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Airy stress function (� is first written in its general form that contains 18 constants , these constants are either
removed from the formula due to constant Stress, linear stress, absence of stress, Symmetric Boundary conditions
about X or Y axis, or Unsymmetrical Boundary Conditions about X or Y ; and the rest of constants are found by
compatibility equations and Using Boundary Conditions.
Equations:
�= + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
� Equilibrium Equations:
� = � = � − � � =
� �
+ + =
�
� = � = � − � � =
� �
+ + =
− � �
� = � = � = +
*Fx and Fy are body forces
Solution Procedure:
Step1: write general Stress function �
Step2: Specify the location of coordinates
Step3: Remove unnecessary constants due to symmetric boundary conditions, unsymmetrical boundary conditions,
linear stress, constant stress, or absence of stress, ….
� � �
Step4: Use compatibility equation � � = + + = …. to find relations between constants
Useful Relations:
Moment: ∫− �
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
Example 1:
*Stress in X and Y direction are linear,
� �
� = = ;� = =
Max Power of X and Y are 3, Any constant with x or y raised to
power > 3 will be neglected
�= + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equation : � � = + + =
0 + 8K+24Qx+24Ry=0
X0 ; 8K =0 > K=0 /// X1 ; 24Q=0 > Q=0 /// Y1 ; 24R=0 > R=0
∴�= + + + + + + + +
�
� = = + + +
� = , > = > =
� = , > = = > =
� = , > = = > =
�
� = = + + +
� = , > = > =
� = , > = > =
� = , > = > =
� = , > = > =
∴�= + +
Now to find (B) we need to use boundary condition for shear stress
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
− �
� = =− + +
. ∶ � ,� , , , , , ,
∴�= � + +
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
Example 2:
This case is of Specime for tensile test and
this is done by uniform stress , so It’s not a
concentrated load
�= + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
*Stress in X direction is “Unifromly distributed” and it has constant value
�
� = = > Max power of Y is 2
*Boundary conditions are symmetrical about Y-axis > any constant that contains X with odd power will be neglected
� � �
By using compatability equation : � � = + + =
Since � is zero at (any X , any Y) > A=0 ; E=0; H=0; K=0 > and from eq.(1) >3(0)+(0)=0
*This is important condition to start with , because if we start with � we will have a problem with the
constant (K) , but because of starting with � > then � =2C
�=
�
� = =
�=
Example 3:
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
This is pure shear stress that is constant
Along (X and Y) ;
− �
Since � = =
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
Example 4:
�= + + + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
(24H+120Nx+24Py)+(8K+24Qx+24Ry)+(24M+24Sx+120Ty)=0
24H+8K+24M=0…..(1) ; 120N+24Q+24S=0….(2); 24P+24R+120T=0…..(3)
�
� = = + + + + + + + + +
= ,
A=0 ; D=0; E=0; H=0; J=0; K=0; N=0; P=0; Q=0; R=0
M=0; S=0; T=0; (H.W1:why?)
H.W2: is it always safe to use the above method when there is no stress in Y direction?
�
H.W3: can we say � = = , ? .
�= + + + +
− �
� = =− + + = , > = ; = ; =
H.W4: It’s clear that there’s no shear stress so (B,F and L) must equal to zero, but we can not always do this
when there is a reaction force? Why?
�
� = = +
� = ± , > = > =
H.W5: at what conditon C≠ ?
�
� = =
∫ � = > = > =
−
�=
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
H.W: draw free body diagram for this problem and find �?
Example 5:
�= + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
(24H+120Nx+24Py)+(8K+24Qx+24Ry)+(24M+24Sx+120Ty)
=0
24H+8K+24M=0…..(1) ; 120N+24Q+24S=0….(2); 24P+24R+120T=0…..(3)
�
� = = + + + + + + + + +
= ,
A=0 ; D=0; E=0; H=0; J=0; K=0; N=0; P=0; Q=0; R=0
M=0; S=0; T=0;
− �
� = =− + + = , ≠ ; ≠ ; ≠ (H.W:why?)
