Math Formulas

'\
CONTENTS
Part
I
Page
1.
Special Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.
Special Products and Factors....................................................
3.
The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.
Geometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.
Trigonometric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.
Complex Numbers....
7.
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
8.
Hyperbolic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
9.
Solutions of Algebraic Equations ..
. .. .. ..
. .. ....... .
.
.. . . ..... . . 21
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
... ..
.
... . .
.. . .
.
32
10.
Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
11.
Special Plane Curves . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
12.
Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry
13.
Derivatives
14.
Indefinite Integrals . .
15.
Definite Integrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
16.
The Gamma Function
17.
The Beta Function .
18.
Basic Differential Equations and Solutions .. . .. . . . ..
19.
Series of Constants .
20.
Taylor Series
21.
Bernoulli and Euler Numbers
22.
Formulas from Vector Analysis
23.
Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
24.
Bessel Functions
25.
Legendre Functions . . .
26.
Associated Legendre Functions .. .. .. .. .. . .. .
27.
Hermite Polynomials
28.
Laguerre Polynomials
29.
Associated Laguerre Polynomials .. . ..
30.
Chebyshev Polynomials
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .. .
..
.
...
..
.. .
.
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.
.. .. . .... .
.
... . .
.
. ......
.
.
.
. ..
.
.
.
.
.
...
. .
.
.... .. . .
.
. ...
.
. ..
.
. .
. ...
.
..
.. . ..
.
..
. .. ..
.
...
. . .. .
.
..
..
103
104
107
..
..
.
. . ..
. .
.
57
114
. .. . . . 116
.
53
. . .
. .. ..
.
. .. 101
. . ..
. .
. . . .
.
. . .. .. 110
. . ..
. . . ..
. .. . .. . . .. . . . .. . .. .
. .. .
.
... .. . .. . .... .. .. . . . .
.
. .
... . . .. . . ..
. . ..
.
. ... .. ..... . ..... .
.. . . . .
. . . . ..
.
. .. . ..
. . ..
.
... . ..
..
. ... .
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
. . .. . .. . .. . .
. .
.. .. . . . .
..
.
..
.
136
146
149
151
. 153
. . 155
.
. . 157
CON TEN T S
Page
31.
Hypergeometric Functions
32.
Laplace Transforms
33.
Fourier Transforms
34.
Elliptic Functions
35.
Miscellaneous Special Functions
36.
Inequalities
37.
Partial Fraction Expansions
38.
Infinite Products
39.
Probability Distributions
40.
Special Moments of Inertia
41.
Conversion Factors
160
161
174
179
183
185
187
188
189
190
192
. . . ... ...
TABLE. S
Part
II
Sample problems illustrating use of the tables
Four Place Common Logarithms
2.
Four Place Common Antilogarithms
3.
Sin x (xin degrees and minutes)
4.
Cos x (xin degrees and minutes)
5.
Tan x (xin degrees and minutes)
6.
Cot x (xin degrees and minutes)
7.
Sec x (xin degrees and minutes)
8.
Csc x (xin degrees and minutes)
9.
Natural Trigonometric Functions (in radians)
..
1.
. .
..
..
194
202
204
208
209
..
.
.
.206
.207
211
212
216
218
220
..
..
Exponential functions
17.
Exponential functions
..
....
..
16.
Hyperbolic functions tanh x
Conversion of degrees, minutes and seconds to radians
1 8c.
Natural or Napierian Logarithms log. x or In x
18b. Hyperbolic functions cosh x
14.
18a. Hyperbolic functions sinh x
15.
e-x .
Conversion of radians to degrees, minutes and seconds

or fractions of a degree
.
.
13.
log tan x (xin degrees and minutes)
ex
12.
log cos x (xin degrees and minutes)
11.
log sin x (xin degrees and minutes)
10.
..
.. .
.
..
..
.
.
. 210
. 222
.
223
224
227
..
.
.
. . . . . ..
..
.. .
.226
228
230
232
CON T E N T S
Page
1 9.
Factorial n
20.
Gamma Function . . .
21.
Binomial Coefficients .
22.
Squares, Cubes, Roots and Reciprocals
23.
Compound Amount: (1 + 1)n
.. ..
234
234
. ....
236
,,. . . .. . .. . ........... . .... . . . . .... . ..238
..
. .
..
Present Value of an Amount:
25.
Amount of an Annuity: (1
26.
Present Value of an Annuity: 1 - (1
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
Bessel functions Jo(x)
r- 1
..
/ r)-n
240
241
242
243
244
244
245
245
246
246
247
247
248
248
249
249
Values for Approximate Zeros of Bessel Functions
250
251
Bessel functions J 1(x)
Bessel functions Yo(x)
Bessel functions Y1(x)

Bessel functions Io(x)
Bessel functions /l(x)
Bessel functions Ko(x)
Bessel functions K1(x)
Bessel functions Ber (x)

Bessel functions Bei (x)
38.
Bessel functions Kei (x) . .
40.
Exponential, Sine and Cosine Integrals
41.
Legendre Polynomials Pn(x)
43.
Bessel functions Ker (x)
42.
37.
39.
)-n
24.
(1
Legendre Polynomials Pn(cos 8)
.
.
252
253
254
255
255
256
Areas under the Standard Normal Curve
48.
Percentile Values for Student's t Distribution
49.
Percentile Values for the Chi Square Distribution
SO.
95th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

.
Index of Special Symbols and Notations

Index
..
.
..
257
258
259
260
Random Numbers
52.
99th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

.
51.
47.
Ordinates of the Standard Normal Curve
46.
Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the Second Kind
45.
Incomplete Elliptic Integral of the First Kind
44.
Complete Elliptic Integrals of First and Second Kinds
261
262
263
265
Part I
FORMULAS
I
/
THE
Greek
name
G R E EK A L PHA B E T
'Gt*ttt.,letter
Lowerea
caPital
. ::. .
'.
Greek
name
Greek letter
Lower case
Capital
Alpha
Nu
Beta
f3
Xi
Gamma
Omicron
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Pi
7r
IT
Rho
/;
Sigma
Eta
1]
Tau
Theta
(}
Upsilon
Iota
Phi
</>
<f>
Kappa
Chi
Lambda
..\
Psi
!f;
'if
Mu
p.
Omega
;\
o ,,
'
SPECIAL
CONSTANTS
1.1
"
3.14159 26535 89793 23846 2643 --1'1. lf-'t'tsrt leo<\Yt'\:7r to sc.L(..-?\"'tt.t'\'-l"\ '\"Z.H''t<Pu'l'"l
1 .2
2.71828 1 8284 59045 23536 0287 . . . = lim 1 +

n
n-+oo
_
natural base of logarithms
1 .3
v'2
1.41421 35623 73095 0488 . .
1 .4
V3
1.73205 08075 68877 2935 .. .
1 .5
V5
( .!.)n
2.23606 79774 99789 6964 ...
1 .6
_3v/c.20
1.25992 1050 . . .
1 .7
v/0
3i)
1 .44224 9570 . ..
1 .8
1 .9
V2
V3
1.14869 8355 . . .
= 1.24573 0940 .. .
1 .10
e"
23.1 4069 26327 79269 006 . . .
1 .1 1
r;e
22.45915 77183 61045 47342 715 . . .
1.12
ee
15.15426 22414 79264 190 ...
1 .1 3
1og10 2
0.30102 99956 63981 19521 37389 .. .
1 .14
log10 3
0.47712 1 2547 19662 43729 50279 ...
1 .15
log10
0.43429 44819 03251 82765 .. .
1.16
log10
11'
0.49714 98726 94133 85435 1 2683 ...
1.17
loge 10
1.18
loge 2
In 2
0.69314 71805 59945 30941 7232 .. .
1 .1 9
loge 3
ln 3
1.09861 22886 68109 69139 5245 .. .
1 .20
In 10 = 2.30258 50929 94045 68401 7991 ...
- 0.57721 56649 01532 86060 6512 . ..

lim
n-+""
1 .2 1
+ .!.. - In n
n
eY = 1.78107 24179 90197 9852 . ..
1 .22
1 .23
(1 +!. + !. +
Euler's constant
[see 1.20]
1 .64872 1 2707 00128 1 468 .. .

...;;
where
r(!l
= 1 .77245 38509 05516 02729 8167 . . .

is the gamma function [see pages 1 01-102] .
1 .24
2.67893 85347 07748 . . .
1 .25
3.62560 99082 21908 . ..
1 .26
1 radian
1 .27
180 /r;
r;/180 radians
=
=
57.29577 95130 8232 . . . 0

0.01745 32925 19943 29576 92 . . . radians
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2. 1 0
(x + y)2
(x - y)2
(x + y)3
(x - y)3
(x + y)4
( x - y)4
(x + y) 5
(x - y)5
(x + y)6
(x - y)6
x2 + 2xy + y2
x 2 - 2xy + y2
x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3
x3 - 3x2y + 3xy2 - y3
x4 + 4x3 y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4
x4 - 4x3y + 6x2y2 - 4xy3 + y4
xs + 5x4y + 10x3y2 + 10x2y3 + 5xy4 + y5
x5 - 5x4y + 10x3y2 - 10x2y3 + 5xy4 - y5
x6 + 6x5y + 15x4y2 + 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 + 6xy5 + y6
x6 - 6x5y + 15x4y2 - 20x3y3 + 15x2y4 - 6xy5 + y6
The results 2.1 to 2.10 above are special cases of the binomial formula [see page 3].
(x - y)(x + y)
x2 y2
(x - y)(x2 + xy + y2)
x3 - y3
3
3
+
(x + y)(x2 - xy + y2)
x
y
x4 y4
(x - y)(x + y)(x2 + y2)
(x - y)(x4 + x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + y4)
x 5 y5
x5 + y5
(x + y)(x4 x 3y + x2y2 xy3 + y4)
x6 y6
(x - y)(x + y)(x2 + xy + y2)(x2 - xy + y2)
x4 + x2y2 + y4 = (x2 + xy + y2)(x2 xy + y2)
x4 + 4y4 = (x2 + 2xy + 2y2)(x2 - 2xy + 2y2)
_
2.1 1
2.12
2. 1 3
2.14
2. 1 5
2. 1 6
2.17
2.1 8
2.19
Some generalizations of the above are given by the following results where n is a positive integer.
2.20
y)(x2n + x2n - 1y + x2n -2y2 + . . . + y2n)

4,2,(x - y) x 2 - 2xy cos 2n + 1 + y2 x2 - 2xy cos--+
2n + 1
+ y2
x 2 - 2xy cos 2n2n,+1
x 2n + 1 - y2n + 1
(x -
2.21
x2n - y2n
x2n + y2n
---
)(
)
(
(
)(
)
--
(x - y)(x + y)(xn - 1 + xn -2y + x n -3y2 + . . . )(x n - 1
(x - y)(x + y) x2 - 2xy cos ; + y2
2.23
'
---
(x + y)(x2n - x2n - 1y + x2n-2y2 - . . . + y 2n)

(x + y) x2 + 2xy cos 2n2 1 + y2 x 2 + 2xy cos 4 + y2
2n 1
2n,x2 + 2xy cos
+ y2
2n + 1
x2n + 1 + y2n + 1
2.22
(
(
( x2
)( x2 - 2xy
( x2 - 2xy --:,1),. + y2 )
; + y2 )( x2 + 2xy :: y2 )
2 1) ,. + yz )
(
2
+ 2xy cos
cos (n
cos
x2 + 2xy
cos
( n
2
cos
x n -2y + x n - 3y - . . . )
::- + y2 )
th.rl'fN:OMtAL .FORMtit'A
and lfrtOMIAL COEFFICIEN TS
If n =1, 2, 3, . . . factorial n or n factorial is defined as
3.1
n! = 123 n
We also define zero factorial as
3.2
0!
81NOMlAt 'PORMlltA
(x + y) n
FOR POStTIVE IN tE GRAL n
1) xn - 2y2 + n(n- ;)/n- 2) xn-3y3 +
If n=1, 2, 3, . . . then
3.3
xn + nxn - ly + n(
. . .
yn
This is called the binomial formula. It can be extended to other values of n and then is an infinite series
[see Binomial Series, page 110] .
IJNOMIAl
The result 3.3 can also
be
C.OEFFICIENTS
wr1tren
3.4
where the coefficients, called binomial coefficients, are given by
3.5
()
n(n- 1)(n- 2)
k!
(n- k + 1)
n!
k! (n-k)!
THE BINOMIAL FORMULA AND BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
PROPERTIES OF BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS
3.6
(nk++l1)
Pascal's triangle
)
() + G) + ( ;) +
(:
[see page 236 ]
This leads to
3.7
. . .
3.8
(n+m+l)
n+l
3.9
3.10
3.1 1
3.12
3.13
--6 3.14
v3.15
() + ( ; ) + ( :) + ...
)
.
() + (; + G) + ..
( :) )(
n)
m
;
(
+
+
+ (:)()
()(;) (7)(p:l)
(l)G) (;) + (; ) + + (n) ( :) n2n- 1
(Y + (Y (;y + (:Y
+
'
...
(3)
+ (2)
(l)
G)
- (; )
(2)
+ (3)
(;) - (-l)n+l(n) ( :)
MULTINOMIAL FORMULA
3.16
n1 n2 + + nP
where the sum, denoted by ::E, is taken over all nonnegative integers
+
n.
n1, n2, , nP
.
for which
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
R ECTANGLE OF L E N G TH b AND WIDTH a
4. 1
Area
4.2
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
a-
ab
b
Fig. 4-1
PARALlELOG RAM OF ALTITU D E h AND B A S E b
4.3
Area = bh = ab sin o
4.4
Perimeter
2a + 2b
b
Fig. 4-2
T R IA N GLE OF ALTITUDE h A N D BA S E
4.5
Area = -!bh = tab sino
= y s(s- a)(s- b)(s- c)
(J
where s = -!(a+ b + c) = semiperimeter
4.6
b
Fig. 4-3
Perimeter = a + b + c
TRAPEZOID OF ALTITU D E h A N D PARALLEL SIDES
a AND
4.7
Area
4.8
Perimeter = a+ b + h
-!h(a +b)
( -1. - 1_)
smo
= a + b + h(csc o
__
_
sm
esc)
Fig. 4-4
5
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
REGULAR POLYGON OF n S IDES EACH OF LENGTH b
4.9
4.10
Area = l.nb2 cot = l.nb2
cos (1r/n)
sin (1r/n)
Perimeter = nb
Fig. 4-5
C IRCLE OF RADIUS
4. 1 1
4.12
Area = 1rr2
Perimeter = 21rr
Fig.4-6
SECTOR O F CIRCLE OF RADIUS r
4.13
4.14
[o in radians]
Arc length 8 = ro
r
Fig.4-7
RAD IUS OF C IRCLE I N S CR IBED IN A TRIA NGLE OF S I DES a, b, c
4.1 5
r =
where 8 = !(a + b + c) = semiperimeter

h
Fig. 4-8
RADIUS OF C I R C LE C I RCUMSCR I B I N G A TRIANGLE OF S IDES a, b, c
4.16
R =
ab c
4V8(s- a)(8- b)(s- c)
where 8 = f(a + b + c) = semiperimeter
Fig. 4-9
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
OF n
REGULAR POLYGON.
4.17
4.18
Area
Perimeter
2
fnr2 sin ""
n
=
SlD!S I NSCRIBED IN CtRCUi
OF
RADIUS
. 360
lnr
2 sm2
n
2nr sin !!__

n
180
2nr sin
n
Fig. 4-10
RIGULAR ,OLYGON OF
4.19
Area
4.20
Perimeter
nr2 tan !!__

n
=
SIDES CIR(UMSClUBING A (1RCU
OF.ft:I.DtUS
nr2 tan 1800

n
180
2nrtan !!__
n
2nrtan
n
Fig. 4-11
SEGMENT. OF CIICI:E OF RADIUS
4.2 1
fr2 (IJ - sin IJ)
Area of shaded part
Fig. 4-12
4.22
Area
4.23
Perimeter
,.ab
4a
f
0
rr/2
v/1 - k2 sin2 IJ diJ

[approximately]
where k
Fig. 4-13
ya2 - b2fa. See page 254 for numerical tables.
iab
4.24
Area
4.25
Arc length ABC
lvfb2+
2
4a + yb2 + 16a2
b2
16a2 + -In
b
8a
f----b
---
Fig. 4-14
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
RECTANGULAR PARALLELEPIPED OF LENGTH a, HEIGHT l, WIDTH c
4.26
Volume
4.27
Surface area =
abc
+ ac + be)
2(ab
a
Fig. 4-15
PARALLELEPIPED OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
4.28
AND HEIGHT h
abc sin 8
Ah
Volume
Fig. 4-16
SPHERE OF RADIUS r
4
r3
37T
4.29
Volume
4.30
Surface area =
47Tr2
Fig. 4-17
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h
4.3 1
Volume
4.32
Lateral surface area
7Tr2h
=
27Trh
Fig. 4-18
CIRCULAR CYLINDER OF RADIUS r AND SLANT HEIGHT l

=
4.33
Volume
4.34
7Tr2h
7Tr2l sin 8
=
27Trl
27Trh
sin 8
27Trh esc 8
Fig. 4-19
GEOMETRIC FORMULAS
CYLINDER OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
4.35
Volume
4.36
Ah
Note that formulas
4.31
AND SLANT HEIGHT
Al sino
to
4.34
pl
__1J!t:_
sin II
ph esc II
are special cases.
Fig. 4-20
RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h
4.37
Volume
4.38
l-;rr2h
Fig. 4-21
PYRAMID OF BASE AREA
4.39
AND HEIGHT h
Ah
3
Volume
Fig. 4-22
SPHERICAL CAP OF RADIUS r AND HEIGHT h
4.40
Volume (shaded in figure)
4.41
Surface area
2-;rrh
Fig. 4-23
FRUSTRUM OF RIGHT CIRCULAR CONE OF RADII a, b AND HEIGHT h
4.42
Volume
4.43
-k1rh( a2 + ab + b2)
-;r(a + b) yh2 + ( b- a)2
-;r(a + b)l
Fig. 4-24
10
GEOMETRIC FORMULA S
SPHERICAl. TJUANGU OF A"GUS A,B,C O N SPH E R E O F RADIUS
4.44
Area of triangle ABC
(A + B + C- ,.)r2
Fig. 4-25
TORUS OF INNIR RADIUS a AND OUTER RADIUS b
!,-2(a + b)(b- a)2
4.45
Volume
4.46
Surface area
?_
=
,-2(b2- a2)
Fig. 4-26
ElLIPSOID OF SIMI-AXES
4.47
a,
b, c
Volume = !,-abc
Fig. 4-27
PARABOlOID OF REVOlUTION
4.48
Volume
!,-b2a
Fig. 4-28
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
DEFINITION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS FOR A RIGHT TRIANGLE
Triangle ABC has a right angle (90) at C and sides of length a, b,

angle A are defined as follows.
5. 1
sine of A
sinA
opposite
hypotenuse
5.2
cosine of A
cosA
b
c
adjacent
hypotenuse
5.3
tangent of A
tanA
opposite
adjacent
5.4
cotangent of A
cotA
b
a
adjacent
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
c
a
hypotenuse
opposite
5.5
secant of A
sec A
c
b
5.6
cosecant of A
cscA
c.
The trigonometric functions of
Fig. 5-1
EXTENSIONS TO ANGLES WHICH MAY BE GREATER THAN 90
Consider an xy coordinate system [see Fig. 5-2 and 5-3 below]. A point Pin the xy plane has coordinates
(x, y) where x is considered as positive along OX and negative along OX' while y is positive along OY and
negative along OY'. The distance from origin 0 to point P is positive and denoted by r = yx2 + y2
The angle A described counterclockwise from OX is considered positive. If it is described clockwise from
OX it is considered negative. We call X'OX and Y'OY the x andy axis respectively.
The various quadrants are denoted by I, II, III and IV called the first, second, third and fourth quad
rants respectively. In Fig. 5- 2, for example, angle A is in the second quadrant while in Fig. 5-3 angle A
is in the third quadrant.
y
II
II
IV
III
Y'
Fig.
X'
X'
IV
Y'
5-2
Fig. 5-3
11
12
For an angle A in any quadrant the trigonometric functions of A are defined as follows.
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.1 1
5.12
sin A
y/r
cos A
x/r
tan A
y/x
cot A
x/y
sec A
r/x
csc A
r/y
RELATIONSHIP BETWEE N D EG REES AND RAD IA NS
A radian is that angle o subtended at center
MN equal to the radius

Since 2,. radians
r.
360 we have
1 radian = 180 ;,. = 57.29577 95130 8232
5.13
5.14
of a circle by an arc
rr/ 180 radians
0.01745 32925 19943 29576 9 2
radians
Fig.
5-4
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTJONS
sin A
tan A cos A
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
cot A
sec A
csc A
tan A
5.19
5.20
5.21
cos A
sin A
cos A
1
sin2 A + cos2 A
sec2 A - tan2 A
csc2 A - cot2 A
sin A
S I G N S AND VARIATIONS OF T R I GO N OMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Quadrant
I
II
III
IV
sin A
+
0 to 1
cos A
+
1 to 0
-
1 to 0
0 to -1
0 to -1
-1 to 0
-1 to 0
tan A
+
0 to
oo
oo
-oo
to 0
oo
-oo
to 0
+
to 0
-
0 to
0 to
+
0 to 1
cot A
oo
-oo
+
to 0
0 to
-oo
csc A
sec A
1
-oo
+
to
oo
1 to
to -1
-oo
+
to 1
+
to 1
+
- 1 to
oo
oo
oo
oo
to -1
-
-1 to
-oo
TRIGONOME TRIC FUNCTIONS
13
EXACT VALUES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS ANGLES
Angle A
Angle A
in degrees in radians
sin A
cos A
tan A
cot A
sec A
esc A
00
00
15
17/12
!<VB-v'2>
!<VB + v'2>
V6 -v'2
V6 + v'2
30
17/6
)_
:!
t v's
45
r./4
tv'2
tv'2
60
17/3
tv's
75
517/12
!<VB + v'2>
!<VB - v'2 >
goo
17/2
oo
105
717/12
!<VB + v'2 >
-!<VB -v'2 >
120
217/3
tv's
-l
2
- (2 + Vs)
135
3r./4
tv'2
-tv'2
150
517/6
-tY3
165
1 117/12
}(Vs- Vz)
- !<v'6 v'2)
- ( 2 - Vs)
180
17
-1
195
1317/12
-!<Vs - /2)
-!<v'6 + v'2)
2 - Y3
210
717/6
-t
-2l/3
V3
225
517/4
-2lv'z
-tv'2
!Vs
1
240
417/3
-tv's
-2l
255
1 717/12
-!<v'6 + v'2)
V3
-:!<VB -v'2>
270
317/2
-1
285
1917/12
-:!<VB+ v'2 >
!<VB - v'2>
300
517/3
-2l/3
315
717/4
-tv'2
330
1ltr/6
345
360
oo
2 -
+ v'3
tv's
v'3
iv'3
v'2
v'2
v'3
kVs
v'3
VB + v'2
VB -v'2
oo
- (2 - Vs)
-<VB + v'2 >
VB -v'2
-iv'3
-2
-1
-1
-tY3
-Vs
-v'2
iv'3
v'3
+ v'3
-0
+ V3
V3
2 -
- (2
+ v'3>
-iv'3
V3
-(VB -v'2 >
VB + v'2
-1
oo
::;::oo
2 +
v'2
(Vs v'2 )
-
-<VB + v'2>
-v'3
a
-2
-v'2
-v'2
t/3
-2
-v'3
2 -
v'3
-(y'6 + v'2> -(y'6- Vz)
::;:: oo
-1
- ( 2 - Vs )
VB + v'2
-<VB -v'2>
-13
-tv's
-*13
tv'2
-1
-1
V2
-t
l2 /3
-t/3
i<v'6 + V2>
- (2 - Vs)
Vs
2317/12
-{- (v'6 - V2>
-v'3
-v'2
21T
oo
- (2 +
Va)
For tables involving other angles see pages 206-211 and 212-215.
-(2 + Vs)
::;::oo
v'6 -v'2
1
-2
-(y'6 + Vz)
::;:: oo
14
G RAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In each graph x is in radians.
5.22
5.23
sin x
cos x
Fig. 5-6
Fig. 5-5
5.24
5.25
tan x
cot x
Fig. 5-8
Fig. 5-7
5.26
5. 27
sec x
y
!\
:2(\i
'li"
I
I
1r
esc x
I
I
I
I
I
I
u:
I
I
i\
1r
1 2'1r
,/\!
1/
\
I
I
I;
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fig. 5-10
Fig. 5-9
FUNCTIONS OF NEGATIVE ANGLES
5.28
sin ( -A)
- sin A
5.29
cos ( -A)
cos A
5.30
tan (-A)
-tan A
5.31
esc (-A )
- esc A
5.32
sec (-A)
sec A
5.33
cot ( - A)
- cotA
15
ADDITION FORMULAS
5.34
sin (A B )
sin A cos B cos A sinE
5.35
cos (A B)
cos A cos B + sin A sinE
5.36
tan (A B)
1 +tan A tan B
5.37
cot (A B)
cot A cotE+ 1
cot B cot A
tan A tan B
FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES IN ALL QUADRANTS
90 A
+ A
2-
-A
IN
TERMS OF THOSE
IN
QUADRANT
180 A
1T A
270 A
31T A
2
k(360 ) A
2k1T A
k = integer
sin
- sin A
cos A
+sin A
- cos A
sin A
cos
cos A
+sin A
-cos A
sin A
cos A
tan
- tan A
+cot A
tan A
+cot A
tan A
esc
- esc A
sec A
+esc A
- sec A
esc A
sec
sec A
+esc A
- sec A
esc A
sec A
cot
- cot A
+tan A
cot A
+tan A
cot A
RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES IN QUADRANT I
sin A = u
cos A = u
tan A = u
cot A = u
sec A = u
esc A = u
sin A
\II- tt2
utv1 + u2
1fv'1 + u2
yu2- 1/u
1/u
cos A
y1- u2
1/y1 + u2
u/y1 + u2
1/u
yu2-1/u
tan A
utv1-u2
y1- u2/u
1/u
yu2- 1
1/yu2 -1
cot A
y1- u2/u
u/y1- u2
1/u
1fv'u2-1
yu2-1
sec A
1/y1- u2
1/u
y1 +u2
y1 + u2/u
u/yu2-1
esc A
1/u
1/y1- u2
./1 + u2/u
y1 + u2
u/yu2-1
V1 + u2
For extensions to other quadrants use appropriate signs as given in the preceding table.
16
DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS
5.38
5.39
5.40
sin2A
2 sinA cosA
tan2A
1-
cos2A
cos2 A - sin2 A
1 - 2 sin2A
2tanA
tan2A
2 cos2A
-1
HALF ANGLE FORMULAS
5.41
.A
sm
2
5.42
A
cos 2
5.43
A
tan2
1-
+ if A/2 is in quadrant
- if A /2 is in quadrant
I or II
[+ if A /2 is in quadrant I or IV
1 - cosA
1 + cosA
[+ if A/2 is in quadrant I or III
sinA
1 +cosA
J
J
J
III or IV
+ osA
cosA
2
- if A /2 is in quadrant II or III
- if A /2 is in quadrant II or IV
1 - cosA
sinA
cscA - cotA
MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAS
5.44
sin 3A
5.45
cos3A
5.46
tan3A
5.47
sin4A
5.48
cos4A
5.49
tan4A
5.50
sin 5A
5.51
cos5A
5.52
tan5A
See also formulas 5.68 and 5.69.
3 sinA - 4 sin3A
4 cos3A - 3 cosA
3 tanA - tan3A
1- 3 tan2A
4 sinA cosA - 8 sin3A cosA

8 cos4A - 8 cos2A + 1
4 tanA - 4tan3A
1 - 6tan2A + tan4A
5 sinA - 20 sin3A + 16 sin5A
16 cos5A - 20 cos3A + 5 cosA
tan5 A - 10 tan3 A + 5 tanA

- 10tan2 A + 5 tan4A
POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
5.53 sin2A ! - ! cos2A

5.54 cos2A ! + ! cos2A
5.55 sin3A ! sinA - i sin3A
5.56 cos3A ! cosA i cos3A
See also formulas 5. 70through 5. 73 .
+
5.57
5.58
5.59
5.60
sin4 A
cos4A
sin5A
cos5 A
{cos2A +
cos4A
i + ! cos2A + -k cos4A
i- sinA - /6 sin3A + 116
cosA + 156 cos3A +
ls
sin 5A
cos5A
SUM,
D I F F ER E N C E A N D PRODUCT
5.61
5.62
5.63
5.64
5.65
5.66
5.67
2 sin (A + B) cos (A -B)
sin A - sinE
2 cos i(A+B) sin i(A -B)
2 cos "l\-(A+B) cos i(A -B)
cosA - cosB
= 2 sin i(A+B) sin (B-A)
sin A sinB
!{cos (A -B)
cosA cosB
!{cos (A-B) + cos (A+B)}
sin A cos B
"l\-{sin (A- B) + sin (A+B)}
G E N E RAL
sinnA
5.69
cosnA
smAl(2 cosA)n-l-
n
1
- (2 COS A)n - -(2
2
1
n
3
--
5.70
sin2n-l A
5.71
cos2n-1 A
5.72
sin2nA
5.73
cos2nA
OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
sinA + sinE
cosA + cos B
5.68
17
COS
n-4
2
n-2
1
cos (A +B)}
FORMULAS
(2 cosA)n-3 +
n
A)n-2 + - n-3
2
1
(2 cosA)n- 6 +
(
1 - cos (2n -1)A +
22n 2 l
2n - 1
1
n-3
2
(2 cosA)n-5
(2 cosA)n-4
cos ( 2n- 3)A +
2n-1
n
(-1)n-1
I N VERSE
l
J
cosA
cos2A
If x = sin y then y = sin -I x, i.e. the angle whose sine is x or inverse sine of x, is a many-valued
function of x which is a collection of single-valued functions called branches. Similarly the other inverse
trigonometric functions are multiple-valued.
For many purposes a particular branch is required. This is called the principal branch and the values
for this branch are called principal values.
18
P R INC IPAL VALUES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIO NS
Principal values for X< 0
Principal values for x;:;o

0 2
:""
-
0 <
0 <
sin--! x ;"; 7T/ 2
-7T/ 2 ;"; sin-! x < 0
tan-! x < 7T! 2
-7T/ 2 < tan-! x < 0
7T/ 2 < cos-! x 7T
cos-! x ;"; 7T/ 2
:::_;
-;
JT/ 2 < cot--! x <
cot-! x ;"; 7T/ 2
sec-! x < 7T! 2
JT/ 2 < sec-! x
-rr/ 2 ;";
esc-! x ;"; 7T/ 2
s
-
7T
7T
esc-! x < 0
RELAT IONS BETWEEN I N VERSE TR IGONO METRI C FUNCTIO NS

In all cases it is assumed that principal values are used.
5.74
5.75
5.76
5.77
5.78
5.79
sin-! x + cos-! x
5.80
5.81
5.82
5.83
5.84
5.85
7T/ 2
tan-! x + cot-! x
7T/ 2
sec-! x + csc-1x
7T/ 2
csc-1x
sin-! ( 1/x)
sec-! x
cos--! ( 1/x)
cot-1x
tan-! ( 1/x)
sin-1 ( -x)
-sin-1x
cos-! (-x)
1r - cos-! x
tan-! ( -x)
-tan-1x
cot-! ( -x)
1r - cot-! x
sec-1 ( -x)
1r
esc-! (-x)
-esc-! x
sec-! x
GRAPHS OF I N VERSE T R I GON OMETRI C FUNCTIONS

In each graph y is in radians. Solid portions of curves correspond to principal values.
5.86
5.87
sin-! x
" y
"
5.88
cos-! x
-1
y = tan-! x
y
'
\
\
I
I
Fig. 5-11
X
-r-/2
/
I
I
I
I -7T
I
//
/1
Fig. 5-12
Fig. 5-13
5.89
cot- 1 x
5.90
y = sec-1 x
'
'
csc - 1 x
y
/
(
rr/2
-1
Fig. 5-14
y
/
1r
__/
-
5.91
19
, ..... ....----
-,/2
......
"'
\
l -.,.
I
Fig. 5-15
/'
Fig. 5-16
RELAtiONSHIPS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES Of A PLANE rRIANGU
The following results hold for any plane triangle ABC with
sides a, b, c and angles A , B, C.
5.92
Law of Sines
5.93
Law of Cosines
5.94
Law of Tangents
b
c
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles.
tan !(A + B)
a+b
tan !(A - B)
a -b
with similar relations involving the other sides and angles.
_
5.95
sin A
B
Fig. 5-17
= ;cvs(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
where s =!(a + b + c) is the semiperimeter of the triangle.

B and C can be obtained.
See also formulas 4.5, page 5; 4.15 and 4.16, page 6.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SIDES AND ANGLES
Similar relations involving angles
Of A SPftlfUCAl TllAHOtl
Spherical triangle ABC is on the surface of a sphere as shown

in Fig. 5-18. Sides a, b, c [which are arcs of great circles] are
measured by their angles subtended at center 0 of the sphere. A, B, C
are the angles opposite sides a, b, c respectively. Then the following
results hold.
5.96
Law of Sines
5.97
Law of Cosines
cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
cos a
cos A
- cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
with similar results involving other sides and angles.
sin a
sin A
sin b
sinE
sin c
sinG
Fig. 5-18
20
5.98
Law of Tangents
tan (A+ B)
tan t (A- B)
tan f ( a + b)
tan t (a-b)
with similar results involving other sides and angles.

A
cos2
5.99
where s = f(a + b +c).
Similar results hold for other sides and angles.

a
5 . 1 00
cos2
where S
f(A
sins sin (s- c)

Sinbsi;c-
B +C).
cos (S
B) cos (S -C)
sin B sin C
-
Similar results hold for other sides and angles.
See also formula 4.44, page 10.
NAPIER'S RULES FOR RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES
Except for right angle C, there are five parts of spherical triangle ABC which if arranged in the order
as given in Fig. 5-19 would be a, b, A, c, B.
a
co-B
B
A
Fig. 5-19
Fig. 5-20
Suppose these quantities are arranged in a circle as in Fig. 5-20 where we attach the prefix co
[indicating complement] to hypotenuse c and angles A and B.
Any one of the parts of this circle is called a middle part, the two neighboring parts are called
adjacent parts and the two remaining parts are called opposite parts. Then Napier's rules are
5.101
The sine o f any middle part equals the product o f the tangents of the adjacent parts.
5 . 1 02
The sine of any middle part equals the product of the cosines of the opposite parts.
Example:
Since co-A= 90 -A, co-B= 90 -B, we have

sin a
tan b tan (co-B)
sin (co-A)
cos a cos (co-B)
or
sin a = tan b cot B
or
cos A = cos a sin B
These can of course be obtained also from the results 5.97 on page 19.
6
DIFINITI()NS .INYOLYINO COMPLIX NUMaiRS
A complex number is generally written as a + bi where a and b are real numbers and i, called the
imaginary unit, has the property that i2 = -1. The real numbers a and b are called the real and imaginary
parts of a + bi respectively.
The complex numbers a + bi and a - bi are called complex conjugates of each other.
a + bi
6.1
c + di
if and only if
6.2
(a + bi) + ( c + di)
6.3
(a + bi) - (c + di)
a = c and b
(a + bi)(c + di)
QIYISION ()I
a + bi
c + di
6.5
(a - c) + (b - d)i
NQMtiRS
(ac- bd) + (ad + bc)i
OMPLIX
a + bi c - di
c + di c - di
(a + c) + (b + d)i
MUt.:TlPLICA'fiON Of COMPLIX
6.4
NUftiHI
ac + bd +
cz + d2
(becz +- ad)
d2
Note that the above operations are obtained by using the ordinary rules of algebra and replacing
-1 wherever it occurs.
21
t"2
by
COMPLEX NUMBERS
22
GRAPH O F A COMPLEX NUMBER
complex number a+ bi can be plotted as a point (a, b) on an

xiny Fig.
plane called an Argand diagram or Gaussian plane. For example
P represents the complex number
+ 4i.
complex number can also be interpreted as a vector from
to P.
A
6- 1
P,----1
I
I
I
I
-3
-.-----------x
0
Fig. 6-1
POLAR FORM OF A C O MPLE X NUMBE R
(x, y) polar coordinates

y
i
.
x r 11, y r
(r, 11).
6.6
x + iy r(co i
called the polar form of the complex number. We often call r yx2 y2
the modulus and the amplitude of x + iy.
In Fig. 6-2 point P with coordinates

represents the complex
number x +
Point P can also be represented by
Since
= cos
= sin II we have
so +
II
MULTIPLICATION
ANJ)
DIVISION
{(x,(r,li)y)
sino)
Fig. 6-2
O F COMPLEX NUMBER$
IN
POLAR FOIItl
6.7
111+ i sin 01)

i sin 112)
r1 (cos
cos 112 +
6.8
r2 (
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM
If
6.9
p is any real number, De Moivre's theorem states that

r(cos o i sin
r (co
+
o)]P =
s po +
sin po)
RGOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBER$
If
p 1/n where n is any positive integer,

=
[r(cos o + 1 sin o )]ll n
6. 1 0
6.9
can be written
r [cos 0 n
11
+ 2krr
sm
n ]
(J + 2krr
where k is any integer. From this the n nth roots of a complex number can be obtained by putting
k
0, 1, 2,
,n -
1.
;EXPON ENTJ'AL
and
"LOGARITHMIC: 'L::
FUNCTIONS
' , . . ..
LAWS OF EXP9NE.NTS
In the following p, q are real numbers, a, b are positive numbers and m, n are positive integers.
7. 1
7.2
7.4
aO = 1, a#
7.7
Va = alln
7.3
7.5
a-v = 1/aP
7.6
7.8
= a mln
7.9
In av, p is called the exponent, a is the base and aP is called the pth power of a. The function
is called an exponential function.
= ax
LOGARITHMS AND ANTILOGARITHMS
If aP = N where a # 0 or 1, then
N = aP is called the antilogarithm of p
Example:
p = logaN
to the base
is called the logarithm of N to the base

a, written antiloga p.
a.
The number
Since 32 = 9 we have logs 9 = 2, antilogs 2 = 9.
The function y = loga x is called a logarithmic function.
7.1 0
7.1 1
7.12
Common logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Briggsian] are those in which the ba:e a = 10.
The common logarithm of N is denoted by log10 N or briefly log N. For tables of common logarithms and
antilogarithms, see pages 202-205. For illustrations using these tables see pages 194-196.
23
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
24
NATU RAL LO GARITHMS AND A NTILO G ARITHMS
Natural logarithms and antilogarithms [also called Napierian] are those in which the base a = =
2.71828 18 . . . [see page 1]. The natural logarithm of N is denoted by log. N or In N. For tables of natural
logarithms see pages 224-225. For tables of natural antilogarithms [i.e. tables giving
for values of x]
see pages 226-227. For illustrations using these tables see pages 196 and 200.
ex
BASE
CHAN G E OF
OF LOGARITHMS
The relationship between logarithms of a number N to different bases
and b is given by
7. 1 3
In particular,
7. 1 4
log. N
7. 1 5
In N
2.30258 50929 94 . . . log1 0 N
log N
0.43429 44819 03 . . . log. N
.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXP ONENTI A L AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION$
7. 1 6
eie
e-ie
i
i
i
ei8- e-ie
ei8 e-i8
(eieie8-e-i
ei8-e-ie
e-i88)
i(ei8 e i8)
(eiei88- e-i
e-i88)
= cos(} +
sino,
These are called Euler's identities. Here

7. 1 7
sino
7.18
COS'(}
7. 1 9
tan(}
7.20
cot fJ
7.21
sec fJ
7.22
esc o
cos(} -
sino
is the imaginary unit [see page 21].

2i
-i
eiB e-ie
ei8-2ie i8
2
PERIODICITY OJ E.XP:OttENTIAL FUNCTIONS

..
7.23
eH8+2krrl ei8
From this it is seen that ex has period 27Ti.
k = integer
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
25
POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS EXPRESSED AS AN EXPONENTIAL
The polar form of a complex number x + iy can be written in terms of exponentials [ see 6.6, page 22] as
7.24
iy = r(cos fJ + i sin o )
reiB
OPE R ATIONS W I TH COMPLEX NUMBE R S I N POLAR FORM
F ormulas 6.7 through 6.10 on page 22 are equivalent to the following.

