME NOT TO GO AWAY. right
NO: HE ASKED ME TO NOT GO AWAY. wrong
1. Can you open the window?
He asked me to open the window.
2. Can you show me your driving licence?
The officer asked me to show her my drivng licence.
3. Please dont shout.
He asked me not to shout.

THE AUXILIARY VERB IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE

REPORTED QUESTION UNLESS IT IS A NEGATIVE FORM.
11. TENSES
Tense

Simple Present

Use

Routines, habitual
actions.

Structure

I go, she goes.

Auxiliaries
do/does/dont
doesnt
Do you study here?
Does she have a

Time expressions and

adverbs
Adverbs of frequency (usually, never,
hardly ever, always, sometimes, often)
Everyday, twice a week, once a month,
etc.

car?

Present
Continuous

Actions that are

happening at the
moment of speaking

I am working

Today, now, at the moment, right now.

She is working
They are working
Im not working
She isnt working
Are you working?

Present Perfect

Experiences

Unfinished
actions

Recent past

I have studied.

just /already /yet/ever/never

Have you studied?

recently/since/for

I havent studied.

I have already finished.

She has studied

Have you finished yet?

Has she studied?

I have just finished.

She hasnt studied.

Have you ever eaten Chinese food?

I have never travelled abroad.
I have lived here for the last five years.
I have lived here since 2004.

Present Perfect
Continuous

Past Simple

Unfinished
actions in
progress
Recent actions
in progress with
consequences in
the present.

I havent been
studying recently.

I went to the
cinema.

Consecutive actions.

Did you go to the

cinema?

Action in progress

recently, for , since, lately, for ages.

I have been waiting for you for ages!
Where have you been?

What have you

been doing
recently?

Finished actions in
the past.

One action that

interrupts another
action in progress in
the past.

Past Continuous

Ive been studying

all day long.

yesterday, ago, last

week/Sunday/month/year/night

Where did you go

yesterday?
I didnt like the
film.
The sun was

when, while.

in the past, usually

interrupted by
another action, also
in the past.

shining and the

wind was blowing.

I was having a bath when the telephone

rang.

What were you

doing yesterday at
ten?

She was reading a book while I was

cooking.

I wasnt doing
anything wrong!

Past Perfect

Past Perfect
Continuous

Future will

Future Be Going
to

Past action which

happened before
another past action.

Past action in
progress which
happened before
another past action.

When I looked into

my bag, I realised
that somebody had
stolen my money.

already/yet/just/since/for

They were tired

because they had
been working all
they long.

for a long time, for some time, for ages,

I will love you for

ever.

tomorrow, next Sunday, next year, etc.

Promises

Offers

Decisions at the
moment of
speaking

I will bring a glass

of water for you.

Predictions
without
evidence

I think it will rain

tonight.

Predictions with
evidence

Im going to study
medicine.

Plans

Its going to rain.

The sky is cloudy.

Present
Continuous
(future meaning)

Arrangements and
plans

Simple Present
(future meaning)

Timetables

I had just prepared dinner when he

came home.

Ill call him now.

Im meeting John
this afternoon.

tomorrow, next
year/Sunday/month/week, etc.

this afternoon/evening/tonight, etc.

At 7, at 8, at 12 etc.
The match starts at
9. p.m.
The train leaves at

seven.

Future
continuous

Actions in progress
in the future

I cant go out this

weekend because I
will be studying all
the time.

I hope I will be living in my own flat

soon.
What will you be doing tomorrow at 11?
This time next month, this year,
tomorrow

Future Perfect

Finished actions in
the future

By the end of the

year I will have
finished all my
exams.

In two years time.

In two months time.
by Monday
by the end of the month/year

Shall

Future time
clauses

Offers in
questions

Suggestions

Shall I bring you a

glass of water?
Shall we go for a
walk?

As soon as she
arrives, tell her that
I want to talk to
her.

After the words: as soon as, when, until,

after, before,

When he finishes,
tell him to come.

