C1.

STABILITY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

1. General Requirements
Stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole and for each of its ele
ments.
Any method that considers the influence of second-order effects (including P-
and P- effects), flexural, shear and axial deformations, geometric imperfections,
and member stiffness reduction due to residual stresses on the stability of the
structure and its elements is permitted. The methods prescribed in this chapter
and
Appendix 7, Direct Analysis Method, satisfy these requirements. All component
and connection deformations that contribute to the lateral displacements shall b
e
considered in the stability analysis.
In structures designed by elastic analysis, individual member stability and stab
ility
of the structure as a whole are provided jointly by:
(1) Calculation of the required strengths for members, connections and other ele
ments
using one of the methods specified in Section C2.2, and
(2) Satisfaction of the member and connection design requirements in this specif
ication
based upon those required strengths.
In structures designed by inelastic analysis, the provisions of Appendix 1, Inel
astic
Analysis and Design, shall be satisfied.
2. Member Stability Design Requirements
Individual member stability is provided by satisfying the provisions of Chapters
E, F, G, H and I.
User Note: Local buckling of cross section components can be avoided by the
use of compact sections defined in Section B4.
Where elements are designed to function as braces to define the unbraced length
of columns and beams, the bracing system shall have sufficient stiffness and
strength to control member movement at the braced points. Methods of satisfying
this requirement are provided in Appendix 6, Stability Bracing for Columns and
Beams.
3. System Stability Design Requirements
Lateral stability shall be provided by moment frames, braced frames, shear walls
,
and/or other equivalent lateral load resisting systems. The overturning effects
of
drift and the destabilizing influence of gravity loads shall be considered. Forc
e
transfer and load sharing between elements of the framing systems shall be consi
dered.
Braced-frame and shear-wall systems, moment frames, gravity framing
systems, and combined systems shall satisfy the following specific requirements:
3a. Braced-Frame and Shear-Wall Systems
In structures where lateral stability is provided solely by diagonal bracing, sh
ear
walls, or equivalent means, the effective length factor, K, for compression memb
ers
shall be taken as 1.0, unless structural analysis indicates that a smaller value
is appropriate. In braced-frame systems, it is permitted to design the columns,
beams, and diagonal members as a vertically cantilevered, simply connected truss
.
User Note: Knee-braced frames function as moment-frame systems and should
be treated as indicated in Section C1.3b. Eccentrically braced frame systems
function as combined systems and should be treated as indicated in Section
C1.3d.

3b. Moment-Frame Systems

In frames where lateral stability is provided by the flexural stiffness of conne
cted
beams and columns, the effective length factor K or elastic critical buckling st
ress,
Fe, for columns and beam-columns shall be determined as specified in Section C2.
3c. Gravity Framing Systems
Columns in gravity framing systems shall be designed based on their actual lengt
h
(K = 1.0) unless analysis shows that a smaller value may be used. The lateral st
ability
of gravity framing systems shall be provided by moment frames, braced
frames, shear walls, and/or other equivalent lateral load resisting systems. P-
effects due to load on the gravity columns shall be transferred to the lateral l
oad resisting
systems and shall be considered in the calculation of the required strengths
of the lateral load resisting systems.
3d. Combined Systems
The analysis and design of members, connections and other elements in combined
systems of moment frames, braced frames, and/or shear walls and gravity frames
shall meet the requirements of their respective systems.
C2. CALCULATION OF REQUIRED STRENGTHS
Except as permitted in Section C2.2b, required strengths shall be determined usi
ng
a second-order analysis as specified in Section C2.1. Design by either secondord
er
or first-order analysis shall meet the requirements specified in Section C2.2.
1. Methods of Second-Order Analysis
Second-order analysis shall conform to the requirements in this Section.
1a. General Second-Order Elastic Analysis
Any second-order elastic analysis method that considers both P- and P- effects
may be used.
The Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis Method defined in Section C2.1b is
an accepted method for second-order elastic analysis of braced, moment, and
combined framing systems.
1b. Second-Order Analysis by Amplified First-Order Elastic Analysis
User Note: A method is provided in this section to account for second-order
effects in frames by amplifying the axial forces and moments in members and
connections from a first-order analysis
Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt (C2-1a)
Pr = Pnt + B2Plt (C2-1b)
where
B1 = Cm
1 Pr /Pel
1 (C2 2)
For members subjected to axial compression, B1 may be calculated based on the
first order estimate Pr = Pnt + Plt.
User Note: B1 is an amplifier to account for second order effects caused by
displacements between brace points (P ) and B2 is an amplifier to account
for second order effects caused by displacements of braced points (P ).
For members in which B1 1.05, it is conservative to amplify the sum of the
non sway and sway moments (as obtained, for instance, by a first order elastic
analysis) by the B2 amplifier, in other words, Mr = B2(Mnt + Mlt ).
B2 = 1
1 Pnt
Pe2
1 (C2 3)
User Note: Note that the B2 amplifier (Equation C2 3) can be estimated in
preliminary design by using a maximum lateral drift limit corresponding to the

story shear H in Equation C2 6b.