7.25
r1eie,
7.26
r2eie,
7.27
7.28
[ De Moivre's theorem ]
(reiB)lln
[re i<B+2k1Tljlln = r!lnei<B+2k1T)!n
LOGAR I THM
7.29
I n (reiB)
OF
A COMPL EX NUMBE R
In r + io + 2k1ri
k = integer
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
D EFI N ITION OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
2
2
ex- e-x
8. 1
Hyp erbolic sine of x
sinh x
8.2
Hyp erbolic cosine of x
cosh x
8.3
Hyperbolic tangent of x
tanh x
ex- e-x
ex+ e-x
8.4
Hyp erbolic cotangent of x
coth x
ex+ e-x
ex- e X
8.5
Hyperbolic secant of x
sech x
ex+ e-x
8.6
Hyperbolic cosecant of x
csch x
ex- e-x
ex+ e-x
2
2
RELATIONSHIPS AMON G HYP E RBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh x
cosh x
8.7
tanh x
8.8
coth x
8.9
sech x
1
cosh x
8. 1 0
csch x
1
sinh x
8.1 1
cosh2 x - sinh2 x
8. 1 2
sech2 x + tanh2 x
8. 1 3
coth2 x - csch2 x
cosh x
sinh x
tanh x
FUNCTIO NS OF N EGATIVE ARGUMENTS
8.14
sinh (-x)
- sinh x
8.1 5
cosh ( - x)
cosh x
8. 1 6
tanh ( - x)
- tanh x
8.17
csch (-x)
- csch x
8. 1 8
sech ( x)
sech x
8. 1 9
coth (- x)
- coth x
26
27
ADDITION FORMULAS
8.20
sinh (x
y)
8.21
cosh (x
8.22
tanh (x
y)
8.23
coth (x
y)
sinh x cosh y
y)
cosh x cosh y
cosh x sinh y
sinh x sinh y
tanh x tanh y
tanh x tanh y
coth x coth y 1
coth y coth x
DOUBLE ANGL E FORMUlAS
8.24
8.25
8.26
sinh2x
2 sinhx cosh x
cosh2x + sinh2 x
cosh 2x
2 tanhx
1 + tanh2x
tanh2x
2 cosh2x - 1
1 + 2 sinh2x
HALF A N G L E FORMULAS
-+-
8.27
. h2
sm
8.28
cosh2
8.29
tanh2
[+if X> 0, -if
X<
OJ
( + if X> 0, -if X <
OJ
cosh; + 1
X
X
"
coshx- 1
coshx- 1
coshx + 1
sinhx
coshx + 1
coshx- 1
sinhx
MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMU LAS
8.30
sinh3x
3 sinhx + 4 sinhax
8.3 1
cosh3x
4 cosh3x - 3 coshx
8.32
tanh3x
8.33
sinh 4x
8 sinh3x cosh x + 4 sinhx cosh x
8.34
cosh4x
8 cosh4 x - 8 cosh2 x + 1
8.35
tanh4x
3 tanh x + tanh3x
1 + 3 tanh2 x
4 tanhx + 4 tanh3x
1 + 6 tanh2 x + tanh4x
28
POWERS O F HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
8.36
sinh2 x
i cosh 2x - f
8.37
cosh2 x
! cosh 2x + !
8.38
sinh3 x
! sinh 3x - ! sinh x
8.39
cosh3 x
8.40
sinh4 x
8.41
cosh4 x
! cosh 3x + ! cosh x
! - i cosh 2x + -k cosh 4x
! + i cosh 2x + iJ cosh 4x
SUM, D I FFE R EN.CE ANO PIODUCT OF HYPi.RBOUC FU N .(TIONS
8.42
sinh x + sinh y
2 sinh f (x + y) cosh ! (x - y)
8.43
sinh x - sinh y
2 cosh ! (x + y) sinh ! (x -y)
8.44
cosh x + cosh y
2 cosh ! (x + y) cosh ! (x - y)
8.45
cosh x - cosh y
2 sinh f (x + y) sinh f (x - y)
8.46
sinh x sinh y
f{cosh (x + y) - cosh (x - y)}
8.47
cosh x cosh y
!{cosh (x + y) + cosh (x - y)}
8.48
sinh x cosh y
f{sinh (x + y) + sinh (x - y)}
EXPRE S S IO N OF HYPERBOL IC FUNCTIONS IN TIRMS OF 'OTH ER S
In the following we assume x > 0.

to 8.19.
sinh x
cosh x
If x < 0 use the appropriate sign as indicated by formulas 8.14
tanh x
==
coth x
==
sech x
==
csch x
==
sinh x
Vu2-1
u/V1-uz
11Vu2 -1
V1-u2/u
1/u
cosh x
V1 + u2
1N1-u2
u/Vu2 -1
1/u
V1 + u2/u
tanh x
u/V1 + u2
Vu2-1/u
1/u
V1-u2
11V1 + u:
coth x
Vu2 + 1/u
u/Vu2- 1
1/u
11V1-u2
V1 + u2
sech x
11V1 + u2
1/u
V1-u2
Vu2-1/u
uh/1 + ui
csch x
1/u
11Vu2- 1
V1-u2/u
..juz- 1
uN1-u2
29
GRAPHS O F H Y P E R BO LI C F U N C T I O N S
y
8.49
sinh
8.50
cosh
8.5 1
tanh .x
y
------+-::;0--- X
-1 - - - - -
Fig. 8-1
8.52
Fig. 8-2
coth
y
8.53
\__
-
- -
sech
Fig. 8-3
- -
Fig. 8-4
8.54
csch a:
Fig. 8-5
y\
'-- X
0
Fig. 8-6
I NV E R S E H Y P E R BOLI C F U N C T I O N S
Similarly w e define the

= sinh y, then y = sinh - l x i s called the inverse hy perbolic sine of
li'
other jnverse hyperbolic functions. The inverse hyperbolic functions are multiple-valued and as in the
case of inverse trigonometric functions [see page 17] we restrict ourselves to principal values for which
they can be considered as single-valued.
x.
The following list shows the principal values [ unless otherwise indicated] of the inverse hyperbolic
functions expressed in terms of logarithmic functions which are taken as real valued.
8.55
8.56
8.57
x
cosh- 1 x
tanh - 1 x
sinh- 1
(x + -../x2 + 1 )
In (x + -../x2 - 1 )
In
l 1n
l ln
8.58
coth - 1
8.59
sech -1
In
8.60
csch - 1
ln
(1 - X )
( x 1)
-1
( )
( ;2 1)
+
<x<
x 1 [cosh- 1 x > 0 is principal value]
-1 < X < 1
oo
- oo
x>1
or
O<x1
x "F O
x < -1
[sech- 1
x > 0 is principal value]
30
HYPERBOLIC FU NCTIONS
RlATI O NS BETWEEN INVERSE HYPE R BO li C F U N C T I O N S

8.61
csch - 1 x
sinh - 1 (1/x)
8.62
sech - 1 x
cosh- 1 (1/x)
8.63
coth - 1 x
tanh- 1 (1/x)
8.64
sinh - 1 (-x)
- sinh - 1 x
8.65
tanh- 1 (-x)
- tanh- 1 x
8.66
coth - 1 (-x)
- coth - 1 x
8.67
csch - 1 (-x)
- csch - 1 x
GRAPH S OF I N V E RS E HYPI. B OLIC f U N CTIONS

8 .68
8.69
sinh- 1 x
8.70
cosh - 1 x
tanh - 1 x
I
I
o ,1
\
'
Fig. 8-7
8.71
y
I
coth - 1 x
y
I
I
I
I
I
\i
'
'
'
'
...
.....
-1
11
I
I
I
I
i:l
11
I
8.72
8 .73
sech - 1 x
y
I
I
Fig. 8-1 1
Fig. 8-9
I
I
.....
-X
Fig. 8-8
Fig. 8-10
I
I
I
csch - 1 x
"\__
Fig. 8-1 2
31
I:ELATfON S H IP BETWEE N HYPEI:IOUC AND TRIGO NOMETRIC FVNCT IO.NS

8.74
sin (ix)
8.77
esc (ix)
8.80
8.83
i sinh x
8.75
cos (ix)
cosh x
8.76
tan (ix)
i tanh x
- i csch x
8.78
sec (ix)
sech x
8.79
cot (ix)
- 1
sinh (ix)
i sin x
8.81
cosh (ix)
COS X
8.82
tanh (ix)
i tan x
csch (ix)
-i
8.84
sech (ix)
sec x
8.85
coth (ix)
- i cot x
==
==
esc x
coth x
PERIODICITY O f HYPERBOLIC F U N C T I O N S
I n the following k i s any integer.

8.86
sinh (x + 2k1ri)
sinh x
8.87
cosh (x + 2k1ri)
cosh x
8.88
tanh (x + k1r1)
tanh x
8.89
c sch (x +2ktri)
csch x
8.90
sech (x + 2ktri)
sech x
8.91
coth (x + ktri)
coth x
IILATIONliQP IETWIIN INVERSE HYPIPOLIC ANO

8.92
sin - 1 (ix) = i sinh - 1 x
8.94
cos- 1 x
8.96
tan - 1 (ix)
8.98
cot- 1 (ix)
8. 1 00
sec - 1 x
8. 1 02
esc - ! (ix)
==
==
8.93
sinh - 1 (ix)
8.95
cosh- ! x
i tanh - 1 x
8.97
tanh - ! (ix)
i tan - 1 x
- i coth - 1 x
8.99
coth - 1 (ix)
- i cot - ! x
8.101
sech - 1 x
8. 1 03
csch - 1 (ix)
i cosh - ! x
=
i sech - 1 x
=
.INVERSE TRIGONOMITIUC F U NCTIONS
- i csch- 1 x
i sin - 1 x
i cos - 1 x
i sec - 1 x
=
- i csc - 1 x
SOL U T I O N S of ALG E B RA I C E Q UAT I O N S
QUADRAT I C E QUATI O N :
9. 1
Solutions :
If
a, b, c are real and if
D =
X
b2 -4ac
ax2 bx
+
+ c
-b yb2a2 -4ac
is the discriminant, theh the roots are
(i) real and unequal if D >

(ii) real and equal if D =
(iii) complex conjugate if D <

9.2
If
0
=
CUBIC EQUATIO N :
Q 3a2 - ai
9
Let
9.3
x1,x2 are the roots, then x1 + x2 - b/a and x1x2 c/a.

X3
+at.2 azx
'
Solutions :
If
Q3 + R2 is the discriminant, then

one root is real and two complex conjugate if
0
a1, a2, a3 are real and if

(i)
D>
(ii) all roots are real and at least two are equal if D
(iii) all roots are real and unequal if D < 0.
If D <
9.4
+ aa
{XI
0, computation is simplified by use of trigonometry.

2...;=Q (}0)
0: x2 2...;=Q cos (}o 120)
x3 2y-Q cos (}o + 240)
Solutions if D <
COS
9.5
where
x1, x2, x3 are the three roots.

32
where cos IJ
-RfV-Q3
SOLUTIONS OF ALGE BRAIC EQUATIONS
33
0
Let
y1 be a real root of the cubic equation
9.6
9 .7
Solutions :
The
4 roots of z2 + f{a1 Vai - 4a2+ 4y1 }z f{y1 VYi - 4ad
If all roots of 9.6 are real, computation is simplified by using that particular real root whieh produces
all real coefficients in the quadratic equation 9.7.
9.8
where
x 1 + x2 + x3 x4 = -a1
x 1x2 x2x3 + x3x4 + x4x1 + x 1x3 + x2x4 a2
x 1x2x3 x2x3x4 + x 1x2x4 x 1x3x4 -a3
xlx2x3x4 = a4
+
x1 , x2, x3, x4 are the four roots.
'
q
F O R M U LA S f r o m
10
P L A N E A N A LY T I C G E O M E T RY
1 0. 1
Fig. 10-1
S LOPE
OF LIN E JOI NIN G TWO POINTS P1(Xt. Y1) A N D Pz(x2, Y2)
1 0.2
Y2 - Yr
x2 - Xr
-x1
x
Y - Yr
-
1 0.3
-x - x1
Y2 - Yr
2
y =
1 0.4
where b
EQ UATION
y1 - mx1
OF
or
tan 0
Y - Yr
mx + b
X2Yr - XrYz
is the intercept on the
x2 - Xr
axis, i.e. the
LINE IN TERMS Of x INTERCEPT a # 0
AND y
intercept.
INTERCEPT b
1 0.5
Fig. 10-2
34
FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
35
N O R M A L F O R M F O R E Q U A T I O N O F LI N E
x cos a + y sin a
1 0.6
where
and
perpendicular distance from origin

-
to line
angle of inclination of perpendicular with

positive x axis.
Fig. 10-3
G E N E R A L E QU A T I O N O F LIN E
Ax + By +
1 0.7
D I ST A N C E F R O M P O IN T
(Xt, Yt) TO
Ax 1
1 0.8
By 1 +
y'AZ + BZ
LI N E
A x + By + C
where the sign is chosen so that the distance is nonnegative.
A N G LE o/ B ET W E E N TWO LI N E S HAVI N G S L O P ES mt A N D m2
1 0.9
tan ,P
Lines are parallel or coincident if and only if m 1 = m2
Lines are perpendicular if and only if m2 = -1/m1
Fig. l0-4
Xt
1 0. 1 0
Area
Yt 1
Yz 1
X3 Y3 1
+
_!_
- 2 Xz
1
2 (XtYz + Y1X3 + Y3X2 - YzX3 - YtXz - XtY3)
where the sign is chosen so that the area is nonnegative.
If the area is zero the points all lie on a line.
-------------
Fig. 10-5
FORMULAS FROM PLANE ANALYTIC GEOME TRY
36
T RA N S FO RMAT I O N O F C O O RDI N ATES I NVOLVI N G P URE TRA N S LA T I O N
1 0. 1 1
x' + X o
y' + Yo
or
x' = x - x0
I
I
y' = Y - Yo
where (x, y) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates relative to

xy system] , (x', y') are new coordinates [relative to x'y' sys
tem] and (x0, Y o) are the coordinates of the new origin 0 '
relative to the old xy coordinate system.
y'
- -o:_l!o_)_ _ _ _ x'
1 0'
----+-ooc----+- r
I
Fig. l0-6
TRA N S FORMATION OF COO R D I N ATES I N VO L V I N G P U R E R O T A T I ON
1 0. 1 2
x ' cos a
y' sin a
or
x' sin a + y' cos a
x'
y'
x cos a + y sin a
= y cos a - x sin a
where the origins of the old [xy] and new [x'y'] coordinate
systems are the same but the x ' axis makes an angle a with
the positive x axis.
\y'
\
x'
\
\ 0/ a
-------;-if:'--L------ :
Fig. l 0-7
T R A N S FORM A T I ON O F COORD I NATES I N V OL V I N G TRA N S LATION A N D ROTAT I O N
1 0. 1 3
or
{
{
x = x' cos a
y' sin a + x0
y = x' sin a + y' cos a + Yo

=
(x - x0) cos a + (y - Y o) sin a

y' = (y - Yo) cos a - (x - x0) sin a
x'
where the new origin 0' of x'y' coordinate system has co

ordinates (x0, y0) relative to the old xy coordinate system
and the x' axis makes an angle a with the positive x axis.
Fig. lO-S
POLAR COOR D I N AT E S
(r, 0)
A point P can be located by rectangular coordinates (x, y) or

polar coordinates (r, o). The transformation between these coordinates
is
1 0. 1 4
x = r cos 0
y = r sin o
or
p {(x, y)
(r, t>)
{ : : :2_: :
!x)
Fig. 10-9
37
EQ UATION OF C I RC LE OF RA D I U S R, C EN T E R AT
(x - xo)2 + (y - Yo)2
1 0. 1 5
(xo, yo)
Fig. 10-10
EQUAT ION OF C I RC LE O F R A D I U S R PAS S I N G THRO U G H O R I G I N
1 0. 1 6
2R cos (II - a)
where (r, 11) are polar coordinates of any point on the

circle and (R, a) are polar coordinates of the center of
the circle.
Fig. 10-11
C O N I C S [ELL I PSE, PARABOLA OR H Y P E R BO LA]
If a point P moves so that its distance from a fixed point

[called the focus] divided by its distance from a fixed line [called
the directrix] is a constant e [called the eccentricity] , then the
curve described by P is called a conic [so-called because such
curves can be obtained by intersecting a plane and a cone at
different angles].
If the focus is chosen at origin 0 the equation of a conic
in polar coordinates (r, 11) is, if OQ = p and LM = D, [see
Fig. 0- 2]
1 1
1 0. 1 7
The conic is
(i)
an ellipse if
(ii)
a parabola if
1e
(iii) a hyperbola if
cos (J
< 1
e =
e
> 1.
eD
1 -t cos (J
Directrix
I
1-- D
I
...
Fig. l0-12
38
ELLIPSE WfTH C EN T E R 0(4), 1/o) A N D MAJ O R AXJ$ PARALlEl. TO

1 0. 1 8
Length of major axis A 'A
2a
1 0. 1 9
Length of minor axis B 'B
2b
1 0.20
Distance from center C to focus F or F' is
AXIS
A'
Va2 - b2
c =
B'
...ja2 -b2
Eccentricity = e =
= ---
1 0.22
Equation in rectangular coordinates:
(x -x0)2
+
a2
1 0.21
!:..
a
(y - Yo)2
Fig I 0 1 3
.
b2
0:
r2 =
a2 sin2 9 + b2 cos2 9
1 0.23
Equation in polar coordinates if C is at
1 0.24
Equation in polar coordinates if C is on x axis and F' is at
1 0.25
If P is any point on the ellipse, PF + PF'
0:
r =
2a
a(1 -2)
1 - . cos 9
If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace 9 by !1r - 9 [or
90 - 9].
PARABOLA W ITH AXIS PARA LLEL TO
AXIS
If vertex is at A(x0, y0) and the distance from A to focus F is a > 0, the equation of the parabola is
1 0.26
(y- Yo)2
4a(x -x0)
if parabola opens to right [Fig. 10-14]
1 0.27
(y - Yo) 2
-4a(x - x0)
if parabola opens to left [Fig. 10-15]
If focus is at the origin [Fig. 10-16] the equation in polar coordinates is
1 0.28
2a
1 -
cos 9
y
A t--=----
(x o. Yo)
Fig. l0-14
Fig. 10-15
In case the axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y or replace
Fig. 10-16
by !1r - 9 [or 90 - 9 ] .
39
Fig. 1 0-17
2a
10.29
Length of major axis A' A
10.30
Length of minor axis B'B
10.31
Distance from center C to focus F or F'
10.32
Eccentricity
10.33
10.34
Slopes of asymptotes G'H and GH'
10.35
Equation in polar coordinates if C is at
10.36
Equation in polar coordinates if C is on X axis and F' is at
10.37
If P is any point on the hyperbola, PF - PF'
2b
-
ya2 + b2
Ja2 + b2
a
(x - Xo)2
a2
(y - Yo)2
b2
b
+
a
0:
0:
a(2
- 1)
1 - . cos 8
2a [depending on branch]
If the major axis is parallel to the y axis, interchange x and y in the above or replace 8 by
[or 90
8].
-
!,...
;"<,-
11
' ,
,,
'
' "
'
'
'
,"
,0;:
' '
'
SP E C I A L P L A N E C U RV E S
---
LE M N I S C ATE
1 1.1
Equation in polar coordinates:
r2
1 1 .2
a2 cos 211
A'
(x2 + y2)2 = a2 (x2
y2)
1 1 .3
Angle between AB' or A 'B and x axis
1 1 .4
Area of one loop
!a2
Fig. l l-1
CYCLOID
1 1 .5
{ x = a(
y
a(l
1 1 .6
Area of one arch = 3,.a2
1 1 .7
Arc length of one arch
Equations in parametric form:
sin )
cos )
Sa
This is a curve described by a point P on a circle of radius

rolling along x axis.
Fig. 1 1 -2
H Y P O C Y C L O I D WITH F O U R C U S P S
1 1 .8
x2 13 + y2 !3
1 1 .9

=
a2!3
y = a sin3 o
Area bounded by curve = i,.a2
1 1.11
Arc length of entire curve = 6a
.....
I
I
I
I
-E'----1---==:r- X
--I
I
\
I
\
I
\
'\
/
Equations in parametric form:

x = a cos3 o
1 1 .10
'
This is a curve described by a point P on a circle of radius
a/4 as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
40
'-
Fig. 1 1 -3
SPE CIAL PLANE CURVE S
41
C A RDIOID
r = a(l + cos IJ)
1 1 .1 2
E quation:
1 1 .1 3
Area bounded by curve
1 1.14
Arc length of curve
1ra2
8a
This is the curve described by a point P of a circle of radius

a as it rolls on the outside of a fixed circle of radius a. The
curve is also a special case of the limacon of Pascal [see 11.32] .
Fig. l l -4
C ATE NARY
1 1.15
Equation:
y =
!!
( exla + e -xla)
cosh
This is the curve in which a heavy uniform chain would

hang if suspended vertically from fixed points A and B.
<
:
1
----->
--------------- X
01
Fig. 1 1 -5
T HREE-LEAVED R O S E
1 1 .16
Equation:
r = a cos 31J
The equation r = a sin 3 11 i s a similar curve obtained by

rotating the curve of Fig. 1 1-6 counterclockwise through 30 or
1r/ 6 radians.
In general r = a cos no or r = a sin niJ has n leaves if
n is odd.
Fig. 1 1 -6
F O U R - L E AVED R O SE
1 1 .17
Equation:
r = a cos 21J
The equation r = a sin 211 is a similar curve obtained by

rotating the curve of Fig. 1 1-7 counterclockwise through 45 or
1r/ 4 radians.
In general r = a cos no or r = a sin no has 2n leaves if
n is even.
Fig. 1 1 -7
42
SPECIAL PLANE CURVES
EPIC YCLOID
1 1.18
{x
Parametric equations:
(a + b) cos fJ
.
(a + b) sin fJ - b sm
)
( )
a +b
b cos (-b
(J
a +b
-b
This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the outside of a circle of radius a.
The cardioid [Fig. 11-4] is a special case of an epicycloid.
Fig. l l -8
GENERAL HYPOCYCLOI D
1 1 .19
{x
(a -b) cos > + b cos
(a -b) sin > - b sin
(;)
()
a
>
>
This is the curve described by a point P on a circle of

radius b as it rolls on the inside of a circle of radius a.
If b
a/4, the curve is that of Fig. 1 1-3.
"
Fig. ll-9
1 1 .20
TROC HOID
a> -b sin >

a - b cos >
This is the curve described by a point P at distance b from the center of a circle of radius
circle rolls on the x axis.
If b < a, the curve is as shown in Fig. 1 1-10 and is called a curtate cycloid.
If b > a, the curve i s as shown in Fig.
11-11 and is called a
prolate cycloid.
If b = a, the curve is the cycloid of Fig. 11-2.
Fig. l l -10
Fig. ll-11
as the
TRACTRIX.
1 1 .2 1
a( lnc t i<P
y = a s in
't'
cos )
W ITCH O F A G N E S I
1 1 .23
This is the curve described by endpoint P of a taut string

PQ of length a as the other end Q is moved along the x
axis.
1 1 .22
43
x2 + 4a2
QI
Fig. 1 1 - 1 2
x = 2a cot 8
y = a(l - cos 28)
:::::
In Fig. 1 1-13 the variable line OA intersects y 2a

and the circle of radius a with center (0, a) at A and B
respectively. Any point P on the "witch" is located by con
structing lines parallel to the x and y axes through B and
A respectively and determining the point P of intersection.
Fig. l l -13
FOLI U M OF D E SCA R TE S
1 1 .24

x3 + y3
1 1 .25
1 1 .26
Area of loop
1 1 .27
Equation of asymptote:
{:
!! az
2
3axy
3at
1 + t3
3at2
1 + t3
x+y+a
Fig. 1 1 -14
I N V O L U TE O F A C I RC L E
1 1 .28
x
a(cos + sin )
y = a(sin - cos )
This is the curve described by the endpoint P of a string
as it unwinds from a circle of radius a while held taut.
\
'
Fig. 1 1 -15
..._
44
EVOLUTE O F A N E LLIPSE
1 1 .29
1 1 .30
(ax)2/3 + (by)2/3 = (a2
{ ax = (a2 - b2)
b2)2/3
X
cos3 fJ
by = (a2 - b2) sin3 (J
This curve is the envelope of the normals
x2fa2 + y2fb2 = 1 shown dashed in Fig. 11-16.
to
the ellipse
Fig. ll-16
OVALS OF C A SS I N I
1 1 .3 1
r4 + a4
Polar equation:
- 2a2r2 cos 2 0 = b4
This is the curve described by a point P such that the product of its distances from two fixed points
[distance 2a apart] is a constant b2.
The curve is as in Fig. 1 1-17 or Fig. 11-18 according as b < a or b > a respectively.
If b = a, the curve is a lemniscate [ Fig. 1 1-1 ] .
Fig. l l-17
Fig. 11-18
LI MACO N OF PASCAL
1 1 .32
Polar equation:
r = b + a cos fJ
Let OQ be a line joining origin 0 to any point Q on a circle of diameter a passing through 0. Then
the curve is the locus of all points P such that PQ = b.
The curve is as in Fig. 1 1-19 or Fig. 1 1-20 according as b > a or b < a respectively. If b = a, the
curve is a cardioid ( Fig. 11-4] .
Fig.
11-19
Fig. ll-20
SPECIAL PLANE CURVE S
45
C I S S O I D OF D I O C L E S
1 1 .33

yz =
1 1 .34
x3
2a -
{: :
2a
2a
sin2 o
sin3 o
cos (J
This is the curve described by a point P such that the

distance OP = distance RS. It is used in the problem of
duplication of a cube, i.e. finding the side of a cube which has
twice the volume of a given cube.
Fig. l l -21
S P I R AL O F A R C H I M E D E S
1 1 .35
Polar equation:
ao
Fig. l l -22
F O R M U LA S f ro m S O L I D
12
1 2. 1
A N A LY T I C G E O M E T R Y
Fig. l2-l
1 2.2
Xr
x2 -d-, m cos /3 -Yr n cos y

Y2 -d-,
-where a, {3, y are the angles which line P1P2 makes with the positive
d is given by 12.1 see Fig. 12-1].
l
cos a
x, y,
axes respectively. and
R E LATIO N S H IP B ET W E E N D I R E C TI O N COS I N E S
cos2 a
1 2.3
cos2 f3
+ cos2 y
or
12 + m2 + n2
D IR E C T I O N N U M B E R S
M, N
m, n are called direction numbers.

-yr=::::2 =::+::::LM::::2:=+=N=-2 ' m VL2 + M1112 + N2 ' n - y2 + N1112 + N2
which are proportional to the direction cosines l,

Numbers L,
The relationship between them is given by
1 2.4
r:::::::=::
::
:=::;
46
FORMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Pt(Xt, Yt, Zt)
E Q UATIO N S OF L INE J OI N ING
1 2.5
AND
Pz(Xz, yz, zz)
47
IN STANDARD FOR M
Z - Zt
n
Y - Yt
Y - Yt
m
Yz - Yt
These are also valid if l, m, n are replaced by L, M, N respectively.
E Q UAT I O N S O F LINE J OINING Pt(Xt, Yt, Zt) AND Pz(Xz, Yz, zz) IN P A R A METRIC FORM
X = x 1 + l t,
1 2.6
Yt + m t,
Z = z1 + nt
These are also valid if l,m, n are replaced by L, M, N respectively.

A N G L E 4> BETWEEN TWO L INES WITH DI RECTIO N COSINES
lt, mt, nt
AND
lz, mz, nz
cos
1 2.7
GENERAL EQUATION OF A P LANE
Ax + By + Cz + D
1 2.8
E Q U A TIO N OF P LANE PASSING THR O UGH P O I NTS
X - X 1 y - Yt Z - Z t
Xz X t Yz - Yt Zz - Zt
1 2.9
[A, B, C, D are constants]
(Xt, Yt, Zt), (xz, Yz, Zz), (xs, 1fs, zs)
or
1 2. 1 0
Yz - Yt
Y3 - Yt
E QUATION OF P LANE IN INTERCEPT FORM

z
1 2. 1 1
: + 1L + =
a
where a, b, c are the intercepts on the

respectively.
x,
y, z axes
X
Fig. l2-2
48
FOhMULAS FROM SOLID ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
(xo, Yo, zo)

Ax + By + Cz + D
E Q UATI ONS OF L I NE THROUGH

AND PERPEN D ICULAR TO PLANE
X - Xo
1 2. 1 2
Y - Yo
z - z0
or
x0 + A t,
Y o + Bt,
z0 + Ct
Note that the direction numbers for a line perpendicular to the plane A x + By + Cz + D =
A , B, C.
D I STANCE FROM P O I N T
(xo, Yo, zo)
TO PLANE
Ax + By + Cz + D
are
A x0 + By0 + Cz0 + D
1 2. 1 3
yA2 + B2 + C2
where the sign is chosen so that the distance is nonnegative.
N O R MAL F O R M FOR E Q U ATION OF P LANE
12.14
COS a
+ y
COS
f3 +
Z COS
y = p
where p = perpendicular distance from 0 to plane at

P and a , ,8, y are angles between OP and positive x, y, z
axes.
Fig. I2-3
T RANS F O R MATI O N OF C O O R D I N ATES I N V O LV ING P U RE TRANSLATI ON
1 2. 1 5
x = x' + x0
y = y ' + Yo
z = z' + z0
or
x'
I Z'
I
I
I
x - x0
y ' = Y - Yo
z'
1 (x_YQ-"ol_
z - z0
where (x, y, z) are old coordinates [i.e. coordinates rela

tive to xyz system] , (x', y', z') are new coordinates [rela
tive to x'y'z' system] and (x0, y0, z0) are the coordinates
of the new origin 0' relative to the old xyz coordinate
system.
/0'
/
y'
Ao------ y
/x'
Fig. I2-4
{x
{
49
TRANSFORMATION OF COORDINATES INVOL V I N G PURE ROTATION
1 2. 1 6
or
11x'
+ l2y'
m1x'
l1x
y'
Z2x
l3x
l3z '
m2y'
n1x' + n2y'
x'
z'
m1y
m2y
m3z'
+ n3z'
\ z'
n 1z
/ y'
n2z
,---------- y
0
1
I
I
I
i x'
m:Jy + n3z
where the origins of the xyz and x'y'z' systems are the
same and l1, m1, n1 ; 12, m2, n2 ; l3, m3, n3 are the direction
cosines of the x', y', z' axes relative to the x, y , z axes
respectively.
Fig. 12-5
{x
{
TRANSF O RMATION OF COORDINATES INVOL VI N G TRANSLATION AND ROTATION
12.17
y
z
+ lzy' + l3z' + x0
= m1x' + m2y' + m3z' + Yo
n1x' + n2y' + n3 z' + z 0
z'
x:
or
= l1x'
l1(x - x0)
+ m1(y - y0)
n 1 (z - z 0)
l2(x - x0) + m2(y - y0)
l3(x - x0)
+ n3(z - z 0)
m3(y - y0)
n2( z - z 0)
.
where the origin 0' of the x'y'z' system has coordinates

( x0, y0 , z0) relative to the xyz system and l 1 , mv n 1 ;
l2, m2 , n2 ; 13, m3, n 3 are the direction cosines o f the
x', y', z' axes relative to the x, y , z axes respectively.
/0:;:-----j------
Fig. l2-6
CYLINDRICAL COO RDINATES
A point P can be located by cylindrical coordinates (r,

[see Fig. 12-7] as well as rectangular coordinates ( x, y, z) .
The transformation between these coordinates is
1 2. 1 8
{:
z
r
0
cos IJ
sin 0
or
{'
(r, 0, z)
IJ, z)
vxz + y2
IJ = tan- 1 (y/x)
z
z
X
Fig. l2-7
l(x, y, z)
I (r, 6, z)
50
SPHERICAL COORDINATES
(r, 0, )
A point P can be located by spherical coordinates (r, o, )

[see Fig. 12-8] as well as rectangular coordinates (x, y, z).
The transformation between those coordinates is
1 2. 1 9
or
{:
{:
J(x, y, z)
P l (r, 0, )
r
r sin o cos
r sin o sin
r cos o
vx2 + y2 + z2
tan - ! (y/x)
cos - 1 (z/yx2 + y 2 + z2 )
Fig. 1 2-8
EQUATION OF SPHERE IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
1 2.20
(x - x0)2 + (y - y0)2 + (z - z0)2 = R2

where the sphere has center (x0, y0, z0) and radius R.
Fig. 1 2-9
EQ UATION OF SPHERE IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES
1 2.21
r2 - 2r0r cos (o - 00) + r + (z - z0)2 = R2

where the sphere has center (r0, o0, z0) in cylindrical coordinates and radius R.
If the center is at the origin the equation is
1 2.22
r2 + z2 = R2
E Q UATION OF SPHERE IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES
1 2.23
r2 + r - 2r0r sin 0 sin 00 cos ( - 0) = R2

where the sphere has center (r0, o0, o) in spherical coordinates and radius R.
If the center is at the origin the equation is
1 2.24
r =
E Q U AT I O N OF E L L I P S O I D W IT H C E N T E R
1 2.25
(x - Xo) 2
(y - Yo) 2
(z - zo) 2
+
+
a2
c2
b2
(xo, Yo, zo) AN D
51
S E M I - A X E S a, b, c
Fig. 12-10
E LL I PT I C C Y L I N D E R W I T H A X I S A S z A X IS
y2
x2
a2 +
1 2.26
where
If
a,
b2
b are semi-axes of elliptic cross section.
=
it becomes a circular cylinder of radius a.
Fig. 12-11
E L LI P T I C C O N E W IT H A X I S A S z A X I S
z
1 2.27
Fig. 12-12
H Y P E R B O LO I D OF O N E S H E ET
1 2.28
Fig. 12-13
52
H Y PERBO LOID O F TWO S HE ETS
1 2.29
Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-14.
Fig. 12-14
E L LI PTIC PAR ABO L O ID
1 2.30
z
c
Fig. 12-15
HYP E R B O LI C P A R A B O L O I D
1 2.31
x2
y2 _ z
7i2 - b2
c
Note orientation of axes in Fig. 12-16.
Fig. 12-16
13
D E R I VAT I V E S
D E F I N I T I O N O F A D E R I VATI V E
I f y = f(x), the derivative o f y o r f(x) with respect to x is defined as
dy
dx
1 3. 1
lim f(x + h) - f(x)
h -+ 0
x)
x)
lim f(x + ti - /(
L>x -+ 0
where h = tix. The derivative is also denoted by y', df/dx or f' (x).
called differentiation.
tix
The process of taking a derivative is
G E N ERAL RUlES O F D IF F E R E N T I ATION
In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants [restricted if indicated] ; e = 2.71828 . . .

is the natural base of logarithms; In u is the natural logarithm of u [i.e. the logarithm to the base e] where
it is assumed that u > 0 and all angles are in radians.
1 3.2
d
dx (c) = 0
1 3.3
d
x)
dx (e
1 3.4
d
n)
dx (cx
1 3.5
d
u v w " ")
dx (
1 3.6
d
dx (cu)
du
cdx
1 3.7
d
dx (uv)
du
dv
udx
dx + v -
1 3.8
d
w)
dx (uv
1 3.9
ncxn - 1
+
du
dv
dw + uw uvdx + vw dx
dx
:X (:;)
v( du/dx) - u(dv/dx)
v2
nun- 1 du
dx
1 3. 1 0
d n
dx (u )
1 3. 1 1
dy
dx
dy du
du dx
13.12
du
dx
dx/du
dy
dy/du
dx
dx/du
1 3. 1 3
du + dv + dw
dx - dx - dx
(Chah rule)
53
DE RIVATIVES
54
1 3. 1 4
:x sin u
du
dx
cos u
1 3. 1 7
1 3. 1 5
d
cos u
dx
du
- sin u dx
13.18
d
sec u
dx
13.16
d
tan u
dx
du
sec2 u dx
1 3. 1 9
d
csc u
dx
1 3.20
dx sm - 1 u
1 3.2 1
d
- cos - 1 u
dx
1 3.22
d
- cot 1 u
dx
1 3.24
d
- sec - 1 u
dx
1 3.25
-1
V1 - u2
[0 <
!!:_ csc - 1 u
dx
[0 <
du
dx
du
dx
l u i vfu2 - 1
loga e du
u- dx
d
- ln u
dx
sin - 1 u
cos - 1 u
[- i <
du
dx
1 3.26
1 3.27
du
dx
du
dx
tan - 1 u
1 3.23
[-i <
du
V1 - u2 dx
<
< ,-]
tan -t u <
cot - 1 u < ,-j

du
dx
::;:1
uvfu2 - 1
du
dx
csc 2 u
cot u
:=
du
dx
sec u tan u
du
dx
du
esc u cot u dx
i]
J
[
[-
+ if 0 < sec - 1 u < Tr/2

- if ,-/2 < sec - 1 u < ,.
if 0 < csc-1 u < 1r/2

+ if -,-/2 < csc-1 u < 0
a 0, 1
1 du
u dx
au In a du
1 3.28
dx
1 3.29
!!:_ 6v In u
1 3.30
dx
ev In u !!:_ [v ln u]
dx
dv
du
vuv - 1 - + uv ln u dx
dx
1 3.31
d .
s hu
dx m
cosh u
du
dx
1 3.34
d
coth u
dx
du
- csch2 u dx
1 3.32
d
cosh u
dx
sm
. hu
du
dx
1 3.35
d
sech u
dx
- sech u tanh u
1 3.36
:X csch u
csch u coth u
1 3.33
dx
tanh u
sech2 u
du
dx
du
dx
du
dx
DERIVATIVES
du
y'u2+ 1 dx
1 3.37
.!!._
sinh
dx
1 3.38
d
- cosh - l u
dx
1 3.39
d
- tanh-1 u
dx
1 3 .40
d
dx coth-1 u
1
du
dx
1 3.41
d
- sech - 1 u
dx
+1
du
uv'1 - u2 dx
---=-
d
- csch-l u
dx
1 3 .42
55
1
du
y'u2 - l dx
1 du
1 - u2 dx
[-1 1 or u
-1
du
!ul y1 + u2 dx
::::.
+ if cosh - l u > 0, u
- if cosh - 1 u < 0, u
:::::
+1
du
uv'1 + u2 dx
1
1
-1]
- if sech - 1 u > 0, 0
+ if sech-l u < 0, 0
[- if u > 0,
>
>
if u
<
<
<
u< 1
< 1
0]
HIGHEt . DERIVAt i'VIS

The second, third and higher derivatives are defined as follows.
1 3.43
Second derivative
1 3.44
Third derivative
1 3.45
nth derivative
d
dx
;;;:;
dx
a
dx
()
( )
( )
dy
dx
aly
dx2
d2y
dx2
f"(x)
d3y
dxS
an-ly
dxn - 1
f"'(x)
dny
dxn
y"
y' "
J< n l (x)
y <nl
UfBNITZ'S RUlE FO R HIGH ER DERIVAT IVES OF PRODUCTS
Let DP stand for the operator
Dn(uv)
1 3.46
( ;) ( ;)
.
whe re
. . .
so that DPu
d P
uDnv +
(Du)(Dn- lv)
the pth derivative of
(;)
(D2u)(Dn -2v) +
d2v
+
dx2
Let y
du dv + d2u
v
dx dx
dx2
f(x) and fly
1 3.49
f' (x)
ax
e
dy
+ '
dx
...,. 0 as Ax -> 0. Thus
1 3.50
If we call t::.x
f '(x) t::.x + .t..x
Ay
=
dx the differential of
x,
then we define the differential of y

dy
f'(x) dx
to
u.
d3
(uv)
axa
1 3.48
1 3.5 1
are the binomial coefficients [page 3].
As special cases we have

d2
1 3 .47
(uv)
dx2
where
( ;)
be
Then
+ vDnu
56
DERIVATIVES
RULES FOR DlffiRJNT:JAt.S

The rules for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatives. As examples we observe that
:::::
du dv dw
1 3.52
d(u v w
1 3 .53
d(uv)
1 3.54
1 3.55
a()
1 3.56
d(sin u)
cos u du
1 3 .57
d(cos u)
- sin u du
d(u)
f(x, x,
v du - u dv
:::::
nun -l du
Similarly the partial derivative of