We use a present tense, because the

future meaning is implicit in the
introductory words.

I will be here until

you come back.

Upper - Intermediate Practice 5th year

1. GENERAL REVISION - GRAMMAR
1) Tick () A, B, or C to complete the sentences.
Example: Our new kitchen and bathroom ________ this week.
B are being installed

A are installing

C are installed

1 If I ________ you by Sunday, go to the match without me.

A m not phoning

B havent phoned

C wont phone

2 If you like crime stories, you ________ the book Im reading.

A had love

B love

C ll love

3 The burglars ________ to prison for a very long time.

A were sending

B will be sent

C will send

4 It ________ that the murderer escaped in stolen car.

A is believing

B is believed

C believes

5 They ________ building the new shopping centre by the end of the year.
A ll be finish

B ll have finished

C ve been finished

6 By the time you read this message, ________ on the beach in Spain.
A Im going to lie

B Ill be lying

C Ill lie

7 Six paintings ________ from the art gallery late last night.
A are being stolen

B were stolen

8 The bank ________ three times this year.

C have been stolen

A has been robbed

9

B is robbed

C has robbed

Ill come with you to Dans party if I ________anything else to do.

A wouldnt have

B dont have

C wont have

10 Dont come round at the weekend because I ________ for my exams.

A ll have studied

B ll study

C ll be studying

11 If you ________ red and white, you get pink.

A will mix

B mix

C are mixing

12 This time next year, Sue and Jeff ________ for 50 years.
A will be marrying

B will have been married

C will be married

13 We ________ to France next weekend. Do you want me to bring you anything back?
A ll be gone

B ll have gone

C ll be going

14 We ________ the exam by three oclock, so Ill meet you at 3.30.

A ll have finished

B ve been finishing

C ll finish

15 If you ________ a tiger, you cant imagine how scary they are.
A ve never seen

B will never see

C dont see

16 You wont get in to university ________ you pass your exams.

A unless

B after

C in case

17 Take your coat with you ________ it gets colder later.

A in case

B until

C unless

18 I played really badly in the match! I wish I ________ good at sport.

A had been

19

B so that

B wouldnt be

B so that

C for

I wish I ________ to that new hairdressers. They cut my hair really badly.

A wouldnt have gone

23

C hadnt been

I borrowed some money ________ I could buy some new jeans.

A so as
22

C in order to

I wish my brother ________ so untidy! His room is always in a mess.

A werent
21

C would be

The company are expanding ________ increase their market share.

A for
20

B was

B hadnt gone

C didnt go

________ the rain, we had a great time.

A Although

B In spite of

C Even though

24

I wish I ________ the piano. I think I might have lessons.

A had played

B could play

C would play

25 ________ that I dont like parties, I quite enjoyed myself.

A Despite the fact

B Although

C Even though

26 I like physics, ________ I sometimes find it difficult.

A in spite of

B though

C despite

27 Ben left work early ________ miss the start of the show.
A to not

B so as not to

C in order not

28 I wish I ________ to the concert last night. It sounds like you had a great time.
A had gone

B went

C would go

29 I ________ Susan likes the CD I bought her for her birthday.

A wish

B would

C hope

2) Each sentence has a word that shouldnt be there. Spot it and cross it out.
1.

I will call you as soon as I will come home.

2. I have to tell you something very much important.

3. They usually ask a lots of questions.
4. We started working despite of not having all the necessary information to write the report.
5.

My nephews are such an impolite children that its impossible to control them.

6. I think that learning English is much more easier than learning French.
7.

The meal was so really good that we all want to come back to that restaurant soon.

4) Multiple choice. Only one answer is possible.

