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Normal Stresses

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Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength. It is the
force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi,
now in N/mm2 or MPa.

=PA

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm 2. The maximum
stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load.

Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure
tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members
subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will
tend to lengthen the member.

Solution to Problem 104 Normal Stress


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Problem 104
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400
kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.

Solution 104
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P=A

where:

P=400kN

=400000N

=120M

Pa

A=14D2

14(1002)

A=14(D210000)

Thus,

400000=120[14(D210000)]
400000=30D2300000
D2=400000+30000030
D=119.35 mm

answer

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Solution to Problem 105 | Normal Stress

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Problem 105
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. P105. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Solution 105
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By symmetry:

Pbr=Pst=12(7848)
Pbr=3924 N
Pst=3924 N

For bronze cable:

Pbr=brAbr
3924=90Abr
Abr=43.6mm2

answer

For steel cable:

Pst=stAst
3924=120Ast
Ast=32.7mm2

answer

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Solution to Problem 106 Normal Stress


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Problem 106
The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a smooth pin at C and a
cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if

its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

Solution 106
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MC=0
5T+10(334T)=5(6000)
T=2957.13lb

T=A
2957.13=[14(0.62)]
=10458.72 psi

answer

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Solution to Problem 107 Normal Stress


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Problem 107
A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze
sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P
= 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in 2, determine the stress in
each section.

Solution 107
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For steel:

stAst=Pst
st(0.5)=12

st=24 ksi

answer

For aluminum:

alAal=Pal
al(0.5)=12
al=24 ksi

answer

For bronze:

brAbr=Pbr
br(0.5)=9
br=18 ksi

answer

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Solution to Problem 108 Normal Stress


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Problem 108
An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in
Fig. P-108. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value
of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in
bronze of 100 MPa.

Solution 108
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For bronze:

brAbr=2P
100(200)=2P
P=10000N

For aluminum:

alAal=P
90(400)=P
P=36000N

For Steel:

stAst=5P
P=14000N

For safe value of P, use the smallest above. Thus,

P=10 000 N=10 kN

answer

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Solution to Problem 109 Normal Stress


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Problem 109
Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig. P109. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires
AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively.

Solution 109
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Free body diagram of Joint A

For wire AB: By sine law (from the force polygon):

TABsin40=Wsin80
TAB=0.6527W
ABAAB=0.6527W
30(0.4)=0.6527W
W=18.4kips

For wire AC:

TACsin60=Wsin80
TAC=0.8794W
TAC=ACAAC
0.8794W=30(0.5)
W=17.1kips

For safe load W,

W=17.1 kips

answer

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Solution to Problem 110 Normal Stress


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Problem 110
A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden post
and a concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110. Determine the maximum value of the
load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi.

Solution 110
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For wood:

Pw=wAw
Pw=1800[14(82)]
Pw=90477.9lb

From FBD of Wood:

P=Pw=90477.9lb

For concrete:

Pc=cAc
Pc=650(122)

Pc=93600lb

From FBD of Concrete:

P=Pc=93600lb

For safe load P,

P=90478lb

answer

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Solution to Problem 111 Normal Stress


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Problem 111
For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF.
The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression
(C).

Solution 111
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From the FBD of the truss:

MA=0
24RF=16(30)
RF=20k

At joint F:

FV=0
35DF=20

DF=3313k(Compression)

At joint D:

By symmetry

BD=DF=3313k(Compression)

FV=0
DE=35BD+35DF

DE=35(3313)+35(3313)
DE=40k(Tension)

At joint E:

FV=0
35CE+30=40

CE=1623k(Tension)

Stresses: (Stress = Force/Area)

CE=16231.8=9.26ksi (Tension)

answer

DE=401.8=22.22ksi (Tension)

answer

DF=33131.8=18.52ksi (Compression)

answer

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Solution to Problem 112 Normal Stress


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Problem 112
Determine the cross-sectional areas of members AG, BC, and CE for the truss shown in
Fig. P-112. The stresses are not to exceed 20 ksi in tension and 14 ksi in compression.
A reduced stress in compression is specified to reduce the danger of buckling.

Solution 112
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FV=0
RAV=40+25=65k

AV=0

18RD=8(25)+4(40)
RD=20k

FH=0
RAH=RD=20k

Check:

MD=0
12RAV=18(RAH)+4(25)+8(40)
12(65)=18(20)+4(25)+8(40)

780 ftkip=780 ftkip (OK!)

