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Research Proposal

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 .

Background of the Study


Nowadays, translation become an important thing to make animation film

especially in many countries that need subtitle to make the film more understand.
many films are subtitled in English and sometimes we could not find the subtitle in
our native language. Mitterer and McQueen (2009), cited by Lisa (2013), believes
that foreign subtitles harm foreign speech perception. It is the obstacle if someday we
have to serve the films with Engish subtitle to the young learners. Translation are
needed at this learning process. It is necessary to understand the concept of
translation as mentioned by many translation theorists to obtain an overall picture of
the translation process. Some of these concepts quoted by Jiraphatralikhit, Kaewjan,
Klinpoon, Visitwanit (2005: 7) are as follows: Bensoussan (1990) states that
translation is closely related to the reading process. Newmark (1981: 7) indicates that
translation is a craft that attempts to replace a written message and/or statement in
one language by the same message or statement in another language. Also, he views
translation as a science, a skill, an art, and a matter of taste. As cited by Zohre Owji
(2013).
Frozen is an animation film in 2013 produces by John Lasseter and Peter
Del Vecho. "Frozen" tells the story of the adventures of a girl named Anna (Kristen

Research Proposal

Bell) and his friends against Snow Queen (Idina Menzel). Because of mischievous
Snow Queen, the whole empire freezes and people suffering from the cold. Snow
Queen is actually a sister Anna were named Elsa. By asking for help Kristoff
(Jonathan Groff) and a cute snowman named Olaf (Josh Gad), Anna tried to find the
Snow Queen. Funny events were coloring their journey. A synopsis by Harri Pranata
in his filmdanmovie.blogspot.com, (2013). By this film the researcher will find which
strategies of translation are suitable for this film and how strategies of translation can
giving contribution in making animation film subtitle for young learners.
Futhermore, the students have benefit by subtitle. Vanderplank (1988, p. 275),
however, found that learners benefit from target language subtitles in that the students
learn to develop strategies such as switching back and forth between the audio
material and the subtitles or by finding a strategy allowing them to process the audio,
the visuals, and the text channel simultaneously. In terms of the type of subtitles,
dYdewalle and Van de Poel (1999) argue that native language subtitles are
particularly informative due to the fact that along with the visual and contextual clues
and the audio material the viewers are presented with text translation of the audio.
Sometimes, the learners dont understand about film without subtitle, besides subtitle
is the important thing in a film. Baltova (1999) notes that exposing learners to
authentic audiovisual material, particularly when subtitled in the target language,
seems a pedagogically healthier approach(p. 42).

Research Proposal

Frozen is an animation film. Animation comes in various forms. They exist


in live-action films, advertisements, corporate videos, video games and also fully
animated films and television series. Animation may also appear in the form of
moving text, objects, drawings and computer generated images. As suggested by
Greenberg (2011) in Mohd (2011), who constructed a theoretical definition of
animation, the definition of animation has become less clear over the years because
of the changes that have occurred in terms of how animation is used. Stephenson
(1967:13) suggested a loose definition of animation in one of the earliest attempts to
study the nature of animation. He explained the general acceptance towards the
definition of animation films as being created on a frame-by-frame basis. This
definition is similar to the suggestion of Wells (1998:10) in which Wells suggested
that animation was more of a hand rather than a photographic job but maintained the
frame-by-frame approach.
Krings (1986:18) in Mahmoud (2007) defines translation strategy as
"translator's potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in
the framework of a concrete translation task," and Seguinot (1989) believes that there
are at least three global strategies employed by the translators: (i) translating without
interruption for as long as possible; (ii) correcting surface errors immediately; (iii)
leaving the monitoring for qualitative or stylistic errors in the text to the revision
stage.
Meanwhile, in the strategies of translation, translator distinguish two types of
strategies of translation, global translation strategies and local translation strategies