1 3.59
u dv + v du
Let
y) be a function of the two variables
with respect to keeping constant, to be
1 3.58
f(x,
x y.
f(x x. x - f(x, y)
and
y) with respect to y, keeping

lim
... o
constant, is defined to be
Au
iJy
Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows.
axa (at)
ax '
1 3.60
/(lli, y)
y)
lim
... o
Ax
Then we define the partial derivative of
iJya (iJiJ'y)
1 3.61
The results in 13.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous, i.e. in
case the order of differentiation makes no difference.
The differential of
1 3.62
where dx
f(x,
and dy
y) is defined as
y.
df
aaxt x ayiJf
d
Extension to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.
such
14
If
f{x), then
is the function whose derivative is f(x) and is called the anti-derivative of /(x)
or the inefinite integral of f(x), denoted by
/(x) dx. Similarly if
y J
/(u) du, then
Since the derivative of a constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant.
= /(u).
For the definition of a definite integral, see page 94. The process of finding an integral is called
integration.
In the following, u, v, w are functions of x; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated;

e = 2.7 1828 . . is the natural base of logarithms; In u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed
that u > 0 [in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace In u by In !uiJ ; all angles
are in radians; all constants of integration are omitted but implied.
.
14.1
1 4.2
1 4.3
1 4.4
J
J
J
J
= ax
a dx
(u
'IJ
u dv
af(x) dx
w
/(x) dx
) dx
uv -
v du
u dx
v dx
w dx
[ Integration by partsJ
For generalized integration by parts, see 14.48.
1 4.5
1 4.6
J
J
/(ax) dx
J
J
F{f (x)} dx
/(tt) du
F(u)
: du
In u
1 4.8
if
where u = /(x)
[For n = -1, see 14.8]
n oF - 1
1 4.7
F(u)
du
f' (x)
> 0 or In ( -u) if
<0
In lui
1 4.9
1 4. 1 0
J
J
e" du
au du
6u ln a
du
In a
a > 0, a # 1
57
58
1 4. 1 1
1 4. 1 2
1 4. 1 3
1 4. 1 4
1 4. 1 5
1 4. 1 6
1 4. 1 7
1 4. 1 8
1 4. 1 9
1 4.20
1 4.21
1 4.22
1 4.23
1 4.24
1 4.25
1 4.26
1 4.27
1 4.28
1 4.29
1 4.30
1 4.3 1
1 4.32
1 4.33
INDEFINITE INTE GRALS
j'
sin u du
.f cos u du
J
j'
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
j'
j'
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
j'
J
J
- cos u
=
tan u du
cot u du
sin u
In sec u
- In cos u
In sin u
sec u du
In (sec u + tan u)
csc u du
In (esc u
sec2 u du
csc2 u du
- cot u
cot2 u du
- cot u
=
u
2
sin 2u
! (u
4-
sin 2u
+
4
2
cos2 u du
sec u tan u du
sinh u du
cosh u
=
tanh u du
sinh u
In cosh u
In sinh u
sin - 1 (tanh u)
csch u du
ln tanh
csch2 u du
tanh2 u du
!(u + sin u cos u)
- csc u
sech u dtt
sech2 u du
sin u cos u)
sec u
esc u cot u du
coth u du
tan u
tan u - u
cosh u du
( )
u
In tan 2
cot u)
tan2 u du
sin2 u du
ln tan
u
2
or
tanh u
coth u
u - tanh u
or
2 tan- 1 eu
coth - 1 eu
INDEFI NITE I NTEGRALS
1 4.34
1 4.35
1 4.36
1 4.37
1 4.38
1 4.39
1 4.40
1 4.41
1 4.42
J coth2 u du :::: u - coth u

2u
u
J sinh2 u du
2u
J cosh2 u du
+
2
J u u du
J u coth u du ::::
J u2du+ a2 a ua
f
2a ( u
)
f
2a (a - u )
f ya2du- u2
a
s
inh
sinh
sech
tanh
sech u
csch
- csch u
- tan- 1 1
_!_ In
_!_ In
+ a
1 4.45
1 4.46
1 4.47
1 4.48
.! coth - 1
u
= -1 tanh - 1 a
a
u2 > a2
u2 < a2
sin- 1
In (u +
1 4.44
u)
-!(sinh u cosh u + u)
::=
-! (sinh u cosh u
::::
59
f yu2du- a2
j' du
uyu2 - a2
f
J uya2 -u2
f J<nlg dx =
or
Vu2 + a2 )
In (u + yu2 - a2 )
sec- 1
- - In
1
In
( a + yu2 + a2 )
u
y
( a + :2 - u2 )
J< n - Dg - J<n- 2 )g'
This is called g eneralized
integration
J<n - 3 )g "
. . . (- 1 )n
by parts.
f fg<n) dx
Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution

and formula 14.6, page 57. The following list gives some transformations and their effeets.
1 4.49
1 4.50
1 4.5 1
1 4.52
1 4.53
J F(ax + b) dx =
J F{-../ax + b ) dx
J F(Vax + b ) dx
J F(ya2 - x2 ) dx
f F(yx2 + a2 ) dx
J F(u) du
2 J u F(u) du
; f un- 1 F(u) du
a J F(a cos u) cos u du
u)
u du
a f F(a
a
sec
sec2
where u = ax + b
where
where
u = Vax + b
where
where
x = a tan u
vax + b
sin u
60
1 4 . 54
1 4.55
1 4.56
1 4.57
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
f
f
f
J (
dx
F(e=) dx
F(ln
) dx
sin- 1
F(a
tan u) sec u tan u
du
J Fu) du
x) dx
F(u)
eu
j'
du
where
where
where
F(u)
cos u
du
where
see u
e=
ln
sin - 1
Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.
1 4.58
F(sin
x, cos x) dx
f (
2u
+ u2
'
u2
u2
1 1 +
where
Pages 60 through 93 provide a table of integrals classified under special types. The remarks given on
page 57 apply here as well. It is assumed in all cases that division by zero is excluded.
1 4 . 59
1 4.60
1 4.61
1 4 .62
1 4 .63
1 4.64
1 4.65
1 4.66
1 4.67
1 4.68
1 4.69
1 4.70
1 4.7 1
f
f
ax
_;.;"-::x dx
ax + b
-;:;_ ln (ax + b)
b
n (ax + b)
a - a2 l
(ax + b)2
2a3
ax + b
s
J
J
J
f
f
J
J
J
J
f
x3 dx
ax + b
(ax + b)3
3a4
dx
x(ax + b)
x2(::+ b)
ln
b2
2b(ax + b)
+
a3
a3
ax b
_!_
+
n
bx
b2 l
ax + b
x
x
ax + b
-1
(ax b)2
a(ax + b)
x dx
(ax + b)2
1
b
+
n (ax + b)
a2(ax + b)
a2 l
x2 dx
(!W + b)2
x3 dx
(ax + b)2
dx
x(ax + b)2
x
d + b)2
x2(ax
ax + b
b2
----cia- - a3(ax + b)
(ax + b)2
2a4
1
(ax + b)
3b2(ax + b)
3b(ax + b)2
+
a4
2a4
2ax - b
a2
n
2 b2x2 + b3 l
x3(aa:+ b)
In
b(ax + b)
b3
In
- 4
a
2b
- aa In
(ax + b)
3b2
3b(ax + b) +
b3
+ a4
a4(ax + b)
a4
n
b2 l
(ax + b)
ax + b
)
(
1
2a l
-a
+
n
b2(ax + b) - b2x
b3
ax + b
x
-
In
(ax + b)
INDE FINITE INTEGRALS
1 4.72
1 4.73
1 4.74
1 4.75
1 4.76
1 4.77
1 4.78
1 4.79
1 4.80
1 4.81
f x3(axdx+ b)2 (ax2b4x+ 2b)2 3a(axb4x+ b) b4(ax + b) b4 ( ax + b)

J (axa:. b)3 2(ax-1+ b)2
f (axx +dxb)3 a2(ax + b) + 2a2(axb + b)2
f (axx2+dxb)3 a3(ax2b+ b) 2aS(axb2+ b)2 a3 1n (ax + b)
b
4 ln (ax + b)
+ 2a4(ax b)2
f (axxS+dxb)3
a
+
ax + b )
f x(axdx+ b)3 2b3(axa2x2+ b)2 - b3(ax2ax+ b) - b3 (-xJx2(axdx+ b)3 2b2(ax-a+ b)2 b3(ax2a+ b) b3x + 3ab4 1n (ax x+ b)
J x3(axdx+ b)3 2b5(axa4x+2 b)2 b5(ax4a3x+ b) (ax2b5x+ 2 b5 (ax + b)
+t
-1,
f (ax + b)n dx (ax + b)n1)a
b(ax + b)n + l
b)n+ 2
-1, -2
f x (ax + b)" dx (ax + 2)a2
+ 1)a2 '
-2,
b)n + 3
2b(ax b)n +2
b2(ax + b)n + l
f x2(ax + b)" dx (ax + 3)a3
+
+ 2)a3
+ 1)a3
+
1 4.86
1 4.87
1 4.88
In
1_
6a.2 In
b)2
If n
(n +
= -
1,
(n
see 1 4.59.
.p.
(n
see 14.60, 14.67.

=
-1, -2, -3,
(n +
(n
(n
see 14.61, 14.68, 1 4.75.
xm (ax + b)n + t
xm - l (ax + b) " dx
1)a
(m +
(m + n + 1)a
-xm + l(ax + b)n+ l
m + n + 2
+
xm(ax + b)n + l dx
(n + l )b
(n + 1)b
1 4.83
1 4.85
In
-1
If n
1 4.84
3a2
If n
1 4.82
61
f vax + b
J vaxx dx+ b
J Vaxx2 dx+ b
J
dx
xvax + b
J x2Vaxdx + b
a
+
2(ax 2b) r---;-;v ax -r bo
Sa2
_
Yb
2
1n
( - VbVb)
vax + b +
an
-1
Vax + b
a
bx
2b
--::;)
J :x;,/axdx+ b
[See 14.87]
62
1 4.89
1 4.90
1 4.91
1 4.92
1 4 .93
1 4.94
1 4.95
1 4 .96
1 4.97
1 4.98
J Vax + b dx
J xyax + b dx
J x2yax + b dx
2(15a2x2 - 12abx + 8b2) V(ax. + b)3

105a3
J vaxX+ b dx
[See 14.87]
s vax + b dx - vaxX+ b + -2a --- [See 14.87]
J XVax + b
2x"'vax+ b - 2mb f xm- 1 dx
x"' dX -=
(2m + l)a (2m + 1)a yax + b
J yax + b
f dx
xmyax + b
f xmyax + b dx (2m2x"'+ 3)a (ax + b)3!2 - (2m2mb+ 3)a f xm -1 ax b
+ b dx
vaxy;;;+b
f -+ 2(ma- 1) J xm- 1-.dx./ax + b
+ b)3/2 (2m - 5)a ...;;;;;+b dx
J yaxXm+ b dx (m- (ax
- 1)bx"' - (2m - 2)b f
+ b) <m + 2l /2
f (ax + b)ml2 dx 2(axa(m
+ 2)
/2 2b(ax + b) <m+ 2l/2
J x(ax + b)m/2 d'X' 2(axa2+(mb)<m+4l
a2(m + 2)
4)
+ b)<m+6l/2 - 4b(ax + b) <m+4)/2 2b2(ax + b) <m+2l/2
J x2(ax + b)m/2 dx 2.(axa3(m
a3(m + 4)
+ 6)
a,3(m + 2)
J -"-=(a::x:...: +:..... x.::J..b):."'_.. /2 dx =2::::(a::x +m___.:::_; b:2_)_m_t2 + b J (ax + b)x<m-2)/2 dx
f (ax + b)m/2 dx - (ax + b)<m+2l/2 + ma (ax + b)m/2 dx
x2
bx
Zb J
x
f dx
!f
dx
2
x(ax + b)m/2 (m - 2)b(ax b)<m 2)/2 + b x(ax + b) <m-2>12
--
--
v
+ dx
1 4.99
1 4 . 1 00
1 4. 1 0 1
1 4 . 1 02
1 4 . 1 03
1 4 . 1 04
INTIGRALS I NVOlVING
1 4 . 1 05
1 4 . 1 06
dx
J (ax + b}(p
x + q)
f x dx
(ax+ b)(px + q)
J (ax + b)dx2(px + q)
J (ax + b)x 2dx(px + q)
J (ax + x2b)2dx(px + q)
1 4 . 1 07
1 4. 1 08
1 4 . 1 09
b . A,f\lG
ll
px
bp 1 aq ln ( ax ++ q)
b
b aq a ln (ax + b) - ln (px + q) }
(-( 1
px +
p
-+
In
bp aq Lax + b bp aq ax + qb ) }
1 {
(ax + b) b }
bp - aq bp -q aq n px + q - a(ax + b)
b(bp 2aq)
{ q2
1
b2
(bp - aq)a2(ax + b) + (bp - aq)2 -p In (px + q) + a
P
ln (ax
o}}
J
I ND E FINITE INTEGRALS
14.1 1 0
1 4. 1 1 1
J (ax + b)mdx(px + q)n (n l)(b1p aq) {(ax + b )m }(px + q)n

}
+ a(m + n - 2)
J (ax + b)m;x + q)n
f ax + b dx ax + bp aq (px + q)
px + q
P
P
}
(ax + b) m
+ b) m + 1 +
- 1)(bp - aq) { (ax
(n - m - 2)a f (px + n dx
q)
(px + q)n
f' (ax + b) m dx
{(px(ax++q)bn)m- 1 + m(bp - aq) f (ax(px++b)q)mn dx}
(px + q)n
(ax + b ) m- 1 )
f
-1 { (ax + b) m
ma
(px + q)n dx
+
l)p (px q)n 1
In
1
--=-
_
_
(n -
1 4. 1 1 2
63
-1
.,----=--:::-;--
(n
1 4. 1 1 3
1 4. 1 1 4
1 4. 1 1 5
px + q
dx
f Vax
+b
2(apx + 3aq - 2bp)

ax
3a2
J (px + q)dxVax + b
s
dx
px + q
1
ybp - aq yp
In (
2
VP tan
a
bp
q
vf
2yax + b
ybp - aq
--+
P
2
p
PVP
y;);:p::::aq
Vp(ax + b ) + ybp - aq
In (
2yaq - bp
PVP
yp(ax + b) -
p(ax + b)
aq b p
ybp - aq
y'p(ax + b)
yp(ax + b) + ybp - aq
p(ax + b)
aq - bp-
tan - 1
1 4. 1 1 6
1 4. 1 1 7
1 4. 1 1 8
f (px + q)dxn vax + b

2(px + q)n y'aX+b
2 (aq - bp} j' (px + q)n - l dx
+ n
J (pxVax++q)bn dx
(2n + l)a
Vax + b
-v'ax + b
dx
a
j
+
2(n - 1 )p
n - l yax
'
(px + q)
{k In
tf1tott$ t.N VOJ.VING

1 4. 1 20
1 4. 1 2 1
dx
y(ax + b)(px + q)
dx
f V(ax +xb)(px
+ q)
2
--
Vax + b
AND
+b
vfpx + q
(v'a(px + q) + yp(ax + b) )
an
V(ax + b)(px + q)
ap
-p(ax + b )
a(px + q)
bp + aq
2ap
J y(ax + dxb)(p;r; + q)
64
1 4. 1 22
1 4. 1 23
1 4. 1 24
1 4. 1 25
1 4. 1 26
1 4. 1 27
1 4. 1 28
1 4. 1 29
1 4. 1 30
1 4. 1 3 1
1 4. 1 32
1 4. 1 33
1 4. 1 34
1 4. 1 35
1 4. 1 36
1 4. 1 37
J v'(ax + b)(px + q) dx
f
f
dx
x2 + az
J xz + az
- In
J
J
J
x2 dx ::::
x - a tan - 1
x2 + a2
a
2
x dx
dx
x(x2 + a2)
dx
J
f
f
f
J
J
a2
2 In (x2 + a2)
l
2 2 n x2
a2x
az)
-1
_!
a3 tan a
1
1
- 2a2x2 - 2a4
In
x2
x2 + az
dx
x dx
(x2 + a2)n
dx
x(x2 + a2)n
dx
J a;m(ro2 + a))"
x
x
+ ..1_ tan - 1
a
2a3
2a2(x2 + a2)
-1
-x
+ _!_ tan - 1
2(x2 + a2)
2a
a
dx
(aq - b p) v'px + q
x':l dx
(x2 + a2)2
dx
rx;2(x2 + a2)2
J -;::.=====-
(x2 + a2)
x2
J x2(x2 + a2)
dx
J x3(x2 + a2)
dx
J (x2 + a2)2
x dx
J (x2 + a2)2
x2 dx
J (x2 + a2)2
J (x2 + a2)n
1 4. 1 43
1
2
x3 dx
x2 + a2
1 4. 1 39
1 4. 1 42
2y'aXTI
dx
(px + q) v'<ax + b ) (px + q )
J x3(x2 + a2)2
1 4 . 1 41
v'<ax + b ) ( px + q)
!!!!._ bp
+
a
2a
px + q dx
ax + b
1 4. 1 38
1 4. 1 40
v'(ax + b)(px + q)
l l
1
+
n
2a4
2 a2(x2 + a2)
_ __!_ a4x
x2
x2 + a2
x
- .JL tan - 1
a
2af>
2a4(x2 + a2)
- 2a!xi1. - 2a4(x + a2) -
2n 3
x
+
(2n 2) a2
2(n - l)a2(x2 + a2)n- 1
x2
a2)
dx
J (x2 + a2)n-1
1 4. 1 44
dx
2a
X2a2
x dx
f X2(i2
1 4. 1 45
x3 dxaJ.
x2
1 4. 1 48
f x(x2
1 4. 1 49
dx
1 4. 1 50
1 4. 1 5 1
1 4. 1 52
dx
f x2(x2
f (x2
a
x
x+ a
X
1
- - c oth - 1 -
or
_! ln (x2 - a2)
1 4. 1 46
1 4. 1 47
( )
ln
65
( )
x2
+ !!e2 rn
x+ a
a2
+ - In (x2 - a2)
2
2
a2)
1
2a2 ln
1 + 1 In
-2
a x
a2)
2 a3
dx
a2)2
)
( )
( )
In
( )
1
n
x2
a2
_x
_2_
2 ah;2
2a4
x
a
x + a
xz
-x
1
2a2 (x2 a2)
4a3
x
a
x +a
-1
1 4. 1 53
- a2
+ _! In (x2 - a2)
2(x2 a2)
2
1 4. 1 54
1 4. 1 55
1 4. 1 56
1 4. 1 57
1 4. 1 58
1 4 . 1 59
1 4. 1 60
1 4. 1 6 1
1 4. 1 62
dx
f x(x2 - a2)2
dx
J x2(x2 - a2)2
,
dx
x3 (x2 a2)2
(x2
f
f
x dx
a2)n
f (x2
dx
a2)n
x(x2
dx
a2) n
- a4x -
2a.4x2
2(n
2(n
2(n
2 a4(x2
a2)
2a.4(x 2
4 a5
a2)
a2)n 1
a2)n 1
a2)n 1
(+)
1 (
)
ln
- In
+
a6
2n - 3
(2n 2)a2
a2
x2
x2
a2
dx
J (x2 - a2)n
dx
x(x2 - a2)n
66
t:Nti4Rt.:ts
1 4. 1 63
1 4. 1 64
dx
_!_ In (
x)
a
2a
f a2x-dxx2
:l..,vqf.vtN
a
- 2 In (a2 - x2)
x2 dx
x2
f a2
a
a + x)
-x + - In (-a x
2
1 4. 1 66
J a2x3-dxx2
a2 l
xz - - --n (a2 - x2)
2
2
1 4. 1 67
f x(a2
1 4. 1 68
J x2(a2dx x2)
1 4. 1 69
f x3(a2
1 4. 1 70
J (a2 -dxx2)2
1 4. 1 71
f (a2
x2)
dx
<;;, a,2
! tanh- 1
or
1 4. 1 65
dx
.a2
=
=
1
( x2
2a2 In a2 x2)
_ _1_ + _l_ ln ( a + x )
a x
2a3
a2x
x2
1 + 1 In (--- -a2 x2 )
2a2x2
2a4
x2)
2a2(a2
x dx
x2) 2
x3 dx
x2)2
x2)
x
+ 1 1n (a + )
4a3
1
2 (a2 - x2)
1 4. 1 72
1 4. 1 73
1 4. 1 74
f (a2
a2
+ ! In (a2 - x2)
2 (a2 x2 )
2
f x(a2dx- x2)2
1 4. 1 75
1 4. 1 76
1 4. 1 77
1 4. 1 78
1 4. 1 79
1 4. 1 80
1 4.1 81
(a2
dx
x2) n
f (a2x dxx2)n
2(n
x
1 ) a2(a2 - :x;2) n
2(n
1
1 ) (a2 - x2)n
2 (n
1
1
2n
(2n - 2) a2
dx
f (a2 - x2)n - 1
dx
J yx2 + a2
x dx
J yx2 + a2
1 4. 1 82
1 4. 1 83
J yxx22 +dxa2
1 4. 1 84
14. 1 86
1 4. 1 87
1 4. 1 88
1 4 . 1 89
1 4 . 1 90
14.191
1 4 . 1 92
1 4. 1 93
1 4.1 94
1 4 . 1 95
1 4. 1 96
1 4. 1 97
a2
(x2 + a2)3/2
3
dx
- a-1 ln
dx
x2yx2 + a2
a + yx2 + a2
x
Vx2 + a2
1
+ In
2 a2x2
2 a3
----=----;:-
J yx2 + a2 dx
J xyx2 + a2 d::e
J x2...)x2 + a2 dx
(x2 + a2) 5/2

5
vx2 + a2 - a In
(x2 + a2)
vx2 + a2
X
+ ln (x + y'x2 + a2 )
-1
Vx2 + a2 + In (x
1 4. 1 99
+
dx
x(x2 + a2)3/2
a2Vx2 + a2
vx2 + a2 )
a2
2
vx + a,2
1
- a3 In
(a + Vx2 + a2)
X
1 4.20 1
1 4.202
(a + )
-x
x(x2 + a2)3/2
yx2 + a2
f (x2 +dxa2)312
f x dx 312
( a + Vx2 + a2)
1 4. 1 98
1 4.200
x vx2 + a2
a2
---:- - + In (x + yx2 + a2 )
2
2
(x2 + a2)3 !2
dx
f --- dx
f -yx2 + a2
dx
-..)x2
f + a2 dx
- a2vx2 + a2
dx
:#yxz + a2
f x3yx2 + a2
sinh-1 E
a
2 In (x + y x2 + a2 )
J yx2 + a2
1 4. 1 85
or
In (x + y::e2 + a2 )
67
-1
a4...fx 2 + a2
3
+ 2a5 ln
2 a4Vx2 + a2
( a + yx2 + a2)
X
68
1 4.203
1 4.204
1 4.205
1 4.206
1 4.207
1 4.208
1 4.209
1 4.2 1 0
J (x2 + a2)3/2 dx
J x(x2 + a2)3/2 dx
J x2(x2 + a2)312 dx
f x3(x2 + a2)312 dx
f (x2 + a2)312 dx
f2
f (xZ + a2)3
dx
2
f (x2 + 3a2)3/2 dx
1 4.2 1 3
(x2 + a2)3 12
+
3
- a3 l n
.l.::__:_:::_L_ +
x _
3xyx 2 + a2
( a + yx2 + a2)
X
+ 23 a2 ln (x + v'x2 + a2 )
dx
yx2 - a2
j.
f yx2x dx-
l n (x +
xvx2 - a2
+
2
1 4.2 1 1
1 4.2 1 2
x3 dx
yx2 - a2
(x2 - a2)3/2
a2
2 ln (x + yx2 - a2 )
+ az yx2 - a2
f x
1 4.2 1 4
1 4.2 1 5
1 4.2 1 6
1 4.2 1 7
1 4.2 1 8
1 4.2 1 9
1 4.220
1 4.22 1
1 4.222
1 4.223
f x3y x2 - a2 f v'xz - a2 dx
f xv'x2 - a2 dx
- r:-z;--;;
+ 1 sec 1 x
2a3
2azz
a
xyxz - a2
2
- !!:__ In (x + v'x2 - a2 )
2
2
(x2 a2 )3 1 2
3
4
a2xyx2 - a2
x (x2 a2) 3/2
+
- !!:_ In (x + yx2 - a2 )
4
.f x2yx2 - a2 dx
f xa...jx2 - a2 dx
f
dx
j' yxz - a2 dx
X
f yx2 - a2 dx
f (xz _a:,z)srz
_1 l
a2)5/2
(x2
:::::
a2(x2 - a2)3/2
3
yx2 - a2 - a see- 1
yx2 - a2
X
+ In (x + v'x2 - a2 )
yx2 - a2
1
+ __!_
2x2
2a sec- a
\ I
I ND E F I NITE I N T E GRALS
1 4.224
1 4.225
1 4.226
1 4 .227
x dx
J (x2 - a2)312
69
-1
yx 2 - a2
J (x2x dxa2)3/2
s (x2x8 dxa2)3/2
s x(x2 -dxa2)3/2
+ In (x + Vx2 - a2 )
a2
yx2 - a2
Vx2 - a2
3 sec - 1 ) I
-1
a2...)x2 - a2
1 4 .228
1 4 .230
1 4 .23 1
1 4 .232
1 4.233
1 4 .234
J (x2 a2)3!2 dx
J x(x2 a2)3/2 dx
J x2(x2 a2)3/2 dx
J x3(x2 - a2)3/2 dx
f (x2 -xa2)312 dx
x ( x2
(x2
a2)3/2
(x2
a2)712
a2)3/2
X
J (x2 x2)3/2 dx
a2(x2
(x2
a2)3/2
2x2
-I I
1
a3 sec- 1
1 4.238
1 4.239
1 4.240
1 4.241
1 4.242
1 4.243
dx
ya2 - x2
J
f x dx
ya2 - x2
f x2 dx
3x
2
3
3
x
- - a sec - 1 2
2
a
-3 a2 In (x
2
_ r::;;- + v x2 - a2 )
l I
J
f
sin - 1
a
=
- ya2 - x2
...;'a2 - x2
x3 dx
ya2 - x2
dx
x...;'a2 - xz
dx
J x2ya2 - x2
dx
J x3ya2 - x2
- ln
(a + )
2aa ln
I;I
1NtiG1tAU INVOLVING yai - :t2 .

1 4.237
a2) 5/2
a2)312 - a2yx2
- a2
3
(x2
1 4.236
3
2a5 sec
1 4.229
)
(a +
x
INDE FINITE INTE GRALS
70
1 4.244
1 4.245
1 4.246
1 4.247
1 4.248
1 4.249
1 4.250
1 4.251
dx :::::
J
f xvaz - x2 dx
J x2ya2 - x2 dx
J x3ya2 - xZ dx
f ya2 - x2 dx
dx
f
dx
J (a2 - x2)312
1 4.253
J (a2
x2 dx
x2)3/2
1 4.254
J (a2 - x2)3/2
1 4.257
J x3(a2 - x2)3/2
1 4.262
(a
ya2 - xz
X
:::::
ya2 - x2
X
- sin - 1
ya2 - x2
ya2 - x2 +
In
azyaz - xz
(a
x2
- 2a In
y 2 - xz
a4x
dx
J (a2 - x2)3/2 dx :::::

j' x(a2 - x2)3/2 dx
J x2(a2 - x2)3/2 dx
J x3(a2 x2)3/2 dx
J <a2 x2)3/2 dx
a2
ya2 - x2
dx
J x2(a2 - x2)312
1 4.261
- a ln
a2 ya2 - x2
:::::
x2 )3!2
a2(a2
1
+ 2a In
x3 dx
1 4.256
1 4.260
.yr;;a - x--;;
dx
f
x2
x dx
x2)312
1 4.259
x2 )512
5
J (a2
1 4.258
(a2
---
1 4.252
1 4.255
31_2 a2x ya2 - x2 a4 .

2)_
x__,_(a;;..z_--:-=-x-'x
+
+ 8 sm 1 ;;;
4
8
-1
2a2x2ya2 - x 2
x ( a2 - x2)312
4
3
2 a4ya2
(a
a4 sin- 1 ::_
a
8
(a2 x2)5 /2
5
=
(a2
x2)3/2
dx
x2
1 4.263
1 4.264
J (a2 - x23 )3/2 dx

X
(a2
x
x2)3/2 - 3xya2 - xz - 3 2 .
-2 a sm - 1 a
x
2
---=---'--'
yaz - xz
x
1 4.265
If b 2
f ax2 +dxbx + c
=
1 4.267
1 4.268
1 4.269
1 4.270
1 4.271
1 4.272
1 4.273
1 4.274
1 4.275
1 4.276
1 4.277
1 4.278
1 4.279
y4ac - b 2
1
y b 2 - 4ac
tan - 1
In
::: :2
-4_a_c
bz=-_
y""'
2ax + b
2ax + b + Yb 2 - 4ac
4ac, ax2 + bx + c = a(x + b/2a)2 and the results on pages 60-61 can
If a or c 0 use results on pages 60-61.
results on page 64
1 4.266
71
f ax2 x dxbx + c
f ax2 +x2 bxdx + c
f ax2 x+mbxdx + c
J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)2

J x2(ax2 bx + c)2
f
0 use
xm- 1
c
a
1)a
(m
(ax2 +xbx2 + c ) i f
(ax2 +xbxz + c) ex
..!_
2c2
b
- f
(n - l)cxn- 1
f ax2xm+-bx1 dx+ c
- In
2c
J ax2 +dxbx + c
In
J (ax2 +x bxdx + c)2

J (ax2 +x2bxdx+ c)2
J (ax2 +xmbxdx+ c)n
f (ax2x2+n-bx1 dx+ c)n
used. If b
(ax2 + bx + c)
2a In
J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)
f
f
f
be
dx
2(ax2 + bx + c)
2ax + b
+
(4ac - b2 )(ax2 + bx + c)
dx
ax2 + bx + c
b
bx + 2c
4ac - b2
(4ac - b2 )(ax2 + bx + c)
f ax2 +dxbx + c
2c
(b2 - 2ac)x + be
+
c
4ac - b2 J
a(4ac - b 2)(ax2 + bx + c)
x2n -3 dx
f (ax2 + bx + c)n
1
2c(ax2 + bx + c)
1
cx(ax2 + bx + c)
_ (m + n - 2)b
(m - l)c
c
1 - a
b
2c
3 dx
f (axx2 2n+ bx + c)n
f (ax2x2n+ -bx2 dx+ c)n
J (ax2 +dxbx c)2 + 1 J x(ax2 +dxbx + c)

3a
J (ax2 +dxbx + c)2 c J x(ax2 +x + c)2
+
J xm I(ax2dx+ bx + c)n
72
, /
INJIMJ\ft
b2
In the following results if
be used. If
1 4.280
1 4.28 1
1 4.282
1 4.283
1 4.285
1 4.286
1 4.287
1 4.288
1 4.289
1 4.290
1 4.291
1 4.292
1 4.293
1 4.294
1 4.295
yaa:2 bx + e
4a.c, yax2 + bx + c = Va (x + b/2a)

67-70. If a 0 or c = 0
{__!_
IN VOl VINQ
and the results on pages
use the results on pages
Va
dx
yax2 + bx + c
In (2ya yax2 + bx + c + 2ax + b)
1_ i - 1 2ax + b
s n
Fa
yb2 - 4ac
_ _
x dx
use the results on pages
or
or
_!_ si nh - 1
Va
2ax + b
y4ac - b2
J yax2 + bx + c
f
f
J
f
J
f
.f
f
x2 dx
yax2 + bx + c
xyax2 + bx + c
-: (
Fc
x
bx + 2 c
->
l x l yb 2 - 4ac
- _!_
Vc
si nh - 1
20
bx +
! x l y4ac - b2
yax2 + bx + c dx
xyax2 + bx + c dx
x2yax2 + bx + c dx
yax2
:bx + c dx
(axz +
::; + c)3/2
b(2ax + b) Vax2 + bx + c
(ax2 + bx + c)3/2
3a
8a2
b(4a.c b2)
dx
1 6a2
yax2 + bx + c
6ax - 5b (ax2 + bx + c)3 2 +
/
24a2
b
_
vax2 + bx + c + 2
---:;;--
dx
+ c
f
f
vax2 + bx + c dx
dx
J yax2 + bx + c
xvax2 + bx + c
dx
-'------ + a
x
J --;:::;;=::::;=;:= + J l=;;:==;===
2(2ax + b)
x dx
(ax2 + bx + c)312
x2 dx
f (ax2 + bx + c)3/2
J
dx
f x2(ax2 + bx + c)312
(ax2 + bx + c) n + 1 !2 dx
ax2 + 2bx + c
c2xyax2 + bx + c
- ;;2 f
b2 - 2ac
2c2
--;:=::=::::====
dx
( ax2 + bx + c)3/2
(2ax + b)(ax2 + bx + c) n + l/2

4a(n + 1 )
(
(2n + 1) (4ac - b2 )
+
ax2 + bx + c) n- 1/2 dx
Sa(n + l)
60-61 can
61-62.
1 4.296
1 4.297
1 4.298
f x(ax2 + b x + c )n + 11 2 dx
.
dx
J (ax2 + bx + c)n+ 112
73
(ax2 + bx + c) n + 3 12 - _!J__ f (ax2 + bx + c)n + 112 dx

a(2n + 3)
2a
2(2ax + b)
n -;-;
-:- c_.,-)(2n - 1)(4ac - b2)(ax2 +.---;1 /2
bx-+-
+ (2n ai4-:} b2) f (ax2
dx
x(ax2 + bx + c) n + 1/2
b:: c) n 11 2
1
(2n - 1)c (ax2 + bx + c) n 1 /2
1f
dx
b f
dx
x(ax2 + bx + c) n 11 2 - 2 c (ax2 + bx + c) n + W
+ c
I N T E G RALS INVOLVIN G
:;3
+ as
Note that for formulas involving x3 - a3 replace a by -a.
dx
x3 + a3
1 4.299
1 4.300
f x dx
x3 + a3
(x + a)2
2x - a
1_
_
x2 - ax + a2 + a2vf3 tan- 1 avf3
1 ln x2 - ax + a2
2x - a
1
+ tan- 1
(x + a)2
6a
avf3
avf3
_l_ In
6a2
---
d
x(x3 a3) = 33 ln ( x3 a3 )
2x - a
1
x2 - ax + a2 - 1
1
- In
tan 1 --- a3x - 6a4
(x + a)2
avf3
a4vfs
2
2x - a
(x + a)
x
1
+
tan t
3a3(x3 + a3) + 9a5 l n x 2 - ax + a2
avf3
3a5vfs
2x - a
2
x1 ln x2 - ax + a2 +
1
----
-,
-=- +
tan - 1 --(x + a} 2
3a3(x3
+ a3)
18a4
3a4vfs
a-/3
1
- In (x3 + a3)
1 4.301
1 4.303
1 4.302
--
_2_
1 4.304
1 4.305
--
1 4.306
--
1 4.307
1 4.308
xm -2 - a3 f xm3 dx
-x3 + a3
m 1
dx
-1
a3(n - 1)xn - 1 - xn 3(x3 + a3)
1 4.309
1 4.3 1 0
[See 14.300]
I N T EGRALS INVOLVING ro4 . a4
dx
1 4.3 1 1
1 4.3 1 2
f x dx
x4 + a4
1 4.3 1 3
1 4.3 1 4
x4
a4
_1_ ln x2 + ax..fi + a2 ) - _1_ tan- 1 ax-../2

X2 - aZ
2a3-../2
4a3...J2 ( x2 - ax..fi + a2
x2
a
1 tan- 1
-2
2
2a
_
1_ I n x2 - ax-../2 + a2 )
(
4a-../2
x 2 + ax/2 + a2
1
4 In (x4 + a4)
1_ tan t ax-../2
x2 - a2
2a-../2
74
4a4
x4
x4 + a4
1 4.3 1 6
a4x
1 4.3 1 7
1 4.3 1 9
( )
x
a
x + a
_!_ In
1 4.3 1 8
4all
_
_
2a3
tan - 1
x dx
X4a4
1 4.320
1 4.321
1 4.322
1 4.323
1 4.324
f
f
f
J
---c---'--
1
4 In (x4 - a4)
-:--:=:---:-:-
1 In
4
---,.-...::c.;;:_
a4x
4a
x4
In
4a5
..::.:.::_
)
( )
( )
x4 - a4
---
+-
4a6
x - a
x + a
+ 2a5
tan - 1
--x2 + a 2
_!_ In --,--
1 4.326
x"
xn - 1 dx
x" + a"
1 4.327
1 4.328
xm- n dx
(x" + a")T- 1
;f
,
-.,.---..:::.::..--,:-::--;-
( x"
(x" - a")
1
-- In - ..;;;.
y + a" + ...;-;;;.
ny@.
1 4.329
1 4.330
na"
In
---
x"
In (x" - a")
n
1 4.331
1 4.332
1 4.333
1 4.334
dx
x m (x n - an) r
f x-../xn - an
a"
=
-.j;;.
cos- 1
x2 - a2
In
.. lttf!GlAI.$ lNVQLVIN G
nan
x"
a"
a:" tt"
1 4.335
1 4.336
x + a cos [(2k - 1)7r/2m] )

. (2k l)pr.
1
..:;. s m
tan- t (
maZm -p k=l
2m
a sin [(2k - 1)7T/2m]
xv- t dx
x 2m + a2m
where 0 :::;-::;::-1\;:::-;i+"i:"
. 2kptr
sm --- tan -t
2m + 1
k=t
(X
2 2m + 1 .
1 4.339
1 4.340
1 4.341
1 4.342
1 4.343
1 4.344
1 4.345
1 4 .346
1 4.347
j'
j'
sin ax dx
x sin ax dx
J x2 sin ax
J sin ax dx
f
f
ax
da'
dx
ax
dx
dx
sin2 ax dx
COS
2ax cos
2 krr
2m + 1
[2k7T/(2m + 1)j
x2 - 2 ax cos
2 krr
2m + 1
INTEGRALS INVOJ. VING sill ax

a
x cos ax
sin ax
a
2x
sin ax +
( 3x2 a4
a2
x3
si:ax
2)
( 2k - 1)7T ,
-r a
2m
cos ax
- --
dx
J sin ax
f
f
"
a sin [2kr./(2m + 1)]
where 0 < p
2 ax cos
2kp11' l
1
n
cos
2m + 1
(2m + 1 ) a2m v + lk= l
-r-
m:i, t . kp1r
_ 1 (x
a cos (krr/m)
sm m t an
a sin (kr./m)
k= l
(-1)P- t ln (x + a)
(2m + 1)a2m P + l
< p 2 2m + 1 .
x2
)
k 1r
2ax cos - + a
2kp1T
( - 1 )P_
-_
1 ___,-
m
I ( 2
- __,_-'='c_
cos --2m + 1 n x
(2m + 1)a2m - P + t k = l
where 0
75
ax -
( ax) 3
3 3!
_ sin ax
X
sin ax +
(ax)5
+5
x )
cos a-x
:;a; )
Sx a
a3
5! -
cos ax
- dx
X
cos ax
[see 14.3 7 3]
ax
1
1
- In (esc ax - cot ax) = - ln tan 2
a
a
( 3
7
2(22n - l 1)B n(ax)2n + l
5
( )
)
1
+
ax + + +
(2n + 1 ) !
18
1800
2
a
76
1 4.348
1 4.349
1 4.350
1 4.35 1
1 4.352
1 4.353
1 4.354
1 4 . 355
1 4.356
1 4.357
1 4.358
1 4.359
1 4.360
x sin2 ax dx
.f sin4 ax dx
dx
J sin2
J
J
a:r
3x
8
_ 1_ cot ax
a
2a
sin px sin qx dx
J
J -,---'--:...:.:_-a_x
J
::--=--
1 4.365
1 4.366
1 4.367
1 4.368
.f
J
f
2 1
.
n s1n
a2
T -
ax
2
+ _g_ ln sin
a2
+
6a
tan3
+ ax
2
E.' + ax
4
2
_
tan3
tan
a..)q2 - P2
In
+ q
p tan .J, ax + q -
.i
p tan ax + q +
q see 1 4.354 and 14.356.
:---....:.:_-
{r
q, see 1 4.368.]
11'
ax
--4
2
2
tan - 1
ayp2 - q2
11'
ax
_!_ tan !!.. +
2a
4
2
q see 14.358 and 14.359.
j'
E.' + ax
4
2
- tan
a
1 4.362
1 4.364
tan
a
x dx
1 + sin ax
If p
1 4.363
ax\
-+- }
4
2 /
[If P
(11'
( )
( )
(
(E.' )
(!!.. )
( ) 1_ ( )
-ia ( - x) - fa ( )
1
- tan
a
1
- tan
a
sin (p q)x
2 (p + q)
sin (p q)x
2(p - q)
-----=----
f
J
sin 2ax + sin 4ax

