SMART GRIDS

G.Prem Sagar
Electrical & Electronics Engineering,University College of Engineering,JNTUK
Kakinada-533003
premsagar4411@gmail.com
N.Srivatsav
Electrical & Electronics Engineering,University College of Engineering,JNTUK
Kakinada-533003
srivatsav.naupada@gmail.com
Y.V.Naga vamsi
Electrical & Electronics Engineering,University College of Engineering,JNTUK
Kakinada-533003
vamsinaga30@gmail.com
P.sudheer chowdary
Electrical & Electronics Engineering,University College of Engineering,JNTUK
Kakinada-533003
sudheerchowdary121@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:
In the modern day the demand for electricity has been increased very steeply this has led to
several dilemma situations like BLACKOUTS, POWER OUTAGES & COLLAPSE OF POWER
SYSTEMS. The grids that are existing today were constructed nearly half a century ago which were
very efficient to meet the demand at that time. But at the end of 20Th century electricity demand patterns
were established such as the usage of air conditioners, domestic electric heating and the rise of number
of commercial industries. This led to the establishment of peaking power generators (mostly gas power
plants) which increased the cost and ultimately effecting the tariffs.
Due to the enormous rise in load during the past few years there is a sustainable increase in
generation and transmission losses. This lead to the decrease in overall efficiency of the system.

Some of the reasons for power outages are:

Fluctuations in frequency
Increase in load demand
Scarcity of generated power
Natural disasters
Overloading
In order to overcome the problems which the present world is facing, there are
several options like switching to HVDC transmission as well as using FACTS (Flexible AC
Transmission system). HVDC and FACTS help us to minimise transmission losses but we need
an inter-connected system which acts as per consumer needs which would be automated to get
more control over the power systems. It is also important to connect all the power stations in
addition with the transmission of efficient power. Hence there is a need for advanced grid called
as smart grid.

SMART GRID:
A smart grid is a modern electricity system which uses sensors, monitoring,
communications, automation and computers to improve flexibility, security, reliability,
efficiency and safety of the system. It takes existing electricity delivering system and makes it
smart by linking and applying seamless communication systems that can: gather and store data
and convert data to intelligence; communicate intelligence Omni directionally among
components in the smart electricity system and allow automated control.
Smart grids will make use of new design concepts and advanced materials in system

components like transformers and circuit breakers to improve efficiency, safety and operational
performances. Wide spread use of Power electronic devices will help maximise the
performance of existing assets and make grid more resilient in the event of disruptions energy
storage technologies will help the grid to mitigate demand peaks and allow the grid to integrate
more.

LOCAL SMARTGRID:
As of now there are no practical smart grids in the world. But it would be a great
idea to setup a smart grid which satisfies the power needs of small areas comprising of 5-6
cities. We can make use of our telephone communication lines as well as our wireless
communication systems for the communication of data between the grid and the consumers.
These several local smart grids can be further brought together to form a major smart grid in
future. We can still make use of our traditional power generating and transmission systems in
the smart grid by modifying them as per the needs of the smart grid.

Fig. :Block diagram of smart grid

Components of Smart Grid:

Some typical components of a smart grid include:

Intelligent appliances capable of deciding when to consume power based on pre-set customer
preferences. This can go a long way toward reducing peak loads which has a major impact on
electricity generation costs - alleviating the need for new power plants and cutting down on
damaging greenhouse emissions. Early tests with smart grids have shown that consumers can
save up to 25% on their energy usage by simply providing them with information on that usage
and the tools to manage it.

Smart power meters featuring two-way communications between consumers and power
providers to automate billing data collection, detect outages and dispatch repair crews to the
correct location faster and also boost efficiency. Historically meters have only allowed utilities
to see how much energy a consumer has used over any given time frame. With a smart meter,
consumer can able to see how much electricity he using on a real-time basis instead of having
to wait until the end of a month.

 Smart substations that include monitoring and control of critical and non-critical operational
data such as power factor performance, breaker, transformer and battery status, security, etc.
Smart distribution that is self-healing, self-balancing and self-optimizing including
superconducting cables for long distance transmission, and automated monitoring and analysis
tools capable of detecting or even predicting cable and failures based on real-time data about
weather, outage history, etc.
Smart generation capable of "learning" the unique behaviour of power generation resources
to optimize energy production, and to automatically maintain voltage, frequency and power
factor standards based on feedback from multiple points in the grid.
Universal access to affordable, low-carbon electrical power generation (e.g., wind turbines,
concentrating solar power systems, photovoltaic panels) and storage (e.g., in batteries,
flywheels or super-capacitors or in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles).