Research Proposal

(Basic of Translation, 2010). Global translation strategy (aka. translation method):


the overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole the primary choice you have to
make here is how close to the source text you want your target text to be and local
translation strategy (aka. translation procedure): strategies you apply in the translation
of individual expressions in the source text, such as words, grammatical
constructions, idioms etc.) as put in Basic of Translation (2010). Furthermore, Bell
(1998:188) in Mahmoud (2007) differentiates between global (those dealing with
whole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms that
this distinction results from various kinds of translation problems.
The researchers above tell us that a strategy of translation will give
contribution the student to more understand in make subtitle in animation film.
Therefore, from the explanation above, those became the writer concern to
find out what kind of strategy of translation that will affect to the understanding
young learners in animation film. This research paper entitles Analyzing Strategies
of Translation in Film Frozen
1.2 .

The Assumption
The assumption deals with this research are following:
1. The young learners have some difficulties in watching English without
subtitled films.
2. The analyzing with strategies of translation will affect to their perception
of the media/film.

1.3 .

The Research Questions


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Research Proposal

The research will be conducted to seek out the answers of these following
questions:
1. How strategies of translation can giving contribution in making animation

1.4 .

film subtitle?
2. Which translation strategies are suitable for the animation film?
The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem statements, the objectives of this study are as follows:
1. To find out the strategy of translation which suitable for the Frozen
animation film.
2. To figure out the young learners understanding about the Frozen
animation film.

1.5 .

Scope and Limitation of the Study


To simplify the study, the writer will focus on two concerns to assure of its

study. The first is finding out the strategy of translation which suitable for the
Frozen animation film. Next is about figuring out the young learners understanding
about the Frozen animation film. Futhermore, this study will be conducted to the
2nd Grade of English Education Program at STKIP Garut.

1.6 .

Research Methodology

Research Proposal

In conducting the research, the writer will need the method for collecting and
analyzing the data. Thus, the writer use qualitative research. As cited by John D.
Anderson (2006), Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data
by observing what people do and say. Whereas, quantitative research refers to counts
and measures of things, qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts,
definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things.
Moreover, Creswell, J.W.

(1994) stated that Research that is guided by the

qualitative paradigm is defined as: an inquiry process of understanding a social or


human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words,
reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting.. Based on
those statement, qualitative research will be used due to find out the strategies of
translation which suitable for this Frozen animation film and to figure out the
young learners understanding about the strategies of translation in Frozen
animation film.
1.7 .

The Significance of the Study


The results of the study are expected to contribute the following contribution:
1. Theoritically
This study can be to enrich the theories and strategies of translation by
using film frozen as a media.
2. Practically
Practically, this study is useful for students who want to understand the
strategies of translation in animation film..

Research Proposal

1.8 .

The Definition of Terminology


The following definitions are provided to ensure uniformity and

understanding of these terms throughout the study. The terminologies are as follow:
1. Picken (1989) defines that general translation is a method of transferring oral
and written messages from writing to speech or from one language to another.
2. Munday, J (2008: 5) state that translation means The term translation itself
has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product (the
text that has been translated) or the process. The process of translation
between two different written languages involves the translator changing an
original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a
different verbal language.
3. Nida (1974), cited by Jiraphatralikhit et al. (2005), believes that translating
consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent
of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and second in terms
of style.
4. Larson (1984) states that in general translation communicates, as much as
possible, the same meaning that was understood by the speakers of the source
language, using the normal language form of the receptor language, while
maintaining the dynamics of the original source language text. She also
expresses that the goal of a translator should be to produce a receptor
language text (a translation) that is idiomatic; i.e., one that has the same

Research Proposal

meaning as the source-language text, but is expressed in the natural form of


the receptor language.
1.9 .

Content of the Paper


The paper will organize as the following:
1. Chapter I: Introduction
This chapter contains introduction which explains about background of the
study, the problem statement, the objectives of the study, scope of the study,
significance of the study, definition of key terms, and contents of the study
2. Chapter II: Literature Review
This chapter consists of literature review, which serves a set of relevant
theories as a base for investigating research problems.
3. Chapter III: Research Methodology
Chapter III explains the methodology of research. It provides the information
about research methodology, reasearch design, method of data collection,
method of data analysis, research participant and research procedure.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter presents about some related information topic of the recent study.
It is intended to provide some theoretical concepts which could support this
investigation. And also, definition of translation, strategy definition, global translation

Research Proposal

strategy, local translation strategy, characteristic of translation strategy, translation


problem, translation strategies typologies, and categories of translation.
2.1.