32a
4a
_!._ ln tan
If p
I 4.36 1
---
cos ax
cos3 ax
+
a
3a
J sin3 ax dx
ap..)p2 - q2
1
)
Vq2 - p2
p2 _
q2
_
_
ax
2
. dx
q sin ax
-r
q 2 ta
_n ax
____o
V-=-P_2___ __
tan _ 1 _,_
P
2apVq2 - p2
ln
xm sin ax dx
sin ax
dx
xn
[see 14.395]
sinn ax dx
+
x dx
sinn ax
a(n
- x cos ax
1) sinn 1 ax
n -
1
----- +
a2(n l)(n - 2) sinn 2 ax
n -
x dx
J sinn-2 ax
1 4.369
1 4.370
J cos ax dx
sin ax
a
cos ax
x cos ax dx
J' x2 cos ax dx
1 4.371
1 4.372
::=
j'
x sin ax
a
2x
cos ax +
a2
3x2
6
--a2
a4
x3 cos ax dx
x2 - 2
a
aa
cos ax +
)
(
sin ax
x3
6x
--a
a3
sin ax
1 4.373
1 4.374
1 4.375
1 4.376
1 4.377
1 4.378
f
f
f
J
f
cos ax
dx
x2
cos ax
cos ax
1 4 .380
f cos4 ax dx
14.382
1 4.383
1 4.384
1 4.385
1 4.386
1 4.387
1 4.388
1 4.389
dx
cos 2 ax
dx
cos3 ax
sin ax
X
[See 14.343]
dx
ln tan ( + a;)
En(ax)Zn + Z
5(ax)6
(ax)4
(ax)2
+ 8 - + 144 + + (
2n + 2) (2n) ! +
a2
2
+ sin 2ax
2
4a
sin ax
a
3x
dx
tan ax
a
sin3 ax
3a
sin 4ax
sin 2ax
+
4a
32a
2(a
- !: cot
dx
1 + cos ax
x dx
! tan
a
sin (a + p)x
p)x
+
2(a + p)
p)
sin (a
ax
- .!. cot
2
a
x dx
cos ax
s in ax
+ _!_ In tan .::: +
4
2
2a cos 2 ax
2a
1 - cos ax
In (sec ax + tan ax)
cos ax cos px dx
J + cos ax
dx
r (1 cos ax)2
x cos2 ax dx
J cos3 ax dx
f
f
J
f
f
f
cos ax
X
cos2 ax dx
1 4.379
1 4.381
ax
ax
2
ax
+ _! ln sin
2
a2
ax + 2
ax
ln cos 2
.":' tan
a
2
ax
1
ax
1
-cot - - - cot3 -
2a
6a
1
ax
ax
- tan - + _!_ tan3
6a
2a
2
2
[If a = p, see 14.377.]
77
78
14.390
1 4.39 1
1 4.392
1 4.393
1 4.394
1 4.395
1 4.396
1 4.397
1 4.398
1 4.399
1 4.400
1 4.401
1 4.402
14.403
1 4.404
1 4.405
1 4.406
1 4.407
l-
f p + qdxcos ax
f (p + qdxcos ax)2
f p2 q2dxcos2 ax
+
tan- 1 V(P - q)/(p + q) tan tax
av p2 - q2
1
a
l= - ;i(q + p) / (q - p)
q sin ax
P
a( q2 - p2)(p + q cos ax) - q2 - p2
1
apyp2 + q2
In (tan
tan tax + V(q + p) / (q - p)
tan_1
::::::
[If p
q see
14.384 and 14.386.]
f p + qdxcos ax
[If p = q see
14.388 and 14.ll89.]
p tan ax
..jp2 + q2
1
p
tan - 1 tan ax
..j
apyp2 q2
p2 q 2
1
2ap
In ('P
p tan ax Vq2 - p2
tan ax +
f xm cos ax dx xm sina ax + mxm - 1 cos ax - m(ma2- 1) f xm - cos ax

a
sin ax
cos ax
s
14.365]
x" dx
n - 1 J xn - 1 d
(n - 1)xn - 1
J cos" ax dx :::::: sin ax cosan n-1 ax + n -n lJ cosn- 2 ax
ax
dx
+ n - 2J
f cos"dxax a(n - 1)sincosn-l
ax
n 1
cosn 2 ax
--
--
dx
[See
dx
x dx
cos" ax
x sin ax
a(n - 1) cosn- 1 ax
1
+
;: a: ) -c-,2::
_ 2c:n-1
n: --"1""')-,-(n--=-:
a(os-"----;2x
J sin ax cos ax dx sin2 ax

cos (p + q)x
J sin px cos qx dx
2(p + q)
n -1,
J sin" ax cos ax dx :::::: sinn(n ++ l1)aax
+ l ax
-1,
J cos" ax sin ax dx cosn
(n 1)a
J sin2 ax cos2 ax dx x sin 4ax
J sin axdxcos ax ::: la in tan ax
J sin2 axdxcos ax a-1 ln tan (4 ax2 ) a sm1 ax
J sin axdxcos2 ax ::::; a In tan ax2 a cos1 ax
2 cot 2ax
a
J sin2 axdxcos2 ax
[If
[If n =
8 - ----a2a
-+-
see 1 4.440.]
see 14.429.]
x dx
J cosn- 2 ax
1 4.408
1 4.409
1 4.4 1 0
1 4.4 1 1
1 4.41 2
f
f
f
f
f
1 4.41 3
sin2 ax
dx
cos ax
cs2 ax
dx
sm ax
1
sin ax
+ - In tan
a
a
a
cos
1 4.41 8
cos ax dx
(p + q sin ax)"
sin ax)
ax
rr
2 8
If r
1 4.42 1
1 4.422
f
f
1 4.423
q see 14.421.
p sin ax
-+-
_!_
In tan
2a
aq(n
l ) (p + q cos ax ) "
ax
+ :'!:
2
4
ax
2
-1
l)(p + q sin ax)" 1
aq(n
If r2
dx
q(l + cos ax)
a Vp2
apq
ax + tan - 1 (q/p)
2
..1-
q2
-1
r2
a..Jp2 + q2
(
(P -
tan
q + p tan
tan _ 1
1 1
n
2 a,pq
ln
p2 + q2 see 14.422.
ap
p sin ax + q cos ax
ln tan
2
_!_ In
dx
sinm ax cosn ax dx
__!_ In (p + q sin ax)

aq
_
_
_!_
In tan
2a
cos ax)
In (p + q cos ax)
1 4.424
1 4.425
;a ln (sin ax
avr + q 2
sin ax dx
(p + q cos ax)"
;a ln (sin ax cos ax)

aq
cos ax dx
p + q sin ax
::
f
f
f
1
.J2
ln tan
dx
sin ax cos ax
1 4.4 1 5
1 4.4 1 7
2 a (1
dx
sin ax(l cos ax)
ax
rr
-+ 4
2
ax
+ l rn tan
1 4.4 1 4
1 4.4 1 6
79
ax
2
tan
p tan ax
q
p + (r - q) tan (ax/2)
...;r2
pz
qz
ypz + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)
p + yp2 + q2 - r2 + (r - q) tan (ax/2)
)
(
+
71" _ a
-1 (q/p)
- + __..;..;.;__
;.;.;
'--!...:.
4
tan
2
p tan ax - q
p tan ax + q
s
f
sinm - l ax cosn + 1 ax
+
m+ n
a(m + n)
sinm + l ax cosn - l ax , n ' m
n
a(m + n)
sinm - 2 ax cosn ax dx
sinm ax cos"- 2 ax dx
80
1
1
m
n
sinm- 1 ax
a(n - 1) cos" 1 ax
--
a(n
1 4.427
1 4.430
1 4.43 1
1 4.432
1 4 .433
1 4.434
1 4.435
1 4.436
1 4.437
J
J
J
a(m
tan ax
tan ax
- x
a
tan2 ax dx
--
tans ax dw
sec2 ax
dx
tan ax
dx
tan ax
1
+ - In cos ax
a
tan2 ax
tann + l ax
(n + 1)a
1
a In tan ax
1 1 .
n s1n ax
a
J x tan ax dx
ta ax
dx
x tan2 ax dx
(ax)3 + 2 (ax)5 +
ax +
x tan ax +
a
/+x
tann ax dx
75
1 4.439
INVQI.VING. tan. az
1
- In sec ax
a
1
- - In cos ax
a
dx
J tan" ax sec2 ax dx
f
f
{I
dx
sinm ax cos" ax
ltltE"RAU
1 4.429
sinm-2 ax
dx
cosn-2 ax
m-1
cosm - 2 ax
cosm - 1 ax
.
dx
- -smn -2 ax
n 1
1) sin" 1 ax
cosm ax
n + 2
_ m
- cosm + 1 ax
dx
1
2 ax
sin"
1
n
"
ax
a(n 1) sin
-=7---:.
----,-____:::.:::,:-:-
1 4.428
q2
tannl ax
=;;__--=
.::. (n - 1)a
22"(22"
2 "(22n - 1) B,.(ax)2n - 1 +
...
-__:.__.,::----;--:-:---(2n - 1)(2n) !
!_ ln cos ax - 2
aJ.
x2
a(p2
q2) In (q sin ax + p cos ax)
tann - 2 ax dx
l) B,.(ax)211 + 1
+
(2n + l) !
1 4.440
1 4.441
1 4.442
1 4.443
1 4.444
1 4.445
1 4.446
1 4.447
1 4.448
1 4.449
1 4.450
1 4.45 1
1 4.452
1 4.453
1 4.454
1 4.455
1 4.456
1 4.457
1 4.458
ax
J cot2 ax dx = cotaax
J cot3 ax dx ::::: - cot22aax - .!.a In sin ax
l ax
f cotn ax csc2 ax dx = - cotn+
(n + 1)a
ax
f csc2
cot ax dx = _ .!.a In cot ax
f cotdxax = - .!.a In cos ax
+l
f x cot ax dx a21 { ax - (a9x)3 - (ax225)5 - . . . 22nB(2nn(ax)2n
+ 1) !
22nBn(ax)2n -l
ax _ (ax)3
_.!_
(2n - 1 )(2n)!
ax 3 1 35
x cot ax + \ In sin ax
f x cot2 ax dx
a
a
f dx
q
p + q cot ax 2 p+x qZ - a(p2 + q2) In (p sin ax + q cos ax)
- l ax
f cotn ax dx = - cotn
(n - 1)a - f cotn - 2 ax dx
f cot ax dx
81
.! In sin
. . }
1'
(ax )
1
1
a (sec ax + tan ax) = -a In tan -2 + -4
tan ax
a
J sec3 ax dx sec ax2atan ax + 2a1 In (sec ax + tan ax)
f seen ax tan ax dx seennaax
f
sec ax = sinaax
(ax)4 5(ax)6 + . . . + En(ax)2n + 2
+
f x sec ax dx - ..!_a2 {(ax)2
8
2
(2n + 2)(2n) !
144
f sec ax d In x + (ax)2 + 5(ax)4
6 (ax)6 + + En(ax))2n! +
96 + 1432
0
2n(2n
f x sec2 ax dx a tan ax + a12 In cos ax
J sec ax dx
J sec2 ax dx
- In
-X
!!
82
1 4.459
1 4.460
f
f
dx
1!.
q + p sec ax
n secn-Z ax tan ax
+
a(n _ l)
n_
seen ax dx
2f
1
- In (esc ax - cot ax)
a
secn - Z ax dx
ax
1
- In tan a
2
1 4.46 1
esc ax dx
1 4.462
csc2 ax dx
cot ax
a
1 4.463
cscs ax dx
ax
esc ax cot ax
+ _!_ In tan
2
2a
2a
1 4.464
1 4.465
1 4.466
1 4.467
1 4.468
f
f _E::_
cscn ax cot ax dx
esc ax
f
f
f
-
a
1
az
x esc a:r dx
esc ax
dx
x
na
pf
cscn ax dx
1 4.471
sin - 1 dx
1 4.472
x sin - 1 dx
1 4.473
1 4.474
j'
f
j'
1 4.476
J(
;x/a) dx
dx
[See 1 4 .360]
.
x
sm- 1 ;: +
x
x3 .
- sm - 1 - +
3
a
;y
aZ
x2
dx
sin- 1
dx
p + q sin ax
2-4
sin -
1 4.475
(2n + 1) !
x sin -t + yaz - x2
a
xz sin - 1 dx
sin - (x/a)
2 (22n- 1 - 1) B (ax)2n + t
n
x cot ax
+ ..!_ In sin ax
a2
a
1 4.470
1)
ax)2 1
2( 22n - 1
_!_ + ax + 7(ax)3 + . . + ____,..,.__,_,.B_,n,_<..,.__n_-_ +
(2n
1)(2n) !
ax
6
1080
.
-
x csc2 ax dx
7(ax)5
(ax)3
+
ax + 18 +
1800
..
1 3 5 (x/a)7 +
1 3(x/a)5
(x/a)3
+
+
24677
2455
233
sin - 1 (x/a)
sin - 1
1
- - In
a
a + ya2 - x2
;y - 2x + 2yaz - x2 sin - 1 ;
83
INDE FINITE INTE GRALS
1 4.477
J cos-1 dx
1 4.478
f x cos-1 !!:a dx
1 4.479
1 4.480
1 4.48 1
1 4.482
1 4.483
1 4.484
1 4.485
1 4.486
1 4.487
x cos - 1 Xa
J x2 cos-1 dx
r cos-1 (x/a) dx
1 4.490
1 4.49 1
1 4.492
1 4 .493
1 4.494
1 4.495
a2 - x2
(x2 - a2) cos- r !!: - x

2 4
a
4
x3 cos -1 a
3
X
(x2 + 2a2) Va2 - x2
- _:____
_
_
__:__.:_____
[See 14.474]
f cos -2(x/a) dx
cos - 1 (x/a)
X
J (cos -1 Y dx
j
tan-1 a dx
+ _! In ( a + )
a
2x - 2Va2 - x2 cos-1 :!:_a
x tan -1 a _ ll:2 Jn (x2 + a2)

f x tan-! dx .l_(x2 + a2) tan -1 'a ax2
ax2 + a3 In (x2 + a2)
j' x2 tan-1 dx x33 tan-1 x - 6
6
=
f tan-(x/a) dx
f tan-!2(x/a) d
( x2 + )
_ _!x tan - ! _::a - __!_
2a In -x-2a2
x cot-1 a + !!:2 In (x2 + a2)
1 4.488
1 4.489
- -v
f x cot - 1 dx
J' x2 cot-1 ; dx
f cot-(x/a) dx
f cot- (x/a) dx
2
J sec-1 dx
J x sec-1 dx
[See 14.486]
_
cot-1 (x/a)
x
{ x sec-1
__!_
2a In
( x2 + a2)
x2
a In (x + yx2 - a2 )
x sec-1 -a + a In (x + yxz - a2 )
X
-2 sec-1 -a ayxz2 - a2
x2 sec-1 -x + avxz - a2
a
2
2
r{ .
x3 sec-! x - axvx2 - a2
x3
-3 sec-1 x-a + axVx26 - a2
7T
-2
<
sec- 1 :a < 2
sec-1 _::a <
7T
7T
0 <
sec-1 :a
< -
7T
sec-1 !!:a
<
-2
-
0 <
a3
<
6 In (x
7T
+ V
x2 - a2 )
a3
+ 6 In (x +
x2 - a2 )
0 <
sec-1 'a
<
-2
-2
sec-1 _::a
<
'IT
7T
<
7T
84
3 5(a/x)1 +
:,. ln x + + (a/x)3 + 1 3(a/x) + 1
24677
X
2455
2
233
0 < sec - 1 =::_ <
!!_
1 4.498
1 4.499
1 4.500
1 4.502
1 4.503
1 4.504
1 4.505
1 4.506
J
J
csc - 1
x esc-
{ x csc - 1 : + a ln (x +
dx
x csc - 1
I dx
J'
J
f
csc - 1 2(x/a)
X
xm sin -- 1
xm cos - 1
xm tan-1
xm cot - 1
(
J
xm csc - 1 =:_ dx
a
csc - 1
(x/a)
xm + l tan- 1 =::_
a
m+l
=
x
< 0
a
< csc - 1
< csc - 1
x
< 0
a
0 < csc - 1 =::_ < 7!_

a
2
< csc - 1 < 0
a
0 < csc - 1
ax
ax
cos - 1 +
a
: dx
!!_
_
_
x
dx
a
!!_
0 < csc - 1 a
:: < !':..
2
1
x m + l sin - 1 x
_
a - -m + 1
m+ 1
dx
< !!_
0 < csc - 1 =::_
2
a
{ - csc -(x/a)
__
'IT
2_
+ _
x3 e
x::a_
x.:...
-_a_
z
v__
. sc - 1 =::_
a
3
6
3 csc - 1
dx
dx
a
x
esc ! -. +
a
2
< sec - 1 =::_ <
yx 2 - a2 )
:r
x2
- csc - 1
a
2
x2 csc - 1 : dx
1 4.507
1 4.508
{x2
a In (x +
yx 2 - a2 )
!!_
tn
- !:
ya2 - x2
xm + l cot - 1 +
a
m
m + 1
- m+1
x m + 1 sec - 1 (x/a)
m+1
xm 1 1 esc - 1 (x/a)
m+l
dx
=::_
xm dx
< 0
0 < sec - 1 =::_ < !!_

2
a
7!_
m+1
{ xm + l csc - l (x/a) +
< csc - 1
m+l
xm + 1 sec- 1 (x/a)
xm + 1
x
< 7!_
2
a
m
m
< sec - 1 =::_ <

a
0 < csc - 1
7!_
1r
x
< 7!_
a
2
x
< csc - 1 a < 0
INDE FINITE I NTEGRALS
1 4.509
1 4. 5 1 0
1 4.5 1 1
1 4.5 1 2
1 4.5 1 3
1 4.5 1 4
1 4.5 1 5
f
J
J
J
eax dx
x2 eax dx
eax
a
=
xneax dx
1 4.5 1 8
1 4.5 1 9
1 4.520
1 4.521
1 4.522
1 4.523
1 4.524
x-
a
e'""
a
dx
2x
2
x2 - - + -2
a
a
In x +
x"
nxn-1
n(n
+
a
a
-eax
+ -1
n
(n - l)x" t
dx
p + qeax
x
1
p
-
l)xn - 2
. . .
(-l )"n !
if n
positive integer
ax
(ax)2
(ax)3 +
+
+
2 2!
l l!
3 3!
--::
-:-----:7-
" dx
ap
eax
dx
xn - 1
--
In (p + qeax)
1
1
1n (p + qeax)
+
ap2
ap(p + qe"x)
p2
1 4.5 1 6
1 4.5 1 7
( )
(
ex
xeax dx
J:
J
85
f
J
J
J
J
J
J
J
dx
peax + q e ax
dx
eax(a sin bx
b cos bx)
a2 + b 2
eax cos b x dx
stU(a cos bx + b sin bx)

a2 + b2
eaz sin bx
xeax sin bx dx
xetU(a sin bx - b cos bx)

a2 + b2
eax{(a2 - b 2) sin bx - 2ab cos bx}

(a2 + b 2) 2
xe= cos bx dx
xe"x(a cos bx + b sin bx)

a2 + b2
eax{(a2 - b 2) cos bx + 2ab sin bx}

(a2 + b2) 2
eax ln x dx
eaz ln x - !
a
a
eax
Jx
dx
eax sin" bx dx
eax sinn - 1 bx ,a . bx nb cos bx) + n(n - 1)b2

( SID
a2 + n2b 2
a2 + n2 b2
e= cos" bx dx
n(n l)b2
eax cosn- 1 bx a cos bx +
nb sin bx) + 2 + 2 2
nb
a
a2 + n2 b2 (
eax
n-2 bx dx
SID
eax cosn - 2 bx
dx
INDEFI NITE INTEGRALS
86
"
"" "'
. tMTBQ'S ;JNiVOt:VtNG I X
1 4.525
1 4.526
1 4.527
J In x dx
J
f
xm In x dx
I x
J:
1 4.529
14.531
14.532
1 4.533
14.534
1 4.535
1 4.536
J
f
f
f
f
1 4.538
1 4.539
J
J
f
: (In x
m
;
In"
dx
dx
x
xm dx
In x
1)
[If m
-1 see 14.528 . ]
1
X
2 x In x
x In2 x
[If
ln {ln x)
-1
-1 see 1 4.532.]
x
x
+ ln x + !n2
+ 3ln3
+
2 21
, 31
+
+ (m + 1) In x + (m + 1)2 Jn2 x + (m 1)3 In3 x

3 3!
2 2!
In (In x)
xm Jnn x
+ 2x
In (In x)
ln" x dx
dx
! In2 x
dx
J In2 x dx
2 (ln x -
ln x
dx
x2
If m
1 4.537
x ln x dx
1 4.528
1 4.530
x In x - x
x ln" x -
dx
see
Inn- 1 x dx
xm Jnn- 1 x dx
14.531.
In (x2 + a2) dx
x In (x2 + a2)
In (x2 - a,2) dx
x In (x2 - a2)
2x + 2a tan - 1
a
x+a
xm + l In (x2 a2) m+1
xm In (x2 a2) dx
( )
2 f
m+
2x + a In x - a
1
xm + 2
x2 a2
INTIORI.S lNYOLYI NO sinh Gal

1 4.540
1 4.541
J x sinh ax dx
1 4.542
J x2 sinh ax dx
smh ax dx
.
cosh ax
--a
x cosh ax
a
x2
2
-+ 3
a
a
sinh ax
cosh ax -
2x .
2 smh ax
a
dx
. . .
1 4.543
14.544
1 4.545
1 4.546
1 4.547
1 4.548
1 4.549
1 4.550
f
f
f
f
J
J
f
J
sinh ax
X
1 4.552
1 4 .553
1 4.554
j'
j'
f
J
_ sinh ax +
ax
a In tanh 2
1
a2
[
l ax
[See 14 .565]
1)Bn (ax)2n + 1
+ ...
1) !
(2n
x
2
x2
4
cosh 2ax
8a2
sinh (a - p)x
2(a p)
p see 14.547.
a2 + p2
a cosh ax sin px - p sinh ax cos px
sinh ax sin px dx
q eax + p
1
l
ayp2 + q2 n q eax + p + Yp2 + q2
ax
+ p sinh ax sin px
a2 + p2
a cosh ax cos px
sinh ax cos px dx
dx
. _h_
_:z=sm
:_
q
2_
ax
14.557
j' xm sinh ax dx
a(p2
- q cosh ax
+ q2)(p + q sinh ax) +
J
I
(p +
mJ
xm cosh ax
- a
a
sinh
ax dx
xn
dx
sinhn ax
x dx
sinhn ax
(n
sinh ax
1 )xn- 1
--
q2
dx
+ q sinh ax
tanh ax
tanh ax
ypz +
q2 tanh ax
xm - 1 cosh ax dx
n
sinhn- l ax cosh ax
an
1 4.558
P_ f
In
2apyp2 + q2
=
p2
_
_
tan - 1
J
J
J
dx
. . . + 2(-1 )n(22n
7(ax )5
1800 -
sinh (a + p)x
2(a + p)
sinh ax sinh px dx
j' -p-2
1 4.561
cosh ax
--X
_ coth ax
a
dx
sinh2 ax
1 4.556
1 4.560
(ax)3
-
x sinh 2ax
4a
x sinh2 ax dx
dx
q2 sinh2 ax
1 4.559
sinh ax cosh ax
2a
sinh2 ax dx
J p2 +
1 4.555
dx
sinh ax
x dx
sinh ax
(ax)3
(ax) 5
-+ ...
3 . 3! + 5 . 5!
ax
sinh ax
dx
x2
For a
1 4.55 1
dx
87
cosh ax
dX
xn- l
n
2
cosh ax
n - 1
1) sinhn 1 ax
a(n
x cosh ax
1) sinhn- 1 ax
a2(n
[See 1 4.585]
.f sinhn- 2 ax dx
---
a(n
[See 14.587]
dx
sinhn- 2 ax
n
2
1
2 ) sinh" 2 ax - nl
x dx
sinhn -2. ax
88
I NTEGI.ALS I NVOLVING eosb a&

1 4.562
1 4.563
1 4.564
1 4.56 5
1 4.566
1 4.567
1 4.568
1 4.569
1 4.570
1 4.571
1 4.572
cosh ax dx
.f x cosh ax dx
J
J
J
f
x
::.:.:.
__:a
::;:;:.
:.:.:
.;:.
a2
2 2!
dx
cosh ax
2
- tan l eax
a
x dx
cosh ax
__!_ {(ax)2
a2
x cosh2 ax dx
dx
cosh2 ax
1 4.579
1 4.580
1 4.58 1
1 4.582
6 6!
4 4!
dx
cosh ax
x dx
cosh ax + 1
(- I)nEn(ax)2n + Z
(2n + 2)(2n) !
. . .}
2a
x
42 + x sinh 2ax
cosh 2ax
8a2
4a
sinh ( a p)x + sinh (a + p)x

2(a + p)
2(a p)
a sinh ax sin px - p cosh ax cos px

az + p2
cosh ax sin px dx
dx
cosh ax + 1
(ax )4 + 5(ax)
8
144
.::_ + sinh ax cosh ax
J cosh ax cos px dx
1 4.578
1 4.574
1 4.577
[See 14.543]
1 4.576
x2
a + as sinh ax
cosh ax
dx
x2
J cosh ax cosh px dx
f
S
f
6
ln x + ( ax)2 + (ax)4 + (ax) +
cos: ax
dx
1 4.573
1 4.575
ax
2x cosh ax
x2 cosh ax dx
J cosh2 ax dx
f
J
sinh ax
a
a sinh ax cos px + p cosh ax sin px

a2 + r
ax
.! tanh
a
2
_! coth
ax
2
==
ax
.::. tanh
a
2
x dx
cosh ax - 1
dx
(cosh ax + 1)2
dx
J (cosh ax
- 1)2
dx
p + q cosh ax
dx
( p + q cosh a:r;)2
2
ax
- ln cosh
a2
2
ax
ax
+
- coth
ln sinh
2
2
a2
a
== __!_ tanh ax - _!_ tanh3

2
2a
__!_ coth
2a
6a
ax
2
a;yq2 - p2
1
ayr - q2
_!_ coth3
6a
tan l
In
q eax + p
Jq2 - p2
( ax
qe
ax
+ p -
qeax + P +
)
Vp2 - q2
q sinh aX:
P
q2 - p2
a(q2 - p2)(p + q cosh ax)
dx
p + q cosh ax
{
{
1 4.584
1 4.585
1 4.586
J
J
1 4.589
1 4.590
1 4.59 1
1 4.592
1 4.593
1 4.594
1 4.595
1 4.596
1 4.597
1 4.599
1 4.600
1 4.601
2apyp2 - q2
-1
-___.=,-.
apyq2
2apyp2 + q2
1
apyp2 + q2
.f
f
f
f
89
tanh ax +
p tanh ax - yp2 - q2
p tanh ax
yq2 p2
_
p tanh ax + yp2 + q2
p tanh ax - v'p2 + q2
tan - 1
p tanh ax
y'p2 + q2
xm - 1 sinh ax dx
sinh ax dx
xn- 1
[See 1 4 .557]
cosh"' ax dx
x dx
cosh" ax
_
a_
n 1
x sinh ax
a(n - l) coshn - 1 ax
.f sinh ax cosh ax dx
J
J
.f
J
J
f
J
In
xm sinh ax
m
a
a
xm cosh ax dx
(P
In
tan- 1
p2
f coshx"ax dx
1 4.587
1 4.588
I NDEFINITE INTEGRALS
[See 1 4 .559]
n 2
1
+ nl
(n - 1)(n - 2)a2 cosh" 2 ax
sinh2 ax
2a
cosh (p + q)x + cosh (p - q)x
2(p + q)
2(p - q)
sinh px cosh qx dx
sinh" + 1 ax
(n + 1)a
[If n = -1, see 1 4 .615.]
cosh" ax sinh ax dx
cosh"+ 1 ax
(n + l)a
[If
sinh2 ax cosh2 ax dx
sinh 4ax
32a
sinh" ax cosh ax dx
dx
sinh ax cosh ax
n =
-1, see 1 4 .604 .]
! In tanh ax
a
dx
! tan - 1 sinh ax
a
sech ax
+ !a ln tanh ax
2
a
dx
sinh ax cosh2 ax
2 coth 2ax
a
sinh2 ax
dx
cosh ax
---
csh2 ax dx
smh ax
ax
cosh ax
+ !a ln tanh 2
a
sinh ax - 1 tan _ 1 sm
h
a
a
dx
cosh ax (1 + sinh ax)
_!_
In
2a
ax
1 + sinh ax
cosh ax
+ ! tan - 1 eaz
a
x dx
cosh" 2 ax
90
14.602
14.603
f
f
1
ax +
2
2a(cosh ax + 1)
dx
_!__ In tanh
dx
1
ax
- - In tanh -
2a
sinh ax (cosh ax + 1)
2a
sinh ax (cosh ax - 1)
.,--.,-----=---..,.,-
2a(cosh ax - 1)
I N TE G RALS INVO LV ING
14.604
14.605
14.606
14.607
14.608
14.609
14.610
14.61 1
14.612
14.613
14.614
14.615
14.616
14.617
14.618
14.619
14.620
J ax dx cosh ax
f ax dx x a ax
J ax dx a cosh ax 2a ax
f ax sech2 ax dx (n + 1)aax
f sech2 axax dx a ax
ax
f dx
a
tanh
In
tanh2
tanh3
1
-
tanh
In
tanh2
=:.:.:..._-=:.:::.
tanhn + l
tanhn
1
- In tanh
tanh
tanh ax
Jx
tan h ax
- ! In sinh
ax
tanh
tanhn
(ax)3 + 2(ax) 5
9
75
In
a(pZ:_ qZ)
P2 r: q2
tanhn
-...__ 1 ax
+
___:=;..::..:.
:: ..,..,.
:=.
..::
a(n - 1)
! In sinh
_
In sinh
- !_ In
! In
(-1)n- 122n(22n - 1)Bn(ax)2n - 1

(2n - 1)(2n) !
(q sinh ax +
tanhn-z ax dx
f coth ax dx a ax
J coth2 ax dx x cotha ax
J coth3 ax dx !a ax - coth2a2 ax
J cothn ax csch2 ax dx coth(n +n +1)a1 ax
2 ax
dx
J csch
a coth ax
coth ax
f cothdxax a cosh ax
=
(2n + 1) !
x tanh ax + 1 In cosh ax
a2
a
tanh2 ax dx
f p + qdx ax
f ax dx
(-1)n - 122n(22n - 1 )Bn (ax) 2n + 1
cosh ax)
. .
1 4.62 1
1 4.622
1 4.623
1 4.624
1 4.625
1 4.626
1 4.627
1 4.628
1 4.629
1 4.630
1 4.63 1
1 4.632
1 4.633
1 4.634
1 4.635
1 4.636
1 4.637
1 4.638
1 4.639
f x coth ax dx
f x coth2 ax dx
f cot ax dx
f p + qdxcoth ax
f cothn ax dx
91
(- 1)n-122nBn(ax)2n + +
1
(ax)3- (ax)5
a2 {ax + 9 - 225 +
(2n + 1) !
x2 x coth ax + 1 In sm. h ax
2
a2
a
-1
(-1)n22nBn(ax)2n-- ----7:
+
1
1
...,.,(2;-n
)...,.,
(2;-n-:-:
) !:-
- p2 px- q2 a(p2:_ q2) In (p sinh ax + q cosh ax)

= - cothn-1 ax + f cothn -2 ax dx
a(n - 1
)
J sech ax dx a tan- 1
f sech2 ax dx tanha ax
J sech3 ax dx sech ax2atanh ax + 2a1 tan -1 sinh ax
f sechn ax tanh ax dx - - sechn ax
f
sinh ax
sech ax
a
(ax)4 + 5(ax)6 + (-1)nEn(ax)2n+2 + J x sech ax dx a2 {<ax)2
}
2
8
(2n + 2)(2n) !
144
J x sech2 ax dx x tanha ax - 2a1 In cosh ax
(-1)nEn(ax)2n
61(ax)6
In x _ (ax)2 5(ax)4
96
4320
2n(2n) !
f q pdxsechax qx - qP f p + qdxcosh ax [See 14.581]
ax + n - 2 f sechn - 2 ax dx
f sechn ax dx sechn -2a(nax- tanh
1)
n-1
eax
na
___!
+ ...
f csch ax dx a In tanh ax2

f csch2 ax dx cotha ax
J csch3 ax dx csch ax2acoth ax
f cschn ax coth ax dx - cschnan ax
.!
_.!._
ax
2a In tanh 2
92
1 4.640
1 4.641
1 4.642
1 4.643
1 4.644
1 4.645
1 4.646
1 4.647
1 4.648
1 4.649
1 4.650
1 4.65 1
1 4.652
1 4.653
1 4.654
f
J
J
J
fq
f
1
cosh ax
a
dx
csch ax
_!_
(ax)3 , 7(ax )5 +
ax _
-,a2
18
1800
x csch ax dx
::::
dx
J
J
J
J
J
f
dx =
x sinh - 1 dx
sinh- 1
x2 sinh- 1
dx
cosh - 1
dx
dx
cosh- (x/a)
dx
x2 cosh -1
_ (x/a)3 + 1 3(x/a)5
233
24 55
cosh - 1 (x/a)
dx
xz
J
f
dx
x2 tanh - 1 dx
1 3 6(xla)1 + . . .
2 467 7
(a/x)2
+ 1 3(a/x)4
222
2444
+ (a/x)2
222
_ sinh- 1 (x/a) _ ! ln
a
X
:r;
cschn-2 ax dx
- -----'--::--.....;_-
+ if cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0,
1 4.655
ln2 (2 x/a)
2
dx
(x/a) dx
cosh- 1
:r;
sinh
x sinh - 1
dx
sinh- (x/a)
1 4.658
x tanh - 1
x < -a
( )
a+
x cosh- 1 (z/a) + yx2 - a2 ,
cosh - 1 (x/a) < 0
x > a
cosh- 1 (x/a) > 0
i(2x' - ') oosh- ' (x/a)
- lv'
x' - ' ,
cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0
:i;(2x2 - a2) cosh - 1 (x/a) + -!;xv'x2 - a2 ,
cosh - 1 (:r;/a) < 0
!x' oooh- ' (x!a) -
!<' + 2') v'x' - ' ,
tx3 cosh - 1 (x/a) + !(x2 + 2a2) yx2 - a2 ,
[!
2
ln2 ( 2x/a) + (a/x)2

222
- if cosh- 1 (x/a) < 0

cosh- 1 (x/a)
1 3 5(a/x)6 +
2 4 6 6 6
yx2 - a2 ,
cosh- 1 (x/a)
Jxl < a
1 3 5(a/x)6
1 3(a/x)4
+
24666
2444
! In
a
a+
1 3(a/x)4
2444
ax
+ (x2
1 4.656
1 4.657
[See 14.663]
ax
- cschn -2 ax coth ax
a(n - 1)
cschn ax dx
J
J
J
- ;S p
::::
ax
l) B n(ax)2n + 1
+ ...
(2n + 1 ) !
x coth ax + ..!. ln sinh ax

a2
a
(-I)n2(22n- l 1)Bn(ax)2n - l
_ ...!._ _ ax + 7(ax)3 +
+ ...
6
1080
(2n 1)(2n) !
ax
x csch2 ax dx
esc ax
2 (-1) n(22n-l
x
a2) tanh - 1 a
x
a3 ln
ax2
x3
(a2 - x2)
- + - tanh - 1 - + 6
6
a
3
cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0

cosh- 1 (x/a) < 0
1 3 5(a/x)6 +
2 4 6 6 6
..
if cosh - 1 (x/a) > 0,

+ if cosh- 1 (x/a) < OJ
1 4 .660
1 4.661
1 4.662
1 4.663
1 4.664
1 4.665
1 4.666
1 4.667
93
n
In
(x/a)3 !x/a)5 . .
:
a + 3 2 + 52 + .
tanh 1 + 1 ( x2 )
J tanh-12 (x/a) dX
2a 1
x
J coth-1 aX dx x coth-1 x 2 (x2 a2)
f x coth-1 ax dx
a2) coth-1 ax
J x2 coth-1 dx
J coth- (x/a) dx
coth-1 (x/a) + 1_ ()
J coth-x12 (x/a) dx
2a x2 - a2
x
(x/a) + a sn-1 (x!a), sech - 1 (x/a) > 0
J sech-1 aX dx xx sech-1
sech-1 (x/a) - a sm-1 (x/a), sech-1 (x/a) < 0
!x2 sech-1 (x/a) - tav'a2 - xi, sech-1 (x/a) > 0
J x sech-1 : dx
!x2 sech-1 (x/a) + tav'a2 - x2, sech-1 (x/a) < 0
Z 21 43 (x/a)4
(a/x) (4a/x) 2(x/a)
sech-1 (x/a) > 0
4 4
22
J X dx ! (a/x) (4a/x) + ia: + 1 3(x/a)4
+
sech -1 (x/a) < 0
2444
f csch-1 aX dx x csch -'1 a: a -1 a [+ if X > 0, - if X < OJ
J x csch-1 dx x22 csch-1 -x
[+ if X > 0, - if X < OJ
1 3(x/a)4 + . . .
(4 a x) + 1(x/a) 2
In ( x a)
O<x<a
2444
222
(x/a)2 + 1 3 (x/a)4
J csch- (x/a) dx
(-x/a) (-x/4a) - 2--a < x < 0
2 444
22
(a/x)3 1 3(a/x)5
JxJ > a
X + 233 2455 + . . .
. - X 1 f xm + l dx
J xm sinh-1 dx mxm++ 11 smh
la - m+ 1
xm 1 cosh _ 1 x- -1 f xm + 1 dx cosh-1 (x!a) > 0
-a
m + 1
m+1
f x"' cosh-1 aX dx xm + 1 x 1 vx2xm-+ 1a2
-- cosh-1 -a + -cosh-1 (x/a) < 0
m+ 1
m + 1 J dx
f --xm+1
J x"' : dx m
a2 - x2 dx
xm + 1 coth-1 -x - -a f xm +l dx
J xm coth-1 dx -a m + 1 --m+ 1
a2 - x2
x
+
1
xm
sech-1 -a + m J xm dx sech-1 (x/a) > 0
-m+1
yaz x2
J x"' sech-1 dx
xm
x
1
a
xm dx sech-l (x/a) < 0
f
-- sech _ 1 a -m+1
m 1
ya2 x2
x
1
xm
f
+
a
J xm csch-1 dx -csch-1 -a m + 1 xm dx
m+1
yx2 a2 (+ if X > 0, if x < OJ
X
+ !!:
In
{-liI n In
n In
n
In I n
{
1 4.668
1 4.669
1 4.670
a.
1 4. 671
}..
2
!!:
1 4.672
::_
sinh
1 4.673
1 4.674
1 4.675
tanh - 1
1 4.676
1 4.677
15
DEFI N ITE I N TEGRALS
DEFINITI O N O F A D E F I N ITE I N T E G R A l
Let f(x) be defined in a n interval a x b . Divide the interval into n equal parts of length Ax :;::
(b - a)!n. Then the definite integral of f(x) between x = a and x = b is defined as
1 5. 1
fo
a
f(x) dx
lim {f(a) x + f(a + Ax) x + f(a + 2 Ax) Ax + + f(a + (n - l ) Ax) Ax}
n -+ oo
The limit will certainly exist i f f(x) i s piecewise continuous .
If f(x) =
g (x), then by the fundamental theorem of the integral calculus the above definite integral
x
can be evaluated by using the result
1 5.2
Jb
a
fb
f(x) dx
d
g(x) dx
dx
g(b)
g(a)
If the interval is infinite or if f(x) has a singularity at some point in the i nterval, the definite integral.
is ca1led an improper integral and can be defined by using appropriate limiting procedures. For example,
1 5.3
1 5.4
1 5.5
1 5.6
J"'
J"',
Jb
r
a
Jb
a "' fb
sb-E
Jb
lim
f(x) dx
0 -+ 00
f(x) dx
b -+ oo
lim
f(x) dx
{ -t- 0
E -+ 0
f(x) dx
if b i s a singular point
/(X) dX
lim
f(x) dx
f(x) dx
a+E
if a is a singular point
f(x) dx
GENERAL FORMULAS I N VOLV I N G D E F I N IT E I N T EGRALS

.
1 5 .7
1 5.8
1 5.9
1 5. 1 0
1 5. 1 1
1 5. 1 2
fl.>
Jo
J"
Jo
"
f'
Jb
a
{/(x)
g(x)
c f(x) dx
fb
a
Jb
} dx
f(x) dx
Jo
a
g(x) dx
Jb
a
h(x) dx
where c is any constant
/(x) dx
f(x) dx
J"
fc
f(x) dx
f(x) dx
/(x) dx
h(x)
f(x) dx
f(x) dx +
(b - a) f(c)
fb
c
f(x) dx
where
is between a and b
This is called the mean value theorem for definite integrals and is valid if f(x) is continuous in
a x b.
94
DE FINITE INTE GRALS
fb f(x) g(x) dx
15.13
f(c)
r g(x) dx
This is a generalization of
and
g(x)
where
is between
15.12
and is vali d if
0.
f(x)
95
and b
and
g(x)
are continuous in
;;:;
;;:; b
L E I B N I T Z ' S R U U FOR D I F FERENTIAT I O N OF I N T EGRALS
fd>zl a ) F(x, a) dx
da
15.14
dz
F(1> a) da
d>, (<x )
A P P R O X I M ATE F O R M U LAS F O R D E F I N IT E I N TEGRALS
x l>
x
x
Yo f(x o), f(xl ) , Y2
In the following the i nterval from