1. I wish I ............... a musical instrument.

a. can play

b. could play

c. played

3. I shouldnt .............. up so late last night.

a. stay

b. have stay

c. have stayed

4. You ................... your great grand parents since they died before you were born.
a. mustnt have met

b. couldnt have met

c. shouldnt have met

5. We had.................... by a professional painter.

a. painted the walls

b. the walls painted

c. been painted the walls

6. We bought that car despite ................. not to do it.

a. being advised

b. of being advised

c. they advised us

7. I would like ...... some pictures of the ancient monuments.

a. to take

b. taking

8. Teachers dont ................. dictionaries during the final exams.

a. let us use
b. let us to use
c. let us to using
10. If they had known that the exam was going to be so easy, they. so much.
a. a. would have studied
b. b. wouldnt have studied
c. c. wouldnt study

c. to taking

d.2. LINKERS
e. 1) Underline the correct word(s).

f. 1

I like maths, even though / despite Im not very good at it.

g. 2

I went to the library to / for look for a book about art.

h. 3

I phoned my boss in order to / so that he would know I wasnt coming.

i. 4

In spite of / Although the heavy traffic, we got to the airport on time.

j. 5

I lent Jane some money, even though / despite I didnt have much.

k. 6

We took a taxi so as not to / to not be late.

l.
m.

2) Choose the right answer A, B or C.

1
n.
2
o.
3
p.

The company are expanding ________ increase their market share.

A for
B so that
C in order to
I borrowed some money ________ I could buy some new jeans.
A so as
B so that
C for
________ the rain, we had a great time.
A Although
B In spite of
C Even though

4
q.
5
r.
6
s.

________ that I dont like parties, I quite enjoyed myself.

A Despite the fact
B Although
C Even though
I like physics, ________ I sometimes find it difficult.
A in spite of
B though
C despite
Ben left work early ________ miss the start of the show.
A to not
B so as not to
C in order not
t.
u. 3) Practice

1. I studied a lot. I didnt want to fail the exam again. (in order not/so that)
2. I got up very early. I wanted to have breakfast with my sister. (so as to/so)
3. I arrived late. I couldnt talk with my teacher about my exam. (Since/as a result)
4. The player was sent off. He kicked an opponent brutally. (As a result/because)
5. My dog behaves badly. I wont let him sleep on my bed again. (because of/because)
6. Im a very good cook. I burnt the cake. (in spite of/although)
v. 4) Rewrite using a linker from the box.
w.
1

x. in order not

because of

although
to

in spite of

so as

1. They drank a lot of beer. As a result, they did crazy things.

y. They did crazy
things ............................................................................................................................
2. I acted very irresponsibly. My father forgave me.
z. My father forgave
me .......................................................................................................................
3. I decided to pull my socks up. I dont want to have more problems with my parents.
aa. I decided to pull my socks
up.............................................................................................................
4. Although I love my girlfriend, Im going to break up with her.
ab. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
5. Some of my friends stayed at home. They wanted to help me to clean up the mess.
ac. Some of my friends stayed at
home .................................................................................................
ad.
3. WISHES CRITICISM
ae.
af. 1) Express wishes or criticism, accordingly.
1. I had a party without my parents permission.
ag. I
should...........................................................................................................................................
.......
ah. I wish
...
2. I took my fathers car without his permission. Now I have lots of problems!

ai. I
wish .............................................................................................................................................
.........
aj. I should ..
3. I am a lazy person.
ak. If
only ..............................................................................................................................................
.......
al. 2) Rewrite the sentences using the words given.
1. I think that not accepting their offer was a big mistake. How stupid I was! (should)
am.

I ............................................................................................................... their offer.

2. She went out without her parents permission. They got furious. (should)
an. She ................................................................................................................ her parents
permission.
3. The city is filthy. The local government does nothing about that. (wish)
ao. I ...........................................................................................................................................
4. I cant find my keys! I cant enter my house! (only)
ap. If only ..................................................................................................................................
5. I didnt go to university when I had the opportunity. Now I regret it. (wish)
aq. I wish .................................................................................. when I had the opportunity.
6. My boyfriend is so mean. He never buys me presents or flowers or chocolates. I hate him.
(wish)
ar. I wish .............................................................................................................. so mean.
7. I live in a big city. (and I dont like it)
as. I
wish
..
8. I have to go to work tomorrow (but Id like to stay in bed)
at. He says: If
only
3

9. I have eaten too many sweets and now I feel sick.

au. The child says: I
wish..
10. When I was younger, I didnt learn to play any musical instrument. (Now I regret it)
av. I regret
aw.

