ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

LAB MANUAL
Subject Code CS233
Prepared by
Kuruvila John,Rahul R Nair and Bibin Wilson
(Believers Church Caarmel Engineering
College,Perunadu)

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. FORWARD AND REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS OF PN DIODE AND ZENER DIODE.

2. INPUT AND OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF BJT IN CE CONFIGURATION AND
EVALUATION OF PARAMETERS
3. RC INTEGRATING AND DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUITS
4. RC LOW PASS AND HIGH PASS CIRCUITS
5. CLIPPING CIRCUITS
6. CLAMPING CIRCUITS
7. BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER
8. RC COUPLED CE AMPLIFIER
9. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING TRANSISTORS
10. ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
11. INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP IC 741
12. NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP IC 741
13. RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING OP-AMP 741
14. SIMULATION OF SIMPLE CIRCUITS USING SPICE SOFTWARE

EXPERIMENT NO :1
Forward and Reverse characteristics of PN and Zener diode
Forward and reverse characteristics of PN diode and Zener diode
A). PN Diode
Aim
1. To plot Volt-Ampere Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diode.
2. To find cut-in Voltage for Silicon P-N Junction diode.
3. To find static and dynamic resistances in both forward and reverse biased conditions for P-N Junction
diode.
Components

Diodes(IN4001/7), Resistors(1k ohm), Bread board, Regulated power supply(0-30V) Ammeter

(0-30mA,0-500microA), Voltmeter (0-1V, 0-30V) and CRO.
Procedure
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the diode. This may lead to damage of the
diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
Experiment:
Forward Biased Condition:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in forward bias i.e Anode is connected to positive of the power supply
and cathode is connected to negative of the power supply .
2. Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30)V and a series resistance of 1k. 3. For various values of
forward voltage (Vf) note down the corresponding values of forward current (If).
Reverse biased condition:
1. Connect the PN Junction diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected to negative of the power supply
and cathode is connected to positive of the power supply. 2. For various values of reverse voltage (Vr )
note down the corresponding values of reverse current ( Ir ).

Working principle
Donor impurities (pentavalent) are introduced into one-side and acceptor impurities into the other side of
a single crystal of an intrinsic semiconductor to form a p-n diode with a junction called depletion region
(this region is depleted off the charge carriers). This region gives rise to a potential barrier V called Cutin Voltage. This is the voltage across the diode at which it starts conducting. The P-N junction can
conduct beyond this Potential.
The P-N junction supports uni-directional current flow. If +ve terminal of the input supply is connected to
anode (P-side) and ve terminal of the input supply is connected to cathode (N- side), then diode is said to
be forward biased. In this condition the height of the potential barrier at the junction is lowered by an
amount equal to given forward biasing voltage. Both the holes from p-side and electrons from n-side
cross the junction simultaneously and constitute a forward current ( injected minority current due to
holes crossing the junction and entering N-side of the diode, due to electrons crossing the junction and
entering P-side of the diode). Assuming current flowing through the diode to be very large, the diode can
be approximated as short-circuited switch. If ve terminal of the input supply is connected to anode (pside) and +ve terminal of the input supply is connected to cathode (n-side) then the diode is said to be
reverse biased. In this condition an amount equal to reverse biasing voltage increases the height of the
potential barrier at the junction. Both the holes on p-side and electrons on n-side tend to move away from
the junction thereby increasing the depleted region. However the process cannot continue indefinitely,
thus a small current called reverse saturation current continues to flow in the diode. This small current is
due to thermally generated carriers. Assuming current flowing through the diode to be negligible, the
diode can be approximated as an open circuited switch. The volt-ampere characteristics of a diode
explained by following equation:

It is observed that Ge diode has smaller cut-in-voltage when compared to Si diode. The reverse saturation
current in Ge diode is larger in magnitude when compared to silicon diode.
Circuit diagram:
Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

Model graph

Tabulation
Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

Obeservation

Calculation

Actual graph

Result
Result: Thus the VI characteristics of PN junction diode is verified.
1. Cut in voltage = V
2. Static forward resistance = .
3. Dynamic forward resistance = .

B). ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Aim
1. To plot Volt-Ampere characteristics of Zener diode.
2. To find Zener break down voltage in reverse biased condition.
Components
Zener Diode (IZ 6.2), Resistance (1k ohm), Bread board, Regulated power supply(0-30V) Ammeter

(0-30mA,0-500microA), Voltmeter (0-1V, 0-30V) and CRO.

Procedure
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the diode. This may lead to damage of the
diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
Experiment:
Forward Biased Condition:
1. Connect the Zener diode in forward bias i.e; anode is connected to positive of the power supply and
cathode is connected to negative of the power supply as in circuit
2. Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30)V and a series resistance of 1k.
3. For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the corresponding values of forward current(If)
.
Reverse Biased condition:
1. Connect the Zener diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected to negative of the power supply and
cathode is connected to positive of the power supply as in circuit.
2. For various values of reverse voltage(Vr ) note down the corresponding values of reverse current ( Ir ).

Working principle
An ideal P-N Junction diode does not conduct in reverse biased condition. A zener diode conducts
excellently even in reverse biased condition. These diodes operate at a precise value of voltage called
break down voltage. A zener diode when forward biased behaves like an ordinary P-N junction diode.
A zener diode when reverse biased can either undergo avalanche break down or zener break down.
Avalanche break down:-If both p-side and n-side of the diode are lightly doped, depletion region at the
junction widens. Application of a very large electric field at the junction may rupture covalent bonding

between electrons. Such rupture leads to the generation of a large number of charge carriers resulting in
avalanche multiplication.
Zener break down:-If both p-side and n-side of the diode are heavily doped, depletion region at the
junction reduces. Application of even a small voltage at the junction ruptures covalent bonding and
generates large number of charge carriers. Such sudden increase in the number of charge carriers results
in zener mechanism.
Circuit diagram:
Forward Bias

Reverse Bias

Model graph

Tabulation
Forward Bias:

Reverse Bias:

Obeservation

Calculation

Actual graph

Result
The zener diode characteristics have been plotted.
1. Cut in voltage = V
2 Break down voltage = ------------(v)

EXPERIMENT NO :2
Input and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration and
evaluation of parameters
Aim
To study input and output characteristics of BJT in CE configuration and evaluation of parameters

Components
Transistor (BC147), Resistance (1k ohm), Bread board, Regulated power supply(0-30V) Ammeter

(0-30mA,0-500microA), Voltmeter (0-1V, 0-30V) and CRO.

Procedure
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the transistor. This may lead to damage the
transistor.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
4. Make sure while selecting the emitter, base and collector terminals of the transistor.
Experiment:
Input Characteristics
1. Connect the transistor in CE configuration as per circuit diagram
2. Keep output voltage VCE = 0V by varying VCC.
3. Varying VBB gradually, note down both base current IB and base - emitter voltage (VBE).
4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for various values of VCE
Output Characteristics
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram.
2. By varying VBB keep the base current I B = 20A.
3. Varying VCC gradually, note down the readings of collector-current (IC) and collector- emitter voltage
(VCE). 4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for different values of IE

Working principle
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a 3 terminal (emitter, base, collector) semiconductor device. There are
two types of transistors namely NPN and PNP. It consists of two P-N junctions namely emitter junction
and collector junction.
In Common Emitter configuration the input is applied between base and emitter and the output is taken
from collector and emitter. Here emitter is common to both input and output and hence the name common
emitter configuration.
Input characteristics are obtained between the input current and input voltage taking output voltage as
parameter. It is plotted between VBE and IB at constant VCE in CE configuration.
Output characteristics are obtained between the output voltage and output current taking input current as
parameter. It is plotted between VCE and IC at constant IB in CE configuration.
Input resistance: To obtain input resistance find VBE and IB at constant VCE on one of the input
characteristics.
Then Ri = VBE / IB (VCE constant)
Output resistance: To obtain output resistance, find IC and VCE at constant IB.
Ro = VCE / IC (IB constant)
Pin Assignment:

