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3.Teach clients self care strategies to enhance fitness, improve nutrition,

manage stress and enhance relationships
4.Assist individuals, families, communities to increase levels of health
5.Teach clients to be effective health care consumers
6.Assist individuals, families, communities to develop and choose health
promoting options
7.Guide clients development in effective problem solving and decision making
8.Reinforce the clients personal and family health promoting behaviors
9.Advocate in the community for changes that promote healthy environment
HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF FAITH AND I
HOLISTIC CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS
1.Personal responsibility for health and illness
2.Importance of healthy daily living
3.Relationship of body, mind and spirit
4.Illness as a growth experience
5.Importance of nurturing an affiliative behaviors
6.Priority placed on high level wellness not just absence of disease
7.Integration of many therapies, ancient and modern
8.Importance of attitude in health and illness
NURSING HISTORY
1. Philippine History

1909- Three (3) female graduated as qualified medical and surgical nurse.

 1920- First board examination for nurses was conducted

1921- Filipino nurses associates was established (now Philippines
Nurses Association)

1953- Republic Act 877- Known as the nursing practice law was
approved
2. Medical History
Mother acted as caretaker
No care is given or training is evident
1. Middle Ages
Care by crusaders
Care by prisoners
Care by religious orders
Nursing care wont down to the lowest level as depicted by Charles Dicken in
character of
Sairey
1.Nightingale era: 19th- 20th century
4.1. The Crimean war stimulates changes
4.2. Social change brings change in human value
4.3. Nursing involves as an art and science
4.4. Formal nursing education and nursing service begins
2.20th century
Licensure of nurses started
lization of hospital and diagnosis
ng of nurses in diploma program
opment of baccalaureate and advanced degree programs
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF NURSES
1.Care giver- The provision of care to client based on
knowledge and skill and with consideration for physical,
emotional, and spiritual needs. As a care giver, the nurse
integrates all of the other roles and uses the nurse process
to promote wellness, prevent illness, maintain health and
facilitate coping.
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 9 of 15
2.Communicator- the use of effective interpersonal and
therapeutic communication skills to establish and maintain
helping relationships with client of all ages in a wide
variety of health
3.Teacher- the use of communication and interpersonal skills
to meet learning needs of client and their families. The
nursing processes used to develop and carry out
individualized teaching plans

Teaching is an interactive process between a teacher and one or more learners in
which specific learning objectives or desired behavior changes are achieved
1.Counselor- effective use of communication skills enables
 the nurse to provide information, make appropriate
referrals and facilitate clients problem solving and decision
making abilities.
2.Leader- The assertive self-confident practice of nursing
necessary care of clients, functioning in groups, and
affecting change
3.Researcher- A various level, nurses conduct or take part in
research to improve client care
4.Advocate- The protection of human and legal rights based
on the belief that clients hear the right to make their
decision about health and life

The nurse acts as a client advocate by informing clients of their rights by making
sure they have necessary knowledge to make informed decisions, and by
supporting clients in the decisions they make

Advocatesare one who pleads the cause of another or argues or pleads for a cause
or proposal
1.Manager- The nurse manages nursing care of an
individual, families, and communities, delegates nursing
activities to ancillary workers, other nurses, supervises
and evaluates their performance
2.Decision maker- The nurse, before taking any action
interprets available information and decides the best
approach the individual client. These decisions can be
made alone, with the client and the family, or with other
health care professionals
3.Change Agent- An individual, such as nurse operating to
change the status in a system so that the individual/s
involved must release how to perform their roles.
Example: Many patients are now, came for in and out of
school settings.
4.Rehabilitator- the nurse assists the client return to
maximal functioning through teaching and helping the
clients to cope with changes associated with illness or
disability
EXPANDED CAREER ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF NURSES
1.Clinical Specialists- a nurse with an advanced degree education or experience who
isconsidered to be an experts in a specialized area of nursing, carries out direct
clientcare, consultation, teaching clients, families, staff, and conducting research.

Example enterostomal therapist, geriates, infection-control, medical surgical,
natural and child, oncology, quality assurance, nursing process.
2.Nurse practitioner- a nurse with an advanced degree, certified for a special area ofclient
care work in a variety of health care settings of in an independent practice tomake
health assessments and deliver primary care.
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 10 of 15
3.Nurse anesthetist- A nurse who completes a course of study in an anesthesia
school
carries out pre-operative status of clients.
4.Nurse midwife- A nurse who completes a program in midwifery, provides prenatal
and
postnatal care and delivers babies to woman with uncomplicated pregnancies
5.Nurse Entrepreneurs- a nurse who usually has an advanced degree and manages a
health related business. The nurse maybe involved in education, consultation, or
research, for example.
6.Nurse educator- A nurse, usually with advanced degree, who teaches in educational
or
clinical settings, teaches theoretical knowledge and clinical skills, conducts research.
7.Nurse administrator- a nurse who functions at various levels of management in
health
care settings, responsible for the management and administration of resources and
personnel involved in giving silent care.
Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 to a wealthy family in England. The Crimean
War
and a request by the British to organize nursing care for a military hospital in Turkey
gave
Miss Nightingale an opportunity for achievement. She was responsible for elevating
the
status of all nurses.
HER CONTRIBUTIONS ARE THE FOLLOWING:
1.Recognizing that nutrition is an important part of nursing care
2.Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for the sick
3.Identifying personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse in meeting those
needs.
4.Establishing standards for hospital management
5.Establishing nursing education
6.Establishing a respected occupation for woman
7.Recognizing the two components of nursing health and illness
8.Believing that nursing separate and distinct from medicine
9.Stressing the need for continuing educator the nurse
Florence Nightingale elevated the status of nursing a respected occupation, improved
the
quality of nursing care and founded modern nursing education.
THE ART OF NURSING

