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Today
Mechanisms causing transport of different components in
porous media
Derive two-phase flow equations for incompressible flow
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Driving forces:
Viscous flow
Fluid pressure
Gravitational flow
Fluid density
Dispersion
Concentration gradient
Capillary flow
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Hydrocarbon reservoirs
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http://energy-alaska.wikidot.com
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Oil recovery
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Water flooding
Injector
Oil
Water
S w,inj
Saturation Sw
0.8
0.6
0.4
S w,init
0.2
0
0
200
400
600
Position x [m]
800
1000
Producer
x
A method of secondary recovery in
which water is injected into
the reservoir formation to
displace oil. The water from
injection wells physically sweeps
the oil to production wells.
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Producer
Oil
Water
volume V=Ax
Q ,in
Q ,out
x
cross section A
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volume V=Ax
Q ,in
Q ,out
cross section
A
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Q ,in
Q ,out
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Porous media
matrix (solid phase) with volume Vsolid
pore space with volume Vvoid
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incompressible flow
volume V=Ax
Q ,in
t
x x
1 x x
- v x + ,t x + ,t - v x - ,t x - ,t
x
2
2
2
2
v
( x , t )
=-
t
x
Q ,out
cross section
A
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Classroom exercise
v
( x , t )
=-
t
x
Q ,in
Q ,out
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Classroom exercise
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Interstitial velocity
S. Roman (2015)
D.V. Voskov AES1320 2016-2017 Q2 Lecture 1
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Control volume
Values averaged
over control volume
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u = v S
v
Interstitial velocity (v ):
Averaged pore velocity
of phase (only taken
over pores occupied by
phase)
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Pressure-Pressure Formulation
This formulation is only possible if the capillary pressure - saturation
curve is invertible. Therefore the saturation for given phases pressure
reads:
=1
=0
=0
Applicability:
Since this formulation relies on the invertibility of the Pc curve, it can not be used for
problems in which the capillary pressure is neglected. This formulation also faces
numerical difficulties in problems with low capillary pressure gradients.
D.V. Voskov AES1320 2016-2017 Q2 Lecture 1
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Pressure-Mass Formulation
Considering po, Nw and No as primary variables, yields
+
=0
=0
=1
Applicability: More universal formulation where all type of physics can be included
easier (e.g. compositional effects or chemical reactions). However, the mass balance
equation become strongly coupled with conservation equations and need to be solved
simultaneously. Also, saturation become very nonlinear function of mass, which introduce
challenges for the resolution of phase fluxes.
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Pressure-Saturation Formulation
Considering po and Sw as primary variables, yields
+
(1
=0
=0
=1
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S
+ u = 0,
t
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z
y
x
Assumptions:
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z
y
oil
water
H
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