Dispositio - Wikipedia

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Dispositio
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dispositio is the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric. The word is
Latin, and can be translated as "organization" or "arrangement."
It is the second of five canons of classical rhetoric (the first being inventio, and the remaining being elocutio,
memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches and writing.
The first part of any rhetorical exercise was to discover the proper arguments to use, which was done under
the formalized methods of inventio. The next problem facing the orator or writer was to select various
arguments and organize them into an effective discourse.

Contents
1 Aristotle
2 Latin rhetoric
2.1 Exordium
2.2 Peroratio
3 External links
4 References

Aristotle
Aristotle defined two essential parts of a discourse: the statement of the case and the proof of the case. For
example, in a legal argument, a prosecutor must first declare the charges against the defendant and provide
the relevant facts; then he must present the evidence that proves guilt. Aristotle allowed that in practice most
discourse also requires an introduction and a conclusion.

Latin rhetoric
Later writers on rhetoric, such as Cicero and Quintilian refined this organizational scheme even further, so
that there were eventually six parts:
the introduction, or exordium. The term exordium comes from the Latin term meaning "to urge
forward." In the exordium, the speaker gives their main argument, and all the relevant information.
the statement of the case, or narratio. Quintilian explained that in the narratio "we shall for instance
represent a person accused of theft as covetous, accused of adultery as lustful, accused of homicide as
rash, or attribute the opposite qualities to these persons if we are defending them; further we must do
the same with place, time and the like."
the outline of the major points in the argument, or divisio (sometimes known as partitio). It has two
functions: to name the issues in dispute and to list the arguments to be used in the order they will
appear.
the proof of the case, or confirmatio. It confirms or validates the material given in the narratio and
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partitio.
the refutation of possible opposing arguments, or confutatio. If the rhetor anticipates that certain
people in his audience may disagree with his speech, he must be prepared to refute the argument that
could possibly be presented in opposition to his original speech.
the conclusion, or peroratio. Cicero taught that a rhetor can do three things in this step: sum up his
arguments, cast anyone who disagrees with him in a negative light, and arouse sympathy for himself,
his clients, or his case.
While this structure might appear to be highly rigid (and certainly some writers on the subject were overly
pedantic), it was in practice a flexible model. Cicero and Quintilian, for example, encouraged writers to
rearrange the structure when it strengthened their case: for instance, if the opposing arguments were known
to be powerful, it might be better to place the refutation before the proof.
Within each major part, there were additional tactics that might be employed. For instance, a prosecutor
might sum up his case with forceful repetition of his main points using a technique known as accumulatio.
The defense attorney in the same case might use a different approach in his summation.
Finally, dispositio was also seen as an iterative process, particularly in conjunction with inventio. The very
process of organizing arguments might lead to the need to discover and research new ones. An orator would
refine his arguments and their organization until they were properly arranged. He would then proceed to
those areas that we generally associate with rhetoric today the development of the style and delivery of
the arguments.

Exordium
The exordium (/zrdm/; meaning "beginning" in Latin; from exordiri "to begin") was the introductory
portion of an oration. The term is Latin and the Greek equivalent was called the proem or prooimion.
In the exordium, the orator lays out the purpose of the discourse. In doing this, they need to consider several
things:
What kind of cause is he presenting? For instance, is it an honorable cause (defense of a hero) or a
dishonorable one (defense of a murderer)?
Should a direct opening be favoured, or should the opening be more subtle and indirect?
In what manner ought the speaker to proceed (e.g., light-heartedly or seriously)?
The speaker should introduce their own character or credentials, so as to make the audience
predisposed to believing their arguments.
If required, or possible, the speaker might also call into question the character or credentials of his
opponent.
Lastly, the speaker must avoid certain faults in the introduction. For example, this excerpt from the
Rhetorica ad Herennium lists several faults:
"In the Introduction of a cause we must make sure that our style is temperate and that the words are in
current use, so that the discourse seems unprepared. An Introduction is faulty if it can be applied as
well to a number of causes; that is called a banal Introduction. Again, an Introduction which the
adversary can use no less well is faulty, and that is called a common Introduction. That Introduction,
again, is faulty which the opponent can turn to his own use against you. And again that is faulty which
has been composed in too laboured a style, or is too long; and that which does not appear to have
grown out of the cause itself in such a way to have an intimate connection with the Statement of Facts;
and, finally, that which fails to make the hearer well disposed or receptive or attentive." (Rhetorica ad
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Herennium, I. vii, 11, trans. Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library, 1954.)
In short, the exordium was the portion of the discourse in which the orator would prepare the audience to
hear his arguments in a favorable frame of mind. "An exordium can serve different kinds of functions in the
differing species of rhetoric, but in all of them some of the major themes of the coming discourse will be
announced in advance".[1]

Peroratio
The peroratio ("peroration"), as the final part of a speech, had two main purposes in classical rhetoric: to
remind the audience of the main points of the speech (recapitulatio) and to influence their emotions
(affectus). The role of the peroration was defined by Greek writers on rhetoric, who called it epilogos; but it
is most often associated with Roman orators, who made frequent use of emotional appeals. A famous
example was the speech of Marcus Antonius in defence of Aquillius, during which Antonius tore open the
tunic of Aquillius to reveal his battle scars.[2]
In the first century B.C. it was common for two or more speakers to appear on each side in major court
cases. In such cases it was considered a mark of honour to be asked to deliver the peroration.[3]

External links
Aristotle, Rhetorica, Book 3, Chapter 19 (http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/rhetoric.3.iii.html)
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, Book 6, Chapter 1 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Text
s/Quintilian/Institutio_Oratoria/6A*.html#1)
Cicero, De Inventione, Book 1, Sections 98-109 (http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/cicero/dnv1-4.h
tm#98)

References
Crowley, Sharon and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York:
Pearson Education, 2004.
1. Witherington III, Ben (2007). Letters and Homilies For Hellenized Christians Volume II. USA: IVP Academic.
p. 297. ISBN 978-0-8308-2933-0.
2. Cicero, De Oratore, 2.xlvii.194 (http://pages.pomona.edu/~cmc24747/sources/cic_web/de_or_2.htm)
3. Cicero, Brutus, 190 (http://www.attalus.org/old/brutus3.html#190)

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