I wish

ax. I should

11. This hotel is absolutely horrible. The service is awful. The food is disgusting and the rooms are
full of insects!
ay. I regret
az. I wish

ba. I should

bb.

bc.

4. CONDITIONALS

bd.
1) Make 2nd or 3rd conditional sentences.
be.
1. I am irresponsible. I am always getting into trouble.
bf. If ................................................................................................................................................................
............
2. I didnt ask for permission. My father got furious.
bg. If ................................................................................................................................................................
............
3. My sister cried because I pulled her hair.

bh. If ................................................................................................................................................................
............
4. My father is disappointed because I lied to him.
bi. If ................................................................................................................................................................
............
5. We dont have a GPS. Were lost.
bj. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
6. We didnt have money. We couldnt take a taxi.
bk. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
7. You left the door open. The cat escaped.
bl. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
8. He fell. He wasnt wearing mountain boots.
bm.

........................................................................................................................................................

........................
9. I run five kilometres a day. Thats way Im so fit.
bn. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
10. She told me lies. Thats why I got furious.
bo. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
11. I work 14 hours a day. I feel exhausted at the end of the day.
bp. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............
12. I didnt pay attention to the teachers explanations. Thats why I couldnt answer any questions.
bq. ...................................................................................................................................................................
.............

13. I usually revise for my exams, otherwise I cant remember anything.

br. ...................................................................................................................................................................
............
bs. 2) Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form to make 3 rd conditional sentences.
bt.
1. You ......................................................... (laugh) if you ............................................ (see) what happened.
2. It

...................................................... (be) cheaper if we .......................... (buy)

the tickets on the

Internet.
3. We ...................................................... (win) if our best player .............................................. (be) injured.
4. If you ......................................... (ask) me yesterday, I ............................................... (change) my plans.
5. You ......................................... (enjoy) the weekend if you ................................................ (come) with us.
bu.
bv.3) Make 3rd conditional sentences using these ideas. You dont need to use them all.
1. Mike got up late.
2. He missed the bus.
3. He was late to work.
4. He lost his job.
5. He went to the park to think.
6. He met a girl.
7. He fell in love with her.
8. They got married.
9. He got a new job.
10. They are very happy.
bw.Eg. : If Mike (not get up) late, he ... (not miss)
the bus.
bx.

by. 4) ALL CONDITIONALS. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Sometimes
more than one type of conditional is possible.
bz.
1. She ........................................................ (come) to dinner if we...........................................(invite) her.
2. If you ......................................... (lock) the door, the burglars..........................................(not/get) in.
3. Joan ...............................................................(be able to) come to the party if she wasnt working.
4. Paul........................................................................................(ruin) his shirt if he climbs that tree.
5. If Mark ...........................................................................(be) younger, he could join the army.
6. She would have stayed at home if she .........................................(know) there would be so much traffic.
7. If you ..................................................(put) your keys in your pocket, you wouldnt have lost them.
8. She will be here at eight unless she............................................ (lose) her way.
9. If I were you, I ............................................(not/go) out in this weather.
10. Emily ..........................................(call) me if she had changed her mind.
11. If you like Tom Cruise, you .................................................(love) this film.
12. Dave............................................(be) home at six oclock, if he catches the five the oclock bus.
13. She didnt phone me. I feel disappointed.
ca. If she ........................................... (phone) me, I .................................... (feel) disappointed.
14. I dont know the answers. I am not able to help you.
cb. If I ................................ (know) the answers, I .....................................(be able to) help you.
15. The conditionals are difficult. I hate them.
cc. If the conditionals .............................................. (not be) so difficult , I .............................. (not/hate)
them.
16. Dont touch the oven. You can get burnt.
cd. If you ......................................... (touch) the oven, you .................................... (get) burnt.

ce.