X2,
Xn - !
xn
and we let
to
n equal parts b y
f(x2), . . . , Yn
f(xn) , h
b is subdivided into
Y1
the points
(b - a)/n.
a =
Rectangular formula
1 5. 1 5
,_(' /(x) dx
fb
a
h(yo
Y1
Yz
Yn - 1)
Trapezoidal formula
1 5. 1 6
f(x) dx
Simpson's formula (or parabolic formula) for
1 5. 1 7
even
J t(x) dx
D E F I N IT E INTEGRALS INVOLVING RAT I ONAl OR IRRAT I O N Al IXP RISstONS
7T
2a
1 5. 1 9
J<O x;- x
f" xn....:x.:_m-:-,
O < p < l
1 5. 20
O < m+l < n
1 5.21
1 5 .22
fa
o
dx
ya2 - x2
1 5 .23
1 5 .24
1 5.25
a,m + l + nv r [(m + 1)/n] r(p + 1 )

nr[(m + 1)/n + p + 1]
0 < m+ 1 <
nr
x0,
D E F I N I T E I NTEGRALS
96
All letters are considered positive unless otherwise indicated.
1 5.26
1 5.27
1 5 .28
1 5.29
1 5.30
1 5.31
frr
sin mx sin nx dx
frr
rr
/2
rr
f
/2
rr
f
f
0
1 5.38
lT
J"'
J "'
J"'
0
J"'
0
cos2m x dx
rr/2
sin px cos qx
X
dx
c s px
dx
fo"'
3 5
2m - 1
2 4 6 2m
1r
2'
2 4 6 2m
5 2m + 1 '
1 3
1, 2, . . .
m=
1, 2, . . .
<p<q
11'!2
11'14 p = q > 0
'JTp/2 O O
1rP
1 5.41
cos px - cos qx dx
X
dx
x2 + a2
= n
r(p) r(q)
2 r(p + q)
1rP
...:!!_ e - ma
2a
1 5.42
1 5.39
1 5.40
p>q>O
1 -
{0 0
sin px in qx dx
:
sin2 px dx
x2
m, n integers and m + n even
cos2m + l x dx
sin2v- 1 x cos2q - 1 x dx
i"'
cos2 x dx
rr
m, n integers and m + n odd
{ 2m/(m
f
f
2
rr/ sin2m + l x dx
("' sin px
dx
x
J
1 5.37
sin2m x dx
1 5.33
1 5.36
m, n integers and m
frr/
sin2 x dx
n integers and m
m, n integers and m
sin mx cos nx dx
1 5.35
m,
1r/2
cos mx cos nx dx
1 5.32
1 5 .34
m, n integers and m
ln !1.
1 5.43
'JT(q - p)
2
1 5.44
1 5.45
f"'
f
21T
f
f
/2
rr
f
0
2rr
x sin mx dx
x 2 + a2
e-ma
2
sin mx dx
x(x2 + a2)
..!!_ (1
2 a2
dx
a + b sin x
2'11'
ya2 - b 2
dx
a + b cos x
ya2 - b2
a + b cos x
e -ma)
211"
cos- 1 (b/a )
ya2 - b2
97
DEFINITE INTE GRALS
15.46
15.47
(2
J0
"
21T
d
dx
f
os x)2
a
+
b
(a + b sin x)2
(
0
--, d-'x'---
0
-,---- 2a-cos
x + a2
z
f0 rr 1
15.48
f" 1 - x2asincosx xdx+ a2
15.49
J0
( rr
<a<1
{ (rr/a) In (1 + a) \a! < 1
(1 + 1/a) \al 1
1 7TUm a2 < 1, m 1, 2,
1r
cos mx dx
2a cos x + a2
In
>
a2 ,
0,
f "' cos ax2 dx - 21 -\}

2a
0
7T , n >
_!_
na11 n 1' (1/n) sin 2n
15.50
J "" sin ax2 dx
15.51
-na1-lln rll/n) cos 2n

i "" cos x d
Jo Vx
o Vx
("' sin x dx
7T
2r(p) sin (p7T/2) ' O < p < 1
J., xv
i"' cosxvx d - 2I'(p) cos7T (p7T/2) ' O < p < 1
/2_ (cos b2 - sin :2 )
f"' sin ax2 cos 2bx dx
\J
2a
a
2
0
b2 + sin )
-1 (
f"' cos ax2 cos 2bx dx
2a cos a
2 37T
15.52
15.53
15.54
15.55
15.56
15.57
15.58
15.59
15.60
15.61
15.62
15.63
15.64
15.65
15.66
15.67
i"'0 sin axn dx
f "" cos axn dx

("' sin x dx
1
n>1
_!!._ ,
--
--
"
7T
f ' sinx44 x dx
oe t
f an x d - 2
d
--
/2
frr 1 + t:nm
/2 _x_ dx
rr
f
0
sin x
'"
{ 12 - 12 512 71
2
1 3
4
-+ -- -+
( 1 sin - 1 x dx
E_ In 2
2
x
J0
1 - os x dx - "' co x dx
f :
:
f
1
o dx
y
+ x2 c s x x
J
1
(" (11
( "' tan-1 px - tan-1 qx dx

x
Jo
98
1 5 .68
1 5 .69
1 5.70
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
["" e-ax cos bx dx
i"' e-ax
i""
0
e - ax
bx dx
sin bx
dx
sin
tan - 1 a
In
a
1 5.72
1 5.73
1 5 .74
f "' e- ax dx
f "' e-ax bx dx = ;i e- o /4a

2 -v
.!.
2 -v a
cos
bx"1"C) dX
erfc (p)
1 5.76
1 5 .77
1 5.78
1 5.79
1 5.80
1 5 .82
1 5.83
1 5.84
1 5.85
1 5.86
..( xne - ax dx r(nan++ l1)

i"' xme-ax2 dx r[2a(m<m + 1)/2]
ll/2
"'
f e - (ax+blx2) dx .!.2 ae "'
f"'
xn -1
f"' -eX - dx
1
=
1
22
1
32
2 >/iib
71"2
1
+
42
+-+-+
l'(n) 3n
111 2n
...
n this can be summed in terms of Bernoulli numbers [see pages 108-109 and 1 14-115].
1
1
1
1
("" x dx
+
+
Jo ex 1 = 12 22 32 42
i "' e"'xn - l1 dx r(n) (t1n 1 _!_3n - . . . )
For some positive integer values of n the series can be summed [see pages 108-109 and 114-11 5 ] .
."' esin27rx mx1 dx .!4 coth m2 2m1
f"" ( 1 e -) dx
For even
1 5 .81
+ X
f"' e-x2 - e-x dx

0
e -x
.("' (ex 1 -) dx
X
!Y
=
. . .
99
DE FINITE INTEGRALS
1 5.87
f ""
e - ax
e - bx
d
x
e - ax
e - bx
dx
x sec px
1 5.88
f "'
0
1 5. 89
oc
x esc px
-'----'-"'---;;-=--=-=---"-
1 5 .90
f 1 xm(ln x) n dx
o
If n
1 5.91
ft
O
1 5.92
f
1
f
l
f
J
O
1 5 .93
1 5.94
1 5.95
1 5 .96
----)
1 5.99
1 5. 1 01
f 1 ln x In ( 1 - x)
'l1"2
2 - 2 ln 2 - 12
2
2 -
dx
- ,...z es
n
- x dx
X
f "' e-x ln :x: dx
f"'
J"' ( )
J
x dx
/
i Tr 2 x)2
1 5. 1 02
tr/ 2
1 5 . 1 03
ex - 1
-y
1 5 . 1 05 f
Vir
rr
/2
dx
dx
1 5 . 1 04 f " x ln sin x dx
sin
,..2
/2 cos x dx
tr
f
/2 cos x)2
tr
J
4
_ ;:: ln 2
In
(In
dx
- (ln 2)2 + 2
24
,...a
1T'
- 1l"2 ln 2
2
ln 2 - 1
In sin x d.c
1 5 . 1 06 f 1T in (a + b sin x) dx
0
O -1 , n
by
,...2
,.2
In ( 1 + x )
dx
X
1 5.98
( - 1 )nn !
(m + 1 ) n + l
dx
1
X
f
l
f
--
cot-t a - !!:: ln (a2 + 1)

2
dx
0, 1 , 2, . . . replace n!
1 5.97
a2 + p 2
b
1 P
ta n -
dx
1 +X
+ 2
! ln b2 p )
2
f Tr 1n (a + b cos x) dx
0
2,... In (a + ../a2 - b2 )
100
1 5 . 1 07
1 5. 1 08
1 5. 1 09
1 5. 1 1 0
15.1 1 1
f"
0
DEFINITE INTE GRALS
In (a + b cos x) dx
f"
/4
frr
irr/2
In ( a2 - 2ab cos x + b2 ) dx
In (1 + tan x) dx
sec x In
a (
in
2 sin
1n
a, a S;; b > O
2,. In b,
b S;; a > O
i In 2
1 + b cos x
1 + a cos x
{ ,.
dx
! { (cos- 1 a)2
(cos- 1 b )2}
) dx
See also 15.102.
1 5. 1 1 2
1 5. 1 1 3
1 5. 1 1 4
1 5. 1 1 5
i "'
f "'
i"'
0
sin ax
dx
sinh bx
cosh bx
sinh ax
i""
0
cos ax
dx
,. sech a,.
2b
2b
x dx
xt dx
sinh ax
1
1
1
2fl + l - 1 (n + 1)
+
+ ...
+
1 n+ t 2n+ t gn + t
2nan + 1 r
If n is an odd positive integer, the series can be summed [see page 108] .
1 5. 1 1 6
1 5. 1 1 7
i"'
f "'
0
sinh ax
dx
el>x + 1
sinh ax
ebx
dx
azr
,.
1
sc
2b e b - 2 a
.!._
2a
_ !!..
2b
cot
azr
b
{/(0 ) - f(co)} In a
This is called Frullani's integral. It holds if f'(x) is continuous and
1 5. 1 1 9
1 5. 1 20
1 dx
i
fa
o
-a
XX
(a + x)m- 1 (a - x)n - l dx
(2a)m + n - 1 r(m) r(n)

r(m + n)
J"'
1
f (x )
f( 00) dx converges.
16
TH E G A MMA F U N C T I O N
D E F I N I T IO .. O F T H E GAMMA FUN CTIO N
r(n)
1 6. 1
f ""
FOR n > 0
n>0
tn - l e - t dt
r(n)
R EC U RS I O N FO RMU LA
n r(n)
r(n + 1 )
1 6.2
n!
r(n + 1 )
1 6.3
if
n=0
n<
THE GAMMA FU N C T I O N FOR

For
n < 0 the gamma function can be defined by using

r(n) =
1 6.4
GRAPH
1 2 . . . where 0 !
,
16.2, i.e .
O.F TH E GAMMA
FU
CTI O N
Fig. l6-1
SPEC IAL VALU ES FOR T H E G AMMA F U N C T I O N
1 6.5
1 6.6
1 6.7
r(m + f)
r(-tn + -?J)
m
=
101
( 2m - 1 )
1n
1 , 2, 3, . .
1 , 2 , 3, . . .
102
THE GAMMA FU NCTION
RiLATICUif:S I1 1PS AMONG GAMMA FUN CtrO NS

1 6.8
r(p) r(1 - p)
1 6.9
1f
sin prr
22x - 1 r(x) r(x + ! )
y; r(2x)
This is called the duplication formula.

1 6. 1 0
r(x) r x +
) r (x + !) r (x + m m 1 )
m - mx (27r) (m - t ll2 r(mx)
For m = 2 this reduces to 16.9.
OTHER: Dl,lN11JONS OF JHI GA.MMA FUNCTION

1 6. 1 1
lim
r (x + 1)
k -+ >
1 2 3.
(x + 1)(x + 2)
(x + k)
kx
1
r(x)
1 6. 1 2
This is an infinite product representation for the gamma function where
.OEilfVATlVIS
1 6. 1 3
1'1(1)
:OF. TMI OAMMA
.(""
e-x
:::
Jn X dx
16.14
is Euler's constant.
FUNCTION
-y
r'(x)
r(x)
+ ...
ASYMPTOTIC
1 6. 1 5
r(x + 1)
EXP ANS10NS FOR THE GAMMA FUNCTIO N
xxe - x 1 + l x + 28 x2 - 5 1
This is called Stirling's asymptotic series.
1x3
If we let x :::: n a positive integer in 16.15, then a useful approximation for n! where n is large
[e.g. n > 10] is given by Stirling's formula
1 6. 1 6
where - i s used t o indicate that the ratio of the terms o n each side approaches 1 as n --> "" .
1 6. 1 7
'lr(ix)j2
"
x smh 1tX
.
17
T H E B E TA F U N C T I O N
D E F I N ITION O F THE B ETA F U N CT I ON

I
f tm-1 (1 - t)n-1 dt
B(m, n)
1 7. 1
>
B(m, n)
0,
n>0
R ElATIONS H I P O F B E TA FUNCTION TO GAMMA FU N CTI ON
B(m, n)
1 7.2
Extensions of
r (m) r (n)
r (m + n)
B(m, n) to m < 0, n < 0 is provided by using 16.4, page 101 .
SOMl IMPORTANT RESU LTS
1 7.3
B(m, n)
1 7.4
B(m, n)
1 7.5
B(m, n)
1 7.6
B(m, n)
B(n, m)
2
rr/2 sin2m - 1 cos2n - l do

f
IJ
IJ
["' (1 tmt-)m1 + n dt
::;::;
rn(r +
1)m J l tm(r- 1+( 1t)m- t+n)n-1 dt

0
1 03
'.
..
DtJ=PNTlA EQUAT I O N
SOlUTION
1 8. 1
B A S I C D I F F:E R E N. T I AL E Q U A T I O N S
TIONS
and SOLU
;
18
.
'
Separation of variables
f1(x ) U 1(y) dx + f2( x) g2(y) dy
1 8.2
f ! ( x)
dx +
f2( x )
U z( Y )
dy
U t (Y)
Linear first order equation
; + P(x)y
1 8.3
y e j P dx
Q (x )
J Q e f P dx dx +
Bernoulli's equation
v e O - nl j P dx
; + P(x)y
Q ( x) yn
where
1 8.4
If
.f Q eO - nl j P dx dx +
n)
(1
y l - n.
In
1, the solution is
<Q
P ) dx +
Exact equation
M (x , y ) dx + N (x, y) dy
where
1 8.5
ilM/iJy
oN/iix .
0
where
J M ax + J (N
a
ay
J )
M ax
dy
ax indicates that the integration is to be performed

x keeping y constant.
with respect to
Homogeneous equation
dy
dx
()
In
where
104
= y/x .
If
v
+
F(v ----- v
F(v)
v,
the solution is
y = ex.
105
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL E QUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
SO LUTION
D I FF E R E N T I A L EQUAT I O N
1 8.6
y F(xy) dx
x G(xy) dy
v = xy.
where
Linear, homogeneous
second order equation
1 8.7
are real constants.
mt> m
Case 2.
m1 , m2
Linear, nonhomogeneous
second order equation
dx2
a, b
dy
dx
by
=
.
+ qi, m2 = p - qi:
= e'"'(c1
C temlx
R(x)
cos qx
Ctem,x
fe-mtx
Case 3.
y
e P"(c1
xem,x
cos qx +
+ ePx
;
"
sn
qx
- e'"
dx2
ax
dy
dx
by
S(x)
sin qx)
Putting
x
d2y
dt2
et,
18.7
R(x) dx
Czxem ,x
j'
e- mtx R(x) dx
- emtx
E uler or Cauchy equation
+ c2
c2emx
em
,x
mt - m z
d2y
0. Then
There are 3 cases corresponding to those of entry

above.
Case 2.
x2
real and equal:
are real constants.
1 8.9
m2 + am
xy = c.
p = -a/2, q = yb - a2f4 .
Case l.
a
the solution is
real and distinct:
m1 = p
where
P(v),
a2y
G(v)
If
Case 1.
Case 3.
1 8.8
G(v) dv
v{G(v) - P(v)}
Let m1, m2 be the roots of

there are 3 cases.
0
a, b
ln x
c2
c;s
xe - mlx R (x) dx
sin qx)
e -vx R(x)
qx
cos qx
dx
e - vx R(x) sin qx dx
the equation becomes

a
1)
S(et)
by
and can then be solved as in entries
18.7
and
1 8.8
above.
106
BASIC DIFFERENTIAL E Q UATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
1 8. 1 0
Bessel's equation
0
See pages 1 36-1 3 7.

1 8.1 1
x2
Transformed Bessel's equation
+ (2p + l)x + (ch2r + p2)y
where
1 8. 1 2
q =
Legendre's equation
dy +
d21j
- 2x
n(n + l)y
(1 - x2) dx
dx2
See pages 146-1 48.
19
S E R I E S of C O N S TA N T S
A R ITHMETIC S E R I E S
1 9. 1
a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + + {a + (n - 1)d}
where l = a + (n - 1)d is the last term.
!n(a + l)
n{2a + (n - l)d}
Some special cases are

1 9.2
1 9.3
1 + 3 + 5 +
!n(n + 1)
+ n
+ 2 + 3 +
+ (2n - 1)
n2
G EOME.T RIC SIR l E S
1 9.4
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +
where
If -1
<
l
<
arn - 1 is the last term and r
rl
1 - r
a-
+ arn - 1
1.
1, then
1 9.5
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 +
-r
AR ITHMETICGEOMETRIC S ER I ES
1 9.6
a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 +
where
If -1 <
=F
+ {a + (n - 1)d}rn - 1
1.
< 1, then
1 9.7
a + (a + d)r + (a + 2d)r2 +
-r
SUMS OF POWER$ OF POS ITI V E I NT EG E RS

1 9.8
1 P + 2P
3P +
+ nP
2)nv-s
=
where the series terminates at n2 or n according as

numbers [see page 114].
107
-------,--
is odd or even, and
Bk
+ ...
are the
Bernoulli
SERIES OF CONSTANTS
108
Some special cases are
1 9.9
1 9. 1 0
1 + 2 + 3 + + n
12 + 22 + 32 + . . . + n2
p
1 9. 1 2
14 + 24 + 34 + . . . + n4
1 9. 1 4
1 9. 1 5
1 9. 1 6
1 9. 1 7
1 9. 1 8
1 9. 1 9
1 9.20
1 9.2 1
1 9.22
1 9.23
1 9.24
1 9.25
1 9.26
1k + 2k + 3k + + nk where k and n are positive integers, then
(n + 1)k + l - (n + 1)
1
1 - 1
1
1 - - + - -
7
4
10 + 1 3
1
1
1
1
1 - 5
- + - - - - ...
9
13 + 1 7
1
2
1
1
1
1
1 2 + 22 + 32 + 42 + . . .
1
1
1
1
14 + 24 + 34 + 44 + . . .
1
1
1
1
.
1 6 + 26 + 36 + 46 + . .
1
1
1
1
- 2 + 32 - 2
4
2
12
1
1
1
1
44
14 - 24 + 34
1
1
1
1
- 6 +
46
86
2
16
1
1
1
1
12 + 32 + 52 + 72
1
1
1
1
14 + 34 + 54 + 74
1 9.3 1
1 9.32
1
1
13 + 3
3
1
53
() - l '6' 5 2:/f \ 03
trVa
9
In 2
+ !.
3
l2 ln <1 + 2> 0 . ?SG0 '1T2-'1 73
i In 2
11"4
= 9
0
1r6
94 5
1rl2
1rf
6 <:2/2 L.f (:, 70 33 7

6 . <1 L( 70 3 2 $2 300
+ .. . .
1
73 +
o . 'S?
) .G \ 73 tt3 0 b 3
3;:o
1
73 + . . .
Y ':)
\. C "2 ?J'2 3T::> if
7
720
(j , S?:h\b \.{
t . (, y Lf 3 L\ (J(O 7
(F\ \'-\1 t 1<,0 (,
+ ...
1
13
1
1
33 + 53
;;
1 9.28
1T
) ,
+ ...
1
1
1
1
.
16 + 36 + 56 + 76 + . .
1 9.30
ln 2
1
1
1
1
1 - 3 + 5
7 +9 -
1 9.27
1 9.29
n2(n + 1)2
(1 + 2 + 3 + + n)2
4
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)(3n2 + 3n - 1)
30
.
+ 2a + 3a + . . + n3
1 9. 1 1
If Sk
n(n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6 q ,e / 6 <? I q
l 0. 3 3 7 oos- l
;: \. o \ L{6 7 Qo ;:/?.
;;o \ . 0 0 l Lf LJ 70 7 7
;; 0 - q6 Cf LJ (, I L/ 6
3
;'( t. 0 '27 7 '1 '2 f8'
1
1
1
1
.
+ 57 + 79 + .. = 2
1 3 +
3
1
1
1
1
.
4
w + 2 4 + 35 + 46 + . .
1
1
1
1
+ 72 2 +
=
9
12 32 + 32 52 + 52 72
s
1r2 - 8
16
0 . II(:; ISs-02.753
_l -1 L -{ .J'J
0..
6...
o.. 1 '- V
tl
1 fn
1:-
SERIES OF CONSTANTS
1 9.33
1 9.34
1 9.35
1
1
+ 2 . 32 . 42 +
2
1 2 . 2 2 . 32
. .
1 . 1
1
1
+ 32P + 42P +
1 2P -; 22P
1 9.36
1
1
1 . 1
+ 32P -; 52P + 2P +
7
1 2P
1 9.37
1
f2P
1 9.38
1
1
1
pp + l - 32P + 1 + 52P + l
1
1
+ 32P
2 2P
4772
16
39
l ua- 1 du
1 + ud
2 2p-1 7r2PBP
'1
t ct-l-,
t
r l../ b
ct:t ? I(}
(2p) !
(2 2P - 1 ) 172PBP
2(2p) !
1
42P +
-
7r2p+ lEP
2 2P + 2 (2p) !
+
72P + 1
MIS4:1LLANIO US
1
1 9.39
2 + cos a + cos 2a +
1 9.40
sin a + sin 2a + sin 3 a +
1 9.41
1 + r cos a + r2 cos 2a +
1 9.42
r sin a + r2 sin 2a + r3 sin 3 a +
1 9.43
1 + r cos a + r2 cos 2a +
1 9.44
r sin a + r2 sin 2a +
2 sin (a/2)
sin [:Fn + 1)]a sin tna
na
+ sin
sin (n + !)a
+ cos na
SERIES
sin (a/2)
r3 cos 3a +
!r l
r sin a
1 - 2r cos a + r2 '
+ rn cos na
+ rn sin na
rn + Z cos na
<
Jri < 1
rn+ l cos (n + 1)a
2r cos a + r2
r cos a + 1
THE EtJ LER-MAtLA.URfN SUMMATIQcN . FOIIMUtA

1 9.45
n-1
k= l
F(k)
fn
0
{F(O) + F(n)}
F(k) dk
{F"' (n) - F "'(O)}

_!_
+ _!_ {F'(n) - F'(O)} - 7
12
20
1
1
(vil) (n) - F <viil (O)}
(vl
+ 4 0 {F(vl(n) - F (O)} - 1 ,209,600 {F
30,2
+
. . . (-1) P - l
_
P
_
(2p) !
{F <2P- l l (n) - F <2p- l l (O) } + . . .
THE POISSON SUMMATION FORMUlA

1 9.46
:i
k=
- oo
F( k)
::::
109
2 0------'-AY LO R s ER_I Es
_
__ __ _
__
__
__
_
__
TAYLOR S ER I E S F O R F U N CT I O N S O F O N E VA R I A B L E
20. 1
f (x)
where
R11,
f (a) + f '(a) ( x - a) +
:=
(a)(x
f" (a)(x - a)2
a) n - 1
n
+ . . . + JC n l l
+ R
2!
(n
1) !
the remainder after n terms, is given by either of the following forms:
20.2
Lagrange's
20.3
Cauchy's
form
j(nl() ( x - a)n
n!
form
The value . which may b e different i n the two forms, lies between a and x . The result holds i f /(x) has
continuous derivatives of order n at least.
If lim Rn = 0, the infinite series obtained is called the Taylor series for /(x) about x = a. If
,. _ .,
0 the series is often called a Maclaurin series. These series, often called power series, generally
converge for all values of x in some interval called the interval of convergence and diverge for all x outside
this interval.
a
BINOMIAL SERIES
n(n - 1 ) (n - 2) an-3x3 +
3!
20.4
()
Special cases are

=
a2 + 2ax + x2
20.5
( a + x)2
20.6
( a + x)3
a3 + 3a2x + 3ax2 + x3
20.7
( a + x)4
a4 + 4a3x + 5a2x2 + 4 ax3 + x4
20.8
(1 + x) - 1
1 - x + x2 - x3 + x4 -
20.9
(1 + x) - 2
1 - 2x + 3x2
20. 1 0
(1 + x)-3
20. 1 1
( 1 + x ) - l/2
20. 1 2
( 1 + x) l/2
20. 1 3
( 1 + x) - l /3
20. 1 4
(1 -+ x )l/ 3
-1 < X < 1
-1 < X < 1
4x3 + 5x4
1 - 3x + 6x2 - 10x3 + 15x4
==
-1 < X < 1
-1 < X ;;i2 1
1
13
x2
-2 x +
-1 < X ;;i2 1
:=
a n -3x3 + . . .
1
14
147
1 - -x +
x2 x3 +
36
3
369
--
1 +
---
-1 < X 1
-1 < X ::fiii 1
110
TAYLOR SERIES
111
S E R I E S F O R E X P O N E N T I A L A N D LO GAR IT H M I C F U N C T I O N S
x2
xll
1 + x + + - +
3!
2!
20. 1 5
ex
20. 1 6
aX
20. 1 7
In ( 1 + x)
20. 1 8
! In 1 + x
1-x
2
20. 1 9
In X
20.20
In x
a)2
1 + x In a + (x In
2!
+ ...
x 3
2
(x In a)3
+ ...
3!
eX lna
-1
< X
( )
5
{ (: i) (: iy (: iy }
(X : ) (X : y (: y
=
x + + + x7 +
7
3
+
< X<
oo
-oo
<X<
oo
-1 < x < 1
- oo
-f
x>O
?
.., 2
S E R I E S F O R T R I GO N O M ETRIC F U N C T I O N S
20. 2 1
sin x
20.22
cos x
20.23
tan x
20.24
cot x
20.25
sec x
20.26
x4
x2
x6
+
- - +
2!
6!
- oo
< x<
oo
- oo
< x <
oo
< !.
2
1
x
3
22nBnx2n - 1
(2n) !
x3
0 < lxi <
1T
csc x
0 < lx l <
1r
20.27
sin - 1 x
\x l < 1
20.28
cos - 1 x
lx l < 1
20.29
tan - 1 x
20.30
cot-! x
45
lx l < 1
(+ if
!.
sec - 1 x
cos - t (1/x)
20.32
csc - 1 x
sin - 1 (1/x)
E'::
1, - if X :;;;; - 1]
lx l < 1
tan - 1 x
20. 3 1
[P
!.
. )
0 if
X > 1, p = 1 if X < - 1)
> 1
lx l > 1
112
TAYLOR SERIES
SERIIS FOR HYP EIU&OUC fUNCTIONS
x7
x5
X + x3
3! + 5! + 7! +
- oo
cosh x
2
6
1 + x + x4 + x +
4!
6!
2!
-oc
20.35
tanh x
20.36
coth x
.!
+
X
3
20.37
sech x
20.38
csch x
20.33
sinh x
20.34
20.39
sinh -1 x
cosb - 1 x
20.41
tanh - l x
20.42
coth-1 x
:t
oo
(-1 ) nE,x2n
+
(2n) !
61x6
+
720
1
x
3 1 x5
7x3
+
+
;; - 6
360 - 1 5,120
<X<
.
. .
0 < jxj <
1 3 5 x7
1 3x'
x'
+
- 4 +
23
6 7
245
2
In (2x) -
13
1
1 3 5
+
+
2- 2x2 + 2 4 4x4 2 4 6 6x6
l
+
X
71"
l x l < 1.
1 3.5
1 3
2 4 4x4 + 2 4 6 6x6
In [2xl + -12 2x2
71"
rI x rI < ?!.
2
. . .
--
0 < jx[ <
(-1)"2(22n - 1 - l)Bnx 2n- l

+
(2n) !
5
7
x + 3 + ::.__ + +
5
3
7
[xi <
(-1)n- 1 22"Bn x2n- 1

+
(2n) !
2x5
+ 945 +
5 x4
x2
1 - 2 + 24
:t
20.40
x3
45
oo
- 1)Bnx2n - l
17x7
+
315
x3
2x5
3 + 15
<X<
)1
J
+ ...
[+ if x 1
- if X -1
+ if cosh - l x > 0, X 1 ]
- if cosh- l x < 0, x 1
<1
>1
MISCeLLANEOUS $11.15
20.43
esin x
20.44
eCOS X
20.45
etanx
1 + x +
20.46
e"'
sin x
2x3
x + x2 + 3
20.47
e"'
cos x
1 + X
20.48
In !sin x l
20.49
In Ieos x j
20.50
In [tan xl
20.5 1
l n (1
+ x)
l + re
x4
31x6
x2
1 - 2
+
+ 6 720
x2
3x4
x3
+ .
+
8
2 + 2
xs
30
+
3 - 6
x3
x4
. .
< X <
-oo
< X <
[xi <
. .
x6
+
90
-oo
zn12 sin (nn-/4) xn

+
n!
+
zzn - lBnx 2n
+
n(2n) !
In lxl
oo
oo
- oo
< X<
oo
-oo
< X <
oo
0 < !xl <
'"
22n- 1 (22n 1 ) B,.x2n

+
n(2n) !
0 < [xi < 2?!.
x - ( 1 + f)x2 + ( 1 + t + !)x3
. .
J xl < 1
TAYLOR SERIES
1 13
If
then
20.53
where
20.54
clcl
20.55
oi C2
-o2
20.56
oi C3
2o; - o1o3
20.57
c; c4
20.58
cC5 = 6ci c4 + 3cfci - cc5 + 14ci - 2lc1oio3
20.60
where
f(x, y)
5o1o2c3 - 5o
fx (a, b ), /y(a, b ),
cic4
f(a, b) + (x
a)fx(a, b) + (y
1
+ 2 ! {(x - a)2fxx(a, b) + 2(a:
b)/y(a, b)
a)(y
b)fxy(a, b) + (y
. . . denote partial derivatives with respect to
x,
y, . . .
b)2fyy(a, b) } +
evaluated at x
= a, y
b.
21
E U L E R N U M BERS
B E R N O U L L I enid
D E FIN IT I O N O F BERNOU Lli N U M BERS
The Bernoulli numbers B1, B2, B3,
21.1
are defined by the series
< 2rr
ex -
2 1 .2
lxl <
1 -
2 cot 2
rr
DIFI NITIQN . OF EULER NUMBERS
The Euler numbers Et> E2, E3,
2 1 .3
sech x
2 1 .4
sec x
are defined by the series
< '!!:.2
TABlE O F . F I RST F E W . B E RNOULLI. AND EULER NUMB IRS
E uler numbers
Bernoulli numbers
B1
1/6
B2
1/30
1/42
B4
1/30
61
E4
50,521
5/66
B6
691/2730
1385
E6
2,702,765
199,360,981
7/6
=
B8
3617/510
E8
B9
43,867/798
E9
B10
174,61 1/330
E to = 370,371,188,237,525
B11 = 854,513/138
B1 2 = 236,364,091/2730
19,391,512,145
2,404,879,675,441
E 11 = 69,348,874,393,137,901
E 12 = 15,514,534,163,557,086,905
114
; l
''
. .'' ;
:'
BERNOULLI AND EULER NUMBERS
2 1 .7
,.JV
2 1 .8
2 1 .9
21.10
21.1 1
Bn
( 2n) !
22n llT2n
Bn
2(2n) !
(22n
1 )7T2n
\/
,'{' '
1 +
(2n) !
(22n- 1 - 1 ) 7T2n
En
22n + 2 (2n) !
lT2n+ 1
. . },
1
1
1 + 3211 + 5211 +
Bn
,
rt
1
1
+ 32n
+
22n
1
1
1 - 2 2n + 32n -
1
1
1 - 32n+ 1 + 2n+ 1
5
'!
...
-}
(!'
til
fY
/) ./
'
115
22
F O R M U L A S fro m
'
V E C T O R A N A LY S I S
VEC TORS A N D SCALARS
Various quantities in physics such as temperature, volume and speed can be specified by a real number.
Such quantities are called scalars.
Other quantities such as force, velocity and momentum require for their specification a direction a s
well a s magnitude. Such quantities are called vectors. A vector i s represented b y a n arrow or directed
line segment indicating direction. The magnitude of the vector is determined by the length of the arrow,
using an appropriate unit.
N OTAT I O N FOR VECTORS
A vector is denoted by a bold faced letter such as A [ Fig. 22-1]. The magnitude is denoted by IAI or
A . The tail end of the arrow is called the initial point while the head is called the terminal point.
FUN DAMENTAL D E F I N ITI O NS

1.
2.
3.
Equality of vectors. Two vectors are equal if they have the same
magnitude and direction. Thus A = B in Fig. 22-1.
Multiplication of a
vector by a scalar.
If m is any real number
(scalar), then mA is a vector whose magnitude is lml times the
magnitude of A and whose direction is the same as or opposite
to A according as m > 0 or m < 0. If m = 0, then mA = 0 is
called the zero or null vector.
Fig. 22-1
Sums of vectors. The sum or resultant of A and B is a vector C = A + B formed by placing the
initial point of B on the terminal point of A and joining the initial point of A to the terminal point
of B [ Fig. 22-2(b)]. This definition is equivalent to the parallelogram law for vector addition a s in
dicated in Fig. 22-2(c). The vector A - B is defined as A + (-B).
C - A+ B
(b)
Fig. 22-2
116
(c)
FORMULAS FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS
117
Extensions to sums of more than two vectors are immediate. Thus Fig. 22-3 shows how to obtain
the sum E of the vectors A, B, C and D.
(a)
4.
(b)
Fig, 22-3
Unit vectors. A unit vector i s a vector with unit magnitude.

the direction of A is a = AIA where A > 0.
L.AWS OF .VICTPR
If A
i s a vector, then a unit vector in
ALGEJSRA
If A, B, C are vectors and m, n are scalars, then

Commutative law for addition
22.1
A+B
22 .2
A + (B + C)
22.3
m(nA)
22.4
(m + n)A
mA + nA
Distributive law
22.5
m(A + B)
mA + mB
Distributive law
B+A
=
(A + B)
(mn)A
n(mA)
Associative law for addition

Associative l aw for scalar multiplication
COMf'ONENTS OF A VEC:tOJ
A vector A can be represented with initial point at the
origin of a rectangular coordinate system. l:f i, j, k are unit
vectors in the directions of the positive x, y, z axes, then
22.6
where A 1i, A:J, A3k are called component vectors of A in the

i, j, k directions and A 1, A2, A 8 are called the comp onents of A.
22 . 7
where 9 is the angle between A and B.
AB cos 9
Fig. 22-4
118

Fundamental results are
AB
22.8
22.9
22.10
A (B + C)
BA
AB + AC
Commutative law
Distributive law
CROSS O R VECTOR PRODUCT
22.1 1
AXB
A B sin 8 u
where 8 is the angle between A and B and u is a

unit vector perpendicular to the plane of A and B
such that A, B, u form a right-handed system [i.e. a
right-threaded screw rotated through an angle less
than 1 80 from A to B will advance in the direction
of u as in Fig. 22-5].
Fundamental results are

k
22.12
AXB
A1
A2
A3
Bt
B2
Ba
(A 2B3 - A 3B2)i
22.13
22.14
22.15
AXB
Fig
+ (A3B1 - A 1B3)j
+ ( A 1B2 - A 2B1)k
22-5
-B X A
A X (B +C)
lA X Bl
area of parallelogram having sides A and B
AXB + AXC
M I S C E LL A N E O U S F O RMULAS I N VOLV I N G D O T AND C RO S S P R O D UCTS
At
A2
Aa
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
Ca
22.16
A (B X C)
22.17
22.18
22.19
22.20
22.21
IA (B X C) I
volume of parallelepiped with sides A, B, C
A X (B X C)
B(A C) - C(A B)
(A X B) X C
(A X B) (C X D)
(A X B) X (C X D)
B(A C) - A(B C)
(A C)(B D) - (A D) (B C)
C{A (B X D)} - D {A (B X C)}
B{A (C X D)} - A{B (C X D)}
1 19
DERIVATfVES OF VECTORS
The derivative of a vector function A(u)
given by
22.22
dA
du
...
hm
,j.u
A(u + au) - A(u)

au
A 1 (u)i + A 2(u)j + A 3 (u)k of the scalar variable u is
dA
dA
dA1
- i + -2 j + -3 k
du
du
du
Partial derivatives of a vector function A(x, y, z) are similarly defined. We assume that all derivatives
exist unless otherwise specified.
FORMULAS I N VOLVING D E RIVATIVES
dA
dB
+AB
du
du
22.23
d
(A B)
du
22.24
..:!:_ (A X B) = A X dB + dA
du
du
du
22.25
=
d: {A (B X C)}
22.26
dA
A du
A dA
du
22.27
dA
A du
(B X C) + A (
C) + A ( )
B
if !AI is a constant
THE DEL O P ERATOR

The operator del is defined by
v
22.28
i + + k _i_
ax
J ay
az
In the results below we assume that U

have partial derivatives.
U(x, y, z), V = V(x, y, z), A = A(x, y, z) and B
B(x, y, z)
T H E G RA DI EN T
22.29
Gradient of U
a u i + au .
au
k
+
ax
az
ay J
grad U
T H E DIVE R G E N C E
22.30
Divergence of A
div A
VA
(i + j +
ay
ax
aA 1
aA 2
+
ay +
ax
- -
i + A 2j + A 3k)
k)
az (A 1
aA 3
az
120
FORMULA S FROM VECTOR ANALYSIS
THE CtJ.RI
22.3 1
Curl of A
curl A =
(i :x + j aay + :z)
k
j
a a
ax ay
Al
(aA3
a
az
A2 Aa
_
(A 1i + A 2j + A 3k)
aA 2
h
) i (a
A1
) j (a
aA3
Laplacian of U
V (V U)
22.33
Laplacian of A
a2A
a2A a2A
az2
ax2 + ay2 +
THE BIH4RMONI
22.34
==
22.35
V (U + V)
22.36
V (A + B)
22.37
22.38
V (UA)
22.39
22.40
V (A X B)
22.41
22.42
V (A B)
22.43
22.44
V (V
22.45
aA 1
(:nr:-!0.,;
V4U = V 2(V 2 U)
a4U + a4U
a4U
ax4
ay4 + az4 +
Biharmonic operator on U
a2 U
a2 U
a2 U
ax2 + ay2 + az2
22.32
A2
" ' & ,'
a4U
a4U
2 iJxa4U
2 (Jy2 + 2 ()y2 i)z2 + 2 ax2 (Jz2
V U + VV
V A + V B
(A + B)
A + V
(VU) A + U(V A)
( V U) X A + U(V
(UA)
=
B (V
A)
A) - A (V
B)
(A X B) = (B V )A - B(V A) - (A V )B + A(V B)
( V U)
X
(V
(B V ) A + (A V)B + B X (V
=
=
A)
A)
0,
0,
=
A) + A X ( V
i.e. the curl of the gradient of U is zero.

i.e. the divergence of the curl of A is zero.
V(V A) - V 2A
B)
FORMULAS FRO M VECTOR ANALYSIS
121
I NT EG RALS I NVOlV I N G VECTORS

A(u) =
d
B(u) ,
du
then the indefinite integra.[ of A(u) is

22.46
J A(u) du = B(u) c c = constant vector
The definite integral of A(u) from u = a to u = b in this case is given by
If
fb
22.47
A(u) du
B(b) - B(a)
The definite integral can be defined as on page 94.

