University of Iowa

Iowa Research Online

Theses and Dissertations

Summer 2011

Julius Eastman's 1980 residency at Northwestern

University
Andrew Hanson-Dvoracek
University of Iowa

Copyright 2011 Andrew E. Hanson-Dvoracek

This thesis is available at Iowa Research Online: http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1226
Recommended Citation
Hanson-Dvoracek, Andrew. "Julius Eastman's 1980 residency at Northwestern University." MA (Master of Arts) thesis, University of
Iowa, 2011.
http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1226.

Follow this and additional works at: http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd

Part of the Music Commons

JULIUS EASTMANS 1980 RESIDENCY

AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

by
Andrew Hanson-Dvoracek

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the Master of
Arts degree in Music
in the Graduate College of
The University of Iowa
July 2011
Thesis Supervisors: Associate Professor Marian Wilson Kimber
Lecturer William Gibbons

Copyright by
ANDREW HANSON-DVORACEK
2011
All Rights Reserved

Graduate College
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
_______________________
MASTERS THESIS
_______________
This is to certify that the Masters thesis of
Andrew Hanson-Dvoracek
has been approved by the Examining Committee
for the thesis requirement for the Master of Arts
degree in Music at the July 2011 graduation.

Thesis Committee: __________________________________

Marian Wilson Kimber, Thesis Supervisor
__________________________________
William Gibbons, Thesis Supervisor
__________________________________
David Gompper

To my parents and Angela

ii

Todays composer, because of his problematical historical inheritance, has become totally
isolated and self-absorbed. Those composers who have gained some measure of success
through isolation and self-absorption will find that outside of the loft door the state of the
composer in general and their state in particular is still as ineffectual as ever. The
composer must become the total musician, not only a composer. To be only a composer
is not enough.
Julius Eastman,
The Composer as Weakling

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank a number of people for the encouragement, assistance, and support
needed for a project like this. Dealing with music from recent past, one cannot help but
be particularly cognizant of the shoulders on which they are standing, and I am grateful
for every one of them. Certainly this project, and perhaps no project, on Julius Eastmans
music would be possible without the Herculean efforts of Mary Jane Leach, Kyle Gann,
Peter Gena, and Joseph Kubera, who were able to recover his music from the shambolic
state in which he had left it. Like many, my interest in Eastmans music stems directly
from the Unjust Malaise CD set, which these parties were directly responsible for.
I would like to thank Kevin Leonard and Janet Olson at the Northwestern
University Archives as well as Greg MacAyeal and James Hobbs at the Northwestern
Music Library for helping me mine the materials of the 1979-1980 academic year to
create a narrative to provide a background for Eastmans concert. I am also extremely
grateful to Frank Ferko for patiently taking my questions and providing an invaluable
perspective on the concert and the rehearsal prior to it, and to Ryan Dohoney for
graciously providing me with one of his chapters from the upcoming Eastman volume. I
am certainly indebted to the numerous people who read various portions of this work in
various stages and given me tremendously helpful suggestions, including Renee Levine
Packer, Jennifer Iverson, Jerry Cain, and Ellie Hisama and my colleagues at the
University of Iowa who came over for dinner at the price of withstanding a section or
two.
I would especially like to thank my supervisors, Marian Wilson Kimber and
William Gibbons for initially giving me the idea to focus my research on this particular

iv

concert and withstanding my unwieldy prose, as well as David Gomppers invaluable

perspective as a composer. Without their assistance both the text and the methodological
framework would be far worse.
I also want to thank everyone who has tolerated my first foray into long-form
musicology (and very proud we are of all of them) while I experimented with
organizational systems and became entirely too cavalier with racially offensive material.
My parents also deserve an incalculable amount of credit for not only my first guitar (and
second, and third, etc.) but also encouraging my exploration of music in any fashion
longer and more adamantly than anyone else. I only hope this thesis is as loud as it can
be.
Lastly, I want to thank Angela for the endless support, advice, love and patience.
Without you, this or anything else Ive been proud of over the past four years would not
have happened. Thank you.

ABSTRACT
Post-minimalist American composer Julius Eastmans residency at Northwestern
University in 1980 provides a rare opportunity to mitigate, if not eliminate, the problems
involved in defining his compositional style. Eastman occupies a complex and unlikely
position in late twentieth-century music as an openly gay, African-American composer of
serious art music who both a member of the Creative Associates at SUNY Buffalo as
well as participated in the diverse musical culture of Downtown New York. Eastmans
surviving scores are notated in a fragmentary and idiosyncratic fashion and the
composers outrageous personality left few people with whom he worked closely or on a
regular basis. However, scores of three of Eastmans works survive. Crazy Nigger, Evil
Nigger, and Gay Guerilla were performed on January 16, 1980, as the culmination of
Eastmans residency at Northwestern. Eastmans use of inflammatory was influenced by
the political timeframe of their composition, particularly black cultural narratives and the
state of gay rights conflict in the era between Stonewall and the AIDS crisis. Drawing
upon newspaper reports, early scholarship on Eastmans biography, and interviews with
concert participants, this thesis documents the rehearsal process and the controversy
surrounding the titles of the works. For Members Only, the black student organization at
Northwestern, protested advertisements of the concert in the midst of their own conflict
with the student government.
A viable analytical framework for Eastmans works draws from the techniques of
earlier minimalist theorists, including John Roeders adaptation of set theory. Crazy
Nigger, the earliest and longest of the three works, provides to be the least complex