Circuit Diagram:

Model graph

Tabulation
Input characteristics:

Output characteristics:

Observation

Calculation

Actual graph
Result
Thus the input and output characteristics of CE configuration is plotted.
1. Input Resistance (Ri) =
2. Output Resistance (Ro) =

EXPERIMENT NO :3
RC INTEGRATING AND DIFFERENTIATING CIRCUITS
AIM:
Design and setup RC integrator and Differenciating circuit.

COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Resistor 5.6k. 2 nos. Capacitor 3.3F, capacitor 220pF,Breadboard,CRO,Function generator.

PROCEDURE :
1. Set up the differentiator and integrator circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the square wave of 5V pp at 1 KHz.
3. Observe the input and output waveforms on CRO screen and plot it.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A differentiator gives the derivative of input voltage as output. A differentiator using passive components
resistors and capacitors is a high pass filter. The circuit is shown .It acts as a differentiator only when the time
constant is too small. The voltage at output is proportional to the current through the capacitor. The current
through the capacitor can be expressed as C dv/dt. The output is taking across the resistor. So output will be
RC dv/dt. Thus differentiation of input takes place.
When a square wave is applied at the input, during the positive half cycle capacitor charges. So initially
the voltage across the resistor will be the applied voltage. As the capacitor charges, the voltage across resistor
decreases.
Now consider the case of integrator. It is a low pass filter. Here the time constant of the circuit
should be very large. Here output is taking across the capacitor. As the input square wave is applied, during the
positive half cycle the voltage across capacitor increases from zero, to the maximum (peak value of applied
voltage). During the negative half cycle, the capacitor starts to discharge and comes to zero. This process
repeats for the remaining cycles and a triangular wave is obtained

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Integrator

Differentiator

DESIGN
Integrator
Let the input pulse train of 1Khz and T = 1ms

RC>16 T
T= 1 ms, Take R=5.6 K to avoid loading effect of signal generator.
So C=2.2 uF (approximately) standard 3.3mF

Differentiator
RC<0.0016T; Take R= 5.6 K (To avoid the loading R should be more than ten times the resistance
of signal generator) So C= 220 p F ( T=I ms because the input frequency is I kHz)

OBSERVATIONS :

CALCULATIONS :

RESULT:
Integrator and differentiator circuits were designed and set up .Output wave forms were plotted.

EXPERIMENT NO :4
RC low pass and high pass circuits- Frequency response with
sinusoidal input
Aim
To RC low pass and high pass circuits- Frequency response with sinusoidal input
Components
Resister, Capacitor, Bread board, Regulated power supply (0-30V) Ammeter (0-30mA,0-

500microA), Voltmeter (0-1V, 0-30V) and CRO

Procedure
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the diode. This may lead to damage of the
diode.
2. Connect voltmeter and Ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
Experiment:

1. For R1=1k and C1=0.032uF you get fc = 5kHz. Run a simulation.

2. Plot the AC (frequency) results for the output magnitude
Working principle
Low pass filter:
Basically it has two roles: to pass the desired low frequency signals and stop the unwanted high frequency
signals. But at what frequency does the filter change its behavior from passing the low ones to stopping
the high ones. This is called the cut-off frequency.