LI N E I NTEGRALS
Consider a space curve C joining two points P1 (al > a2, a3) and
as in Fig. 22-6. Divide the curve into n parts by points
of subdivision (x1, Y1, z1), , (xn _ 1, Yn - 1, Zn_ 1). Then the line integral
of a vector A(x, y, z) along C is defined as
22.48 [ A dr = f Pz A dr = lim A(xp, Yv zv) rp
n -+- oo p= l
' C
P1
where rP xv i + Yv j + zv k, xv xv + 1 - Xp, Yp = Yv + l - Yv
the largest
zv 1 - zv and where it is assumed that as n
z
of Pthe magnitudes lrvl approaches zero. The result 22.48 is a gen
eralization of the ordinary definite integral [page 94] .
The line integral 22.48 can also be written
P2(b1> b2, b3)
22.49
using
A = A 1 i + A 2j + A3k
and
--'> "'
A dr =
dr
-------------- y
Fig. 22-6
(A 1 dx + A2 dy + A3 dz)
dx i + dy j + dzk.
PROPERTIES OF LI N E INTEGRALS
22.50
22.51
fPz
P,
A dr
I ND E P E N D E NC E O F THI; PATH
In general a line integral has a value which depends on the particular path C joining points. P1 and P2
in a region '1{. However, in case A = V or V X A = where and its partial derivativi!S are continuous in '1{, the line integral f A dr is independent of the path. In such case
0
22.52
FORMULAS FROM VE CTOR ANALYSIS
122
where rp(P1) and rp(P2) denote the values of at P and P2 respectively. In particular if C is a closed curve,
22.53
f A dr .f A dr 0
where the circle on the integral sign is used to emphasize that C is closed.
=
M U L T I P L E I N T E G RA L S
Let F(x, y ) be a function defined in a region '1{ of the

plane as in Fig. 22-7. Subdivide the region into n parts
by lines parallel to the x and y axes as indicated. Let t.Av
t.xv t.yP denote an area of one of these parts. Then the in
tegral of F(x, y) over '1{ is defined as
f F(x, y) dA lim p F(xv, Yv) t.Ap
22.54
=l
provided this limit exists.
In such case the integral can also be written as
b
xy
n .....
qz
22.55
oo
f f f2Cx), )
x=a y = fb ( x
f { f f2(x)
x=a y= f,Cx)
F(x, y) dy dx
F(x, y) dy dx
Fig. 22-7
where y /1 (x) and y /2(x) are the equations of curves PHQ and PGQ respectively and a and b are
the x coordinates of pointsd P and Q. The result can also dbe written as
}
=
22.56
f f g,(y )
y =c x=gr(y)
F(x, y) dx dy
f { fg,(y ) )
y = c x = g, (y
F(x, y) dx dy
where x g 1(y) , x g2(y) are the equations of curves HPG and HQG respectively and and are the y
coordinates of H and G.
These are called double integrals or area integrals. The ideas can be similarly extended to triple or
volume integrals or to higher multiple integrals.
=
S U R F A C E I N T E G RA L S
Subdivide the surface S [see Fig. 22-8] into n elements of

area t..SP, p 1,2, . . . ,n. Let A(xp, Yv zv) = Av where (xp, Yv zp)
is a point P in t..SP. Let NP be a unit normal to at P. Then
the surface integral of the normal component of A over S is
defined as
f A N dS lim p Av NP t.Sv
22.57
=l
=
tJ.Sp
11 .....
00
Fig. 228
123
R E LA T I O N BETW E E N S U R FA C E A N D D O U B L E I N T E G R A LS
If CJ{ is the projection of S on the xy plane, then [see Fig.
f AN
22.58
dS
22-8 j
fJ A N IN kl
dx dy
'1\
T H E D IVERGE N C E T H EO REM
Let S be a closed surface bounding a region of volume V; then if

normal and dS = dS, we have [see Fig.
22-9]
f V A
22.59
dV
f A
s
is the positive (outward drawn)
dS
The result is also called Gauss ' theorem or Green's theorem.
Fig. 22-9
Fig. 22-10
S T O K E 'S T H E O R E M
Let S b e a n open two-sided surface bounded b y a closed non-intersecting curve C [simple closed curve]
as in Fig.
Then
22.60
22-10.
f A
c
dr
f ( V A)
s
dS
where the circle on the integral is used to emphasize that C is closed.
G R E E N'S T H EO R E M IN T H E P L A N E
22.61
.C (P dx + Q dy)
J'c
J(
R
aQ
ax
ap dx dy
ay
where R is the area bounded by the closed curve C. This result is a special case of the divergence theorem
or Stoke's theorem.
124
G R EI N'S F I R S T I D E N T ITY
f { V 2y; + (V)
22.62
>/;
f ( Vy;)
(Vy;)} dV
where and are scalar functions.
dS
G R E E N'S SEC O N D I D E N T ITY
f. ( Vy; - y;V)
22.63
dS
M I S C E LLANE O U S I N T EG RAL THE O R E M S
fV
22.64
X A dV
J dr
22.65
dS X A
dS X V
C U R V I LI N EAR C O O R D I NATES
A point P in space [see Fig. 22-11] can be lo

cated by rectangular coordinates (x, y, z) or curvi
linear coordinates (u1, u2, u3) where the transforma
tion equations from one set of coordinates to the
other are given by
22.66
If u and u are constant, then as u1 varies, the

position 2vector 3r xi + yj + zk of P describes a
curve called the u1 coordinate curve. Similarly we
define the u2 and u3 coordinate curves through P. The
vectors or/ouv or/ou2, or/ou3 represent tangent vec
tors the uv u2, u3 coordinate curves. Letting
e 1 , e2, e3 be unit tangent vectors to these curves, we
have
au1ar
where
ht
22.68
are called
called
scale factors.
orthogonal.
h te l ,
I :: I
ar
au2
hz
r-
-- u1 curve
--
_el
--
e3
...... ....... ......
- ""
lt3 .::::::- c
3
//
u2 curve
....... ....... .......__ ....... '
to
22.67
I
I
I
I
z z, au3i'Jr h3e3
l aa:z l' h3 I aa:3 1
Fig. 22-11
he
If e1, e2, e3 are mutually perpendicular, the curvilinear coordinate system is
12&

FORMULAS I NVOlVING O RTHOGO NAl C U RVIL I N EAR COC)RD I N ATIS
dr
22.69
22.70
ds
where is the element of arc length.

If dV is the element of volume, then
dV
22.71
(h1e1 du1) (h2e2 du2) X (h3e3 du3) I h1h2h3 du1 du2 du3
I iJiJulr iJiJu2r X iJiJuar I dul du2 dua I at<ulX,u2 y,, zua) ) I dul du2 dua
iJx/iJu1 iJx/iJu2 iJx/iJu3
iJ(x, y, z)
iJy/iJul iJy/iJu2 iJy/i!ua
iJ(uv u2, ua)
iJz/iJu1 iJz/iJu2 iJz/iJu3
I
where
22.72
is called the
Jacobian
of the transformation.
TRA N SFORMATI O N O F MULT IPLE I NTEGRAlS
The result 22.72 can be used to transform multiple integrals from rectangular
coordinates. For example, we have
22.73
JJJ F(x,y,z) dxdydz
JJJ G(u11u2,u3) l a(;,::.a> l du1 du2du3

,
to
curvilinear
where CJ{' is the region into which CJ{ is mapped by the transformation and G(u1, u2, u3) is the value
F(x, y, z) corresponding to the transformation.
of
In the following, is a scalar function and A = A1e1 +A2e2 + A 3e3 a vector function of orthogonal
curvilinear coordinates u1, u2, u3
<1>
22.74
22.75
22.76
22.77
Divergence of A
Curl of A
div A
V A
1 iJ
h1h2h3 iJu1 iJuiJ 2 iJuiJ3
h1A1 h2 h3A3
h2a [a2 (haAa) - ila (h2A2)J el + hla [aa (hlA l) - iJl (haAa)J e2
curl A
VXA
Note that the biharmonic operator V4<f> = V2( V2<f>) can be obtained from 22.77.
126

S P E C I A L O R TH O G O N A L C O O R D IN A T E S Y S TEMS
Cylindrical Coordinates (r, () , z)

22.78
= r
22.79
cos fJ,
sin 8,
[See Fig. 22-12]

z
z
1
22.80
ez
Fig.
22-12.
Fig.
Cylindrical coordinates.
Spherical Coordinates (r, () cp)

22.81
= r
sin 8 cos ,
hi = 1 ,
22.82
y = r
Spherical coordinates.
[See Fig. 22-13]
sin fJ sin ,
h = r2
h = r2,
22-13.
z = r
sin2
cos fJ
22.83
Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
22.84
22.85
22.86
- f(u2 - v2),
h
"\)'2.p =
uv,
z - z
(u, v, z)
y
az.p)
1
(-az.p az.p
--avz
azz
uz + vz auz
+
xy
The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the

plane are shown in Fig. 22-14. They are confocal
parabolas with a common axis.
Fig.
22-14
FORMULAS FROM VE CTOR ANALYSIS
Paraboloidal Coordinates
22.87
uv
cos ,
where
u ::0::
22.88
22.89
iJ
1
u(u2 + v 2) iJu
sin ,
y = uv
v ::0::
0,
0, 0
(u, v, <P)
<
( )
u
iJ
iJu
127
iJ
1
v(u2 + v 2) iJv
21T
( )
v
iJ '
av
1 iJ2<1>
u2v2 iJ2
Two sets of coordinate surfacEs are obtained by revolving the parabolas of Fig. 22-14 about the
axis which is then relabeled the z axis.
E lliptic Cylindrical Coordinates

22.90
where
22.9 1
22.92
x =
a cosh u cos v,
u ::0::
0, 0
h
y =
v <
(u, v, z)
a sinh u sin v,
21T,
- 00
a2(sinh2 u + sin2 v),
< z
z = z
<
00
hi = 1
iJ2<f>
iJ2<f>
1
- + a2(sinh2 u + sin2 v) iJu2 iJv2
iJ 2<f>
iJz2
The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the xy plane are shown in Fig. 22-15. They are con
focal ellipses and hyperbolas.
v ==
Fig. 22-15.
II
"
3:,./2
Elliptic cylindrical coordinates.
128
Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates ( , '7 cf>)

22.93
x =
a sinh sin '1 cos cp,
a sinh sin , sin cp,
a cosh cos '1
where
22.94
hi
a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,) ,
: inh ;)
1
a2(si nh2 + sin2 7J) sinh
22.95
1
j_ (sin 7J a'!>
+ a2(sinh2
a,
+ sin2 'I) sin 7J a'l \
a2 sinh2 sin2 '1
az
1
a2 sinh2 sin2 , a2
Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-15 about the
axis which is relabeled the z axis. The third set of coordinate surfaces consists of planes passing
through this axis.
x
Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates a, '7 cJ>)

22.96
x = a
cosh cos '1 cos ,
a cosh cos '1 sin ,
z = a sinh sin ,
where
=
a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,),
22.97
hi = h
22.98
1
j_ cosh eN
a2(sinh2 + sin2 'I) cosh a
a
a2 cosh2 cos2 ,
)+
1-_ _ a2<f>
--o-;:___, '1 a2
---,a2 - cosh2
cos2
1
a
a
- 00S 'I a2(sinh2 + sin2 ,) cos , a'l
a,
Two sets of coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-15 about the y
axis which is relabeled the z axis. The third set of coordinate surfaces are planes passing through
this axis.
Bipolar Coordinates (u, v, z)

X =
22.99
a sinh v
cosh v - cos u '
0 u
where
<
2,.
- co
'
y =
a sin u
cosh v - cos u '
<
<
co '
- co
<
= z
z
<
co
or
22. 1 00
x2 + (y
a cot u)2 = a2 csc2 u,
22. 1 01
hi
22. 1 02
VZ<f>
h =
=
- a coth v)2
+ y2
az
(cosh v - cos u)2 '
(x
(cosh v - cos u)2 a2

au2
a2
= a2 csch2 v,
=
+ aavzz<l)
1
a2<f>
+ az2
The traces of the coordinate surfaces on the xy plane are shown in Fig.
22-16 below.
129
Fig. 22-16.
Bipolar coordinates.
(u, v, )
Toroidal Coordinates
22. 1 03
a sinh v cos
cosh v - cos u '
hi
22. 1 04
22 . 1 05
h22
a sinh v sin
Y =
cosh v - cos 1t
a2
(cosh v - cos u)2 '
a<P
1
(cosh v - cos u)3 }!___
a2
au cosh v - cos u au
+
z =
'
a sin u
cosh v - cos u
a2 sinh2 v
(cosh v - cos u)2
(cosh v - cos u)3 }!_

sinh v
a<P
a2 sinh v
av cosh v - cos u av
(cosh v - cos u)2 a2<P

a2 sinh2 v
a2
The coordinate surfaces are obtained by revolving the curves of Fig. 22-16 about the
which is relabeled the z axis.
Conical Coordinates (A., fh, v)

22. 1 06
22. 1 07
AJl.V
"""J) '
hi - 1,
A
- a
h -
(J1.2
(J1.2
a2) ( v2 a2)
'
a2 - b2
_
A2(J1.2 v2)
a2)(b2 J1.2) '
A
b
h -
(J1.2
b2)( v2 b2)
b2 - a2
_
A2(J1.2
v2)
(v2 - a2)( v2 - b2)
axis
130
Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinates (A., fL, v )
22. 1 08
or
22. 1 09
22. 1 1 0
a2x-2 A. + b2y2. - A. + c2 z-2 A.

-a2 x2 + b2y2 + C2 z-2
a2x v + b2y v + c2 z v
-
1L
x2
y2
z2
1L
--
1L
A. < c2 < b2 < a2

c2 < IL < b2 < a2
c2 < b2 < v < a2
1
1
1
(a2(a-2A.)(a
2 - c22-) v)
- b22)(a-IL)(a
(b2(-b2A.)(b
2 - c22-) v)
- a22)(b-JL)(b
(c2(c-A.)(c
2 - a22)(c- 2JL)(c- b22 -v)
)
(JL- A.2) (v-A.
4(a2 -A.)(b
-A.)(c)2 - A.)
- JL)2 -JL)
4(a2 -(vIL-JL
) (b2) (A.-JL)(c
4(a2 -(A.v)(b- v)(IL2 - -v)(c2 - v)
Confocal Paraboloidal Coordinates (A., fL, v )
< A. < b2
a2 x-2 A. b2 y2- A. z - A.
z
-a2 x- JL + b2 y2- z - IL b2 < IL < a2
-a2x-2 v + b2y2- v z - v a2 < v <
x2 (a2 - A.)(ab22--IL)(a
a2 2 - v)
y2 = (b2 - A.)(ba22--ILb2) (b2 - v)
z A. + + v - a2 - b2
hi
4(a(JL-2 - A.A.))(v(b2 - A.)
h
(b2 -)JL)
4(a(v-2 -JLIL))(A.-JL
h v)(b2 -v) v)
16(a2 -v)(JL=
-- +
22. 1 1 1
1L
- oo
or
oo
22. 1 1 2
1L
X)
22. 1 1 3
(X -
23
FO U R I E R S E R I E S
D E FI N ITION O F
FO U R I E R S ER I E S
The Fourier series corresponding to a function /(x) defined i n the interval

and L >
are constants, is defined as
ao +
n1rx
. n1rx
an cos L + bn sm L
2
23. 1
where
23.2
00
an
bn
(
1
fc + 2L
c
fc+2I
c
f(x) cos
n x
c ::; x ::; c + l!L
where
dx
n7TX
f(x) sm L
dx
+ +
If /(x) and f'(x) are piecewise continuous and /(x) is defined by periodic extension of period 2L, i.e.
f(x 2L) = /(x), then the series converges to f(x) if x is a point of continuity and to ! {f(x O)i
f(x - O)}
if x is a point of discontinuity.
COMPLEX FORM OF FOU R I ER S ER I ES

Assuming that the series 23.1 converges to /(x), we have
23.3
/(x)
where
23.4
Cn
fc + 2L
c
00
n=
oo
Cn ein7Tx/ L
f(x) e - imrx/L dx
(a, - ib,)
! (a- n + ib_n)
!ao
n > O
n < O
n=O
PRSEVALS I D E N T ITY
1
23.5
f c + 2L
c
{f(x)}2 dx
G E NE RALIZE D PARSEVAL I DE NTITY
23.6
where an, bn and
f c + 2L
c
f(x) g(x) dx
aoco + l
oo
n (ancn + bndn)
2-
en, dn are the Fourier coefficients corresponding to /(x) and g(x) respectively.
131
132
FOURIER SERIE S
S PEC IA L FOURIER SERIES A N D THEIR G R A P H S
{ -
f(x)
23.7
i sin x
1T
sin 3x
3
O<x<"
-lT
<X<
sin 5x
5
f(x)
..
r-
2,.
1I
---J
I
I
l lT
-lT
-I
I
I
2 ,.
Fig. 23-1
f ( x)
23.8
:!!.
{_:
JxJ
_ (
_! cos x
lT
12
cos 3x
32
O<x<"
-lT
cos 5x
52
<X<
+
..
f(x)
- 2,.
lT
-lT
2,
Fig. 23-2
f(x)
23.9
= x, -" < x < "
(1 _
sin x
sin 2x
2
f(x )
sin 3x _
3
Fig. 23-3
23. 1 0
f(x)
lT - 2
X, 0 < X < 2lT
sin x
1
sin 2x
2
sin 3x
3
..
f (x)
/:
-4 ..
- 2 ,.
2,.
Fig. 23-4
23. 1 1
2
lT
f(x) = J sin xJ, -" < x <
_ (
j_ cos 2x
lT
13
cos 4x
35
1r
cos 6x
57
/(x )
+
...
)
Fig. 23-5
4 ..
133
FOURIER SERIE S
23. 1 2
f(x)
23. 1 3
f(x)
0 < x < 1r
1T < X < 2 7T
sin x
/(x )
Fig. 23-6
COS X
f(x )
- cos x
_ sin 2x + 2 sin 4x
13
35
1T
3 sin 6x
57
..
)
Fig. 23-7
23. 1 4
f(x) = x2,
-1T
<x<
1T
f(x )
Fig. 23-8
23. 1 5
f(x) = x(1r - x), 0 < x <
1T
f( x)
Fig. 23-9
23. 1 6
f(x) = X (7T - X)(1T + X),
-1T
<X<
1T
Fig. 23-10
134
FOURIER SERIES
23. 1 7
/(x)
1T
{:
s in a cos x
1T
O < x < tr - a
tr - a < x < tr + a
23o 1 8
1T
( 13
0 0 0
2a
2a
I
I
I
I
I
- 317
1T
Fig. 23-11
x(tr - x)
-x(tr - x)
sin 3x
33
sin 5x +
53
0 0
)
Fig. 23-12
M ISCE LLANEOUS
23.1 9
f(x) = sin p.x,
-tr < x < tr, p. # integer

sin x
( 1 2 p.2
2 sin p.tr
1T
23o20
f(x)
23.2 1
f(x) = tan
cos p.x,
'FOURIER SIIUIS
3 sin 3x
2 sin 2x
+
22 p.2
32 - p.2
-tr < x < tr, p. # integer
- 1 [(a sin x)/(1 - a cos x)] ,
-tr < x < tr,
J aJ < 1
a2
a3
a sin x + 2 sin 2x + 3 sin 3x +
23.22
f(x) = In (1 - 2a cos x + a2) ,
o o 0
- tr < x < tr , J a J < 1
3
2
-2 (a cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x +
23.23
f(x)
0 0 0
tan- 1 [(2a sin x)/(1 - a2)],
-tr < x < tr,
a3
a sm x + 3 sm 3x
o
a5
JaJ < 1
5' sin 5x +
o o
1T
--
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2a
I
I
I
-217
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1--r
f(x)
sin x
2a
1--,
tr + a < x < 2tr
sin 2a cos 2x
1
2
sin 3a cos 3x
+
3
f(x)
-
217
317
l:
FOURIER SERIE S
23.24
/(x)
1
2 tan - 1 [(2a cos x)/(1 - a2)] ,
-1T
a3
a cos x - 3 cos 3x
23.25
f(x) = e'-x,
-1T
<x<
1T
2 sinh fl7T
1T
23.26
/(x)
sinh flX,
-1T
1T
cosh flX,
- 1T
sin x
1 2 + fl2
<x<
/(x)
23.28
f(x) = In lsin tx l , 0 < x <
23.29
/(x)
In 2
n=l
1T,
l al < 1
a5
5 cos 5x
(-1) n (fl cos nx - n sin nx)

fl2 + n2
2 sin 2x
22 + fl2
3 sin 3x
32 + fl2
1r
1r
cos x
In Ieos txl, -7T < x <
cos 2x
2
cos 2x
2
cos 3x
3
+ ...
cos 3x
3
1r
- rn 2 - cos x
1
23.30
23.31
sin x
13
23.32
1r
23.27
2/l
<x<
2 sinh fl1T
(_!__
<X<
135
sin 2x
23
sin 3x + . . .
33
" '
24
BESSEL FU N CTIONS
B E S S EL'S D I F F E R E NT I A L E Q UA T I O N
x2y " + xy' + (x2 - n2) y
24. 1
nO
Solutions of this equation are called Bessel functions of order n.
B E S S EL F U N C TI O N S O F T H E F I R S T K I N D O F O R D E R n
24.2
xn
x4
x2
+
1 2n r(n + 1)
2(2n + 2)
2 4 (2n + 2)(2n + 4)
24.3
x-n
x4
X2
1 +
-2(2 - 2n)
2 - n r(1 - n)
2 4(2 - 2n)(4 - 2n)
i (- 1)k(x/2) n + 2k
k=o k ! r(n + k + 1)
i (- 1)k (x/2) 2k- n

k=o k! r(k + 1 - n)
24.4
n
oF
0, 1, 2, . . .
0, 1, 2, . . . , Jn (x) and J - n (x) are linearly independent.

If n oF 0, 1, 2, . . . , Jn (x) is bounded at x 0 while J -n (x) is unbounded.
For n 0, 1 we have
If n
24.5
24.6
24.7
J (x)
B ES S E L F U N C T I O NS O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D O F O R D E R n
24.8
Yn (x)
Jn(x) cos nrr - J_ n (x)

.
Sin nrr
n oF 0, 1, 2, . . .
. Jp (x) cos prr - J_p (x)

hm
.
Sin Ptr
P-+n
0, 1, 2, . . .
This is also called Weber's function or Neumann's function [also denoted by

136
Nn (x) ] .
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
For n
0, 1, 2, . . . , L'Hospital's rule yields
n
2
1 - 1 (n - k - 1) '
;;:
{ln (x/2 ) + y } Jn (x) - ;;:
(x/2)2k- n
k!
24.9
where y
137
k O
2
i (-1)k{<t>(k) + <l> (n + k)} k!(x/2)
- .! k=o
(n + k) !
k+ n
rr
.5772156 . . . is Euler's constant page 1 ] and
24.10
<t>(p)
For n = 0,
+ . . . + '
+
<1>(0)
Y0 (x)
24.1 1
24.12
For any value n
i':
0, J (x) is bounded at x
n
0 , 1 , 2, . . .
0 while Y (x) is unbounded.

n
G E N E R A L S O LU T I O N O F B E S S E L ' S D I F F E R E N T IA L E Q U A T I O N
24.13
24.14
24.15
A Jn (x)
B J_n(x)
A Jn (x)
B Yn (x)
A Jn (x) + B Jn (x)
dx
0, 1 , 2, . . .
all n
all n
x J (x)
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
G E N E RAT I N G F U N CT I O N F O R
24.16
Jn(x)
ex<t- 1 /tl/2
R E C U R R EN C E F O R M U LAS FOR B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S
24.17
24.18
24.19
24.20
24.21
24.22
Jn + 1 (x)
-- - Jn (x) - Jn - 1 (x)
X
J(x)
2n
iUn - dx) - Jn + 1 (x) }
xJ(x)
x Jn _ 1 (x) - nJn (x)
x J (x)
n Jn (x) - x Jn + dx)
{xn Jn (x)}
dx
xn Jn - 1 (x)
{x - n Jn (x)}
- x - n Jn + 1 (x)
dx
The functions Yn (x) satisfy identical relations.
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
138
B ES S EL F U NCTIONS O F ORD ER EQUAL
TO
HALF AN O D D INTE GER
I n this case the functions are expressible i n terms o f sines and cosines.
24.23
J1 !2 (x)
24.24
J- t!2 (x)
24.25
Ja/2 (x)
f!x (
sm x
cos x
sin
x
X
- - COS X
24.26
J - a!2 (x)
24.27
Js'y2 (x)
24.28
J -5!2 (x)
(
)
}
{ (:2 1 )
(; 1 ) }
{!x {
-
cos x
--
.
+ sm x
sin x -
sin x +
2-
cos x
cos x
For further results use the recurrence formula. Results for Y1 12(x), Y312 (x), . . . are obtained from 24.8.
HANKEL F U NCTIONS O F FIRST AND S E C O N D K I N D S O F OR D ER n
BESS EL'S MOD I F I E D D I FFERENTIAL EQUATI O N

24.31
x2y" + xy' - (x2 + n2)y
n ?; O
Solutions of this equation are called modified Bessel functions of order n.
MOD I F I E D BESSEL FUNCT I O N S OF T H E FIRST K I N D OF OR DER n

i - n Jn (ix)
e - n7Tii2 Jn (ix)
2
x4
xn
1 + 2(2nx + 2) +
+
n
2 4(2n + 2)(2n + 4)
2 r(n + 1)
24.33
in J _n (ix)
=
If n #
For n
x4
x- n
x2
1 +
+
+
2(2 - 2n)
2 4(2 - 2n)(4 - 2n)
2 - n r(1 - n)
..
0, 1, 2, . . . , then In (x) and I-n (x) are linearly independent.

0, 1, we have
x2
x4
x6
+ 2 2 + 2 2
+ ...
22
2 4
2 4 62
24.35
I0(x)
1 +
24.36
J1 (x)
x
x3
x5
x1
- + 2 + 22 2 6 +
2
4
2 4
22 42 62
24.37
I (x)
It (x)
--
:i
(x/2)n + 2k
k=o k ! r(n + k + 1)
emrii2 J_ n (ix)
n = 0, 1 , 2 ,
24.34
+ ...
. . -}
.
oo
(x/2)2k- n
l:
k=O k ! r(k + 1 - n)
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
139
MO D I F I E D B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D
KIND
OF ORDER
n # 0, 1, 2, . . .
n
For n
==
==
0, 1 , 2, . . .
0, 1, 2, . . . , L'Hospital's rule yields
n-1
Kn(x) = (-1)n + 1 {ln (x/2) + y}In(x) + 1 ( -1 ) k(n - k - 1) ! (x/2)2 k- n
2 k =O
n
n
2
k
(-1)
+ 2 :i, (x/2) + {<l>(k) + <l>(n + k) }
k =O k ! (n + k) !
where <l>(p) is given by 24 .10.
24.39
For n = 0,
x4
x2
x6
-{ln (x/2) + y}Io (x) + 22 + 22 42 (1 + !) + 2 42 62 ( 1 + ! + -!) +
2
24.40
24.41
n=
0, 1, 2, . . .
G E N ERAL S O L U T I O N O F B E S S E L' S MO D I F I E D E Q U AT I O N
24.42
n # 0, 1, 2, . . .
24.43
all n
24.44
all n
where A and B are arbitrary constants.
G E N E RATI N G F U N C T I O N F O R
ln(x)
00
n
ex <t + 1/t)/2 = n =- oo In(x)t
24.45
R E C U R R E N C E FO RMU LAS FO R MO D I F I E D B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S
24.52
Kn+ 1 (x)
!Un - dx) + ln+ 1 (x) }
24.53
K (x)
x ln - d x) - nln(x)
24.54
x K (x)
-x Kn _ 1 (x) - n Kn(x)
x ln + 1 (x) + n ln(X)
24.55
x K (x)
nKn (x) - x Kn + 1 (x)
xn[n- 1 (x)
24.56
d {xnKn(x)
}
dx
24.57
{x - nKn (x) } = -x- n Kn + 1 (x)

dx
In + dx)
24.47
I(x)
24.48
x l (x)
24.49
x l (x)
24.50
{xn
dx Jn (x)}
24.5 1
d - n[
{x n (x) } = x - n[n + 1 (x)
dx
==
2n
Kn_ 1 (x) + -;- Kn(x)
2n
ln-dx) - -ln
X (x)
24.46
==
==
==
! {Kn - 1 (x) + Kn + 1 (x) }
-xn Kn - 1 (x)
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
140
MODIFIED B E S S E L FUNCTIO N S OF O R D E R EQUAL T O HALF AN O D D I N TEG E R
In this case the functions are expressible in terms of hyperbolic sines and cosines.
24.58
111 2 (x)
24.59
L 11 2 (x)
24.60
13 12 (x)
{2 sinh x
'.J ;x
{!x (
cosh x
cosh x -
sinh x
x
24.61
L 3 1 2 (x)
24.62
I51 2 (x) =
24.63
I _ 512 (x)
24.46.
For further results use the recurrence formula

from
24.38.
/2
'.J ;x
(
# {(: )
# { (;2 + 1)
2+1
cosh x
sinh x -
sinh x cosh x
Results for K1 1 2 (x), K3 1 2 (x), .
..
cosh x}
sinh x}
are obtained
))er AND Bei f U NCTI O N S

The real and imaginary parts of Jn (xe31Ti1 4) are denoted by Bern (x) and Bein (x) where
24.64
Bern (x)
24.65
Bein (x)
If
0,
24.66
Ber (x)
24.67
Bei (x)
( x/2 )2k + n
(3n + 2k)1T
k!
kO r(n + k + 1) cos 4
. (3n + 2k)7T
( x/2)2k n
sm
1)
+
k
+
r(n
k!
4
o
k
00
(x/2}8
2!2 + 4!2
(x/2)4
. .
Ker A N D Kei FUN CTIONS

The real and imaginary parts of e - n1Til2 Kn(xe"i/4) are denoted by Kern (x) and Kei n (x) where
+ y} Bern (x) + i1r Bein (x)

1 (n - k - 1)! (x/2)2k - n cos (3n + 2k)1T
+ 2
4
kl'
k=O
n
k
2
(3n + 2k)7T
+ 21 kO k!(x/2)
(n + k) ! {<P(k) + <P(n + k)} cos 4
24.69
Kein (x)
-{In (x/2) + y} Bein (x) - i1r Bern (x)
n
1 - l (n - k - 1)! (x/2)2k -n . (3n + 2k)rr
sm
- 2 k=O
4
k'
k
n
(x/2) 2
1
(k) + <P(n + k)} sm. (3n +4 2k)7T
+
2 ko k! (n + k)! {<P
and <P is given by 24.10, page 137.
If n = 0,
(x/2)8
rr .
(x/2)4
24.70 Ker (x)
-{In (x/2) + y} Ber (x) + 4 Be1 (x) +
2T2 (1 + !l + 412 (1 + i + i + il
24.68
Kern (x)
-{In (x/2)
n
-l
00
00
24.71 Kei (x)
-{In (x/2)
y} B e1 (x)
1r
4 B er (x) + (x/2)2
(x/2)6
3f2 (1 + ! + f)
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
141
D I FF E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N FOR Ber, Bei, Ker, Kei F U NCTIONS
x2y " + xy' - (ix2 + n2) y
24.72
The general solution of this equation is

24.73
A{Bern (x) + i Bein (x)} + B{Kern (x) + i Kein (x)}
G RA P H S O F B E S S E L F U NCTIO N S
- I-
Fig. 24-1
Fig. 24-2
y
Fig. 24-3
Fig. 24-4
3
I
-I-
.05
.04
.03
.02
.01
0
-.01
-.02
-.03
-.04
-.05
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-
-8
-9
-I
Fig. 24-5
Fig. 24-6
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
142
I N D E F I N IT E I N TEG R A L S I N V O L V I N G B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S
24.75
24.76
24.77
24.78
24.79
24.80
24.81
24.82
24.83
24.85
24.86
24.87
24.88
J x2 J0(x) dx
f xm J0(x) dx
f J:x) dx
J Jxmo (x) dx
J J1 (x) dx
xm Jt <x) + (m - 1)xm- 1 J0(x) - (m - 1)2
Jo (x)
J1 (x) - -- x
( x')
__J-=.
1
(m - 1)2xm-2
J J0(x) dx
Jo (x)
- (m - 1)2
(m - 1)xm 1
f xm-2 J0(x) dx
o_(x_) dx
J _Jxm-2
J J0(x) dx
-xm J0 (x) + m f xm- 1 J0(x) dx
-x J0(x) +
.f xm Jdx) dx
<x)
t dx
f Jxm
J J0(x) dx
= -J0 (x)
f x Jt <x) dx
f J1x) dx
= x2 Jdx) + x J0 (x) -
-Jt <x) +
f J0(x) dx
f x- n Jn+ dx) dx
f xm Jn(x) dx
-x- n Jn (x)
n f xm- l Jn - dx) dx
f Jn (ax) Jn (f3x) dx x{a Jn(f3x) J(;; Jn(ax) J(f3x)}
f x J (ax) dx 2 {J (ax}}2 + (1 - a2 ) {Jn (ax}}2
=
-xm Jn_ 1 (x) + (m + - 1)

=
The above results also hold if we replace Jn(x) by Yn(x) or, more generally, A Jn(x) + B Yn(x) where
A and B are constants.
D E F I N I TE I NT EGRA LS I NV O LV I N G B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S
24.89
24.90
24.91
i"'0 e-ax J0(bx) dx

f0"' e-ax Jn(bx) dx
J0"'
cos ax J0(bx) dx
1
ya2 + b2
=
(ya2 + b2 - a)n
bnya2 + b2
{Yo':-'
n > -1
a>b
a 
n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
dx
e - b2!4a
a
e-= J0 (byx ) dx
x J(ax) dx
-1
f{J (a)}2 + f(1 - n2fa2) {Jn (a)}2
x J0 (ax) 10 ({3x) dx
f3
J0(a) 1(/3) - a J(a) Io(/3)

+
INTEGRAL REPRES ENTATIONS FOR BESSEL FUNCTIONS
1 f 1T
1 f 1T
cos (x sin e) de
1T 0
24.98
=
24.99
cos (ne - x sin e) de,
1T 0
xn
2nyi'1Tr(n + -!)
2 f "'
24.101
Y0(x)
--
24.102
10 (x)
24.103
Jn (x)
24.104
Yn (x)
24.105
Jn (X)
24.106
Yn (X)
24.107
ln (X)
24.108
Kn (X)
1T
1 f 1T
1T
frr
0
2,. f 2rr
__!_
cosh (x sin e) de
(
.(
_
1 (y
Y2tm 2n
{! ( ;r
n > -t
ASYM PTOTIC
)
)
ex sin O de
EXPANSIONS
n1T
1T
2 4
where x is large
n1T
1T
--; sm x - 2 - 4
where x is large
ex
ex
cos (x sin e) cos2n e de,
cos (x cosh u) du
- cos x -
n = integer
where n is large
n
where n is large
yf2;;
where x is large
yf2;;
where x is large
e -x
143
BESSEL F UNCTIONS
144
ORTHOGONAL SERIES OF BESSEL FU NCTIONS
Let >- t , >-2 , >.3,

b e the positive roots o f R Jn(x) + Sx J (x)
expansions hold under the conditions indicated.

0, R # 0,
24. 1 09
i.e. A. t, A.2, A.a,
f(x)
= 0, n >
- 1. Then the following series
are positive roots of Jn (x)
A 1 Jn(X1x) + A 2 Jn(X2x) + A3 Jn(X ax) + . . .
where
24. 1 1 0
In particular if
24. 1 1 1
Ak
2
Jn + dXk)
n = 0,
- At J0(X1x) + A2 J0(X2x) + A 3 J0(X3x) + . . .
f(x)
where
Ak -
24. 1 1 2
t
2
x f(x) J0 (Xkx) dx
2 -J 1 (Xk) o
R!S
24. 1 1 3
ft x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx
>
- A1 Jn (AtX) + A2 Jn (X2x) + A3 Jn (X3x) + . . .

/(x) -
where
24. 1 1 4
In particular if
24. 1 1 5
.r
Ak
2
x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx
2
Jn(Xk) - Jn- d>-k) Jn + t (Xk) 0
n = 0,
/(x) - A1 J0 (Xtx) + A2 J0(X2x) + A3 J0(X3x) + . . .
where
24. 1 1 6
Ak
2
2
Jo (Xk) + J l (Xk)
R!S
24. 1 1 7
where
24. 1 1 8
f(x)
24. 1 1 9
where
24. 1 20
n = 0
= -n
A0xn + A t Jn (>- tx) + A2 Jn (X2x) +
- 2 (n + 1)
Ak -
In particular if
f x f(x) J0 (Xkx) dx
J0t xn + 1 f(x) dx
2
2
Jn(Xk) - Jn - dXk) Jn + t (Xk)
so that R
= 0
.C0 x f(x) Jn (Xkx) dx
[i.e. >- t, X2, X3, . . . are the positive roots of
f(x) - A0 + A 1 J0 (>-tx) + A2 J0 (X2x) + . . .
Ak -
f x f(x) dx
0
t
-2-- i x f(x) J0 (Xk x) dx
2
Jo (Xk)
Jt (x)
= OJ ,
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
R/S
145
< -n
In this case there are two pure imaginary roots iA0 as well as the positive roots A1, A2, A3,
and we have
24. 1 2 1
f(x)
where
24. 1 22
M I S C E LL A N E O U S R ES U L TS
24. 1 23
cos (x sin 8)
24. 1 24
sin (x sin 8)
24. 1 25
Jn (X + y )
2 Jdx) sin 8 + 2 J3 (x) sin 3 o + 2 J5 (x) sin 5o +

=
00
k = - 00
n =
Jk (x) Jn- k (Y)
0, 1, 2, . . .
This i s called the addition formula for Bessel functions.

24. 1 26
24. 1 27
24. 1 28
x2
24. 1 29
x J1 (x)
4
24. 1 30
24. 1 3 1
J;:(x)
24. 1 32
J;: ' (x)
J2 (x) - 2 J4 (x) + 3 J6 (x) -
J(x) + 2 J(x) + 2 J(x) + 2 J(x) +
Formulas 24.131 and 24.132 can be generalized.

24. 1 33
24. 1 34
2
=
2{Jdx) - J3 (x) + Js (x) - }
24. 1 36
sin x
24. 1 38
sinh x
2{1 1 (x) + /3 (x) + /5(x) +
24. 1 39
cosh x
/0(x)
2{/2(x)
/4(x)
. . }
I6(x) +
25
LEG E N DRE FU NCTIONS
L E G E N D R E'S D I FF E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N
(1 - x2) y " - 2xy' + n(n + 1) y
25.1
Solutions of this equation are called Legendre functions of order n.
L E G E N D R E POLY N O MIALS
If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , solutions of 25.1 are Legendre polynomials Pn (x) given by Rodrigue's formula

25.2
S P E C I A L L E G EN D R E POLYNOMIALS
25.3
P0 (x)
25.7
P4 (x)
k(35x4 - 30x2 + 3)
25.4
Pdx)
25.8
P5 (x)
k(63x5 - 70x3 + 15x)
25.5
P2 (x)
!(3x2 - 1)
25.9
P6 (x)
25.6
P3 (x)
!(5x3 - 3x)
25. 1 0
P7 (x)
6
4
116 (231x - 315x + 105x2 - 5)
/6 (429x7 - 693x5 + 315x3 - 35x)
L E G E N D R E POLY N O M I A L S I N T E RMS O F () W H E R E
25. 1 1
P0 (cos IJ)
25. 1 2
x = cos ()
25. 1 4
P3 (cos IJ)
}r(3 cos /) + 5 cos 3/J)
P1 (cos IJ)
cos /)
25. 1 5
P4 (cos IJ)
(\(9 + 20 cos 2/J + 35 cos 4/J)
25 . 1 3
P2 (cos IJ)
!(1 + 3 cos 2/J)
25. 1 6
P5 (cos IJ)
25. 1 7
P6 (cos IJ)
25. 1 8
P7 (cos IJ)
18 (30 cos /) + 35 cos 3/J + 63 cos 5/J)
52 (50 + 105 cos 2 /J + 126 cos 4 /J + 231 cos 6/J)
124 (175 cos /) + 189 cos 3/J + 231 cos 5/J + 429 cos 7/J)
G E N E R AT I N G F U N CTION FOR L E G E N D R E POLYNOMIALS
25. 1 9
.)1 - 2tx + t2
146
LEGE NDRE FUNCTIONS
147
R E C U RR E N C E F O R M U LA S F O R L EG E N D R E P O LYNOM I A L S
25.20
25.2 1
25.22
25.23
25.24
O RT H O G O NA LITY O F LEGE N D R E POLY NOMIALS
f 1 Pm (x) Pn (x) dx
-1
f1 {Pn (x)}2 dx
25.25
25.26
Because of
2 5. 2 5,
Pm (x) and Pn (x)
m#n
2
--
2n +
1
are called orthogonal in
-1 x 1.
ORTH.O GO N A L S ER I ES O F LEG E N D R E POLY NOM I A LS
25.27
where
2k +
A k = -2-
1 f1 f(x) Pk (x) dx
-1
25.28
SPECIAL RESULTS I NVOLVING LEGENDR E P () L"(NOMIALS

25.29
Pn (1)
25.32
25.33
Pn (X)
1)
n odd
5
3
(n
6 .l..:
4:._
: -::. :.: -=
::..._....:
2
n
(-1 )n/2 1
1f ,. (x + yx2 - 1
1T
cos
n even
)n d
25.34
25.35
1
,( (z2 - 1) n dz
Pn (X)
:J' (z - x)n +1
where C is a simple closed curve having x as interior point.
25.36
_
_
2 n + l,.i
LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
148
G E N E RA L S O L U T I O N OF LE G E N D R E'S E Q U A T I O N
The general solution o f Legendre's equation is
25.37
where
25.38
25.39
_ n(n2 ! 1) X2 + n(n - 2)(n4 ! 1)(n + 3) X (n - 1)(n + 2) 3

(n - 1)(n - 3)(n + 2)(n + 4)
x> x x +
5!
3!
1
Vn (x) =
These series converge for -1 < x < 1.
LE G EN D R E F U N C T I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D
I f n = 0, 1, 2 , . . . one of the series 25.38, 25.39 terminates. In such cases,
n = 0 , 2, 4, . . .
25.40
n = 1 , 3, 5, . . .
where
25.41
n = 0, 2, 4, . . .
25.42
n = 1 , 3, 5, . . .
The nonterminating series in such case with a suitable multiplicative constant is denoted by Q n(x) and
is called Legendre 's function of the second kind of order n. We define
n = 0, 2, 4, . . .
25.43
n = 1, 3, 5, . . .
S P EC I A L L_& G E N D R E F U N C T I O N S O F T H E S EC O N D K I N D
(X)
X2 e1 +- XX) - 1
25.44
Qo(x)
l rn
1 -
25.45
QI(x)
- In
25.46
Q2(x)
1 +x
3x2 - 1
In 1 4
25.47
Qa (x) =
5x3 - 3x
In
4
( X)
( 11 - x )
+
3x
2
5x2
- 2 + 3
The functions Qn(x) satisfy recurrence formulas exactly analogous to 25.20 through 25.24.
Using these, the general solution of Legendre's equation can also be written
25.48
26
I ASSOCIATED
L E G E N D RE
FUNC;IO N$
LEG E N D RE'S ASS O C IATED D I FFERENT IAL EQUATION

26. 1
(1 -
x2)y" - 2xy' +
{n(n + 1) -
1 - x2 } y
Solutions of this equation are called associated Legendre functions. We restrict ourselve:s to the
portant case where m, n are nonnegative integers.
ASSOC IATED L E G E N D RE FU NCTIONS OF T H E fiRST KIND
(1 - nx2)m l2 dm + nn (x2 - 1)n

dm
x2)ml2 dxm Pn (x)
2 n!
dxm +
where Pn (x) are Legendre polynomials [page 146]. We have
26.3
P(x) Pn (x)
26.4
P;:'(x) 0 if m > n
P nm(x)
26.2
(1 -
--
S PE C IAL ASSOC IATE D LEG ENDRE F U N C T IONS OF THE F I R ST KIND

26.5
26.6
26.7
P(x)
P (x)
P(x)
(1 x2) 112
3x(1 - x2) 112
3(1 - x2)
_
26.9
P(x)
15x(1 - x2)
15(1 - x2)312
G EN ERAT I N G F U NCTION FO R P!'(a:)
(2m) !
26. 1 1
(1 - x2)ml2tm
"'
n=m P;:'(x)tn
R E C U RREN C E FORM U LAS

26. 1 2
26. 1 3
Pmn +2(x) (12(m +x2)1)x112 pnm + 1( ) + (n - m)(n + m + 1) Pmn (x)

_
149
im
AS SOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS
150
ORTHOGO N A L IT Y OF P;:'(x)
1
J-1 P;:'(x) P;"(x) dx
J-1 {P;:'(x)}2 dx
26. 1 4
26. 1 5
if n # l
2
(n + m) !
2n + 1 (n - m) !
ORTHOGONAL SERIES
26. 1 6
where
26. 1 7
/(x)
2 k + 1 ( k - m) !
-(k + m) !
2
1
J_ 1 /(x) Pk (x) dx
m
A S S O C I ATED L E G E N D R E F U N CT I O N S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D
26. 1 8
Qn(x) are Legendre functions of the second kind [page 148].