∫ � = , > =− −
−
� = , > = > =
�
� = = + +
� = , > = = > =
Note that � = 0 at Y = ± …. it is not an essential condition to describe the problem but we will use it to find
the value of (F) and Relate (B to L) to get the values of constants (F,B,L,G,)
� = 0 at Y = + > =− − −
� = 0 at Y = − > =− + −
F=0;
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
=− −
−
= + > = −( − )
−
=− − =
−
�= +
�= −
HINT: draw a free body diagram of problem and cut the shape into two cantilevers
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
Example 6:
�= + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
�
� = = >
� = ,− > = + +
� = ,+ > = − −
= ; =− − …..
− �
� = =− − − −
� = ,± > =− − = >
− �
� = =− −
−
Although we most compute reaction force first ∫− � = , because B and L may affect reaction force ,
but to make it easy we used this condition first …. So the stress function will be
�= + + + +
5 constants and we have only two equations ( eq.(1) and eq.(2))
So we need 3 Boundary Conditions
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
∫ � =− >− =− − =
−
=− − …..
− =− − ……
+
= ……………..
�
+ +
=− ….
�
+
=− =−
�
�
� = = + + +
∫ � = + = =
−
+
=− =−
�
�= + + + +
All constants have been determined, but I am not sure so please try to solve the problem by yourself.
H.W: Repeat the problem by writing the general stress function with 18 constants, use compatibility equation to find
3 relations, and then use Boundary conditions.
Hint: at =± ∶ = ; ;
at ; =± > � =
at ; =± > � =
at ; =− > � =−
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Example 7:
(24H+120Nx+24Py)+(8K+24Qx+24Ry)+(24M+24Sx+120Ty)=0
24H+8K+24M=0…..(1) ; 120N+24Q+24S=0….(2); 24P+24R+120T=0…..(3)
�
� = = + + + + + + + + +
= ,
A=0 ; D=0; E=0; H=0; J=0; K=0; N=0; P=0; Q=0; R=0
M=0; S=0; T=0;
�= + + + +
− �
� = =− − −
� = =− > =− + −
� = =+ > = − − −
∫ � = = > =− − − − > =−
−
=− ; =− ; =−
� �
�
� = = + +
∫ � = = > = + − > = =
−
� = , > = − + = > =
− −
� = −� + + +�
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Example 8:
�= + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
� = , > + + =
� = ,− > − − =
= ; + = ….
� = , > = + + + +
� = ,− > = + − − −
=−
= + + > =−
− �
� = =− − − −
� = + +
� = , > =−
� = , > =−
∫ � = > +� =
−
� = , > + + =
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∫ � = = > + + =
−
It is difficult to solve such problems; you can use Matlab or do hard math work.
After a lot of Examples, I hope that now you understand the techniques to solve problems.
Note: “it is worth noting that the polynomial approach has severe limitations when applied to cases
with discontinuous loads on the boundary. For such cases, a stress function in the form of
trigonometric series- a Fourier Series for example – Should be used” Mechanics of Materials 2, Third Edition
by E.J. Hearn, P:267
For the Next example I have an idea which is to cut the shape into two parts and define the problem with
� = ; � =
Example9:
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� = + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + = > R = -5T…..(1)
� = + + + + + +
� = + +
� = + + +
� =− − − −
� = , =
� = , =−
= ; = + ….. …. ?
� = , > + = ……
∫ � = > =
−
� = , > =− =−
∫ � = = > − − − − = = …….
−
H.W 1: Eq.(4) contains E,R and Eq.(2) contains E,R > Find E,R and then write �
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
� = + + + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + +
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
(24H+120Nx+24Py)+(8K+24Qx+24Ry)+(24M+24Sx+120Ty)=0
24H+8K+24M=0…..(1) ; 120N+24Q+24S=0….(2); 24P+24R+120T=0…..(3)
�
� = = + + + + + + + + +
= ,
A=0 ; D=0; E=0; H=0; J=0; K=0; N=0; P=0; Q=0; R=0
M=0; S=0; T=0;
� = + + + +
H.W 2: find B,C,F,G and L , then write �
H.W 3: discuss the problem.