Smart Grid Technologies:

For DOE's Modern Grid Strategy, the specific technologies of the smart grid are grouped into
the following five areas:
Integrated Communications include data acquisition, protection, and control, and enable users
to interact with intelligent electronic devices in an integrated system.
Sensing and Measurement technologies support acquiring data to evaluate the health and
integrity of the grid and support automatic meter reading, elimination of billing estimates, and
prevent energy theft.
Advanced Components are used to determine the electrical behaviour of the grid and can be
applied in either standalone applications or connected together to create complex systems such
as micro grids. The success, availability, and affordability of these components will be based
on fundamental research and development (R&D) gains in power electronics,
superconductivity, materials, chemistry, and microelectronics.
Advanced Control Methods are the devices and algorithms that will analyse, diagnose, and
predict grid conditions and autonomously take appropriate corrective actions to eliminate,
mitigate, and prevent outages and power quality disturbances.
Improved Interfaces and Decision Support convert complex power-system data into
information that can be easily understood by grid operators.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

SMART GRID The immediate solution for future
The need for more electricity is unquestioned, but the current design of the power grid is
not suitable for continued electric power growth. The line loss, greenhouse gas emissions, fuel
costs, regulatory concerns, government mandate and myriad issues necessitate another look at
how electricity is generated and delivered
Offering 99% reliability is no longer sufficient to serve the needs of highly technological
society. Combined with other emerging trends, the increasing global population and the
growing development of renewables will place substantial stress on a grid that was designed
many years ago.
The smart grid could be the solution. In fused with intelligence sensors and controls
automated smart switches and substations, robust communications and other technologies, the
smart grid will be able to integrate all types of electric generation and storage systems, preclude
power outages and surges to a degree not possible now, predict problems before they occur,
and automatically heal if problems do happen.

FIG:Functions of a smart grid

BENEFITS:
The installation of smart grids will have several benefits like:
Self-Healing: A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and quickly
recovers if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.
Motivates and Includes the Consumer: A smart grid gives all consumers - industrial,
commercial, and residential - visibility into real-time pricing, and affords them the opportunity
to choose the volume of consumption and price that best suits their needs.
Resists Attack: A smart grid has security built-in from the ground up.
Provides Power Quality for 21st Century needs: A smart grid provides power free of sags,
spikes, disturbances and interruptions. It is suitable for use by the data centres, computers,
electronics and robotic manufacturing that will power our future economy.
Accommodates All Generation and Storage Options: A smart grid enables "plug-and-play"
interconnection to multiple and distributed sources of power and storage (e.g., wind, solar,
battery storage, etc.)
Enables Markets: By providing consistently dependable coast-to-coast operation, a smart grid
supports energy markets that encourage both investment and innovation.
Optimizes Assets and Operates Efficiently: A smart grid enables us to build less new
infrastructure, transmit more power through existing systems, and thereby spend less to operate
and maintain the grid.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
1. In U.S.A, the concept of two way communication is widely used. The consumers set up their
own individual power generating equipment like small wind power plants, solar generations
and small biogas sources and the energy obtained from these sources are sold back to the
discoms at a profitable price. Similarly the same consumers buy power from the discom at a
reduced tariff. This process help the grid to acquire more power as well as to supply a reliable
and quality power to the consumer.
2. In New Jersey due to a hurricane attack, several places are out of power as it caused a great
damage to the power system. As most of the city was deployed with smart meters it became
very easy for the electricity board to detect the damaged power lines and restore them.

SUMMARY
Concerning the future, it is necessary in India to increase usage efficiency, reduced
wastage, come up with new less power consuming devices, increase in the usage of renewable
sources and finally to deliver reliable and quality power. So for a developing India with massive
growing of electricity demand there is an immediate need of installing smart grids.

REFRENCES:

1. http://www.ieee.org/go/emergingtech
2. Wikipedia
3. www.gridovate.com
4. new.abb.com
5. energy.gov/oe/technology-development/smartgrid (U.S. department of energy)