These functions are unbounded at x = 1, whereas P;:'(x) are bounded at x = 1.
The functions Q':(x) satisfy the same recurrence relations as P;:'(x) [see 26.12 and 26.13].
where
G E NE R A L S O L U T I O N O F L EG E N DR E'S A S S O C IATE D E Q U AT I O N
26. 1 9
P;:'(x) + B Q;:'(x)
2_7_
H E RM I T E P o LY N O M I A Ls
__
_______________
........_
._____
H E RM I TE ' S D I FF E R E N TIA L E Q U A T I O N
27. 1
y " - 2xy' + 2ny = 0
H ER MITE P O LY N OM I A L S
If n = 0, 1, 2, . . . then solutions of Hermite's equation are Hermite polynomials Hn (:) given by

Rodrigue 's formula
27.2
S P E C I A L H ER M IT E POLY N OM I A L S
27.7
H4 (x)
2x
27.8
H5(x)
27.9
H 6 (x)
64x6 - 480x4 + 720x2 - 120
27. 1 0
H7(x)
128x7 - 1344x5 + 3360x3 - 1680x
H 0(x)
27.4
H1(x)
27.5
H2 (x) - 4x2 - 2
27.6
H3 (x)
16x4 - 48x2 + 12
27.3
8x3 - 12x
32x5 - 160x3
G EN ERA TING F U N CTIO N
27. 1 1
:i
n=O
Hn(x) tn
n!
R ECUR R E N C E FORMULA S
27. 1 2
27. 1 3
151
+ 120x
H ERMITE POLYNOMIALS
152
O R T H O G O NALITY OF H E R M IT E POLYNOMIALS
27. 1 4
m#n
27. 1 5
O R T H O G O N A L S ER I E S
27. 1 6
f(x)
where
27. 1 7
S PE C I A L R E S U LT S
27. 1 8
27. 1 9
27.20
Hn(-x)
Hzn - 1 (O)
27.21
fx Hn(t) dt
27.22
27.25
d {e 2
Hn(x)}
dx
-
27.23
27.24
Hn + 1 (x)
2(n + 1)
=
Hn + 1 (0)
2(n + 1)
-e- x2 Hn+ dx)
Jx e- t Hn(t) dt Hn- 1 (0) - e-x Hn- 1 (x)

f- tne-t2 Hn(xt) dt -J; n ! Pn (X)
=
"'
27.26
This is called the addition formula for Hermite polynomials.
27.27
Hn + 1 (x) Hn(Y) - Hn(x) Hn + 1(Y)

2n + 1n ! (x - y)
28
L A G U E R R E P O LY N O M I A L S
LAG U E R R E ' S D I F F EREN T I A L E Q UAT I O N

28.1
xy" + (1 - x)y' + ny = 0
LA G U ER R E P O LY N O M I A LS
If n = 0, 1, 2, . . then solutions of Laguerre's equation are Laguerre polynomials Ln (x) and are given
by Rodrigue's formula.
.
28.2
S P E C I A L LAG U ER R E POLY N OM I A LS
28.3
L0(x)
28.6
L3(x)
-x3 + 9x2 - 18x + 6
28.4
L1(x)
-x + 1
28.7
L4(x)
x4 - 16x3 + 72x2 - 96x
28.5
L2 (x)
x 2 - 4x + 2
28.8
L5(x)
-x5 + 25x4 - 200x3 + 600x2 - 600x + 120
28.9
L6(x)
x6 - 36x5 + 450x4 - 2400x3 + 5400x2 - 4320x + 720
28. 1 0
L 7(x)
-x7 + 49x6 - 882x5 + 7350x4 - 29,400x3 + 52,920x2 - 35,280x + 5040
G EN E RA T I N G F U N CT I O N
28. 1 1
6 - x t/1 - t
1-t
:i
n=O
Ln (X) tn
n!
R E C U R R E N C E FORMULAS
28. 1 2
28. 1 3
28. 1 4
153
+ 24
154
LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS
ORTH O G O N A LITY OF L A G U E R R E P O LY N OMIA LS
28. 1 5
m ,., n
28. 1 6
O R T H O GONAl. S E R lE$
28. 1 7
f(x)
where
28. 1 8
S P E C IAL R E S U LTS.
28. 1 9
28.2 1
Ln(O)
n!
Ln(x)
(-l) n xn
n2xn - 1
1!
--
n2(n
1 )2xn -2
2!
if
11
ko
Lk(x) Lk(y)
(k ! )2
L11(x)
= n
Ln (x) Ln + dY) - Ln+ l (x) Ln(Y)

(n !)2 (x - y)
28.24
28.25
if p < n
28.22
28.23
f0"' unex-u J0 (2VXU ) du
(-l) nn !
29
ASSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS.
LAG U E R R E' S A S S O C IA TE D D I FF E R E NT IA L E Q U AT IO N
29. 1
xy" + (m + 1 - x)y' + (n - m)y
A S S O C I ATE D LAG U E R R E P O L Y N O M I A L S
Solutions o f 29.1 for nonnegative integers m and n are given b y the associated LagueJ;re polynomials
29.2
where Ln(x) are Laguerre polynomials [see page 153].
29.3
29.4
if m > n
S P E C IA L A S S O CI A T E D L A G U E R R E P O LY N O MI A LS
-1
29. 1 0
L (x)
2x - 4
29. 1 1
L!(x)
4x3 - 48x2
29. 1 2
L! (x)
12x2 - 96x + 144
L (x)
-3x2 + 18x - 18
29. 1 3
L! (x)
24x - 96
L(x)
-6x
29. 1 4
L! (x)
24
29.5
L (x)
29.6
L(x)
29.7
L (x)
29.8
29.9
18
-6
G E NE R AT I N G FU N C T I O N FO R L':(x)
29.15
(-1)mtm e-xt/( 1 -t)

(1 - t)m + l
155
L::'(x) n
t
n=m n!
oo
--
144x - 96
A SSOCIATED LAGUERRE POLYNOMIALS
156
REC U R R E N C E F O R M U LAS
29. 1 6
m+!
Ln (x)
d m
n
dx {L (x) }
29. 1 7
29. 1 8
m
m- 1
(x - m) Ln (x) + (m - n - 1) Ln (x)
29. 1 9
O RTHOG O NA L I TY
f oo xme- x Lmn (x) Lvm(x) dx
29.20
29.2 1
p#n
(n !)3
(n - m) !
ORTHOGONAL S ER I E S
29.22
f(x)
where
(k - m) !
(k ! )3
29.23
f "' xmrx Lmk (x) f(x) dx

0
S P EC IA L R ESULTS
29.24
' {
n.
(-1) n (n - m) ! xn-m
29.25
n (n - m) x n -m-!
1!
n(n - 1)(n - m)(n - m - 1) n -m-2

+
x
2!
(2n - m + 1)(n !)3
(n - m) !
30
CH EBYS H EV POLYN O M I ALS
C HE B YS H EV'S D I FF E RE NTIAL EQ UATION

30. 1
n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(1 - x2)y" - xy' + n2y = 0
C H E BY S H E V
P O LY N OM fA LS O F
T H E FI.RST K I N D
Solutions o f 30.1 are given by
30.2
S P E C IA L C H E BY S H EV
P O LY N O M IALS O F
T H E FIRST K I N D
30.3
T0 (x)
30.7
T4 (x)
30.4
T1 (x)
= X
30.8
T5 (x)
30.5
T2(x)
2x2 - 1
30.9
T6 (x)
32x6 - 48x4 + 18x2 - 1
30.6
T3 (x)
4x3 - 3x
30. 1 0
T7 (x)
64x7 - 112x5
8x4 - 8x2 + 1
16x5 - 20x3 + 5x
+ 56x3 - 7x
G E NERATING F U N CTION FOR T.()
1 - tx
1 - 2tx + t2
30. 1 1
S P ECIAl. VALUES
30. 1 3
Tn (1)
30. 1 4
Tn (-1)
30. 1 5
T2n (O)
157
=
=
(-1)n
(-1)n
30. 1 6
T2n + 1 (0)
CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS
158
R E C U R S I O N F O R M U LA FOR
Tn(x)
30.17
O RT H O G O N A L ITY
m#n
{ ,. if n 0
,.;2 if n 1,2, . . .
30.18
f1 {Tn (x)} 2 dx
_ 1 yl -x2
30.19
O RT H O G O N A L S E R I E S
f(x)
30.20
where
Ak =
30.21
-2 J f(xy1) T-dxx2) dx
1
,.
-1
C H E BY S H EV P O LY N O M I A L S O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D
30.22
1) cos1 x)- 1 x}
{sin(n (cos( n ; 1) xn - (n ; 1) xn-2 (1 - x2) (n ; 1) xn- 4(1 - x2)2 sin
S P E C I A L C H E BYS H EV P O lY N O M I A L S O F T H E SEC O N D K I N D
30.23
30.24
30.25
30.26
U0(x) 1
U1(x) 2x
U2(x) 4x2 - 1
U3(x) 8x3 - 4x
=
30.27
30.28
30.29
30.30
U4(x)
U5(x)
U6(x)
U7(x)
=
=
16x4 - 12x2 1
32x5 - 32x3 + 6x
64x6 - 80x4 24x2 - 1
128x7 - 192x5 80x3 - 8x
+
G E N E RAT I N G F U N C T I O N F O R
30.31
1 - 2tx1 + t2
Un(x)
CHEBYSHEV POLYNOMIALS
159
S P E C I A L VA L U E S
30.33
Un( -1 ) = (-1)n (n + 1 )
30.34
Un(1) = n + 1
R E C U R S I O N FORMU LA FOR
Un(x)
30.37
O RT H O G O N A L ITY
f1-1 y1 - x2 Um(x) Un(x) dx
30.38
1
f- 1 V1 - x2 { Un(x)}2 dx
30.39
m ""' n
0
7T
O RT H O G O N AL S ER I E S
/(x)
30.40
where
30.41
R E L A T IO N S H I P S B ET W E E N
30.42
30.43
=
30.44
Tn (x)
30.45
Tn (x)
AND
Un(x)
f1 Tn + 1 (v) dv
; -1 (v - x) \h - v2
1 v' 2
-1 J 1 - xv -Unv - dv) dv
1
1r
-- 1
G E N E R A L S O L U T I O N O F C H E B Y S H EV'S D I F F E R E N T I A L E Q U AT I O N
30.46
A Tn (x) + By1 - x2 Un_1 (x)

A + B sin - 1 x
if n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
if n = 0
31
HYPERG E O M E T R I C F U N C T I O N S
HYPERGIOMETRIC D I FF E R E N T IAL EQUAT I O N
x(1 - x)y " + {c - (a + b + 1)x}y' - aby = 0
31.1
HYPERG E O M E T R I C F U N C T I O N S
A solution of 31 . 1 i s given by
a(a + 1)b(b + 1)
a(a + 1)(a + 2)b(b + 1)(b + 2) 3
a b
x +
F(a ' b; c ' x) = 1 + 1 c x + 1 2 c(c + 1) x2 +
1 2 3 c(c + 1)(c + 2)
If a, b, c are real, then the series converges for -1 < x < 1 provided that c - (a + b) > -1.
31.2
S P E C IAL C A S E S
31.3
31.4
31.5
31.6
31.7
F(-p, 1; 1; -x) = (1 + x)P

F(1, 1 ; 2; -x) = [ln (1 + x)]/x
lim F(1, n; 1; x/n) = ex
F(-!, --!; f; sin2 x) = cos x

F(f, 1; 1; sin2 x) = sec x
F(-!, -!; ; x2) = (sin - ! x)/x
31.8
31.9
31.10
31.1 1
31.12
F(-!, 1 ; ; -x2) = (tan - l x)/x

F(1, p ; p ; x)
1/(1 - x)
F(n + 1, -n; 1; ( 1 - x)/2) = Pn (x)

F(n, -n; t; (1 - x)/2)
Tn (X)
G E N E R A L SOLUT I O N O F THE H Y P E R G EO M E T R I C E Q U AT I O N
If c, a - b and c - a - b are all nonintegers, the general solution valid for l x l < 1 is
31.13
y = A F(a, b; c; x) + Bxl - c F(a - c + 1, b - c + 1; 2 - c; x)
M I S C E LLAN E O U S PRO P E R T I ES
31.14
31.15
31.16
31.17
r(c) r(c - a - b)
r(c - a) r(c - b)
F(a, b; c; 1)
d
ab
dx F(a, b; c; x) = c F( a + 1, b + 1; c + 1; x)
r(c)
F(a, b ., c,. x ) - r(b) r(c _ b)
Jl ub - 1 (1 - u)c -b- 1 (1 - ux) - a du

0
F(a, b; c; x) = (1 - x)c - a - b F(c - a, c - b; c; x)

160
32
L A P L A C E T R A N S FO RM s
___________
______
--
__
D E F I N IT I O N O F T H E LAP LAC E T RA N S FO RM O F
.t:_
32. 1
{F(t)}
In general f(s) will exist for s
operator.
>
f "" e - st F( t) dt
where
F(t)
f(s)
is some constant. .t:_ is called the Laplace transform
D E F I NI TI O N O F T H E I NVERS E L A P LAC E T R A N S F O R M O F
f(s)
If .t:_ {F(t)} = f(s), then we say that F(t) = .c- 1 {f(s)} is the inverse Laplace transform of f(s) .
.c - 1 is called the inverse Laplace transform operator.
COMPLEX I N V E R S I O N F ORMU LA
The inverse Laplace transform of f(s) can be found directly by methods of complex variable theory.
The result is
32.2
F(t)
1T 't
f c+ ioo est f(s) ds

c -ioo
2"'" lim
7Tt T -+ oo
c + iT
c-iT
est f(s) ds
where c is chosen so that all the singular points of f(s) lie to the left of the line Re {s} = c in the complex
s plane.
161
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
162
TABLE OF G E NERAl PROP ER T I E S O F LAPLAC E TRA N SFORMS
/(8)
F(t)
32.3
a !1 (8) + b !2 (8)
a F1 (t) + b F2 (t)
32.4
/(8/a)
a F(at)
32.5
/(8 - a)
eat F(t)
32.6
e - as /(8)
'U(t -
a) {:(t- a) tt >< aa
:=
32.7
8 /(8) - F(O)
F'(t)
32.8
82 /(8) - 8 F(O) - F'(O)
F "(t)
32.9
8n /(8) - 8n-1 F(O) - 8n -2 F'(O) -
F<n - 1 ) (0)
F<n>(t)
32.10
/'(8)
-t F(t)
32.1 1
!"(8)
t2 F(t)
32.12
J<n>(8)
(-l)ntn F(t)
32.13
/(8)
8
Jt F(u) du
32.14
/(8)
8n
32.15
/(8) g (8)
ft ft F(u) dun .r (t u)n- 1 F(u) du

it F(u) G(t - u) du
o
(n - 1) !
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
32. 1 6
163
f(s)
F(t)
f "' f(u) du
F(t)
t
32. 1 7
1-
sT
e - su
32. 1 8
/(Vs )
32. 1 9
l f(l/s)
s
F(t) = F(t + T)
F(u) du
1 /(1/s)
32.20
sn + 1
32.2 1
f(s + 1/s)
s2
_
_
32.22
2 -y:;;. 0
"'
+1
f(ln s)
s In s
32.24
P(s)
Q( s)
...[;i o
polynomial of degree less than n,
Q (s) = (s - a 1)(s - a2) (s - an)

where a 1 , a2 ,
an are all distinct.
,
2
e -u
!4 t F(u) du
f"'0 J0(2VUt ) F(u) du

tn/2
f"'0 u- n/2 Jn (2VUt ) F(u) du
J0 J0 (2yu(t - u) ) F(u) du
t
u - 3 12 e -s' l4u f(u) du
32.23
P(s)
f"'
F(t2)
f"' r(utu F(u)

+ 1) du
o
:i
k=l
P(ak)
(ak)
-- e
'
"' t
164
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
TABlE OF
S P E C I A L LAPLAC E T R A N S F O R M S
f(s)
F(t)
32.25
32.26
1
-
32.27
1
-
32.28
1
-
32.29
1
--
32.30
1
--
32.31
1
---
s2
sn
sn
n = 1, 2, 3,
n>O
(s - a) n
1
(n - 1) ! '
tn- 1
r(n)
n = 1 , 2, 3, . . ,
n>O
tn - 1 e a t
(n - 1) ! '
n- 1
at
t
e
-r(n)
32.32
s2 + a 2
32.33
s2 + a2
cos
32.34
(s - b) 2 + a2
eb t sin
32.35
s-b
(s - b) 2 + a2
ebt cos at
32.36
1
--
sinh at
--
s 2 - a2
8
0! = 1
ea t
s-a
(s - a)n
tn- 1
sin at
--
at
at
32.37
s2 - a2
cosh
32.38
(s - b) 2 - a2
ebt sinh
at
at
0! = 1
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
165
/(8)
F(t)
32.39
8-b
(8 - b) 2 - a2
ebt cosh at
32.40
(8 - a)(8 - b)
a#b
e bt - eat
b-a
32.41
8
(8 - a)(8 - b)
a#b
beb t - aeat
b-a
32.42
(82 + a2)2
sin at - at cos at
32.43
8
(82 + a2)2
t sin at
2a
32.44
82
(82 + a2)2
32.45
(82 + a2)2
cos at - !at sin at
32.46
82 - a2
(82 + a2)2
t cos at
32.47
(82 - a2)2
at cosh at
sinh at
2a3
32.48
8
(82 - a2)2
t sinh at
2a
32.49
s2
(82 - a2)2
32.50
g3
(s2 - a2)2
cosh at + !at sinh at
32.51
82 + a2
(82 - a2)2
t cosh at
32.52
(82 + a2)3
(3 - a2t2) sin at - 3at cos at

8a5
32.53
8
(82 + a2)3
t sin at - at2 cos at

8a3
32.54
82
(82 + a2)3
(1 + a2 t2) sin at - at cos at
32.55
(82 + a2)3
s3
8a
2a3
sin at
at cos at
2a
sinh at
at cosh at
2a
8a3
3t sin at + at2 cos at

Sa
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
166
f(s)
F(t)
32.56
(s2 + a2)3
s4
(3 - aZtZ) sin at + 5at cos at

Sa
32.57
s5
(s2 + a2)3
(S - a2t2) cos at - 7at sin at
32.58
3s2 - a2
(82 + a2)3
tz sin at
2
a
32.59
s3 - 3a2s
(s2 + a2)3
ft2 cos at
32.60
s4 - 6a2s2 + a4
(s2 + a2)4
1Jt3 cos at
32.61
s3 - a2s
(s2 + a2)4
t3 sin at
2
4a
(s2 - a2)3
(3 + a2t2) sinh at - 3at cosh at

Sa5
32.63
s
(s2 - a2)3
at2 cosh at - t sinh at

Sa3
32.64
s2
(s2 - a2)3
at cosh at + (a2t2 - 1) sinh at

Sa3
32.65
s3
(s2 - a2)3
3t sinh at + atz cosh at

Sa
32.66
s4
(s2 - a2)3
(3 + a2tZ) sinh at + 5at cosh at

Sa
32.67
s5
(s2 - a2)3
(S + a2t2) cosh at + 7at sinh at
32.68
3s2 + a2
(s2 - a2)3
t2 sinh at
2
a
32.69
s3 + 3a2s
(s2 a2)3
ft2 cosh at
32.70
s4 + 6a2s2 + a4
(82 - a2)4
ft3 cosh at
32.71
s3 + a2s
(82 - a2)4
t3 sinh at
24a
32.62
32.72
s3 + a3
--
at
eat/ J y13 . v'3 at
- cos v'32
Sill -2
+ e- 3 at/2
--2
3a2 L
-
--
1 67
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
/(8)
32.73
32.74
32.75
8
8 3 + a3
---
83 - a3
8
32.77
---
32.80
32. 8 1
83 - a3
--
e -at/2
--
3a
{
{..J33
at
e3a t /2
82
84 + 4 a4
..;3 at
cos
sm -- 2
..;3 at
--
..;3 at
-
+ eHat/2
2 a2
at cosh at + cos at sinh at)
83
84 + 4a4
cos at cosh at
3 (sinh at - sin at)
---
8 4 - a4
84 - a4
1
(cosh at
2 a2
- cos at)
82
8 4 - a4
1
(sinh at
2a
+ sin at)
83
84 - a4
f(cosh at + cos at)
e - bt - e - at
V8 + a + Vs+b
2(b
Va
sys + a
eat
V8 - a + b
- a) v;;i3
erf Vat
---
vs (s - a)
eat
}
}
1
(sin
2a
at
..j3 at
- yg sin -/:3
cos -2
2
3 eat + 2 e - at1 2 cos

1
sin at sinh at
32.84
32.89
8
84 + 4a4
---
32.88
..;3
at
sm -- - e - 3at/2
2
(sin at cosh at - cos at sinh at)

4 3
32.83
32.87
..;3
---
84 + 4a4
---
32.86
e - at/2
82
32.82
32.85
83 - a3
1
..J3 at
--
..;3 3 e - at + 2 eat12 cos -
82
---
32.79
-- cos
3a
83 + a3
32.76
32.78
eat /2
F(t)
erf Vat
Va
1
b2
- - b e t erfc (b
..;;t
Vtt )}
168
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
32.90
/(8)
F(t)
1
z
...j8 + a2
J0 (at)
10 (at)
32.91
V82 - a2
32.92
( V82 + a2 - 8) n
...j8z + a2
32.93
(8 - V82 - a2)n
-.j8z - a2
32.94
32.95
e bCs - Js2 + a2 l
> -1
an Jn (at)
> -1
an In (at)
J0 (ayt(t + 2b) )
-.j8z + a2
e- b Js2 + a2
l_ o
r Jo (ayt2 - b2 )
V82 + a2
>
t b
t<b
tJ1 (at)
a
32.96
1
(82 + a2) 3/2
32.97
8
(82 + a2) 3/2
t J0 (at)
32.98
82
(82 + a2) 3/2
J0 (at) - atJ1 (at)
32.99
(82
32.100
8
(82 - a2) 3/2
tl0 (at)
32.101
82
(82 - a2) 3/2
10 (at) + atl1 (at)
c -s
1
8(1 - e - )
8(e - 1)
See also entry 32.165.
F(t) = n, n t < n + 1, n = 0, 1 , 2, . . .
32.102
---
tldat)
a
1
a2)3/2
32.103
e -s
1
s(e - r)
s(1 - re - )
32.104
e - 1
s(e - r)
---
F(t)
1 - e- s
8(1 - re )
where [ t]
F(t)
[tl
rk
k=l
greatest integer t
rn, n t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
See also entry 32.167.
32.105
e - ats
--
Vs
cos 2...;-;;t
...;;t
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
/(8)
F(t)
e -a/s
sin 2yat
32.106
8372
32.107
e- a/ s
8n + 1
(r
e - a2 !4t
1 - e- a Ys
8
erf (a/2Vt )
2v:;;t3
e -a Ys
erfc (a/2Vt)
e- a Vs
e b<bt + al erfc b Vt +
Vs (Vs + b)
e -a ! Ys
32.1 13
1
,;;;t a2n + 1
> -1
In [(82 + a2)fa2J
In [(8 + a)/a]
- (y + In 8)
=
Euler's constant = .5772156 0 .

0
32.1 18
In
-2
68 +
In t
Ei(at)
32.1 17
f"'un e(-" 14a t Jzn (2,_ru ) du

Ci(at)
28
32.1 16
_!!:_
)___
2Vt
e - b t - e - at
t
: ! )
In
32.1 15
v;;t
a_
_ e - az /4t
--
32.1 14
Jn (2yat )
e -a Ys
32.1 1 1
32.1 12
/2
--
Vs
32.1 10
32.121
> -1
e -a Ys
32.109
32.120
y;;a
--
32.108
32.1 19
1 69
2 (cos at - cos bt)

t
82 + a2
82 + b2
(y + In 8)2
ln2 t
Euler's constant = .5772156 0
0 .
In 8
- (In t + y)
y = Euler's constant
ln2 8
.5772156 . 0
0
(In t + y)2 - i7T2
--
Euler's constant = .5772156 0 0 0
170
32.122
32.123
32.124
32.125
32.126
32.127
32.128
32.129
32.130
32.131
32.132
32.133
32.134
32.135
32.136
32.137
32.138
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
/(s)
r'(n + - r(n +
sn +1
tan -1 (a/s)
tan-1s (a/s)
1)
1) In s
F(t)
tn In t
sint at
> -1
--
Si(at)
e-2-lai
eals
erfc (VUJ8
a/s)
Vs
es2!4a2 erfc (s/2a)
es2/4a2 erfcs (s/2a)
eas
--
v;;t
8-a2t2
y;
erf (at)
erfc .,;;8
V1r(t + a)
t+a
t2 + a2
Vs
Ei(as)
[cosas{- Si(as) } - sinas Ci(as)J
--
eas
sin as {i- Si (as)} + cos as Ci (as)
cosas{ - Si(as)} - sinas Ci(as)

s
sinas{ - Si(as)} + cosas Ci(as)
s
[i- Si(as)J + Ci2 (as)
0
tan-1 (t/a)
+a2 a2)
-1 In c2--2
1 (t2 a2)
-In
--t
a2
"N.._ ( t)
null function
8(t)
delta function
<'l (t-a)
'U(t - a)
+
1
e-as
e-as
--
s
See also entry
t2 + a2
32.1 63.
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
/(s)
32.139
32.140
32.141
32.142
32.143
--
:l:_
sinh sx
s sinh sa
--
F(t)
'
171
ntrt
2 (-1) n . ntrX
_., -- stn -- cos a
a
n= 1 n
-
7T
sinh sx
s cosh sa
4 (-1)n . (2n - 1)trX . (2n - 1)7rt

- _.,
Si ll ---- Sill --;::2a
2a
7T n = 1 2n - 1
cosh sx
s sinh as
t
2 (-1) n
ntrx . ntrt
- + - _., -- cos -- sin a
a
a
n= l n
cosh sx
s cosh sa
4 (-1) n
(2n - 1),.t
(2n - 1)trx
1 + - .. --- cos
cos --;::2a
7T n = 1 2n - 1
2a
sinh sx
s2 sinh sa
xt + 2 :i ( -1 ) n
n,.x
n,.t
sin
sin
a
a
a
7T n = l n2
---
,.
---r------r-- ---;
32.144
32.145
32.146
32.147
32.148
32.149
32.150
sinh sx
s2 cosh sa
cosh sx
s2 sinh sa
cosh sx
s2 cosh sa
cosh sx
s3 cosh sa
X +
(-1) n
Sa
_.,
2
,. n= 1 (2n - 1)2
S ill
(2n - 1),.x
2a
t2 + 2a (-1) n
n,.x
- _., -- co s 2a
a
,.2 n = 1 n2
COS
(2n - 1),.t
2a
n,.t
1 - cos a
(-1) n
(2n - 1)1TX . (2n - 1)1Tt
Sa
t +
Si ll
cos
2
2a
2a
1T n1 (2n - 1)2
_21 (t2 + x2 - a2)
2
(2n - 1) 1T X
(-1) n
(2n - 1)1Tt
- 1 6 a :i
cos
cos
2a
,.a n = 1 (2n - 1)3
2a
sinh xvs
sinh avs
cosh xvs
cosh avs
sinh xys
Vs cosh ays
cosh xvs
32.151
v'8 sinh ays
32.152
s sinh avs
32.153
sinh xvs
cosh xvs
cosh avs
7T
(-1 ) n - 1 (2n - 1)
a2 n = l
e - < 2n-1 )',ht4a'
cos
(2n - 1)1TJ;
2a
2 00
:I (-1) n - 1 e - < 2n- l )2 7T2 tl4a2 sm (2n - 1)1TX
a n=l
2a
1
2 00
n7TX
:I (-1)n e - n2 772 t I a2 cos -+
a
a
a n=l
x
2 (-1) n
t 2
- + - _., -- e n27T2 /a
a
n
7T n = l
_
n1TX
a
Sin --
(2n - 1)7T X
( -1 ) n e - (2n- l)27T2 t !4a2
cos
1 + _.,
2a
,. n= 1 2 n - 1
sinh xvs
32.154
s2 sinh avs
32.155
s2 cosh ays
cosh xvs
(2n - 1) 7TX
1 2 :i
(-1) n e - < 2n-1 )27T2 t /4a2
cos
f(x2 - a2) + t - 6
2a
,. n = l (2n - 1)3
1 72
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
f(s)
F(t)
e- >-t/a2 Jo CA.nx!a)
1 - 2
An J l ( \n)
n=l
where \ 1 , \2 ,
are the positive roots of Jo ( \) = 0
J0 (ix ys )
s J0 (iays)
32. 1 56
00
e->- ! tlaz Jo ( \nxla)

! (x2 - a2 ) + t + 2a2
n=l
\Jl (\n)
are the positive roots of Jo ( \) = 0
where \ 1 , \2 ,
J0 (ixys)
s2 J0 (iays)
32. 1 57
00
Triangular wave function
32. 1 58
v
:_
(2)
1
as
-2 tanh as
2a
6a
4a
Fig. 32-1
Square wave function

F(t)
tanh (s)
32. 1 59
I
I
I
I
1 2a
1a
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
j 3a
1 5a
1 4a
L..-
Fig. 32-2
Rectified sine wave function
32. 1 60
( )
a
as
2
a2s2 + 2 coth
'.Vvvv
a
2a
3a
Fig. 32-3
Half rectified sine wave function
32. 1 6 1
a
(a2 s2 + 2 )(1 - e
as)
'h
/\
2a
3a
Fig. 32-4
4a
Saw tooth wave function
32. 1 62
1 as2
e -as
s(1 - e
as)
1 _V/Vv
a
2a
Fig. 32-5
3a
4a
LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
173
F(t)
/(s)
Heaviside's unit function
e - as
--
32. 1 63
See also
entry 32.138.
T''
1/( t - a)
I
I
I
Fig. 32-6
--
Pulse function
e - as
32. 1 64
(1 - e - s)
s
f'
:f'
I
I
I
I
a+
Fig. 32-7
Step function
1
s(1 - e - as)
32. 1 65
See
also
entry 32.102.
I
I
I
I
F(t)
n2, n
3a
2a
t < n + 1,
n =
F(t)
e -s
s(1 -
e - 2s
e - 5) 2
3-
1 - e-s
s(1 - re - s)
See
also entry
32.104.
tra(l + e - as)
azsz trz
:r'
rn, n
t < n + 1, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
I
'
I
I
I
in (tr t!a)
I
3
Fig. 32-10
--
Ota
t>a
h
0
t
3
Fig. 32-9
F(t) =
32. 1 68
1
0
32. 1 67
0, 1, 2, . . .
F(t)
Fig. 32-8
32. 1 66
4a
Fig. 32-11
33
FO U R I E R T R A N S FO RMS
F O U R I E R ' S I N T E G R A L T H EO R E M
f "' {A (a) cos ax + B(a) sin ax} da
f(x) =
33. 1
where
33.2
A (a)
J f(x)
1 - f(x)
f"'oo
"'
B(a)
- oc
cos aX dx
sin ax dx
Sufficient conditions under which this theorem holds are:

(i)
(ii)
f(x) and f'(x) are piecewise continuous in every finite interval -L
f "'
- oo
lf(x) l dx
converges;
< x < L;
(iii) f(x) i s replaced b y !{f(x + 0) + f(x - 0)} i f x is a point o f discontinuity.
E Q U I VA LE N T F O R M S O F F O U R I ER'S I NT E G RA L T H E O R E M
33.3
33.4
277 Ja"'= -x ftl"'= -x

1
f(x)
f(x)
2-7i J "' e.ax da f "'

1
"'
oo
-oo
da
where f(x) is an odd function [f(-x) = -f(x)] .

33.6
f(u) e - au du
2, f f "' f(u) eia(x - u) du

x
-2 f sin ax da f "' f(u) sin au du
7T
1
f(x) =
- oo
- oo
---=
33.5
f(u) cos a (x - u) du da
2 J" "' cos ax da f"' f(u) cos au du
f(x) = 7T
where f(x) is an ev en function [/(-x) = f(x)].
174
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
175
FO U R I E R T R A N S F O R M S
f"'
The Fourier transform of f(x) i s defined as
33.7
'f{f(x) }
F(a)
Then from 33.7 the inverse Fourier transform o f F(a) i s
33.8
'f - 1 {F(a)}
f(x) e - iax dx
- oo
f(x)
2 7i
We call f(x) and F(a) Fourier transform pairs.
f "'
- oo
F(a) eiax da
C O N V O L U T I O N T H E O R EM F O R F O U R I ER T R A N S F O R M S
If F(a) = 'f{f(x) } and G(a)

1
-
33.9
f"'
- oo
J'{g(x) } , then
.
F(a) G(a) eax da
f "'
f(u) g(x - u) du
- oo
where f*g i s called the convolution of f and g. Thus
33. 1 0
'f{f*g }
'J{f} 'J{g }
P A R S EVA L' S I D EN T I T Y
If F(a)
'f{f(x) } , then
f "'
33. 1 1
- oo
l/(x) l 2 dx
,.
2
f "'
IF(a ) l2 da
- oo
More generally if F(a) = 'f{f(x)} and G(a) = 'f{g(x) } , then
33. 1 2
f"'
- oo
f(x) g(x) dx
1,.
where the bar denotes complex conjugate.
"'
- oo
F(a) G(a) da
F O U RI E R S I N E T R A N S FO R M S
The Fourier sine transform of f(x) is defined as
33.1 3
Fs(a)
'fs {/(x) }
"'
t(x) sin ax dx
Then from 33.13 the inverse Fourier sine transform of Fs (a) is
33. 1 4
f(x)
'f,S 1 {Fs (a) }
7T
"'
Fs (a) sm ax da
f*g
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
176
F O U R I E R C O S I N E TRANS FORMS
The Fourier cosine transform of f(x) is defined as
Fc (a)
33. 1 5
J'c {f(x)}
f "' f(x)
0
cos ax dx
Then from 33.15 the inverse Fourier cosine transform of Fc (a) is
33. 1 6
f(x)
Y'c 1 {Fc (a)}
2
1T
"'
Fc (a) cos ax da
S P E C IA L F O U R I E R T RA N S F O R M PA I R S
f(x)
33. 1 7
F(a)
<
lxl b
lxl > b
ba
--a
2
sin
-rre - ba
33. 1 8
x2
33. 1 9
x2
33.20
j< n > (x)
inanF(a)
33.2 1
xnJ(x)
. dnF
tn n
33.22
f(bx) eltx
F (a t )
b2
b2
- rria e - ba
b
da
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
177
S P E C IA L FO U R I ER S I N E T R A N S F O R M S
f(x)
33.23
O<xb
Fc (a)
1 - cos ba
-2
33.24
x-1
33.25
x2 + b 2
E. e - b a
33.26
e - bx
a
--a 2 + b2
33.27
x n - 1 e -bx
r(n) sin (n tan- 1 alb)

(a2 + b 2) nl2
33.28
xe - bx
33.29
x - 1 /2
33.30
x -n
rran - 1 esc (nrr/2)
--bx
1T
y; ae -a2! 4b
4b 3!2
2 r(n)
33.32
bx
-x2
( )
{ rra/2 a b
33.33
--bx
ab
33.31
sin
sin
cos
33.34
tan- 1 (x/b)
33.35
esc bx
33.36
e2x - 1
b
! ln a +
2
a-b
rr/2
e-ba
.!!_
2a
;b tanh ;
( ) -2a
coth rr2a
- 1
O<n<2
178
FOURIER TRANSFORMS
S PE C I A L FOU R I E R C O S I N E TRANS FORMS
f(x)
33.37
33.38
33.39
33.40
33.41
O<xb
b
a2 + b 2
e-bx2
x -n
x2 + b 2
I n ( x 2 + c2
33.47
cos bx2
33.48
sech bx
cosh (....r; x/2)
cosh (y:;;: x)
e - b Yx
--
Vx
b e- cx'l4b
.!
sin bx
sin bx2
r(n) cos (n tan - 1 alb)

(a2 + b 2) nl2
2
--
33.46
33.50
2b
- bx
33.43
33.49
"e - ba
--
e-bx
xn - 1 e
x - 112
33.45
sin ba
a
--
1
xz + b 2
33.42
33.44
Fc (a)
1ran- 1 sec (n"/2)

2 r(n)
e-ca - e-ba
O<n<l
'
7Ta
ab
7T/4
cos
{fi (
cos
a2
4b
. a2
sm
4b
. a2
a2
+ sm
4b
4b
7T sech 7Ta
2b
2b
cosh (y:;;: a/2)

cosh (....r; a)
{cos (2bVa)
sin (2bVa-)}
3_4__
T_
IO
N_c_
U_
C_F_
T I_
P_
LI_
_s
L_
_E_
_N
____
____
I N C O MPLETE E L LIPT I C I N T E G RAL O F T H E F I R S T K I N D
34.1
f<t>
F(k, cp)
do
where = am u is called the amplitude of
./1 - k2 sin2 o
dv
fx
y(1 - v2)(1 - k2v2)
and x = sin cp, and where here and below 0
C O M P L ET E E L LI P T I C I N TEGRAL O F T H E F I R ST K I N D
34.2
{ ()
!!.. 1 +
2
F(k, 1r/2)
!.
2
rr/2
do
( )
k2 +
24
k4 +
E(k, cp)
f <t> v/1 - k2 sin2 o do
34.4
E(k, 1r/2)
?!:
{ ()
1 -
rr/2
!. 2 k2 2
I N CO M PL E TE EL LI PT I C
34.5
OF
OF
!._:1 2 k4 3
24
179
k6 + . .
v 1 - v2
T H E S EC O N D K I N D
k2v2
f l y1v'f=-;2
dv
( )
1 - v2
o
2
6
k - ..
246
5
I N TEGRAL O F
n (k, n, )
dv
-;==::::=::::
::=
::
v/(1 - v2)(1 - k2v2)
fx -../1 - k2v2 dv
v/1 - k2 sin2 o do
( )
T H E S EC O N D K I N O
C O M P L ET E E LLI P T I C I N T E G RA L
fl
246
I N COMP LETE E L LI P TIC I N T E G R A L
34.3
--
( )
y1 - k2 sin2 o
THE THIRD
KIND
<
k < 1.
180
ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
C O M P L ETE E L LI P T I C I N T E G R A L O F T H E T H I R D K I N D
34.6
.f
IT (k, n, 1r/2)
rr/2
do
(1 + n sin2 o) y1 - k2 sin2 o
LAN D E N ' S T R A N S F O RMAT I O N
34.7
sin 2 1
k + cos 2 1
tan
This yields
34.8
F(k, )
i<P
o
or
k sin = sin (2 1 - )
do
y1 - k2 sin2 o
and 1 , 2 , 3 , o o
where k 1 = 2Vkf(1 + k)o By successive applications, sequences k 1 , k2 , k3,
such that k < k 1 < k 2 < k 3
< 1 where lim kn = 1. It follows that
n -+ oo
<
34.9
F(k, )
where
34.10
k1 =
\} -,;:-- In tan
d
==
=
y
--,::1=- Ion=z=o
2Vk
and
1 +k'
(7T "')
4+2
lim n
n -+ oo
The result i s used i n the approximate evaluation of F'(k, )o
J A C O B I ' S E LL I P T I C F U N CT I O N S
From 34.1 we define the following elliptic functions.
34.1 1
34.12
34.13
sin (am u)
cos (am u)
sn u
=
cn u
y1 - k2x2 = y1 - k2 sn2 u = dn u
We can also define the inverse functions sn - 1 x, en - 1 x, dn - 1 x and the following

cn u
sn u
1
cs u = sn u
sc u
ns u =
cn u
sn u
34.17
34.14
34.15
nc u
34.16
nd u
cn u
dn u
34.20
34.18
sd u
sn u
dn u
34.21
dc u
dn u
cn u
34.19
cd u
cn u
dn u
34.22
ds u
dn u
sn u
ADD IT I O N F O R M U LAS
sn u
en v dn v + en u sn v dn u
34.23
sn (u + v)
34.24
en (u + v)
cn u cn v - sn u sn v dn u dn v
1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v
34.25
dn (u + v)
dn u dn v - k2 sn u sn v cn u cn v
1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v
1 - k2 sn2 u sn2 v
are obtained
ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
181
D ER I VATI V ES
d
34.26 sn u
du
34.27
d
- en u
du
en u dn u
34.28
d
du
- sn u dn u
34.29
d
- se u
du
- k2
dn u
sn u en u
de u ne u
S E R I ES E X P A N S I O N S
34.30
sn u
34.31
;3
u - (1 + k2) !
en u
34.32
- (1 + 135k2 + 135k4 + k6) ! +