5) Rewrite the sentences using conditionals or expressing wishes, regrets or

criticism; accordingly.
cf.
1.

She never does her HW. That why she always fails.
cg. If

2.

I wont go out with you unless you take me in your car.

ch. If

..

...
3.

I cant eat fast food because Im on a diet.

ci. If I . on a diet, I ....
...

4.

You never call me. Youre inconsiderate.

cj. If you ..
ck. I

wish

.
5.

My parents dont let me go out at night.

cl. I

wish

..

..
6.

I have a student who is always talking. Hes annoying.

cm.

wish

..

.
cn. If

he

..

(not

talk)

so

much,

he

..
co. (not be) so annoying.
7.

He liked her picture on Facebook. Im absolutely furious now.

cp. I

wish

..
cq.
8.

I am not a good dancer.

cr. I

wish

.
9.

I have a band.We practise very early everyday. I dont like that.

cs. If

only..

..
10.

I cant drive. That makes me unhappy. I remember that my brother wanted to teach me but I
didnt want to.
ct. I

wish

..
cu. I

should

..

cv. I regret

cw.

5. MODAL VERBS OF SPECULATION/DEDUCTION.

CX.
CY.
1. Complete the sentences using modal verbs of deduction/speculation.
cz.
2. Im sure she isnt British. She doesnt speak English.
da. She ......
3. Im not sure if shell come to the party.
db. She.......
4. The lights are on, so Im sure he is at home.
dc. He ..
5.

I think perhaps this is the building.

dd. This ....

2) Make your own speculations. Use the words in brackets.
de.
1.

He sometimes sends me emails. (have Internet at home)

df. ...

2. He is joking all the time. (not/serious)

dg. ...
3. Hes interested in History. (like this book)
dh. ..
4. He gets up very early. (in bed/already)
di.
5.

Hes only thirteen. (not at university)

dj.

6. He never says anything. (very shy)

dk.
dl. 3) Rewrite the following sentences.
1.

Im sure she has bought ice cream.

dm.She ........................................................................................................ ice-cream.

2. Its likely she has forgotten about my birthday.

dn. She ............................................................................................about my birthday.
3. Im certain he doesnt speak Spanish.
do. He ........................................................................... Spanish.
4. Im certain Alexander doesnt live in Canada.
dp. Alexander ................................................................................................... in Canada.
5.

Perhaps he will come back soon.

dq. He ............................................................................................................... soon.

6. Perhaps we wont stay in a hotel.

dr. We .......................................................................................................................... in a hotel.

10

7.

Im sure Sylvia has paid for the tickets.

ds. Sylvia ...................................................................................... the tickets.

8. Im sure he doesnt work here.

dt. They .......................................................................... here.
9. Im certain she is not fit.
du. She .................................................................................. fit.
10. Its likely he hasnt been promoted.
dv. He ................................................................................................................................
11. Im sures she called while we were out.
dw. She ...........................................................................................while we were out.
12. Perhaps we will go shopping this afternoon.
dx. We ........................................................................................ this afternoon.
13. Im not sure David went to the supermarket.
dy. David .................................................................................... to the supermarket.
14. Perhaps he is working at the library.
dz. He .....................................................................................at the library.
15. Im sure he is outside in the garden.
ea. He ............................................................ outside in the garden.
16. Its possible they didnt receive our message.
eb. They ............................................................................................ our message.
17. Perhaps she is cooking pasta.
ec. She ....................................................................................... pasta.

ed.
7. PASSIVE VOICE
ee.
ef.

Use the verbs in brackets in the passive voice

eg.
1. One more guest (expect) to come for the conference.