For member AG (At joint A):

FV=0
313AB=65

AB=78.12k

FH=0
AG+20=213AB
AG=20.33kTension

AG=tensionAAG
20.33=20AAG
AAG=1.17in2

answer

For member BC (At section through MN):

MF=0
6(213BC)=12(20)
BC=72.11k Compression

BC=compressionABC
72.11=14ABC
ABC=5.15in2

answer

For member CE (At joint D):

FH=0
213CD=20

CD=36.06k

FV=0
DE=313CD=313(36.06)=30k

At joint E:

FV=0
313EF=30

EF=36.06k

FH=0
CE=213EF=213(36.06)=20k Compression

CF=compressionACE
20=14ACE
ACE=1.43in2

answer

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Solution to Problem 113 Normal Stress


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Problem 113
Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in Fig. P-113.
Indicate the tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each member is 1600
mm2.

Solution 113
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For member BD: (See FBD 01)

MC=0
3(45BD)=3(60)
BD=75kN Tension

BD=BDA
75(1000)=BD(1600)
BD=46.875MPa (Tension)

answer

For member CF: (See FBD 01)

MD=0
4(12CF)=4(90)+7(60)
CF=275.77kN Compression

CF=CFA
275.77(1000)=CF(1600)
CF=172.357MPa (Compression)

For member BC: (See FBD 02)

answer

MD=0
4BC=7(60)
BC=105kN Compression

BC=BCA
105(1000)=BC(1600)
BC=65.625MPa (Compression)

answer

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Solution to Problem 114 Normal Stress


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Problem 114
The homogeneous bar ABCD shown in Fig. P-114 is supported by a cable that runs from
A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface
at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each
cable is limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is 250 mm 2 and that of the cable
at C is 300 mm2.

Solution 114
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FH=0
TABcos30=RDsin50
RD=1.1305TAB

FV=0
TABsin30+TAB+TC+RDcos50=W
TABsin30+TAB+TC+(1.1305TAB)cos50=W
2.2267TAB+TC=W

TC=W2.2267TAB

MD=0
6(TABsin30)+4TAB+2TC=3W
7TAB+2(W2.2267TAB)=3W
2.5466TAB=W
TAB=0.3927W

TC=W2.2267TAB
TC=W2.2267(0.3927W)
TC=0.1256W

Based on cable AB:

TAB=ABAAB
0.3927W=100(250)
W=63661.83N

Based on cable at C:

T2=CAC
0.1256W=100(300)

W=238853.50N

Sfave value of W

W=63669.92N
W=mg
63669.92=m(9.81)
m=6490kg
m=6.49Mg

answer

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Shear Stress
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Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile
and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on
which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

=VA

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A
being sheared.

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Solution to Problem 115 Shear Stress


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Problem 115
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick?
The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.

Solution 115
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The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force
equal to the punching force

V is

P.

V=A
P=350[(20)(25)]
P=549778.7N
P=549.8kN

answer

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Solution to Problem 116 Shear Stress


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Problem 116
As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40
ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum

thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the
plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be
punched.

Solution 116
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(a) Maximum thickness of plate:
Based on puncher strength:

P=A
P=50[14(2.52)]
P=78.125kips

Equivalent shear force of the plate

Based on shear strength of plate:

V=A V=P
78.125=40[(2.5t)]
t=0.781inch

answer

(b) Diameter of smallest hole:


Based on compression of puncher:

P=A
P=50(14d2)
P=12.5d2

Equivalent shear force for plate

Based on shearing of plate:

V=A V=P
12.5d2=40[d(0.25)]
d=0.8in

answer

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Solution to Problem 117 Shear Stress


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Problem 117
Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P =
400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution 117
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The bolt is subject to double shear.

V=A
400(1000)=300[2(14d2)]
d=29.13mm

answer

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Solution to Problem 118 Shear Stress


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Problem 118
A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-diameter shaft
by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in Fig. P-118. If a torque T = 2.2 kNm is applied to
the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.

Solution 118
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T=0.03F
2.2=0.03F
F=73.33kN

V=A

Where:

V=F=73.33kN
A=70b
=60MPa
Thus,

73.33(1000)=60(70b)
b=17.46mm

answer

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Solution to Problem 119 Shear Stress


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Problem 119
Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in Fig.
P-119. The pin diameter is 20 mm.

Solution 119
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From the FBD:

MC=0
0.25RBV=0.25(40sin35)+0.2(40cos35)
RBV=49.156kN

FH=0
RBH=40cos35
RBH=32.766kN

RB=RBH2+RBV2
RB=32.7662+49.1562
RB=59.076kN

VB=BA

shear force of pin at B

double shear

59.076(1000)=B{2[14(202)]}
B=94.02 MPa

answer

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Solution to Problem 120 Shear Stress


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Problem 120
The members of the structure in Fig. P-120 weigh 200 lb/ft. Determine the smallest
diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to 5000 psi. Assume
single shear.