NURSING IS CARING- nurses give care, they also demonstrate non possessive caring
about for others.

NURSING IS SHARING- nurses share themselves with each other, with other members
of the health team and with clients.

NURSING IS LAUGHING- nurses who laugh with others know that humor is a part of
comfort and belonging.

NURSING IS CRYING- nurses accepts tears from others and themselves as a normal
response to both happiness and sadness

NURSING IS TOUCHING- nurses touch to comfort massage, give care, touching says,
I
care and I know what to do to help you.

NURSING IS HELPING- nurses help others in two broad areas: understanding and
taking action

NURSING IS BELIEVING IN OTHERS- nurses believe that others have the desire and
ability to reach their individual potential in all areas of human functioning.

NURSING IS TRUSTING- nurses demonstrate trust in others by accepting people as

they are and by always expecting positive results from actions.

NURSING IS BELIEVING IN SELF-nurses believe they have the knowledge and ability
to help others maintain wellness

NURSING IS LEARNING- nurses learn new or expanded knowledge and skills

throughout
their career.

NURSING IS RESPECTING- nurses demonstrate respect for others through

unconditional
acceptance ensuring privacy, and individualizing care

NURSING IS LISTENING- nurses listen to what is said verbally but also equally
attentive
to what is not said

NURSING IS DOING- nurse carry out assessments and interventions with knowledge
and skill to give safe comprehensive client care.
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 11 of 15

NURSING IS FEELING- nurses are in the sorrows, joys, frustrations, and satisfaction of
others.
AIMS OF NURSING/SCOPE OF NURSING
1.Promoting Wellness & Health

Activities carried out to promote wellness involve public and individual

education,legislation and direct contact with clients. These activities are aimed
atimproving health by identifying factors that would put the individual at risks
forbecoming sick or injured, and in teaching to maintain or improve
optimal functioning
Encouraging and providing periodic physical examination and screening for such
disease
processes as high blood pressure, diabetes, cancer
Conducting community health education through health fairs and mental health
programs
Providing health and education in nursing homes, university students health services
and
public school nursing
Promoting environmental and occupational safety
Supporting legislation and maintaining health, for example, the child safety seat
program.
1. Preventing Illness

The objectives of illness- prevention activities do not reduce the risk of illness
topromote good health habits, and to maintain the individuals optimal
functioning.Health promotion is carried out by organizations and institution as well as
bynurses promotes health teaching and by personal example.
Hospital educational program in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant woman,
stop
smoking programs, and stress reduction seminars
Community programs and resources that encourage healthy lifestyles, including
aerobics
exercises
Literature and television information on diets, and the importance of good health
habits.
1. Restoring Health

Activities involves restoring of health encompass those most traditionallyconsidered

to be the nurses responsibility and probably are an area in whichmajority of
practicing nurse are employed. These are forces on the individualwith an illness but
ranges from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation andteaching during
recovery.
Direct care of the person who is ill by such measures are physical care administration
of
medications, and carrying procedures and treatments
Performing diagnostic measurements and examinations (taking BP, measuring blood
sugars)
that detect the illness
Referring questions and abnormal findings to other health care providers
Planning teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illness such as heart attacks,
arthritis,
and strokes.
Working in mental health and chemical-dependent programs
1.Facilitating Coping/ care of the dying