11

2. All the texts (buy) yesterday.

3. The children just (take) to the theatre by the teacher.
4. The poem (learn) by everybody by the last lesson.
5. The composition (hand) next Wednesday.
6. At the last competition the prize (win) by our team.
7. I hope the invitation already (accept) by everybody.
8. Two reports on the story (make) last month.
9. The test already (correct) by the teacher.
10. The book (discuss) at the next conference.
11. The songs (sing) at the lesson of Music.
12. Two new engineers (introduce) to the head tomorrow.
13. I hope the telegram already (send).
14. This funny animal always (laugh) by everybody.
eh.
2. Write the sentences below in the passive voice.
ei.
1. They teach three languages at school.
2. I bought the potatoes yesterday.
3. They sell milk in this shop.
4. I have translated the whole text.
5. By six oclock they had finished the work.
6. They will show this film on TV.
7. The dogs have never attacked the people here.
8. The doctor will prescribe the new medicine tomorrow.
9. Bees gather honey from flowers.
10. They broke the window last week.
11. Teachers usually do corrections in red ink.
12. They havent brought my skates back yet.
13. We will insist on strict discipline.
14. They had switched the light before they came in.
ej.

8. REPORTED SPEECH
ek.
1. Im terribly sorry. Ive crashed your car.
el. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
2. Ill pay for the drinks.
em.

...........................................................................................................................................

......................
3. Sally, I think you should get a new job.
en. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
4. Peter, take the dog to the vet.

12

eo. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
5. Please could you open the window, Helen?
ep. ......................................................................................................................................................
..........
6. Shall we get a taxi? she said.
eq. ......................................................................................................................................................
..........
7. I stole the money.
er. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
8. I wont tell you where I was She said.
es. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
9. Would you like to come and stay with me? She said.
et. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
10. Im sorry I didnt phone you He said.
eu. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
11. Ok, Ill drive the car tomorrow He said.
ev. ......................................................................................................................................................
..........
ew.
12. I didnt steal the car stereo He said.
ex. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........

13

13. Dont go down that road! Its dangerous. She said.

ey. ......................................................................................................................................................
..........
14. Go on, have another cake! Its not bad for you! He said.
ez. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
15. Ill hit you if you repeat what you said She said.
fa. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
16. You should eat less fat He said.
fb. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
17. I will send you an e-mail soon He said.
fc. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
18. Its too late to cancel the wedding she said.
fd. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
19. Carmen is still going out with John he said.
fe. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
20.Mum, theres something that you should know. She said.
ff. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
21. The speech went really badly they said.
fg. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........

14

22. They were holding hands! she said.

fh. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
23. Weve had a terrible day they said.
fi. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
24. Shell never speak to him again he said.
fj. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
25. What was Johns reaction? He asked.
fk. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
26. Ive always thought about you she said.
fl. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
27. Dont speak to me like that! he said.
fm.......................................................................................................................................................
...........
28.Turn the lights on, we cant see anything here. He said.
fn. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
29. Sit down and open your books the teacher said.
fo. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
30.What time did they arrive? She asked.
fp. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........

15

31. Where were you last night at ten? she asked.

fq. ......................................................................................................................................................
...........
fr.
fs.
ft.
fu.
fv.
fw.
fx.
fy.
fz.

ga.

8. HAVE SOMETHING DONE (CAUSATIVE HAVE)

gb.
gc.1) Some students are organising their prom. Use the words in the box to make
sentences using have something done in the correct tense.
gd.

ge. TWO

gf. fancy dresses/make

gg.

gh.LAST MONTH

gi. invitations /print/send

gj.

gk. JUST DONE!

gl. last minute

gm.

MONTHS AGO

invitations/send
gn.TODAY

go. the ball room/paint

gp.

gq.TODAY

gr. the ball room

gs.

toilets/repair
gt. TODAY

gu. the ball room

gv.

floors/clean
gw.
ROW

TOMOR

gx. the sound

gy.

equipment/check
16

gz. NEXT WEEK

ha. the ball room/decorate

hb.

hc. NEXT FRIDAY

hd. the balloons/inflate

he.

hf. NEXT

hg. the flowers/deliver

hh.