Solution 120
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For member AB:

Length,

LAB=42+42=5.66ft

Weight,

WAB=5.66(200)=1132lb

MA=0
4RBH+4RBV=2WAB
4RBH+4RBV=2(1132)
RBH+RBV=566

Equation (1)

For member BC:

Length,

LBC=32+62=6.71ft

Weight,

WBC=6.71(200)=WBC=1342lb

MC=0
6RBH=1.5WBC+3RBV

6RBH3RBV=1.5(1342)
2RBHRBV=671

Equation (2)

Add equations (1) and (2)

RBH+RBV=566

Equation (1)

2RBHRBV=671

Equation (2)

3RBH=1237
RBH=412.33lb

From equation (1):

412.33+RBV=566
RBV=153.67lb

From the FBD of member AB

FH=0
RAH=RBH=412.33lb

FV=0
RAV+RBV=WAB
RAV+153.67=1132
RAV=978.33lb

RA=R2AH+R2AV
RA=412.332+978.332
RA=1061.67lb

shear force of pin at A

V=A
1061.67=5000(14d2)
d=0.520in

answer

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Solution to Problem 121 Shear Stress


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Problem 121
Referring to Fig. P-121, compute the maximum force P that can be applied by the
machine operator, if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial stress in the
control rod at C are limited to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively. The diameters are
0.25 inch for the pin, and 0.5 inch for the control rod. Assume single shear for the pin
at B.

Solution 121
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MB=0
6P=2Tsin10
3P=Tsin10

Equation (1)

FH=0
BH=Tcos10

From Equation (1),

T=3Psin10

Thus,

BH=(3Psin10)cos10
BH=3cot10P

FV=0
BV=Tsin10+P

Again from Equation (1),

Tsin10=3P

Thus,

BV=3P+P
BV=4P

RB2=BH2+BV2
RB2=(3cot10P)2+(4P)2
R2B=305.47P2
RB=17.48P
P=RB17.48

Equation (2)

Based on tension of rod (equation 1):

P=13Tsin10
P=13[500014(0.5)2]sin10
P=56.83lb

Based on shear of rivet (equation 2):

P=4000[14(0.25)2]17.48
P=11.23lb

Safe load P,

P=11.23 lb

answer

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Solution to Problem 122 Shear Stress


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Problem 122
Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, are glued together along the joint inclined
at the angle as shown in Fig. P-122. Using the free-body diagram concept in Fig. 1-4a,
show that the shearing stress on the glued joint is = P sin 2 / 2A, where A is the
cross-sectional area.

Solution 122
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Shear area,

Ashear=t(wcsc)
Ashear=twcsc
Ashear=Acsc

Shear force,

V=Pcos

V=Ashear
Pcos=(Acsc)
=PsincosA
=P(2sincos)2A
=Psin22A

(okay!)

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Solution to Problem 123 Shear Stress


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Problem 123
A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is used as a
compression block shown in Fig. P-123. Determine the axial force P that can be safely
applied to the block if the compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m 2 and the
shearing stress parallel to the grain is limited to 5MN/m 2. The grain makes an angle of

20 with the horizontal, as shown. (Hint: Use the results in Problem 122.)

Solution 123
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Based on maximum compressive stress:
Normal force:

N=Pcos20

Normal area:

AN=50(100sec20)
AN=5320.89mm2

N=AN
Pcos20=20(5320.89)

P=113247N
P=133.25kN

Based on maximum shearing stress:


Shear force:

V=Psin20

Shear area:

AV=AN
AV=5320.89mm2

V=AV
Psin20=5(5320.89)
P=77786N
P=77.79kN

For safe compressive force use

P=77.79 kN

answer

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Bearing Stress
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Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from
compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces.

b=PbAb

Problem 125
In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110
mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60
MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b)
the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

Solution 125
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Part (a):
From shearing of rivet:

P=Arivets
P=60[14(202)]
P=6000N

From bearing of plate material:

P=bAb
6000=120(20t)
t=7.85mm

answer

Part (b): Largest average tensile stress in the plate:

P=A
6000=[7.85(11020)]
=26.67MPa

answer

Problem 126
The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four -in.-diameter rivets. Calculate
the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is
limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the
applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Solution 126

Based on shearing of rivets:

P=A
P=14[4(14)(34)2]
P=24.74kips

Based on bearing of plates:

P=bAb
P=18[4(34)(78)]
P=47.25kips

Safe load P,

P=24.74kips

answer

Problem 127
In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum
thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a
shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

Solution 127

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For shearing of rivets (double shear)

P=A
14=12[2(14d2)]
d=0.8618in diameter of bolt

answer

For bearing of yoke:

P=bAb
14=20[2(0.8618t)]
t=0.4061in thickness of yoke

answer

Problem 128
A W18 86 beam is riveted to a W24 117 girder by a connection similar to that in
Fig. 1-13. The diameter of the rivets is 7/8 in., and the angles are each L4 3-1/2
3/8 in.. For each rivet, assume that the allowable stresses are = 15 ksi and b = 32
ksi. Find the allowable load on the connection.

