Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
YAKUB, YUSUF BABAITA.
UIL/PG2015/0774.
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. J.F OPADIJI
ELE803(ASSIGNMENT)
ABSTRACT
Cellular systems are widely used today and cellular technology needs to
offer very efficient use of available frequency spectrum, with millions of mobile
phone in used around the world today. It is necessary to reuse the available
frequency many times over without mutual interference of one cell phone to the
other.
As cellular phones become ubiquitous, there is a continuously growing
demand for mobile communication. Interference became one of the major
limiting factors in cellular systems which affect the quality of service, resulting in
background noise, crosstalk or drop calls. In this report we shall study how we can
minimized these interference using genetic algorithm with the help of Matlab.
INTRODUCTION
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network were
the last link is wireless. The network is distributed over land area called cells, each
served by at least one fixed location transceiver known as the base station. This
base station provides the cell with the network coverage which can be used for
transmission of voice, data, and others. In a cellular network each cell uses a
different set of frequencies from neighboring cells to avoid interference and
provide guaranteed bandwidth within each cell[1].
In order to achieve higher capacity, that is to support a larger number of
users. The cities must first be divided into smaller cell and each cell must have a
transmitting tower called the base station. The transmitter at the base station has
its own coverage area known as cell and each cell is assign a group of channels for
communication. A group of cell is known as cluster.
The neighboring base station are assigned different group of channel so as
to minimized interference. Frequency, timeslot, codes forms the channel with
which the mobile communicate. As the demand for mobile communication
increases, the number of base station may be increased there by providing
additional capacity and need for frequency may also increase to meet the
demand of the customer. In order to meet this demand, so we have to come up
with this notation of reused distance and frequency planning.
A cell
A cluster
Reuse distance
1
1
6
2
7
5
3
3
4
Co-channel cell
GENETIC ALGORITHM
Genetic algorithms are a type of optimization algorithm, meaning they are
used to find the optimal solution(s) to a given computational problem that
maximizes or minimizes a particular function. Genetic algorithms represent one
branch of the field of study called evolutionary computation, is that they imitate
the biological processes of reproduction and natural selection to solve for the
fittest solution Like in evolution, many of a genetic algorithm processes are
random, however this optimization techniques allows one to set the level of
randomization and the level of control. These algorithm are far more powerful
and efficient than random search and exhaustive algorithm, yet require no extra
information about the given problem. This feature allows them to find solution to
problems that other optimization methods cannot handle due to lack of
continuity, derivatives, linearity, or other features.[3] Some parameters used for
genetic algorithm are as follows:
PROBLEM DEFINATION
Interference is the major factor in the performance of a cellular system.
It causes degradation of signal quality, it introduce bit errors in the receive signal,
it is an unwanted signal. Mobile station and base station are exposed to different
interference situation. There are two major type of interference which are;
1. Adjacent channel interference: these are interference resulting from signal
adjacent in frequency to the desired signal. It can occur as a result of
imperfect receiver filters which allow nearby frequency to leak into the
pass band. Adjacent channel interference can be minimized through careful
filtering and channel assignment.
2. Co-channel interference: this occur as a result of frequency reuse, because
several cell uses the same set of frequency. To reduce co-channel
interference, co channel cell must be physically separated by a minimum
distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation [4]. In order to
minimize interference, the reuse distance should be large as possible which
is the function of the cell radius and can be expressed as
D=
Where D is the reuse distance, N is the number of cells and R is the cell
radius in kilometers.[4] These can lead to optimization problem to be
solved using genetic algorithm.
SYSTEM MODEL
In this case we shall consider three different clusters with different number
of cells and determine the value of R that maximized the given function.
Optimizing cell radius
Dmax = 3N1R1 + 3N2R2 + 3N3R3
Subject to
1 R 10
R1+R2 +R3 =20
Assuming N = 7,12,19
6
MODEL SIMULATION
This model was simulated using genetic algorithm and it was run on
Matlab. The Matlab code is shown below;
SIMULATION RESULT
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-30
-40
-50
10
20
30
40
50
60
Generation
Current Best Individual
70
80
10
2
Number of variables (3)
90
100
Population=double vector
scaling function=rank
crossover = scattered
selection function =stochastic
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-40
-45
-50
100
200
300
400
500
600
Generation
Current Best Individual
700
800
15
10
2
Number of variables (3)
900
1000
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-40
-45
-50
1000
2000
3000
8000
10
2
Number of variables (3)
10
9000 10000
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-40
-45
-50
10
20
30
40
50
60
Generation
Current Best Individual
70
80
15
10
2
Number of variables (3)
11
90
100
Population=double vector
scaling function=top
crossover = arithmetic
selection function =uniform
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-40
-45
-50
100
200
300
400
500
600
Generation
Current Best Individual
700
800
15
10
2
Number of variables (3)
12
900
1000
Population=double vector
scaling function=top
crossover = arithmetic
selection function =uniform
Best fitness
Mean fitness
-40
-45
-50
1000
2000
3000
8000
10
2
Number of variables (3)
13
9000 10000
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
During the simulation, several parameters, i.e., selection, crossover,
scaling function and population size, need to be set. While experimenting on a
particular parameter, other parameters were kept constant to allow for
comparisons. It has been noted that the more the number of your iterations the
value tries to converge to a single value i.e we are getting the same result. For
any genetic algorithms, the settings of these parameters are generally ad hoc.
One general rule was kept throughout the simulation.
CONCLUS ION
In this report we used genetic algorithm to solve a co-channel
interference problem in which the cell radius is maximized. It is been noted that,
as the reuse distance or cell radius increases the interference decreases i.e. the
reuse distance is inversely proportional to the interference.
14
REFRENCES
[1] cellular network retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cellular nework. March 2016.
[2]Dr. Ranjan B, the cellular concept, lecture 4 retrieved
www.m.youtube.com. March 2016.
[3] Jenna C, an introduction to genetic algorithm published on May
2006.
[4]interference retrieved from www.teletopix.org/gsm/what are
interference. March2016.
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