SATURDAY

hi.
hj. 2) Decide whether these sentences are possible. Suggest corrections.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Weve asked the director for permission.

Were going to have our fancy dresses tried on.
We have already had the lights installed.
We have just had the ball room floors polished.
We might have the balloons inflated by ourselves.
We havent had parents invited yet.
We had the queen and the king of the ball chosen.
hk.
hl. 3) Paraphrase the following sentences. Use between 2 and 5 words.
hm.

a. My little sister broke my glasses. I need a new pair. (have)

hn.I am going to
_________________________________________________________.
ho. b. We cant go to the city by car because it is being repaired at the moment. (am)
hp.At the moment I
_______________________________________________________.
hq.c. I couldnt use my computer during the weekend because somebody was checking it.
(checked)
hr. I couldnt use my computer during the weekend because I
__________________________.
hs. d. How often should people control their cholesterol level? (have)
ht.

How often should people

_________________________________________________?

hu.
hv.

9. PARAPHRASING I
hw.
hx.
Use the words given to rewrite these sentences. Dont change the
meaning.

17

1. Im sure that he gave a very good impression to them because he was hired immediately.
(must)
hy. He .................................................................... a very good impression to them because he
was hired immediately.
2. She said that she was in love with him. However, the counsellor advised her to get divorced.
(spite)
hz. ......................................................................................................................................................
...
3. Im sure that she didnt tell you anything about her problems. She promised not to do it.
(cant)
ia. She ........................................................... anything about her problems. She promised not to
do it.
4. I got married when I was only 20. Now I regret it. (should)
ib. I ........................................................................................................... when I was only 20.
5. The manager chose the oldest candidate. He had a lot of experience in the job. (because of)
ic. The manager chose the oldest
candidate .............................................................................................
6. I usually arrive home early. I want to have a shower and go to bed. (so that)
id. I usually arrive home early ........................................................... a shower and go to bed.
7. My friend is so fashionable that she spends fortunes on clothes and shoes. (such)
ie. My friend is ..................................................................... she spends fortunes on clothes and
shoes.
8. I booked a holiday in Bahamas. I want to relax and have some fun. (order)
if. I booked a holiday in
Bahamas .......................................................................................................
9. He is poor and shy. But I love him anyway.
ig. Despite the fact ...............................................................................................................

18

10. I didnt go to the meeting because nobody had told me about it. (if)
I ...........................................................................................................................................
ih.

ii. 10. PARAPHRASING II

ij.
1. If they dont give me another opportunity, I will have to re- attend the course.
ik. Unless__________________________________________________________
____
2. I didnt study, thats why I failed the exam.
il. I
wouldnt________________________________________________________
____
3. It was a mistake to sit the exam without studying.
im.I wish
______________________________________________________________
4. I didnt have any help to prepare the exam
in. I
should__________________________________________________________
___
5. I cant do what I want. I wont be able to go out with my friends for a month.
io. If
only____________________________________________________________
__
6. Hes got a really bad temper. Thats why nobody likes him.
ip. (Because of)
________________________________________________________
7. Ill take a taxi in order not to arrive late to the meeting.

19

iq. (so as not to)

________________________________________________________
8. Although hes an extremely intelligent young man, he gets bad marks.
ir. (In spite
of)__________________________________________________________
9. I went to the garage. I will have my car repaired there.
is. (to)
______________________________________________________________
__
10. The exam was really difficult. Nobody could solve exercise three.
(Such)____________________________________________________________
11. SPITE The weather was awful. However, we insisted on going climbing.
it. ...
.
12. ALTHOUGH People still think that petrol is a never ending fuel. However, one day it will
disappear.
iu.

13. IF- I dont care about the environment. I am not ecology conscious.
iv. .
..
14. TOO It was really windy. It was impossible to go for a walk.
iw. .
.
ix.
iy.
iz.

20