Figure 1. RC Low Pass Filter

Model graph
Low pass

High pass

Tabulation

Obeservation

Calculation

Actual graph

Result

EXPERIMENT NO :5
CLIPPING CIRCUITS
AIM: To study the working of positive clipper, negative and biased clipper using diodes
COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Diodes, Resistors, Bread board, DC power supply, Signal generator and CRO.
PROCEDURE
1. Before making the connections check all components using multimeter.
2. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Using a signal generator (Vi) apply a sine wave of 1KHz frequency and a peakto peak amplitude of 10V to the circuit. (Square wave can also be applied.)
4. Keep the CRO in dual mode, connect the input (Vi) signal to channel 2 and
output waveform (Vo) to channel 1. Observe the clipped output waveform
and plot it.
5. Now keep the CRO in X-Y mode and observe the transfer characteristic
Waveform and plot it.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
The property of a diode as a switching device is utilised in clipping circuits. They are useful to
clip off the positive or negative portions of an input waveform. In the positive clipper the input
waveform above Vref is clipped off. If Vref = 0V, the entire positive half of the input waveform
is clipped off. In the negative clipper the input waveform below Vref is clipped off. If Vref = 0V,

the entire negative half of the input waveform is clipped off. If biasing is done then the clipping
will be according to the biasing level. Plot of input Vi (along X-axis) versus output Vo (along Yaxis) called transfer characteristics of the circuit can also be used to study the working of the
clippers.
DESIGN:
Select 1N4001 diode.
The series resistance R =

Rf Rr , Rf is forward resistance and Rr is reverse resistance.

Typical values of Rf = 30 and Rr = 300K

Then R = 30300 K = 3K. Use 3.3K.
CIRUIT DIAGRAM: POSITIVE CLIPPER

MODEL GRAPH

NEGATIVE CLIPPER

BIASED CLIPPER

MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATIONS:

CALCULATIONS:

RESULT
Positive, negative and biased clippers are designed and output waveforms are obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO :6
CLAMPING CIRCUITS
AIM:-

To study the working of clamper circuits using diodes.

COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Diode , Capacitors, Bread board DC regulated power supply , Signal generator and CRO.
PROCEDURE: 1. Before making the connections check all components using multimeter.
2. Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.
3. Using a signal generator apply a sine wave input (Vi) of peak-to-peak amplitude of 20V (and
frequency greater than 50Hz) to the circuit. (Square wave can be applied)
4. Observe the clamped output waveform on CRO and plot it.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

At some situations it is necessary to add or subtract a dc voltage to a given waveform

without changing the shape of the waveform. This can be done by the use of diodes, resistors,
capacitors, and voltage sources. Such circuits are known as clampers. A capacitor which is
charged to a voltage and subsequently prevented from discharging can serve as a suitable
replacement for a dc source. This principle is used in clamping circuits. The clamping level can
be made at any voltage level by biasing the diode. such a clamper is called biased clamper.
DESIGN:
Use C= 1F and diode 1N4001
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1) POSITIVE CLAMPER

MODEL GRAPH

2) NEGATIVE CLAMPER

MODEL GRAPH

3) BIASED CLAMPER

MODEL GRAPH

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:
Various Clipper circuits are designed and output obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO :7
Bridge Rectifier - with and without filter- ripple factor and
regulation
Aim
To study Bridge Rectifier - with and without filter- ripple factor and regulation
Components
Transformer (6-0-6 V), Resistance (470 ohm), Capacitor (470F), Diode (IN4001/7), Bread board and
connecting wires, CRO

Procedure
Precautions:
1. While doing the experiment do not exceed the ratings of the diode. This may lead to damage the diode.
2. Connect CRO using probes properly as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the circuit
diagram.
Experiment:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram without capacitor.
2. Apply AC main voltage to the primary of the transformer. Feed the rectified output voltage to the CRO
and measure the time period and amplitude of the waveform.
3. Now connect the capacitor in parallel with load resistor and note down the amplitude and time period
of the waveform.
4. Measure the amplitude and time period of the transformer secondary (input waveform) by connecting
CRO.
5. Plot the input, output without filter and with filter waveform on a graph sheet.
6. Calculate the ripple factor.
Graph (instructions)
1. Take a graph sheet and divide it into 2 equal parts. Mark origin at the center of the graph sheet.
2. Now mark x-axis as Time y-axis as Voltage.
3. Mark the readings tabulated for Amplitude as Voltage and Time in graph sheet.

