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Vassel Walls
Innermost layer
Tnica intima
consists of endotelial cell
lining with connective
tissue beneath

Middle layer
Thickest component
Tnica Media
Composed mainly of
smooth muscle
Varyin a mounts of elastic
fibers and collagen
Outermost layer

Tnica adventicia

Composed of connective
tissue, nerve fibers, and
small vessel capillaries
In contact with surrounding
tissue

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Arteries
Arterioles

Stopcoks of the vascular

system.
Circular smooth muscle
layers control contraction
and resistance.
Small and medium sized
arteries.
Approximately 4 mm in
diameter
Well developed smooth
muscle layers
Includes all arteries except
aorta and major branches
Larges arteries
Elastic arteries with less
smooth muscle
Aorta and its largest
branches.

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Veins

Same laminar structures as arteries but not

as muscular
Walls are thinner than arteries
More elastic and collagen fibers than
muscle
Venules
Walls mainly connective
Small and medium sized veins
Diameters from 1 to 10mm
Includes all veins except portal vein and
vena cava and main branches
Have a thin tunica media
Large veins
Include portal vein, superior and inferior
vena cava (IVC), and main branches
Thick adventitial layer with fibrous and
elastic tissues

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Venous Valves

Unique to veins
Prevent retrograde
movement of blood
Bicuspid inward projections
of tunica intima
Sinus
Enlarged area behind
leaflets
More numerous in lower
extremities and absent in
veins of thorax and
abdomen

Capillaries
Smallest vessel in body
Walls composed primarily
of a layer of endothelial
cells with small amount of
basement membrane
Primary place where
nutrient exchange occurs

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Cerebrovascular Anatomy
Common carotid arteries

Left arises directly from the

aorta
Right originates from the aorta
Ascend the neck laterally
Bifurcate at the upper border of
the thyroid cartilage into internal
and external carotid arteries

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Arteries of Pelvis

Aorta terminates at the level

of the 4th lumbar vertebra
Bifurcates into right and left
common iliac arteries
Each common iliac artery
bifurcates into external and
internal iliac arteries
Internal iliac arteries
AKA hypogastric arteries
Supply pelvic organs
External iliac arteries
Continue distally to
supply lower extremities
Becomes common
femoral artery at the
inguinal ligament

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Veins of Pelvis

External iliac veins and internal

iliac veins join together to form
common iliac vein
Drain leg and pelvic organs
Left common iliac vein passes
beneath right common iliac
artery at the level of the aortic
bifurcation
Left and right common iliac
veins join to form IVC
Left common iliac vein passes
beneath right common iliac artery
at the level of the aortic
bifurcation
Left and right common iliac
veins join to form IVC

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Arteries of the lower
Extremities
Common femoral
artery

Continuation of the
external iliac artery
below the inguinal
ligament
Divides into superficial
femoral and profunda
femoris arteries

Profunda Femoris
Artery

AKA deep femoral

artery
Courses posterior and
lateral to superficial
femoral artery
Gives off branches into
the thigh

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Superficial Femoral
Artery (SFA)

Courses distally, passing throudh the

adductor canal
Becomes popleteal artery

Popliteal artery

Continuation of SFA
Courses behind knee in popliteal fossa
Branches include sural and genicular
arteries around the knee
Terminates in anterior tibial, posterior
tibial, and peroneal arteries
Popliteal artery initially bifurcates into
anterior tibial artery and tibioperoneal
trunk
Tibioperoneal trunk continues for a
short distance then bifurcates into
posterior tibial and peroneal arteries

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Anterior tibial artery

Passes through
interosseous membrane
Courses distally in the
anterior compartment of
leg
Continues anterior to
ankle joint and becomes
the dorsalis pedis artery

Posterior tibial artery

Courses medially in the

posterior compartment of
the leg
Runs behind the medial
malleolus
Terminates into medial
and lateral plantar arteries

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Peroneal Artery

Located deep within; descends

along medial aspect of fibula
Terminates into branches that
communicate with the posterior
and anterior tibial arteries

Arteries of the foot

Medial and lateral plantar and

dorsalis pedis arteries which help
to give rise to the plantar arches
Arising off plantar arches are the
metatarsal arteries
Digital arteries arise from the
metatarsal arteries

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Great Saphenous
vein

Begins at the dorsal venous

arch, just anterior to the medial
malleolus
Longest vein in the body
Ascends the leg medially with
several tributaries along its
length
Terminates into the common
femoral vein at the
saphenofemoral junction

Small Saphenous
Vein

Beings as a continuation of the

lateral segment of the dorsal
venous arch
Courses posteriorly up the calf
Typically terminates into the
popliteal vein at the
saphenopopliteal junction
May continue above the knee as
vein of Giacomini

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Posterior tibial veins

Begins at junction of medial

and lateral plantar veins
Paired veins that
accompany the posterior
tibial artery

Peroneal veins

Also paired
Ascend the calf with the
peroneal artery
Porsterior tibial and
peroneal veins join about
two-thirds of the way up
the calf

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Anterior tibial veins

Continuation of the dorsalis pedis

veins
Also paired
Pass between tibia and fibula
through the upper part of the
interosseous membrane
Join with the tibioperoneal trunk
veins to from the popliteal vein

Popliteal vein

Medial to popliteal artery; moves

lateral as it passes through adductor
canal

Femoral vein

Continuation of popliteal vein

Accompanies the superficial femoral
artery

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Profunda femoris
(deep femoral)
vein

Courses the thigh

along the profunda
femoris artery

Common femoral
vein

Begins at the
confluence of the
femoral and profunda
femoris veins
Lies medial to the
common femoral
artery
Continues into the
pelvis as the external
iliac vein above the
inguinal ligament

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