Definition of translation
Translation is The process of translating words or text from one language into

another, Munday, J. (2008) states that The process of translation between two
different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text
(the source text or ST) in the original verbal language (the source language or SL)
into a written text (the target text or TT) in a different verbal language (the target
language or TL). And he also states that state that translation means The term
translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the
product (the text that has been translated) or the process. According to Owji, Z.
(2013) stated that, Translation is a complicated task, during which the meaning of
the source-language text should be conveyed to the target-language readers. In other
words, translation can be defined as encoding the meaning and form in the target
language by means of the decoded meaning and form of the source language.
Different theorists state various definitions for translation.
2.2.

Strategy definition
According to Owji, Z (2010) states that, The word strategy is used in many

contexts. In translation studies many theorists have used the term translation

Research Proposal

strategies widely but with some considerable differences in the meaning and the
perspective from which they look at it
2.2.1

Global Translation Strategy


global translation strategy (aka. translation method): the overall strategy you

apply to a text as a whole the primary choice you have to make here is how close to
the source text you want your target text to be (Basic of Translation, 2010).

2.2.2

Local Translation Strategy


Local translation strategy (aka. translation procedure): strategies you apply in

the translation of individual expressions in the source text, such as words,


grammatical constructions, idioms etc.). (Basic of Translation, 2010)

2.2.3. Characteristic of Translation Strategy


Bergen (n. d.) quotes Chesterman's (1997) list of some general characteristics
of translation strategies:
a) Translation strategies apply to a process;
b) They involve text-manipulation;
c) They are goal-oriented;
d) They are problem-centered;

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e) They are applied consciously;


f) They are inter-subjective.
Most theorists agree that strategies are used by translators when they
encounter a problem and literal translation is not useful. Different researchers have
investigated and described various translation strategies from their different
perspectives. This paper concentrates on the differences between these theories. It
intends to show what translation strategies exist and when and why they are used by
professional translators.
2.3. Translation Problem
According to Dr. Miremadi (1991), translation problems are divided into two
main categories: lexical problems and syntactic problems.
1. Lexical problems
In the interpretation of lexical problems, Miremadi states that, although words
are entities that refer to objects or concepts, a word in one language may not be
substituted with a word in another language when referring to the same concepts or
objects.
He divides lexical problems into five subcategories:

Straight/ denotative meaning

This kind of meaning refers to those words of the source text that can be
matched with those of the target text "without missing images" (e.g. mother, father,
etc).

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Lexical meaning

Lexical meaning refers to words or phrases which seem to be equivalen,


although in that situation this may not be the case; the translator must be aware of the
intention beyond the words in order not to misrepresent the author's message.

Metaphorical expression

This subcategory refers to the problematic issues of translating idioms and


similar expressions.
Broeik (1981) quoted by Dr. Miremadi (1991) offers the following
suggestions for translating idiomatic expressions:
a) Distinguishing between ordinary expressions and metaphors
b) Having access to the resources of translating a single metaphor
c) Being aware of different contexts and their constraints on using metaphors
d) Correctly realizing the constraints on the translation, and rendering the
message.

Semantic voids

This subcategory includes those words and/or expressions that represent


concepts that cannot be found in other special communities. The close equivalents
may be found, although the exact equivalent cannot.
According to Dr. Miremadi (1991), this may happen in two cases, subjects to
extra-linguistic factors such as those words that have referents in a certain speech
community but not in others, and subject to intra-linguistic factors such as those

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Research Proposal

concepts that may exist in two language communities but the structure of their use
may be completely different, Dagut (1931) believes, as Dr. Miremadi (1991)
mentioned, that this case occurs when the systems of lexicalization of shared
expressions are different from each other.