Working principle
A device is capable of converting a sinusoidal input waveform into a unidirectional waveform with nonzero average component is called a rectifier.
The Bridege rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the
input ac voltage. The Bridege rectifier has four diodes connected to form a Bridge. The load resistance is
connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D1 and D3 conducts whereas diodes D2 and D4
remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence
the load current flows through RL .
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diode D2 and D4 conducts whereas diodes D1 and D3
remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence
the load current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bidirectional
wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Ripple factor is an indication of the effectiveness of the filter and is defined as

R=Vr(pp)/Vdc
Where Vr(pp) = Ripple voltage
Vdc= Peak rectified voltage.
The ripple factor can be lowered by increasing the value of the filter capacitor or increasing the load
capacitance.
Formulae:
Peak to Peak Ripple Voltage, Vr(pp)=(1/2fRLC)Vp(rect)
Vp(rect) = Unfiltered Peak Rectified Voltage
Vdc=(1-1/(4fRLC))Vp(rect)
Ripple Factor = Vr(pp)/Vdc

Model graph

Tabulation

Observation

Calculation

Actual graph
Result
The Rectified output Voltage of Full Wave Rectifier Circuit is observed and the calculated value of ripple
factor is _______________

Date:-

EXPERIMENT NO-9
RC Coupled Amplifier
AIM
To design an RC coupled amplifier for a gain of 50, to plot frequency
response and to find the band width.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
COMPONENTS
Transistor
Resistors
Capacitors
DC voltage source

SPECIFICATION
BC 107
820,220,6.8k,47k
10,2
10V

AC voltage source
PROCEDURE:
1. Test all the components using multimeter.
2. Set up the circuit as shown in the fig.
3. Apply the input signal and adjust the port to get a gain of 50
4. Observe the output wave form on the CRO screen. Measure output
amplitude for various values of input frequencies.
5. Plot the frequency response and calculate the bandwidth.
OSERVATION:
F (HZ)

CIRCUIT:

VO

Log f

VO/VIN

G DB

DESIGN:
I CQ =5 mA V CEQ =5 V V CC=10 V =100

Assume that 10% of VCC drops across RE.

V =10 of V CC I C I E V =1 V
RC =

V 1V
=
220
I E 5 mA

RC =

V CC V V CEQ ( 1015 )
=
820
IC
5 mA

I B=

IC
=0.05 mA

Assuming a bleeder current of 5IB,

Current through R2
V B =V +0.7 V =1.7 V

5 I B=0.25 mA

R 2=

VB
1.7
=
=6.8 K
0.25 mA 0.25 mA

V B=

V CC R 2
DGS R 1+ R 2

From this equation, we get R1 47 K

R =RB (r + ( 1+ hfe ) r e )
re=

V T 25 mV
=
=5
I E 5 mA

r =

V T 25 mV
=
=500
IB
0.05

h fe=100
RB =R1 R2=5.9 K

Substituting in equation for Rin,

R =1 k

X CC 1

R
=100
10

X CC 1=

1
2 f c1

Taking f=1 kHz, we get C1 2 F

X CE

RE
20
10

Taking f=1 kHz, we get CE 7F

G=

R L ' ' R L RC
R =
Take R i=2 k
R L R L + RC

G=50, We get R'L =1 K R L =4 K 4.7 K

MODEL GRAPH

Gain in
dB 3dB

Log fL

log fH

RESULT
Designed RC coupled amplifier for a gain of 50. Plotted the frequency response
and calculated the band width.
BW=...............