H.W 4: Why polynomial approach has severe limitations when applied to cases with discontinuous loads on the
boundary?
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Exam
5/12/2016
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This kind of problems containing stress in X-direction is Not Easy to deal with when combined with other forces or stresses
� = + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + + +
� is linear so Maximum power of y is 3
Symmetric about Y-axis : X:even
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
(24H+24Py)+(8K+24Ry) =0
24H+8K=0…..(1) ; 24P+24R=0…..(2)
�
� = = + + + + + = ,
A=0 ; E=0; H=0; K=0; P=0; R=0 (This method is verified from many books)
Compatibility Equations is already satisfied
� = +
� � �
� = = + >>> � = = = > = ; � = =
�
� = =− = > =−
� =− ;� = ;� =
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Note that taking coordinates at the end would produce a problem >>> Find out why
� =−
Note that
� �
+ =
� �
+ =
for the second part you should notice that the coordinates should be at
the same position!
∫ � =−
� = + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
* Unsymmetrical about Y-axis > X: odd
� � �
Compatability Equations : � � = + + =
(120Nx)+( 24Qx)+(24M+24Sx+120Ty)=0
24M=0…..(1) ; 120N+24Q+24S=0….(2); 120T=0…..(3)
� = + + + + + + + + ++
� = + + + = ,
D=0; J=0; N=0; Q=0; S=0
� = + + + +
−
Let’s not forget that =
� = + + +
� =− − −
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� �
+ =
+ + − − =
� �
+ =
0+0=0
So the Equations are correct and satisfy the equilibrium equation
� = + + +
� =− − −
� =
∫ � = + + + =
∗ = > = +
∗ = > = + + +
− = +
∫ � = + + +
∗ = > = + + +
∗ =− > = − + −
( =− , = , = , =− )
� �
� =− −( ) +
ℎ ℎ
−
∫ � =− − = = > =
� �
� = −( ) +
ℎ ℎ
� = + + + +
� = − + + + −
�=� +�
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
�= − + + − + + −
� �
+ =
�
� = =− + + (− + ) −
�
� =− = −( ) +( )
� �
+ =
[ − ] + [− + ]=
Which is Satisfied!
�
� = =
� �
+ =
Which is Satisfied!
H.W: Draw F.B.D of the Problem and find reactions at the ends and Moment at
X= [-w/2, 0, w/2]
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� = � − �
�
� = =
=∫ − + + − + −
−
− + −
=
� = � − �
��
� = =
�
=∫ (− + + (− + ) − )
−
�
=−
� = +
[− + ] [− + ]
� =[ ]+ =
H.W: Find , , � , = , , , , ± , , ± ,
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Plane Strain :
−
� �= + + + + =− �
� � −
� �
� = + +
�
�
�� = +
�
� �=−
�
If V is harmonic or the body forces are neglected > � � � =
Plane Stress :
� �= + + + + =− − �
� �
� �
� =� �= = +
�
�
�� =
�
� �=−
�
Axisymmetric Analysis - A problem in which the geometry, loadings, boundary conditions and materials are
symmetric with respect to an axis is one that can be solved as an axisymmetric problem instead of as a three
dimensional problem.