Proper names

The last but not the least sub-category in this group is the problem of proper
names. Although proper names refer to individuals and can be transcribed from one
language into another, sometimes the specific meaning that they carry, which do not
exist in the target speech community, may be lost (e.g. Asghar Rizein Persian).
2. Syntactic problems
Syntactic problems are the other main category of translation problems; as Dr.
Miremadi (1991) quoted Nida (1975), one can find no two languages that have the
exact identical systems of structural organizations (i.e. language structure varies from
one language to another).
These differences include:
a. Word classes
Languages differ from each other in the internal word formation of language
classification.
b. Grammatical relations
This difference exists among the languages in the way that a constituent of a
sentence functions within that sentence.

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c. Word order
d. Style
e. Pragmatic aspects
Considering all these problems, a translator is expected to convey the message
of the source text to target readers; however, there is no completely exact translation
between any two languages and as Dr. Miremadi (1991) quoted Werner (1961), the
degree of approximation between two language systems determines the effectiveness
of the translation.

2.4. Translation Strategies Typologies


Different scholars suggest various types, categorizations and classifications
for the strategies according to their particular perspectives. Here, some of these
typologies are mentioned.
Chesterman (1997), as Bergen (n. d.) stated, believes that in translation
strategies' field there is "considerable terminological confusion". As
Chesterman (1997) believes, the general characteristics of translation
strategies are as follows:
1. They involve text manipulation.
2. They must be applied to the process.
3. They are goal-oriented.
4. They are problem-centered.
5. They are applied consciously.
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6. They are inter-subjective. (It means the strategies must be empirical and
understandable for the readers not the person who used them.)

2.5. Categories of translation


There are three categories of translation according to Jacobson (1959/2004:
139) cited by Munday, J. (2008) as follows:
1. Intralingual translation, or rewording: an interpretation of verbal signs by
means of other signs of the same language;
Interlingual translation, or translation proper: an interpretation of verbal

2.

signs by means of some other language;


3. intersemiotictranslation, or transmutation: an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.
2.6. Definition of Animation
Animation comes in various forms. They exist in live-action films,
advertisements, corporate videos, video games and also fully animated films and
television series. Animation may also appear in the form of moving text, objects,
drawings and computer generated images. As suggested by Greenberg (2011) in
Mohd (2011), who constructed a theoretical definition of animation, the definition of
animation has become less clear over the years because of the changes that have
occurred in terms of how animation is used. Stephenson (1967:13) suggested a loose
definition of animation in one of the earliest attempts to study the nature of
animation. He explained the general acceptance towards the definition of animation
films as being created on a frame-by-frame basis. This definition is similar to the

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Research Proposal

suggestion of Wells (1998:10) in which Wells suggested that animation was more of a
hand rather than a photographic job but maintained the frame-by-frame approach.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodological procedures that have been selected
by the researcher to address the issue/problem delineated in chapter one. It will
present the necessary details allowing someone unfamiliar with the study to figure out
what is being substantiated in the study.
3.1.

Research Methodololgy
In conducting this research, the researcher will need the method for collecting

and analyzing the data. Thus, the researcher use qualitative research. As cited by John
D. Anderson (2006), Qualitative Research is collecting, analyzing, and interpreting
data by observing what people do and say. Whereas, quantitative research refers to
counts and measures of things, qualitative research refers to the meanings, concepts,
definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and descriptions of things.

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Research Proposal

Moreover, Creswell, J.W.

(1994) stated that Research that is guided by the

qualitative paradigm is defined as: an inquiry process of understanding a social or


human problem based on building a complex, holistic picture, formed with words,
reporting detailed views of informants, and conducted in a natural setting. Denzin and
Lincoln (1994) define qualitative research: Qualitative research is multi-method in
focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This
means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to
make sense of or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.
Qualitative research involves the studied use and collection of a variety of empirical
materials case study, personal experience, introspective, life story interview,
observational, historical, interactional, and visual texts-that describe routine and
problematic moments and meaning in individuals' lives. Cresswell (1994) defines it
as: Qualitative research is an inquiry process of understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that explore a social or human problem. The
researcher builds a complex, holistic picture, analyzes words, reports detailed views
of informants, and conducts the study in a natural setting. Based on those statement,
qualitative research will be used due to find out the strategies of translation which
suitable for this Frozen animation film and to figure out the young learners
understanding about the strategies of translation in Frozen animation film.
3.2.