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 9
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
Aim: To Observe the ON & OFF states of Transistor in an Astable Multivibrator.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Name of the
Specifications
Quantity
Component/Equipment
Transistor (BC 107)
Resistor
Resistor
Capacitor
Regulated
Power
Supply

BC 107
3.9K
100K
0.01F
0-30V, 1A

2
2
2
2
1

Theory :.
An Astable Multivibrator has two quasi stable states and it keeps on switching
between these two states by itself . No external triggering signal is needed . The
astable multivibrator cannot remain indefinitely in any one of the two states .The
two amplifier stages of an astable multivibrator are regenerative across coupled by
capacitors. The astable multivibrator may be to generate a square wave of
period,1.38RC.
Circuit Diagram

Procedure :

1. Calculate the theoratical frequency of oscillations of the circuit.

2.Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3 Observe the voltage wave forms at both collectors of two transistors
simultaneously.
4. Observe the voltage wave forms at each base simultaneously with
corresponding collector voltage.
5. Note down the values of wave forms carefully.
6. Compare the theoratical and practical values.
Observations

Calculations:
Theoritical Values :
RC= R1C1+ R2C2
Time Period, T = 1.368RC
= 1.368x100x103x0.01x10-6
= 93 sec
= 0.093 m sec
Frequency, f = 1/T = 10.75kHz

Model waveforms :

Result :
The wave forms of astable multivibrator has been verified.

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 10
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
AIM
To design and implement an astable multivibrator using 555 Timer for a given frequency and duty
cycle.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
555 Timer IC, Resistors of 3.3K, 6.8K, Capacitors of 0.1 F, 0.01 F, Regulated power
supply, CRO
THEORY:
Multivibrator is a form of oscillator, which has a non-sinusoidal output. The output waveform is
rectangular. The multivibrators has both stable states. It requires the application of an external triggering
pulse to change the outpare classified as: Astable or free running multivibrator: It alternates
automatically between two states (low and high for a rectangular output) and remains in each state for a
time dependent upon the circuit constants. It is just an oscillator as it requires no external pulse for its
operation. Monostable or one shot multivibrator: It has one stable state and one quasi stable. The
application of an input pulse triggers the circuit time constants. After a period of time determined by the
time constant, the circuit returns to its initial stable state. The process is repeated upon the application of
each trigger pulse. Bistable Multivibrators: It ut from one state to other. After the output has changed its
state, it remains in that state until the application of next trigger pulse. Flip flop is an example.
DESIGN :
Given frequency, f = 1KHz and duty cycle = 60% (=0.6)
The time period T =1/f = 1ms = tH + tL
Where tH is the time the output is high and tL is the time the output is low.
From the theory of astable multivibrator using 555 Timer(refer Malvino), we have
tH = 0.693 RB C

------(1)

tL = 0.693 (RA + RB)C

------(2)

T = tH + tL = 0.693 (RA +2 RB) C

Duty cycle = tH / T = 0.6. Hence tH = 0.6T = 0.6ms and tL = T tH = 0.4ms.
Let C=0.1F and substituting in the above equations,

RB = 5.8K (from equation 1) and RA = 2.9K (from equation 2 & RB values).

The Vcc determines the upper and lower threshold voltages (observed from the capacitor voltage

2
1
VUT VCC & VLT VCC
3
3
waveform) as

Note: The duty cycle determined by RA& RB can vary only between 50 & 100%. If RA is much smaller
than RB, the duty cycle approaches 50%.

Example 2: frequency = 1kHz and duty cycle =75%, RA = 7.2k & RB =3.6k, choose RA = 6.8k and
RB = 3.3k.

Circuit Diagram and actual connections

OBSERVATIONS

WAVEFORMS

procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Before making the connections, check the components using multimeter.

Make the connections as shown in figure and switch on the power supply.
Observe the capacitor voltage waveform at 6th pin of 555 timer on CRO.
Observe the output waveform at 3rd pin of 555 timer on CRO (shown below).
Note down the amplitude levels, time period and hence calculate duty cycle.

RESULT:
The frequency of the oscillations = ___ Hz.