HideSummary of the problem


Given:
Shape of beam = W18 86
Shape of girder = W24 117
Shape of angles = L4 3-1/2 3/8
Diameter of rivets = 7/8 inch
Allowable shear stress = 15 ksi
Allowable bearing stress = 32 ksi

Required:
Allowable load on the connection

Solution 128

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Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Wide-Flange
Sections (W shapes): U.S. Customary Units
Designation

Web thickness

W18 86

0.480 in

W24 117

0.550 in

Shearing strength of rivets:


There are 8 single-shear rivets in the girder and 4 double-shear (equivalent to 8 single-shear) in
the beam, thus, the shear strength of rivets in girder and beam are equal.

V=A=15[14(78)2(8)]
V=72.16 kips

Bearing strength on the girder:


The thickness of girder W24 117 is 0.550 inch while that of the angle clip L4 3-1/2 3/8 is
3/8 or 0.375 inch, thus, the critical in bearing is the clip.

P=bAb=32[78(0.375)(8)]
P=84 kips

Bearing strength on the beam:


The thickness of beam W18 86 is 0.480 inch while that of the clip angle is 2 0.375 = 0.75
inch (clip angles are on both sides of the beam), thus, the critical in bearing is the beam.

P=bAb=32[78(0.480)(4)]
P=53.76 kips

The allowable load on the connection is

P=53.76kips

answer

Problem 129
A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is
used to fasten two timbers together as shown in Fig. P-129. The nut is tightened to
cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of
the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the washers if their

inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800 psi.

HideSummary of the problem


Given:
Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch
Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 inch
Inside diameter of washer = 9/8 inch
Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi
Bearing stress = 800 psi

Required:
Shearing stress in the head of the bolt
Shearing stress in threads of the bolt
Outside diameter of the washer

Solution 129

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Tensile force on the bolt:

P=A=18[14(78)2]
P=10.82kips

Shearing stress in the head of the bolt:

=PA=10.82(78)(12)
=7.872 ksi

answer

Shearing stress in the threads:

=PA=10.82(0.731)(58)
=7.538 ksi

answer

Outside diameter of washer:

P=bAb
10.82(1000)=800{14[d2(98)2]}
d=4.3inch

answer

Problem 130
Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B.
Using allowable stresses of = 70 MPa and b= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm-diameter
rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the
largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?

Solution 130

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At Joint C:

FV=0
BC=96kN (Tension)

Consider the section through member BD, BE, and CE:

MA=0
8(35BE)=4(96)
BE=80kN (Compression)

For Member BC:


Based on shearing of rivets:

BC=A Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n


96000=70[14(192)n]
n=4.8 say 5 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

BC=bAb Where Ab = rivet diameter thickness of BC n rivets


96000=140[19(6)n]
n=6.02 say 7 rivets

Use 7 rivets for member BC.

answer

For member BE:


Based on shearing of rivets:

BE=A Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n

80000=70[14(192)n]
n=4.03 say 5 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

BE=bAb Where Ab = rivet diameter thickness of BE n rivets


80000=140[19(13)n]
n=2.3 say 3 rivets

Use 5 rivets for member BE.

answer

Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Equal Angle
Sections: SI Units
Designation

Area

L75 75 6

864 mm2

L75 75 13

1780 mm2

Tensile stress of member BC (L75 75 6):

=PA=96(1000)86419(6)
=128Mpa

answer

Compressive stress of member BE (L75 75 13):

=PA=80(1000)1780
=44.94Mpa

answer

Problem 131
Repeat Problem 130 if the rivet diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain
unchanged.

Solution 131

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For member BC:

P=96kN (Tension)
Based on shearing of rivets:

P=A
96000=70[14(222)n]
n=3.6 say 4 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

P=bAb
96000=140[22(6)n]
n=5.2 say 6 rivets

Use 6 rivets for member BC.

Tensile stress:

=PA=96(1000)86422(6)
=131.15MPa

answer

answer

For member BE:

P=80kN (Compression)
Based on shearing of rivets:

P=A
80000=70[14(222)n]
n=3.01 say 4 rivets

Based on bearing of member:

P=bAb
80000=140[22(13)n]
n=1.998 say 2 rivets

Use 4 rivets for member BE

Compressive stress:

=PA=80(1000)1780
=44.94MPa

answer

answer

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