vi

example of Eastmans vertically additive process. Whereas composer Philip Glass

extends an original melodic kernel by adding notes horizontally, Eastman adds notes
vertically to create increasingly dense textures. Evil Niggers use of the process is more
complicated, introducing additional elements such as ostinati and de-emphasizing the
kind of sectional form found in Crazy Nigger. In Gay Guerilla, the last of the three works
to be composed, Eastman totally obscured any salient perception of form by eliding
several simultaneous occurrences of the vertically additive process and introducing a
quotation of the Lutheran chorale Ein feste Burg. With these three analysis, a more
generalized concept of Eastmans compositional style thus consists of his vertically
additive process, the introduction of modernist harmony into minimalist technique, the
use of hendecachords (11-note sets), a gradual dissolution with the sectional form
dominant in concert-length minimalist works, and a move away from post-modernity that
Eastman termed organic music.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1!
CHAPTER 1 EASTMAN AT NORTHWESTERN ........................................................ 7
The Life and Times of Julius Eastman ............................................................ 7!
Northwestern University in 1979-1980 ......................................................... 17!
The Rehearsals and The Concert ................................................................... 27!
CHAPTER 2 THE WORKS .......................................................................................... 37
An Analytical Framework ............................................................................. 37!
Crazy Nigger .................................................................................................. 46!
Gay Guerilla................................................................................................... 56!
Evil Nigger..................................................................................................... 66!
Eastman and His Titles .................................................................................. 74!
Defining Eastmans Musical Style ................................................................ 84!
APPENDIX

TRANSCRIPT OF JULIUS EASTMANS SPOKEN

INTRODUCTION TO THE NORTHWESTERN CONCERT ................ 96!

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 99!

viii

LIST OF TABLES
Table
1. Textual notes on Page 8 of Gay Guerilla. ................................................................ 60!
2. Subscript notation as it appears on the autograph score of Gay Guerilla ................ 60!

ix

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1. First additive phrase of Crazy Nigger (0:00-7:30) ................................................... 39!
2. Excerpt of schematic for Crazy Nigger ................................................................... 47!
3. Organizational chart comparing divisions of Crazy Nigger .................................... 48!
4. Simplification of parts in Section 2 of Crazy Nigger .............................................. 49!
5. Symmetrical construction in Section 8 of Crazy Nigger ......................................... 51!
6. Excerpt from Section 9 of Crazy Nigger, illustrating the indeterminate
notation .............................................................................................................. 52!
7. Targets of the additive processes in Section 9 of Crazy Nigger .............................. 54!
8. Page 8 of Gay Guerilla, illustrating Eastmans textual notes .................................. 59!
9. 7:25 of Gay Guerilla, illustrating the use of subscript notation in the
autograph score .................................................................................................. 60!
10. Reduction of 7:25-9:45 of Gay Guerilla ................................................................ 63!
11. Scalar motive of Evil Nigger.................................................................................. 67!
12. Sequential motive of Evil Nigger, with possible functional analysis .................... 68!
13. Second transitional section of Evil Nigger (4:55-6:10) with triadic chord
names ................................................................................................................. 71!
14. Rhythmic layers in 15:30-16:23 of Evil Nigger ..................................................... 72!

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"

"

"

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-.:<@/-J>"8C</?"
"
%-L6?"!M"%?I:.-6"+<:?8"<+"B-@?"4"<A"F69!F#3.%556A"
Time

Note

09:25

NEW ELEMENT INSTEAD OF ! NOTE MELODY

09:45

THE LESSING IS MIRACLE

10:30

Combining, new element (! note melody) + shadow harmony

not waiting for a passing of three measures in order to add new element

"
"
"
"

%-L6?"ZM"E.L8C/7J:"+<:-:7<+"-8"7:"-JJ?-/8"<+":>?"-.:<@/-J>"8C</?"<A"F69!F#3.%556"

"
"

Time

Pitch Collection

Subscript Notation

04:55

[7,E]

A5 + A6

05:55

[5,6,7,9,E]

A5A8

06:45

[1,4,5,6,7,9,E]

A5A10

07:25

[0,E] ! [9]

R + R1

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