and
 = 1.00 (LRFD)  = 1.60 (ASD)
Mr = required second order flexural strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations
,
kip in. (N mm)
Mnt = first order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations, assuming
there is no lateral translation of the frame, kip in. (N mm)
Mlt = first order moment using LRFD or ASD load combinations caused by
lateral translation of the frame only, kip in. (N mm)
Pr = required second order axial strength using LRFD or ASD load combinations,
kips (N)
Pnt = first order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations, assuming
there is no lateral translation of the frame, kips (N)
Pnt = total vertical load supported by the story using LRFD or ASD load combinati
ons,
including gravity column loads, kips (N)
Plt = first order axial force using LRFD or ASD load combinations caused by
lateral translation of the frame only, kips (N)
Cm = a coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame whose value
shall be taken as follows:
(i) For beam columns not subject to transverse loading between supports
in the plane of bending,
Cm = 0.6 0.4(M1/M2) (C2 4)
where M1 and M2, calculated from a first order analysis, are the
smaller and larger moments, respectively, at the ends of that portion
of the member unbraced in the plane of bending under consideration.
M1/M2 is positive when the member is bent in reverse curvature,
negative when bent in single curvature.
(ii) For beam columns subjected to transverse loading between supports,
the value of Cm shall be determined either by analysis or conservatively
taken as 1.0 for all cases.
Pe1 = elastic critical buckling resistance of the member in the plane of bending
,
calculated based on the assumption of zero sidesway, kips (N)
Pe1 = 2EI
(K1L)2 (C2 5)
Pe2 = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story determined by sidesway
buckling analysis, kips (N)
For moment frames, where sidesway buckling effective length factors
K2 are determined for the columns, it is permitted to calculate the elastic
story sidesway buckling resistance as
Pe2 = 
2EI
(K2L)2 (C2 6a)
For all types of lateral load resisting systems, it is permitted to use
Pe2 = RM
HL
H
(C2 6b)
where
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi (200 000 MPa)
RM = 1.0 for braced frame systems;
= 0.85 for moment frame and combined systems, unless a larger value is
justified by analysis
I = moment of inertia in the plane of bending, in.4 (mm4)
L = story height, in. (mm)
K1 = effective length factor in the plane of bending, calculated based on the
assumption of no lateral translation, set equal to 1.0 unless analysis indicates
that a smaller value may be used

K2 = effective length factor in the plane of bending, calculated based on a

sidesway buckling analysis
User Note: Methods for calculation of K2 are discussed in the Commentary.
H = first order interstory drift due to lateral forces, in. (mm). WhereH varies
over the plan area of the structure,H shall be the average drift weighted
in proportion to vertical load or, alternatively, the maximum drift.
H = story shear produced by the lateral forces used to compute H, kips (N)
2. Design Requirements
These requirements apply to all types of braced, moment, and combined framing
systems. Where the ratio of second order drift to first order drift is equal to
or less
than 1.5, the required strengths of members, connections and other elements shal
l
be determined by one of the methods specified in Sections C2.2a or C2.2b, or by
the Direct Analysis Method of Appendix 7. Where the ratio of second order drift
to first order drift is greater than 1.5, the required strengths shall be determ
ined
by the Direct Analysis Method of Appendix 7.
User Note: The ratio of second order drift to first order drift can be represent
ed
by B2, as calculated using Equation C2 3. Alternatively, the ratio can
be calculated by comparing the results of a second order analysis to the results
of a first order analysis, where the analyses are conducted either under LRFD
load combinations directly or under ASD load combinations with a 1.6 factor
applied to the ASD gravity loads.
For the methods specified in Sections 2.2a or 2.2b:
(1) Analyses shall be conducted according to the design and loading requirements
specified in either Section B3.3 (LRFD) or Section B3.4 (ASD).
(2) The structure shall be analyzed using the nominal geometry and the nominal
elastic stiffness for all elements.