Research Design

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Research Proposal

In conducting this research, the writer will use qualitative method.


Surjakusumah as his Areas of Language Teaching and Learning Research defines
qualitative methodology is a research which is not intended to set out to test
hypotheses. Moreover, the writer will use non-participant observation that observes
activities without engaging and set up any hypothesis in the activities she is studied.
Therefore, in this research, the writer will analyzes the barriers that may be existed
from the 3rd grade students of English Education Program of STKIP Garut in
speaking English fluently.
3.3.

Method of Data Collection


In this research, the writer will use 2 methods for collecting the data; they are

Writing test and questionnaires.


3.4.

Instrument for Data Collection


3.4.1 Writing Test
Writing test is one of collecting data from the object. Writing test designed to

know students ability in writing (whether accurate or not). According to Hammond


(1989) in Irhami (2013) stated that Writing is also an action a process of
discovering and organizing our ideas, putting them on a paper and reshaping and
revising them. The writer will choose one theme of translation based on film
Frozen.

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Research Proposal

3.4.2 Questionnaires
In conducting the research, the researcher will use Writing test and
questionnaires as the instruments. The writer will provide some questionnaires to
observe the problem in translation.
3.5.

Method of Data Analysis


The data analysis will be based on the recording and analysis of Writing test

and also the questionnaires.

3.6.

Research Procedure
In this research, the writer will use several steps and procedures. Here are

several procedures in this research:


1. First, the writer find out the problems of the research.
2. Second, determining data collecting procedures; the writer will
determine the research instrument use for collecting data; those are
writing test and questionnaires.
3. Third, determining the data processing procedures; the writer will
propose the research permission to the institute or place where the
research conducts.
4. Fourth, the writer will conduct the research. The object research will be
from the second academic year of English program of STKIP Garut.

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Research Proposal

5. The last, the writer will arrange all the research data findings into report
paper and make editing first before it is ready to submit to the
supervisor.
3.7.
Concluding
The last step is making conclusions based on the research conducted. This
conclusion will answer the research problems, convey some suggestions
towards this topic and reveal the benefits of this research.

REFERENCE
Anderson, J. D. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative research. Imperial COE:
Superintendent of Schools.
Aurstad, L.M.G. (2013).The role of subtitles in second language acquisition. NTNU:
Spring.
Basic of Translation. (2010).SIS English: Aalborg University.
Hunt, C. A. Tanpa tahun. Qualitative and quantitative concepts in proposal writing:
similarities, differences and controversy. North Dakota: University of North
Dakota.
Irhami, M. (2013, October 04). Definition of writing. Martapura.
Munday, J. (2008). Introducing translation studies theories and applications 2 nd
edition. London and New York: Routledge.
Omar, M. A. M & Ishak, M. S. A. 2011. Understanding culture through animation:
from the world to Malaysia. Malaysian Journal ofMedia studies 13, (2).

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Ordudari, M. (2007, July). Translation procedures, strategies and methods.


Translation Journal, 3.
Owji, Z. (2013, January). Translation strategies: a review and comparison theories.
Translation Journal, 1.
Oxford learners pocket dictionary; 1995
Porter, L. H. & Luke, D. (2001). Strategies in translation. Erfurt: Erfurt University
Press.
Websites :
http://www.computing.dcu.ie/~hruskin/RM2.htm
https://fatonipgsd071644221.wordpress.com/2009/12/20/penelitian-kualitatif/
http://filmdanmovie.blogspot.com/2013/11/sinopsis-film-animasi-frozen-2013.html
https://fatonipgsd071644221.wordpress.com/2009/12/20/penelitian-kualitatif/
http://m-irhami.blogspot.com/2013/10/definition-of-writing.html

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