Nurses also facilitate client and family coping with altered functions and
health.Altered function results in a decrease in an individuals ability to carry
outactivities of daily and expected roles. Nurses can facilitate an optimal level
offunction through understanding and accepting the individual and family,maximizing
strengths and potential knowledge and referrals to communitysupport system.
Comforting and caring for people of ages who are dying.Helping clients live as
comfortably as possible until death and helping supportpersons cope to death. Nurse
 provides care to both patients and families duringthe terminal illness, and they do so
in hospitals.
Rehabilitations- process by which a person returns to a maximally functioning role in
society
following an illness, accident and other disables.
Concepts:
1.Maximizing an individuals abilities and resources to promote optimum growth and
functioning by focusing on the individuals decision-making abilities
2.Begins with preventive care in the initial stage of the accident or disease up to the
restorative phase and adaptation of a new life
3.Reaching maximum achievable independents
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 12 of 15
4. Restoration to the fullest, physical, mental, social, vocational, economic capacity
possible for a given end
5.Becomes more responsive and participative member of the community and family-
only
if the individual no longer regard himself as disabled
6.Rehabilitation nursing is an attitude along with the knowledge, skills that must be
basic to all phases of patient care
7.Should be infuse with the into general and the maintenance and preventive aspects
should be on going throughout individuals life
Rehabilitation Nursing is vital part of health care, not just a phase of it. Focus is
ability
not a disability, which requires training, education and strengthening goals.
GOAL
1.To help prepare the disabled person assume the fullest life possible by maximizing
capabilities and modifying behavior to satisfy human needs
2.To provide supportive environment that encourage independence while helping
theperson adapt to a different lifestyle. The emphasis is on how to and why
andinvolves active patient participation.
SPECIFIC GOALS
1.To restore potential functions of the individual
2.To maximize existing capabilities
3.To provide support
4.To prevent deformities and complication
5.To assist clients perform his ABC with maximum or no assistance depending on
higher
level of disability
6.To promote continuity of care when the client is discharged or transferred.
GOALS OF COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION PLAN
1.Physical goal involves focus on potential strengths, enhancement of body
awareness,
assisting the patient in making meaning out of disorder.
2.Emotional Goal: Identifies and enhances primary support system, understands
defensemechanism, teaches progressive relaxation and other methods of reducing
anxiety andtension.
3. Metal Goal

Provide divers on activities

Identify previous coping patterns, and survival strategies and access

Provide opportunities for choices, really orientation

Enhance autonomy and ability or tenderness to function independently

Provide consistent understanding, strengths and friendliness

4. Psychological orientation

Achievement of self care and mobility does not guarantee reintegration of

socialfunctioning. Each case must be treated on an individual bases to
promotepsychosocial orientation

Encourage self transcendence which help individual to focus self on others

5.Spiritual goal (not religion)

Consist of discussing the meaning of disorder from a spiritual perspectivereflecting

with discussing the life history of the patient and assessing spiritualresources.
Process of Aging:

Chronological age

Is the number of years a person has live

Serves as a criteria in society for certain activities, such as driving,

employment and the collection of retirement benefits

Categories
Young old
(ages 65-75)
Middle old
(ages 75-84)
Old-old
(ages 85- older)

Physiological Age:

Is the elimination of age by body function

Not useful in determining a persons age because it is very difficult or even

impossible to pinpoint the exact changes of body function
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 13 of 15

Functional age
A persons ability to contribute to society and benefit others and himself

Its based on the fat that not all individuals of the same chronological age
function at the same level
Theories of Aging

Biological Theories

It attempts to explain physical aging as an involuntary process, which eventually

leads to cumulative changes in cells, tissues, and fluids
 A.Intrinsic Biological Theory
Maintains that aging changes crisis from internal, pre determined causes
A.Extrinsic Biological Theory

Maintains that environmental factors lead to structural alterations, which in turn,
cause degenerative changes.
1.Cross Link Theory- Strong chemical bonding between organic molecules in the
body causes increased stiffness, chemical instability and insolubility of connective
tissue and DNA. Sources: Lipids CHON CHO and Nucleic Acids
2.Free radical Theory- Increased
3.Immunologic Theory- An aging immune system is less able to distinguish bodycells from
foreign cells, as a result, it begins to attack and destroy body cells as ifthey were
foreign. This may explain the adult onset of such conditions as UM,rheumatic heart
disease and arthritis.
4.Wear and Tear Theory- body cells, structures and functions wear out or are
overused through exposure to internal and external stressors. Effects from
theresidual damage accumulate, the body can no longer resist stress, and
death occurs.

Psychosocial Theories
1. Psychological Theory- attempt to explain age related changes in cognitive
function, such as, intelligence, memory, learning and problem solving

Developmental Theories

Describe specific life stages and tasks associated with each stage
1.Activity Theory- successful aging and life satisfaction depend on maintaining a
high level of activity
2.Continuity Theory- an individual remains essentially the same despite life changes.
This theory focuses more on personality and individuals behavior overtime.
3.Disengagement theory- progressive and social disengagement occurs with
age.Decreased participation in society resulting from age-related changes in
health,energy, income and social roles.
4. Social exchange theory- social behavior involves doing whats valued andrewarded by
society. Diminished resources and increase dependency, leading tounequal
contribution to society and reduced power and value; decreased numberor roles
available in society.
Understanding Aging
By Dr. Letty KUan
Aging:

Is a slow process of growth towards maturity of mind, body and spirit

Growing old is reaching a happy plateau but one must understand and accept what
is
aging

It brings a decreasing amount of energy over long periods of activities; hence slowing
down and moderation in our activity involvement is one reality of aging we all must
Fundamentals of Nursing
Page 14 of 15
Fundamentals of Nursing Manual
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