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 11
INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP

AIM:-To design and realize Inverting amplifier using 741 Op-amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - CRO, Function Generator, Bread Board, 741 IC, 12V supply,
resistors1K, 10K, and connecting leads.
THEORY: - The op-amp is a multi-terminal device used in a number of electronic circuits.
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:In the inverting amplifier only one input is applied and that is to the inverting input (V2)
terminal. The
non-inverting input terminal (V1) is grounded.
Since,
V1= 0V & V2= Vin
Vo= -Avin
The ve sign indicates the output voltage is 180 out of phase with respect to the input and
amplified
by gain A.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit for inverting, non-inverting and buffer amplifier on a breadboard.
(2) Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output terminal to CRO.
(3) Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.
(4) Draw the input and output waveforms on graph paper.
Observations:

1. Observe the output waveform from CRO. An inverted and amplified waveform will be
observed.
2. Measure the input and output voltage from the input and output waveform in the CRO.
3. Calculate

4. Compare the theoretical voltage gain from the above equation with the experimental value
obtained by dividing output voltage by input voltages observed.
5. Observe outputs of the inverting amplifier circuit using different input waveforms.

MODEL OUTPUT

ACTUAL WAVEFORM

RESULT: - Amplified output waveforms are obtained

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12
NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER USING OP-AMP

AIM:To design and realize Non-Inverting amplifier using 741 Op-amp.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: CRO, Function Generator, Bread Board, 741 IC, 12V supply, resistors1K, 10K, and
connecting leads.
THEORY: The operational amplifier can also be used to construct a non-inverting amplifier with the
circuit indicated below. The input signal is applied to the positive or non-inverting input terminal
of the operational amplifier, and a portion of the output signal is fed back to the negative input
terminal. Analysis of the circuit is performed by relating the voltage at V2 to both the input
voltage Vin and the output voltage Vo.
The output is applied back to the inverting (-) input through the feedback circuit (closed
loop) formed by the input resistor R1 and the feedback resistor R2. This creates ve feedback as
follows. Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage-divider circuit, which reduces Vo and connects the
reduced voltage V2 to the inverting input.
Non-Inverting Amplifier:The input is applied to the non-inverting input terminal and the Inverting
terminal is connected to the ground.
V1= Vin and V2= 0 volts
Vo= Avin
The output voltage is larger than the input voltage by gain A & is in phase with the input signal.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit for inverting, non-inverting and buffer amplifier on a breadboard.
(2) Connect the input terminal of the op-amp to function generator and output
terminal to CRO.
(3) Feed input from function generator and observe the output on CRO.
(4) Draw the input and output waveforms on graph paper.

OBSERVATIONS:1. Observe the output waveform from CRO. A non-inverted and amplified waveform will be
observed.
2. Measure the input and output voltage from the input and output waveform in the CRO.
3. Calculate

4. Compare the theoretical voltage gain from the above equation with the experimental value
obtained by dividing output voltage by input voltages observed.
5. Observe outputs of the inverting amplifier circuit using different input waveforms.

MODEL OUTPUT WAVEFORM

ACTUAL WAVEFORM

RESULT: Amplified output waveforms are obtained

EXPERIMENT NO : 13
SIMULATION OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PROTEUS
AIM:
Simulation of astable multivibrator using proteus software.
PROCEDURE:
STEP 1:
Open the proteus software and select the P devices.

STEP 2:
Select the transistor (BC107) from the device library

STEP 3:
Place BC107

STEP 4:
Similarly select resistors(generic) and capacitors(animated) and dc votage source and complete
the circuit diagram

STEP 5:
Select the properties of each device such as value of resistors(4.7K,82K), value of
capacitors(0.01uF and 0.02uF), supply voltage (9V) and connect the oscilloscope.

STEP 5:
Start simulation and view waveforms as shown below

RESULT :
Simulation of astable multivibrator circuit is done using Proteus software.