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�
�� =
� �=
� � � � −
: + + + =− �
−
� � � �
: + + + =− − �
*V=V(r)
Anisymmetric Problems Without Body Forces:
� � � �
+ + + =
�= + + +
�
� = = + ( + )+
�
�� = =− + ( + )+
� �=
:� = ; �� = + +� � = + −
� �
For axisymmetric problems the displacement component vanishes
� = ; �� =
��
� − �� = which is the strain compatibility equation. Substituting Hook’s law in the compatibility
equation, together with
�
�� = =− + ( + )+
Yields B=0 and since stresses are the second derivatives of the stress function for plane axisymmetric
problems without body forces is:
�
� = = ++
�
�� = =− +
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� �=
Axisymmetric Problems With Centrifugal Body Forces: A case of practical interest is where the body force is
the centrifugal force resulting from a constant angular velocity . in this case, the only nonzero body force
component is given by
=− =�
−
= �
� � � �
+ + + = − �
−
�= + + + + �
Omitting the constant D and recalling that B=0 for axisymmetric problems, the stress function � for plane
stress condition with centrifugal body forces is given by
−
�= + + �
� +
� = + = ++ − �
�
� +
�� = + =− + − �
�
In a procedure similar to that of the case of plane stress, it can be shown that a stress function for plane strain
condition with centrifugal forces, e.g., the case of rotating long cylinder or drum is given by
−
�= + + + �
−
� −
� = + = ++ − �
� −
� +
�� = + =− + − �
� −
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1 d d 2
r , 2 , r r 0
r dr dr
u r 1
r 1 2 1 3 B 21 B ln r 21 C
A
r E r
u r 1 u 1
1 2 3 B 21 B ln r 21 C
A
r r E r
1 u r u u
r 0
By integration, we obtain displacements: (using above 3 equations)
1
u r 1 21 Br ln r 1 1 3 Br 21 Cr f ,
A
E r
4 Br
u f d f1 r
E
df1 r df
r 0 f1 r r f d
dr d
where f() and f1(r) are respectively arbitrary functions of and r
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
df1 r
f
1 r r F
dr
df f d F
F is a constant
d
from which we obtain:
f1(r) = Hr+F, H is an arbitrary constant.
f() = I cos + K sin, I,K are arbitrary constants.
Finally, we have the displacement solutions for the axisymmetric problems
1
1 21 Br ln r 1 1 3 Br 21 Cr I cos K sin
A
ur
E r
4 Br
u Hr I sin K sin
E
Evidently the stress distribution must be asymmetrical, then the stress components can be
expressed by
B1 2 ln r 2C ,
A
r
r2 r r 0.
2 B3 2 ln r 2C ,
A
r
(1)boundary conditions:
r r a 0; r r b 0;
r q a , r qb
r a r b
already satisfied
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YOUSIF JAMAL MAHBOUBA MSc. Applied Mechanics 2016-2017
4 Br
u Hr I sin K sin
E ,
not sin gle valued, so we must take B 0
For any hollow cylinder B=0 (try to derive the above equation again)
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�= + + + ≫≫ � = + +
�
� = = +
�
�� = =− +
� �=
� = >− = +
� = >− = +
−
=
−
−
=
−
*For symmetrical stress distributing in a full ring > B=0 (reference: Theory of Elasticity by Timoshenko)
H.W: find � for solid cylinder or disk under peripheral uniformly distributing load.
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�= + + +
�
� = = + ( + )+
�
�� = =− + ( + )+
� �=
Condition 1:
+ ( + )+ =
+ ( + )+ =
Condition 2:
�
∫ �� =∫ =[ + + + ]−[ + + + ]
Condition 3:
�
∫ �� =∫ =−
� � �
∫ = −∫ (H.W: How?)
�
− = − �
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�
= ?
� =
� = + ( − )+ − =
=−
− − ( )
−
=−
− − ( )
[ − + − ]
=
− − ( )
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Example 3: Rotating Disk (annular)
� +
� = + = ++ − �
�
� +
�� = + =− + − �
�
� =
+
� = � + − −
�
+ +
�� = � + + −
� +
*For rotating Drum or rotor usually has along length compared with its
diameter, thus providing conditions of plane strain, The governing equations for a stress function
solution are given by:
−
� = + − �
� −
+
�� = − + − �
� −
� =
−
� = � + − −
� −
− +
�� = � + + −
� − −
� = � + ��
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Based on the required angular dependence of the stress field, the Airy stress function for this problem is
selected from the *general Michell Solutions, including only terms with � dependence
�= �
� � � �
� = + ; �� = ;� �=−
� �
> + − + − =
= + + +
�=[ + + + ] �
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