Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Voltage DistributionSystems
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Table of Content
Network Structures
Typical Calculation procedures
Protection Principles and Co-ordination:
- Overcurrent Protection (relay, MCB, fuses)
- Distance Protection
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Building A
Building B
Building C
Building D
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Ring network
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open point
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Siemens LV-Fuses:
Selectivity (only
Fuse F3 blows) is
guranteed at high
currents up to a
ratio of :
I K1
0.8
I K1 + I K 2
Cable of same cross-section
Same LV fuses
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I
s
tA
Id
ts
td
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> 1s
Overload
range
Selectivity check
in the short-circuit range by
I2t - comparison
> 70ms
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I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
Obsolete!
Obsolete!
Only in old
substations,
no more
recommended!
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L1
L2
L3
E
IR
relay
L3
c.t.s
L2
Digital relay
c.t.s
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
L3
Calculated:
IR = I1 + I2 + I3
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L1 L2
IFault
L3
Ishield
Iearth
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0,1
1,3
1,3
0,5
0,5
0,1
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0,1
0,9
0,9
0,1
0,1
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Author
0,1
0,1
0,1
U {kV}
{}
ZN = N
S'K {MVA}
2
Current grading
U {%} UN {kV}
ZTr = K
100 SN {MVA}
2
fault location
Example: >> for faults at HV-side
1
Netz
UN
SK
ZN
SN
uK
ZTr
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= 100 kV
= 5 GVA
= 2,4
= 20 MVA
= 10%
= 60,5
2007-08
K
in 1
110 kV
= 26,5 kA
3 2,4
in 2
110 kV
= 2,4 kA
3 62,9
Author
line impedance
neglected!
~
>, t3 0,1 s
>>, t1 0,15 s
>, t2 0,3 s
K
>>
>
t2
t3
t1
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t = 700 ms
t = 400 ms
t = 100 ms
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I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
I>
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100
Normal inverse:
[s]
10
t=
NI
13.5
1
I
1
Ip
x Tp
Extremely inverse:
1.0
VI
t=
EI
Page 134
I
Ip
x Tp
0.02
Very inverse:
DT (4 s)
0.1
0.14
t=
10
2007-08
100
Author
80
2
I
1
Ip
x Tp
I / Ip
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
PTD SE PTI
[s]
Normal inverse:
t=
0.14
I
Ip
x Tp
0.02
NI setting characterisic of
the relay 7SJ6 (Siemens)
I / Ip
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ZL
0,4
0,1 /km
0.4 /km
11kV
250MVA
Equivalent circuit
100%
0.1 /km (cable)
fault
current
Current grading
depends on the SIR ratio!
1km
fault location
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ZS
X
51
51
IF
X
51
fault location
tg
tg
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0.14 Tp ,n
Isc
I
p
= 200 400 ms +
0.02
tg12
0.14 Tp ,n +1
Isc
I
p
0.02
Tp,n
tg23
0.02
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Disk
position
Trip
3 Ip
2 Ip
0,4 Ip
With
Without
Disc emulation
Reset
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
t [s]
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gain of
tripping
time
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51
2
blocking bus
t0 = 50ms
t= xx ms
51
51
Pick-up
Pick-up.
51
Pick-up.
M
1
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I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R5
I>,t
R4
I>,t
R6
I>,t
R 2.2
R 2.1
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R1.1
R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5
R6
R 3.1
R 3.2
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R5
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I>,t
R4
I>,t
R6
I>,t
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R 3.1
R 2.2
R 2.1
Author
R 3.2
R1.1
R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5
R6
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t1
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t2
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t3
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
I>,t4
R 1.2
R 1.1
R 2.2
R 2.1
I>,t
R5
I>,t
I>,t
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R1.1
R4 R1.2
R2.1
R2.2
R6 R3.1
R3.2
R4
R5
R6
R 3.1
I>,t1
R 3.2
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grading chart
Line characteristic
X1
R1
R1E
t1 = 0 ms
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wa
for
rds
Line
Z5
Z4
Z2
Z1B
Z1
rev
ers
e
Load
Load
forw
Z3
rev
e
ers
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Distance zones
Author
ard
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Z3
Z2
Z1
>>
>t
ZT
Z1 = 0.85 ZA-B
Z2 = 0.85 (ZA-B + 0.85 ZB-C)
Z3 = 0.85 [ ZA-B + ZB-C + 0.85 ZC-D ]
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grading time
(s)
0.6
0.3
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Normal Situation
Spur line
Transformer
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Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3zone
Author
Z1.zone=Z2.zone=Z3.zone
C
Z2.zone = 0.90 x ( ZA,B + 0.85 x min {ZB} )
2nd zone impedance grading acc. to the
shortest 1st zone setting and the next
busbar ( ZB,D < ZB,C < ZB,F ), hereby spur
lines are neglected (ZB,E).
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Example
long line
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Protection strategy 1
R1
R2
Alternative:
Protection relay R2 at
the terminal B can be
graded with 2nd zone
in reverse direction.
Protection strategy 2
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I>
Phase Fault :
Ip
I>
I >>
I >>>
Tp
T>
T >>
T >>>
*)
T>
I >>
T >>
Earth Fault :
I Ep TEp
I E> T E>
I E>>
T E>>
*)
I >>>
T >>>
*) characteristic
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time [s]
I>
T>
I >>
T >>
current [A]
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time [s]
Ip
normal inverse
Tp
very inverse
Typ
extremly inverse
I>
T>
current [A]
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Phase Fault : Ir
Id
Ii
tc
td
ti
Ir
tc
Id
Earth Fault :
td
Ig
tg
I2t=const.
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Ii
ti
thermal
Motor curve
I rated
I start
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Short-circuit current
bandwidth
thermal
Curve
SC limit
secondary
In
Rush
SC limit
primary
time limit of
Protection below
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Example:
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Network
20/6/0.4 kV
Author
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Requirements:
Ip ~ 110 % * In,motor
tmot[Istart,motor] < tcurve
Istart,motor < I>> < Isc,min
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Requirements HV side:
I> ~ I>>sec.side
T> = T>>sec side + 1 time step
I>> > Isc,max of sec. side
I>> < Isc,min of prim side
Requirements LV side:
Ip ~ 1.1 * In,tr
I>> ~ 3 4 * In,tr
I>> < Isc,min
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