(1 + 14k2 + k4)
5!
7
1
4
1 - k2 '!!:___ + k2(4 + k2) '!!:___ - k2(1 6 + 44k2 + k4) 6 +
2!
4!
dn u
6!
C ATALAN ' S CONSTANT
34.33
f 1 f 7r/2 --;:::.=d=fJ=d=k =
:::::::;
2 k = O o=o y1 - k2 sin2
1 (1
J , K dk
.915965594 . . . 1(1..
-
fJ
P E R I O D S O F E LL I PT I C F U N C TIO N S
Let
34.34
Then
34.35
34.36
34.37
f 7r/2
o
dfJ
f 7r/2 ====
where
y1 - k2 sin2
y1 - k'2 sin2
sn u has periods 4K and 2iK'
en u has periods 4K and 2K + 2iK'
dn u has periods 2K and 4iK'
dfJ
(J
'
K'
(J
k' = y1 - k2
I D E N TIT I E S I N VOLV I N G E LLI P T I C F U N C TIO N S
34.38 sn2u + en2 u 1

34.40 dn2u - k2 en2 u = k' 2 where
34.42 cn2 u = dn12u+ +dnen2u2u
en 2u sn u dn u
34.44 11 +- en
en u
2u
=
k' = y'1 - k2
34.39 dn2 u + k2 sn2 u

en 2u
34.41 sn2 u = 11 +- dn
2u
34.43 dn2 u
34.45
11 +
1 - k2 +
2u +
1+
2u
dn 2u
dn 2u
dn k2 en u
dn
k sn u en u
dn u
182
ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
S P E C IAL VA L U E S
34.46 sn 0
34.47 en 0
34.48 dn 0
34.49 sc 0
I N TE G R ALS
34.51
34.52
34.53
34.54
34.55
34.56
34.57
34.58
34.59
34.60
34.61
34.62
J sn u du
f cn u du
f dn u du
f sc u du
f cs u du
f cd u du
k1 In (dn u - k en u)
k
J dc u du
f sd u du
cos- 1 (dn u)
sin- 1 (sn u)
/1 - k2 nc u)
1
In (de u +
2
In (ns u - ds u)
k1 In (nd u + k sd u)
In (nc u + se u)
-1
1
k2 sin- (k cd u)
In (ns u - csu)
f ds u du
J ns u du
f ne u du
f nd u du
In (ds u - csu)
2 In (dc u
/1sc-u k2)
2 cos-1 (cd u)
LE G E N D R E ' S R E L AT I O N
71'/2
EK' + E'K - KK'
34.63
where
34.64
34.65
E'
f rr/2 ./1 - k2 sin2 fJ dfJ

fr./2 \h - k' 2 sin2 fJ
0
K'
f rr/2 y d(J
1 - k2 sin2 (J
/
2
frr V dfJ2
o
1 - k ' sin2 9
34.50
am O
35
M I S C EL LA N E O U S S P E C I A L F U N C T I O N S
E R RO R FU N C T IO N
35.1
erf (x)
35.2
35.3
erf (x)
e - x
1 - y:;;.
1o3o5 +
1 + 1o3
...
(2x2)2 - (2x2)3
2x2
erf (O) = 0,
erf ( -x) = - erf (x),
erf ( oo ) = 1
COMPLEM E N TARY E R RO R F U N CTION
erfc (x)
1 - y; x - x0 1 + xo ! - x7
+
5 2
703!
3 1
35.4
erfc (x)
35.5
35.6
erfc (x)
- y:;;
e- x
erfc (0) = 1,
1 o3
1o3o5+
1
1 - 2+
2x
(2x2)2 - (2x2)3
erfc ( oo ) = 0
-y
35.7
Ei(x)
35.8
Ei(x)
35.9
35.10
Ei(x)
e
- x
Ei( oo)
-x
- ln x
1 -
1 1.
x
x 1 - e-u
' 31
+ 2; -
x
Si(x)
35.12
35.13
Si(x)
-Si(x),
Si(O)
0,
Si(x)
Si(oo)
1r/2
183
--
e-u d
)
=
erf (x)
Ei(x)
e
du
U
-u
..
Si(-x)
du
S I NE I NTEG RAL
35.1 1
v:;;: o
2
EXPONE N T IA L I N T EG RAL
erf (x)
r x sin
u du
u
Jo
y:;;:
.(
x
"'
e-u
du
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIAL FUNCTIONS
184
Ci(x)
C OS I N E I N TE G R A L
35.14
Ci(x)
35.15
Ci(x)
35.16
Ci(x)
35.17
Ci( oo )
-y
- ln x +
fx1 0
COS U
du
S(x)
F R E S N E L S I N E I NT EG RA L
35.18
S(x)
35.19
S(x)
35.20
S(-x)
1 { 2 (1 -1. -3 + 1
-21 - ...j2;,. (cos x ) x - 22x5
-S(x),
0,
S(O)
S(oo)
3.5.7
24x9
C(x)
35.22
C(x)
35.23
C(-x)
)z; {(sin ( - 2x 1 ' ;

1
C( oo )
-C(x),
x2)
C(O)
1 - -1 23x3 7. 5 +
(sin x2) (2x3
'7
4x
0,
C(x)
o o o
.J! J:x
(x)
35.25
w - x)
35.26
(2k)
1 f"'
r(x)
=
ux- l
du,
-
eu
2l-x1T-x r(x)
22k - t"2kBk
(2k)!
(cos x2) (23 - 1 ;:x 5
x > 1
cos (1Tx/2) (x) [extension to other values]
k=
2 3
,
)}
cos 'l/J du
R I EMAN N Z ETA F U N C T I O N
35o24
FRES N EL COS I N E I N T E G RA L
35.21
,J!irsin'l/Jdu
0 0
o o
)}
36
I N E Q U A L I TI ES
T R IA N GLE I N E QU A LITY
36. 1
36.2
CAUCHY-S C HWAllZ I N E Q U A L ITY
The equality holds if and only if a/b 1 = a2/b2 = = a,./b,..
INIQU.AUTIES I NVOLVI N G
AltiTHM.ITIC, G EOMETR IC A N D HARMOJUC A\INS
If A, G and H are the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means of the positive numbers a1 , a2,
then
a,.,
36.4
where
36.5
36.6
The equality holds if and only if a1 = a2 = = a,..
H O L D Ell'S I N E Q UA LIT Y
where
36.9
!_
p
!.
The equality holds if and only if ja1jP- 1/jb1j

duces to 36.3.
p > 1, q > 1
ja2 jP-1/jb2 j = = ja,.jP-1/jb,.j. For p = q = 2 it
185
re
INEQUALITIES
186
C HE BY S HEV'S INE QUALI T Y
36. 1 0
or
36. 1 1
M I N KO W S K I ' S I N E Q U A L ITY
If a11
a2,
, an, b 1 1 b 2,
bn
are all positive and
> 1,
then
CA U C HY-S C H WA R Z INE Q U A L IT Y FO R I N TEGRA LS
I fab /(x) g(x) dx 12
36. 1 3
{jb !f(x) !2 dx}{fab !u(x)! 2 dx }
The equality holds if and only if f(x)/g(x) is a constant.

H O L D E R 'S I N E Q U A L ITY F O R I N T E G RA L S
36. 1 4
f b !f(x) g(x)! dx
a
p =
{Jba !f(x) !P dx} 1/p {f b !u(x) ! q dx} 1/q

a
where 1/p + 1/q = 1, > 1, q > 1. If q 2, this reduces to 36.13.

The equality holds if and only if !f(x)!v-1/lu(x) ! is a constant.
M I N KO W S K I ' S IN E Q U A L ITY FOR I N II! G RA LS
If
>
1,
36. 1 5
The equality holds if and only if f(x)/g(x) is a constant.
37
PA R T I A L F R A C T I O N E X PA N S I O N S
1
- +
37.1
cotx
37.2
escx
37.3
secx
37.4
tanx
37.5
sec2x
37.6
csc2x
37.7
cothx
37.8
cschx
37.9
sechx
37.10
tanh x
(1r- 2x)2
..!._ +
x2
2x --x2 -
x2 - 4 1T2
+ (1r +12x) 2 +
(x- 1r)2
(x+ 1r)2
+ x2 -1 91T2 +
(81r - 2x)2
(x- 217")2
187
-
(81r + 2x)2
(x+ 217")2
38
38.1
sin x
38.2
cos x
38.3
sinh x
38.4
coshx
38.5
38.8
r(x)
See also 16.12, page 102.
where A 1, A2, A3,
where A t> Az, A3,
sin x
X
are the positive roots of J (x)
are the positive roots of J1 (x)
cos 2X cos 4X cos 8X cos 16X
38.9
This is called Wallis' product.

188
0.
0.
<; ;:
0
:L
' 0 ,c
39
PR O BA B I L I T Y D I S T R I B U T I O N S
B I N O M I A L D I STR I B U TI O N
p
39.1
> 0 , q > 0, p
q = 1
P O I S S O N D I S T R I B U TI O N
39.2
<l>(x)
A. t e- ll.
""'
-
t!
t ;2;x
A. > 0
H Y P E R G E O M E T R I C D I STR I B U T I O N
39.3
<l>(x)
N d'RM A L D I S TR I B U T I O N
39.4
<l>(x)
-
2
v 7T
fx
- oo
e- t dt
S T U D ENT'S t D I S T R I BU T I O N
39.5
<l>(x)
yn;,
1
r() f x (
r(n/2)
- C n + l l /2
+ t2
-;i
C H I S Q U A R E D I S TR IB U T I O N
39.6
<l>(x)
1
2nl2 r(n/2)
fx
0
t Cn -2)/2 e - t/2 dt
F D IS T R I B U T I O.N
<l>(x}
39.7
189
dt
SPECIAL MOME N TS
OF I N E RT I A
40
The table below shows the moments of inertia of various rigid bodies of mass M. In all cases it is
assumed the body has uniform [i.e. constant] density.
TY P E O F R I G I D BODY
Thin rod of length a
40. 1
(a)
(b)
about axis perpendicular to the rod through the center of

mass,
about axis perpendicular to the rod through one end.
40.2
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
c.
!Ma2
l2 M(a2 + b2)
{ M(4a2 + b2)
2
Thin rectangular plate with sides a, b
about axis perpendicular to the plate through center,

about axis parallel to side b through center.
112 M(a2 + b2)

{'i.Ma2
Circular cylinder of radius a and height h
about axis of cylinder,

about axis through center of maS!,! and perpendicular to
cylindrical axis,
about axis coinciding with diameter at one end.
40.5
l2 Ma2
40.4
(a)
Rectangular parallelepiped with sides a, b,
about axis parallel to and through center of face ab,

about axis through center of face be and parallel to
40.3
(a)
M O M E N T OF I N E R T I A
!Ma2
{ M(h2 + 3a2)
2
{2 M(4h2 + 3a2)
Hollow circular cylinder of outer radius a,

inner radius b and height h
about axis of cylinder,

about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to
cylindrical axis,
about axis coinciding with diameter at one end.
190
!M(a2 + b2)
{ M(3a2 + 3b2 + h2)
2
{ M(3a2 + 3b2 + 4h2)

2
'
SPECIAL MOMENTS OF INERTIA

C ircular plate of radius a
40.6
e--
(a) about axis perpendicular to plate through center,
(b) about axis coinciding with a diameter.

40.7
191
Hollow circular plate or ring with outer radius a

and inner radius b
(a) about axis perpendicular to plane of plate through center,
(b) about axis coinciding with a diameter.

40. 8
Thin circular ring of radius
fM(a2 + b 2)
-!:M(a2 + b 2)
(a.) about axis perpendicular to plane of ring through center,
(b) about axis coinciding with diameter.

40.9
J,Ma2
14 Ma2
Ma2
fMa2
Sphere of radius a
(a) about axi s coinciding with a diameter,
f,Ma2
(b) about axis tangent to the surface.
iMa2
40. 1 0
Hollow sphere of outer radius a and inner radius b
(a) about axis coinciding with a diameter,
!M(a5 - b5)f(a3 - b3) + Ma2

40. 1 1
!M(a5 - b 5) /(a3 - b3)
Hollow spherical shell of radius a
(a) about axis coinciding with a diameter,
Ma2
2Ma2
40. 1 2
Ellipsoid with semi-axes a , b , c
(a) about axis coinciding with semi-axis
c,
(b) about axis tangent to surface, parallel to semi-axis c and

at distance a from center.
40. 1 3
!M(a2 + b2)
!M(6a2 + b2)
Circular cone o f radius a and height h
(a ) about axis of cone,

(b) about axis through vertex and perpendicular to axis,
13o Ma2
-lo-M(a2 + 4h2)
(c) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to axis.
foM(4a2
40. 1 4
Torus with outer radius
+ h2)
and inner radius b
(a) about axis through center of mass and perpendicular to
!M(7a2 - 6ab + 3b2)
(b) about axis through center of mass and in the plane of the
-!M(9a2 - lOab + 5b2)
plane of torus,
torus.
41
C O N V E R S I O N FA C T O R S
Length
1 kilometer (km)
1 meter (m)
1 centimeter (em)
1 millimeter (mm)
1 micron (fl )
1 millimicron (mfl)
1 angstrom (A)
Area
1 square meter (m2)

1 square foot (ft2)
Volume
Mass
Speed
Density
Force
Energy
Power
Pressure
1000 meters (m)

100 centimeters (em)
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-6 m
10-9 m
10- 10 m
1 0.7B ft2
929 cm2
1 inch (in.)
1 foot (ft)
1 mile (mi)
1 mil
1 centimeter
1 meter
1 kilometer
2.540 em
30.48 em
1 .609 km
10-3 in.
0.3937 in.
39.37 in.
0.6214 mile
640 acres
43,560 ft2
1 square mile (mi2)

1 acre
61.02 in3 = 0.03532 ft3

1 liter (Z) = 1000 cm3 = 1.057 quart (qt)
1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 l = 35.32 ft3
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.481 U.S. gal = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 l
1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 231 in3 = 3.785 I; 1 British gallon = 1.201 U .S. gallon = 277.4 in:!
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2046 pounds (lb)
1 slug = 32.174 lb = 14.59 kg
0.06852 slug;
1 lb = 453.6
gm
= 0.03108 slug
1 km/hr = 0.2778 m/sec = 0.6214 mi/hr = 0.9113 ft/sec

1 mi/hr = 1.467 ft/sec
1.609 km/hr = 0.4470 m/sec
62.43 lb/ft3
1 gm/cm3 = 103 kg/m3
1 lb/ft3 = 0.01602 gm/cm3; 1 slug/ft3
1
1
1
1
1.940 slug/ft3
0.5154 gm/cm3
newton (nt) = 105 dynes = 0.1020 kgwt = 0.2248 lbwt

pound weight (lbwt) = 4.448 nt = 0.4536 kgwt = 32.17 poundals
kilogram weight (kgwt) = 2.205 lbwt = 9.807 nt
U.S. short ton = 2000 lbwt; 1 long ton = 2240 lbwt; 1 metric ton
2205 lbwt
1 joule = 1 nt m = 107 ergs

0.7376 ft lbwt = 0.2389 cal = 9.481 X 10- 4 Btu
1 ft lbwt = 1. 356 joules = 0.3239 cal = 1.285 X 10-3 Btu
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 joules = 3.087 ft lbwt = 3.968 X 10- 3 Btu
1 Btu (British thermal unit) = 778 ft lbwt = 1055 joules
0.293 watt hr
=
=
=
3413
Btu
860.0
kcal
3.60
X
106
joules
1 kilowatt hour (kw hr)
1 electron volt (ev) = 1.602 X 1 0 - 1 9 joule
=
1 watt = 1 joule/sec = 10' ergs/sec = 0.2389 cal/sec

1 horsepower (hp)
550 ft lbwt/sec = 33,000 ft lbwt/min = 745.7 watts
1 kilowatt (kw) = 1.341 hp = 737.6 ft lbwt/sec = 0.9483 Btu/sec
1 nt/m2 = 10 dynes/cm2 = 9.869 X 10-6 atmosphere = 2.089 X 10-2 lbwt/ft2
1 lbwt/in2 = 6895 nt/m2 = 5.171 em mercury = 27.68 in. water
1 atmosphere (atm)
1.013 X 105 ntfm2 = 1 .013 X 106 dynes/cm2 = 14.70 lbwt/in2
76 em mercury = 406.8 in. water
192
Part II
TA B L E S
SAMP L E P R O B L E M S
I L L U S T RATI N G U S E O F T H E TA B LE S
COMMON LOGARITHMS
1. Find log 2.36.
We must find the number such that lOP = 2.36 = N. Since 100 1 and 101 = 10, lies
between 0 and 1 and can be found from the tables of common logarithms on page 202.
Thus to find log 2.36 we glance down the left column headed N until we come to the first two digits,
23. Then we proceed right to the column headed 6. We find the entry 3729. Thus log 2. 36 = 0.3729,
i.e. 2.36 = 100.3729.
Find (a) log 23.6, (b) log 236, (c) log 2360.
From Problem 1, 2.36 = 100.3729. Then multiplying successively by 10 we have
23 . 6 = 10 1.3729, 236
102.3729, 2360
103.3729
Thus
(a) log 23.6
1 .3729
(b) log 236 2.3729
(c) log 2360 3.3729.
The number .3729 obtained from the table is called the mantissa of the logarithm. The number
before the decimal point is called the characteristic. Thus in (b) the characteristic is 2.
The following rule is easily demonstrated.
Rule 1. For a number greater than 1, the characteristic is one less than the number of digits before
the decimal point. For example since 2360 has four digits before the decimal point, the
characteristic is 4 - 1 = 3.
3. Find (a) log .236, (b) log .0236, (c) log .00236.
From Problem 1, 2.36 = 100.3729. Then dividing successively by 10 we have
=
2.
.236
100.3729- 1
109.3729- 10
l0 - .6271
.0236
100.3729-2
108.3729-10
10 - 1.6271
00236
100.3729-3
107.3729 - 10
l 0 -2.6271
Then
(a) log .236
9.3729 - 10
- .6271
(b) log .0236 8.3729 - 10 -1 .6271
7.3729 - 10
(c) log .00236
-2.6271.
The number .3729 is the mantissa of the logarithm. The number apart from the mantissa [:for
example 9 - 10, 8 - 10 or 7 - 10] is the characteristic.
The following rule is easily demonstrated.
Rule For a positive number less than 1 , the characteristic is negative and numerically one more
than the number of zeros immediately following the decimal point. For example since .00236
has two zeros immediately following the decimal point, the characteristic is -3 or 7 - 10.
2.
194
SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLES

4.
195
Verify each of the following logarithms.

(a) log 87.2. Mantissa
.9405, characteristic = 1 ; then log 87.2 1.9405.
(b) log 395,000 5.5966.
(c) log .0482. Mantissa = .6830, characteristic = 8 - 10; then log1 0 .0482 = 8.6830 - 10.
(d) log .000827 = 6.9175 - 10.
=
5.
Find log 4.638.

Since the number has four digits, we must use interpolation to find the mantissa. The mantissa
of log 4638 is .8 of the way between the mantissas of log 4630 and log 4640.
Mantissa of log 4640 = .6665
Mantissa of log 4.638 .6656 + (.8)(.0009)
.6663 to four digits
Mantissa of log 4630 = .6656
Tabular difference = .0009
Then log 4.638 0.6663
If desired the proportional parts table on page 202 can be used to give the mantissa directly
(6656 + 7).
6.
Verify each of the following logarithms.

(2625 + 5)
2.2630
(a) log 183.2
(9425 2)
(b) log 87,640
4.9427
9.4062 - 10
(c) log .2548
(4048 + 14)
7.9933 - 10
(d) log .009848
(9930 + 3)
+
COMMON ANTILOGARITHMS
Find (a) antilog 1.7530, (b) antilog (7.7530 - 10).
(a) We must find the value of 101.7530. Since the mantissa is .7530 we glance down the left column
headed p in the table on page 205 until we come to the first two digits 75. Then we proceed right
to the column headed 3. We find the entry 5662. Since the characteristic is 1, there are two
digits before the decimal point. Then the required number is 56.62.
(b) As in part (a) we find the entry 5662 corresponding to the mantissa .7530. Then since the char
acteristic is 7 - 10, the number must have two zeros immediately following the decimal point.
Thus the required number is .005662.
7.
8.
Find antilog (9.3842 - 10).

The mantissa .3842 lies between .3840 and .3850 and we must use interpolation. From the table
on page 204 we have
Given mantissa = .3842
Number corresponding to .3850 = 2427
Next smaller mantissa = .3840
Number corresponding to .3840 = 2421
Difference = .0002
6
Tabular difference
Then 2421 + 120 (2427 - 2421) = 2422 to four digits, and the required number is 0.2422.
The proportional parts table on page 204 can also be used.
9.
Verify each of the following antilogarithm.

469.3
(a) antilog 2.6715
.4063
(b) antilog 9.6089 - 10
1 5,930
(c) antilog 4.2023
196
COMPUTATIONS USING LOGARITHMS

(7842.431) . log P log 784.6 + log .0431 - log 28.23.
log 784.6 2.8947
(+) log .0431 8.6345 - 10
11.5292 - 10
(-) log 28.23 = 1.4507
log P
10.0785 - 10 = .0785. Then P = . 98.
Note the exponential significance of the computation, i.e.
(784.6)(.0431)
=
=
1.198
28.23
(5.395)8. log P 8 log 5.395 8(0.7320) 5.8560, and P 717,800.
y387.2 (387.2)112. log P = ! log 387.2 = !(2.5879) = 1.2940 and P = 19.68.
y.08317 = (.08317)115. log P = t log .08317 = -!(8.9200 - = !(48.9200 - = 9.7840 P
and P = .6081.
y.003654 (18.37)3
P =
(8.724)4 y743.8 . logP ! log .003654 + 3 log 18.37 - (4 log 8.724 + ! log 743.8)
10.
1 1
( 1 028947)(1 08 6345 - 1 0)
1 02.894 7 + 8 .6345 - 1 0 - 1 . 4 5 07
1 0 1 .4 5 07
11.
12.
1 0 0 785
13.
10 )
50)
14.
Numerator N
t log .003654
3 log 18.37
Add:
Denominator D
10)
!(7.5628 4 log 8.724 4(0.9407)

!(17.5628 - 20) 8.7814 ! log 743.6 !(2.8714)
3(1.2641)
3.7923
Add:
log D
log N 12.5737 - 10
logN 12.5737 - 10
(-) log D 4.4806
logP 8.0931
Then = .01239
10
3.7628
0.7178
4.4806
/,
- 1 0.
NATURAL OR NAPIERIAN LOGARITHMS

Find (a) In 7.236, (b) In 836.2, (c) In .002548.
(a) Use the table on page 225.
15.
In 7.240 1.97962
In 7.230 1.97824
Tabular difference .00138
Then
In 7.236 1.97824 + 160 (.00138) 1.97907
In terms of exponentials this means that
= 7.236.
As in part (a) we find
In 8.362 = 2.12346 /0(2.12465 - 2.12346) = 2.12370
Then
In 836.2 In (8.362 X = log 8.362 + 2 In = 2.12370 + 4.60517 = 6.72887
836.2.
As in part (a) we find
In 2.548 = 0.93216 + 180(0.93609 - 0.93216) = 0.93530
Then
= In 2.548 - 3 In
0.93530 - 6.90776 -5.97246
In .002548 In (2.548 X
= .002548.
=
e! .97907
(b)
1 02)
10
e6.72887
(c)
1 0 - 3)
10
e - 5.97246
10
SAMPLE PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATING USE OF THE TABLE S

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (DEGREES AND MINUTES)
16. Find (a) sin 7423', (b) cos 35 42', (c) tan 82 56'.
(a) Refer to the table on page 206.
sin 74 30' = .9636

sin 74 20'
.9628
=

Then
sin 7423' = .9628 + .ft, (.0008) = .9630
(b) Refer to the table on page 207.
cos 3540' = .8124
cos 3550' = .8107

Tabular difference
.0017
=
Then
.8124 - -i\ (.0017)
.8121
or
.8107
+ 180 (.0017)
.8121
(c) Refer to the table on page 208.

tan 8260'
tan 830'
8.1443
= 7.9530
.1913
tan 8250'
Tabular difference
Then
tan 8256' = 7.9530 + 160 (.1913 )
8.0678
17. Find (a) cot 451 6', (b) sec 7348', (c) csc 28 33'.
cot 4510' = .9942

cot 4520'
.9884
=
Then
.9942 - 160 (.0058)
.9907
or
.9884 + /0 (.0058)
.9907
sec 73 50' = 3.592

sec 7340' = 3.556
Tabular difference
Then
sec 73 48'
.036
3.556 + 180 (.036)
3.585
esc 28 30' = 2.096

esc 28 40' = 2.085
Tabular difference
- 130
.011
Then
2.096
(.011)
2.093
or
2.085 + 170 (.011 )
2.093
197
198
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (DEGREES AND MINUTES)

1 8. Find (a) sin - 1 (.2143), (b) cos - 1 (.5412) , (c ) tan - 1 ( 1 .1 536).
sin 1 2 30' = .2164
sin 1 2 20' = .2136
Tabular difference
Since .2143 is 2143 - 2136
12"20 ' + :l-(10')
.0028
1 2 22.5'.
.0028
i of the way between
.2136 and .2164, the required angle is
cos 5710'
.5422
cos 5720' = .5398
=

.5412 - .5398
(10')
.0024
Then
cos-1 (.5412)
57 0 20' -
or
cos-1 (.5412)
.5422 - .5412
57 0 10' +
(10')
.0024
Then
tan 49 10'
1 . 1 571
tan 490'
Tabular difference
1 . 1 504
tan - 1 ( 1 . 1 536) = 49 o 0 '
.0067
+ 1 .1 536 - 1 . 1 504 (10')
.0067
Other inverse trigonometric functions can be obtained similarly.
TRIGONOMETRIC AND INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (RADIANS)

19.
Find (a) sin (.627), (b) cos (1.056), (c) tan (.153).
Then
sin (.630) = .58914

sin (.620) = .58104
Tabular difference = .0081 0
sin (.627) = .58104 + 170 (.00810) = .58671
cos (1.050) = .49757

cos ( 1.060) = .48887
Tabular difference
(c)
.00870
to (.00870)
+ /0 (.00870)
Then
cos (1.056)
.49757 -
.49235
or
cos (1.056)
.48887
.49235
Refer to the table on page 212.
tan (.160)
.16138
.15114
tan (.150)
Then
tan (.153) = .15114 + 130 (.01024) = . 1 5421
Similarly other trigonometric functions are obtained.
199
20. Find sin - I (.512) in radians.

sin ( .540) = .51414
sin (.530) = .50553

sin - I (.512)
Then
.530 +
512 - 50553 (.01) = .5375 radians

.00861
Similarly the other inverse trigonometric functions are obtained.
COMMON LOGARITHMS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

21 . Find (a) log sin 6317 ' , (b) log cos 4844'.
log sin 63 20'

log sin 63 10'
Tabular difference
Then
log sin 6317'
9.9505 - 10
log cos 48 40'

log cos 48 50'
Tabular difference
9.9512 - 10
9.9505 - 10
.0007
f0 (.0007)
9.8198 - 10
9.8184 - 10
.0014
9.8198 - 10 - !0 (.0014)
Then
9.8184 - 10 + f0 (.0014)
or
9.9510 - 10
9.8192 - 10
9.8192 - 10
Similarly we can find logarithms of other trigonometric functions. Note that log sec x = -log cos x ,
log cot x = -log tan x, log esc x = -log sin x.
22. If log tan x
9.6845 - 10, find x.

log tan 25 50'
log tan 25 40'
Tabular difference
X
Then
25 0 40'
9.6850 - 10
9.6817 - 10
.0033
9.6845 - 9.6817 (10 ')

.0033
CONVERSION OF DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS TO RADIANS

23. Find 75 28' 47" in radians.
70
1.221730 radians
.087267
.005818
20'
8'
.002327
40"
7"
Adding,
75 28' 47"
.000194
.000034
1.317370 radians
200
CONVERSION OF RADIANS TO DEGREES, MINUTES AND SECONDS

24. Find 2.547 radians in degrees, minutes and seconds.
2
radians
Adding,
114
35' 29.6"
.5
28
38' 52.4"
.04
20
1 7' 30.6"
.007
oo
24'
2.547 radians
3.9"
144 114' 1 16.5"
145 55' 56.5"
CONVERSION OF RADIANS TO FRACTIONS OF A DEGREE

25. Find 1.382 radians in terms of degrees.
57.2958
radian
1
1 7.1887
.3
Adding,
.08
4.5837
.002
.1146
1.382 radians
79.1828
EXPONENTIAL AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

26. Find (a) e5 .24, (b) e - . 1 58 .
e5.30
e5. 2o
Tabular difference
Then
=
=
200.34
1 81 .27
19.07
181.27 + 140 (19.07) = 188.90
e 5.24
e - .1 50 = .86071
e - . 160 = .85214
27.
Then
e - . 1 58
.86071 - 180 (.00857)
.85385
or
e - .1 58
.85214 + 120 (.00857)
.85385
Find (a) sinh (4.846),
(b) sech (.163).
(a) Refer to the table on page 229 .
Then
sinh (4.850)
sinh (4.840)
Tabular difference
63.231
.635
cosh (.170) = 1 .0145

cosh (.160) = 1 .0128
Tabular difference
and so
63.866
63.231 + 1fi0 (.635) = 63.612
sinh (4.846)
Then
cosh (.163)
sech (.163)
= 1 .0128
=
.0017
+ /o (.0017) = 1 .0133
cosh ( .16 3)
1
= .98687
1 .0133

28.
Find tanh - 1
201
(. 71423).
Refer to the table on page
232.
(.900) = .71630
(.890) = .71139
Tabular difference = . 0 0491
- .71139 (10) .8958
.890 .7142.300491
tanh - I (. 7 1423 )
tanh
tanh
Then
INTEREST AND ANNUITIES

A man deposits
amount to in 8 years?
There are n =
amount is
$2800 in a bank which pays 5'/o compounded quarterly. What will the deposit
8 4 32 payment periods at interest rate r = .05/4 .0125 per period. Then the
A
$2800(1 + .0125)32 $2800(1.4881) = $4166.68
using the table on page 240.
A man expects to receive $12,0 00 in 10 years. How much is that money worth now, considering interest
at 6% compounded semi-annually?
We are asked for the present value P which will amount to A = $12,000 in 10 years. Since there
are n = 10 2 = 20 payment periods at interest rate r = .06/2 .03 per period, the present value is
$12,000(1 + .03)-20 = $12,000(.55368) = $6644.16
An investor has an annuity in which a payment of $500 is made at the end of each year. If interest
is 4% compounded annually, what is the amount of the annuity after 20 years?
Here r = . 0 4, n = 20 and the amount is [ see table on page 242],
$500 [(1 0.044)20- 1] $500(29 .7781) $14,889.05
32. What is the present value of an annuity of $120 at the end of each 3 months for 12 years at 6%
compounded quarterly?
Here n = 4 12 = 48 payment periods, r = . 0 6/4 . 015 and the present value is
.015)-48 ] $120(34.0426) $4085.11
$120 [1- (1.015
29.
30.
31.
FO U R P L A C E C OMMO N LOG A R I T H M S
TABLE
log10 N
or
log
10
11
12
13
14
0000
0414
0792
1 139
1461
0043
0453
0828
1 173
1492
0086
0492
0864
1206
1523
0128
0531
0899
1239
1553
0170
0569
0934
1271
1584
0212
0607
0969
1303
1614
0253
0645
1004
1335
1644
0294
0682
1038
1367
1673
0334
0719
1072
1399
1703
15
16
17
18
19
1761
2041
2304
2553
2788
1790
2068
2330
2577
2810
1818
20!)5
2355
2601
2833
1847
2122
2380
2625
2856
1875
2148
2405
2648
2878
1903
2175
2430
2672
2900
1931
2201
2455
2695
2923
1959
2227
2480
2718
2945
20
21
22
23
24
3010
3222
3424
3617
3802
3032
3243
3444
3636
3820
3054
3263
3464
3655
3838
3075
3284
3483
3674
3856
3096
3304
3502
3692
3874
3118
3324
3522
3711
3892
3139
3345
3541
3729
390!)
25
26
27
28
29
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
3997
4166
4330
4487
4639
4014
4183
4346
4502
4654
4031
4200
4362
4518
4669
4048
4216
4378
4533
4683
4065
4232
4393
4548
4698
30
31
32
33
34
4771
4914
5051
5185
5315
4786
4928
5065
5 198
5328
4800
4942
5079
5211
5340
4814
4955
5092
5224
5353
4829
4969
5105
5237
5366
35
36
37
38
39
5441
5563
5682
5798
5911
5453
5575
5694
5809
5922
5465
5587
5705
5821
5933
5478
5599
5717
5832
5944
40
41
42
43
44
6021
6128
6232
6335
6435
6031
6138
6243
6345
6444
6042
6149
6253
6355
6454
45
46
47
48
49
6532
6628
6721
6812
6902
6542
6637
6730
6821
6911
50
51
52
53
54
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
Proportional Parts
1
0374
0755
1 106
1430
1732
4
4
3
3
3
8
8
7
6
6
12
11
10
10
9
17
15
14
13
12
21
19
17
16
15
25
23
21
19
18
29
26
24
23
21
33
30
28
26
24
37
34
31
2!)
27
1987
2253
2504
2742
2!)67
2014
2279
2529
2765
2989
3
3
2
2
2
6
5
5
5
4
8 11 14
8 1 1 13
7 10 12
7 9 12
7 9 11
17
16
15
14
13
20
18
17
16
16
22
21
20
19
18
25
24
22
21
20
3160
3365
3560
3747
3927
3181
3385
3579
3766
3945
3201
3404
35!)8
3784
3!)62
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
5
8 11 13
8 10 12
8 10 12
7 !) 1 1
7 9 11
15
14
14
13
12
17
16
15
15
14
1!1
18
17
17
4082
4249
4409
4564
4713
4099
4265
4425
4579
4728
4116
4281
4440
4594
4742
4133
4298
4456
4609
4757
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
7
7
6
6
6
9 10 12 14 15
8 10 11 13 15
8 9 1 1 13 14
8 9 1 1 12 14
7 9 1 0 12 13
4843
4983
5119
5250
5378
4857
4997
5132
5263
5391
4871
5011
5145
5276
5403
4886
5024
5159
5289
5416
4900
5038
5172
5302
5428
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
7
6
6
9 1 0 11
8 10 1 1
8 9 11
8 9 10
8 9 10
5490
5611
5729
5843
5955
5502
5623
5740
5855
5966
5514
5635
5752
5866
5977
5527
5647
5763
5877
5988
5539
5658
5775
5888
5999
5551
5670
5786
5899
6010
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
4
6
6
6
6
5
7
7
7
7
7
9 10 11
8 10 11
8 9 10
8 9 10
8 9 10
6053
6160
6263
6365
6464
6064
6170
6274
6375
6474
6075
6180
6284
6385
6484
6085
6191
6294
6395
6493
6096
6201
6304
6405
6503
6107
6212
6314
6415
6513
6117
6222
6325
6425
6522
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
9 10
8 9
8 !l
8 !l
8 9
6551
6646
6739
6830
6920
6561
6656
6749
6839
6928
6571
6665
6758
6848
6937
6580
6675
6767
6857
6946
6590
6684
6776
6866
6955
6599
6693
6785
6875
6964
6609
6702
6794
6884
6972
6618
6712
6803
6893
6981
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
7
7
6
6
6
8
7
7
7
7
!l
8
8
8
8
6998
7084
7168
7251
7332
7007
7093
7177
7259
7340
7016
7101
7185
7267
7348
7024
7110
7193
7275
7356
7033
7118
7202
7284
7364
7042
7126
721 0
7292
7372
7050
7135
7218
7300
7380
7059
7143
7226
7308
7388
7067
7152
7235
7316
7396
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
6
6
8
8
7
7
7
202
Hi
13
12
12
12
11
Table
FO U R
(continued)
55
56
57
58
59
7404
7482
7559
7634
7709
log10 N or log N
7419
7497
7574
7649
7723
8136
8202
8267
8331
8395
8142
8209
8274
8338
8401
7782
7853
7924
7993
8062
7789
7860
7931
8000
8069
70
71
72
73
74
8451
8513
8573
8633
8692
8457
8519
8579
8639
8698
8129
8195
8261
8325
8388
75
76
77
78
79
8751
8808
8865
8921
8976
85
86
87
88
89
9294
9345
9395
9445
9494
80
81
82
83
84
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
N
9031
9085
9138
9191
9243
9542
9590
9638
9685
9731
9777
9823
9868
9912
9956
0
7412
7490
7566
7642
7716
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
COMMON LOGAR I T HMS
P LA C E
8756
8814
8871
8927
8982
9036
9090
9143
9196
9248
9299
9350
9400
9450
9499
9547
9595
9643
9689
9736
9782
9827
9872
9917
9961
1
3
7427
7505
7582
7657
7731
7435
7513
7589
7664
7738
7443
7520
7597
7672
7745
8156
8222
8287
8351
8414
8162
8228
8293
8357
8420
7796
7868
7938
8007
8075
7803
7875
7945
8014
8082
7810
7882
7952
8021
8089
8463
8525
8585
8645
8704
8470
8531
8591
8651
8710
8476
8537
8597
8657
8716
8762
8820
8876
8932
8987
9042
9096
9149
9201
9253
9304
9355
9405
9455
9504
9552
9600
9647
9694
9741
9786
9832
9877
9921
9965
2
8149
8215
8280
8344
8407
8768
8825
8882
8938
8993
9047
9101
9154
9206
9258
9309
9360
9410
9460
9509
9557
9605
9652
9699
9745
9791
9836
9881
9926
9969
3
7451
7528
7604
7679
7752
7466
7543
7619
7694
7767
7474
7551
7627
7701
7774
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
8176
8241
8306
8370
8432
8182
8248
8312
8376
8439
8189
8254
8319
8382
8445
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7825
7896
7966
8035
8102
7832
7903
7973
8041
8109
8482
8543
8603
8663
8722
8488
8549
8609
8669
8727
8494
8555
8615
8675
8733
7839
7910
7980
8048
8116
8500
8561
8621
8681
8739
7846
7917
7987
8055
8122
8506
8567
8627
8686
8745
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8774
8831
8887
8943
8998
8779
8837
8893
8949
9004
8785
8842
8899
8954
9009
8791
8848
8904
8960
9015
8797
8854
8910
8965
9020
8802
8859
8915
8971
9025
9315
9365
9415
9465
9513
9320
9370
9420
9469
9518
9325
9375
9425
9474
9523
9330
9380
9430
9479
9528
9335
9385
9435
9484
9533
9340
9390
9440
9489
9538
1
1
0
0
0
9818
9863
9908
9952
9996
0
0
0
0
0
9053
9106
9159
9212
9263
9562
9609
9657
9703
9750
9795
9841
9886
9930
9974
4
9058
9112
9165
9217
9269
9566
9614
9661
9708
9754
9800
9845
9890
9934
9978
5
9063
9117
9170
9222
9274
9069
9122
9175
9227
9279
9571
9619
9666
9713
9759
9576
9624
9671
9717
9763
9805
9850
9894
9939
9983
7459
7536
7612
7686
7760
7818
7889
7959
8028
8096
8169
8235
8299
8363
8426
9809
9854
9899
9943
9987
203
9074
9128
9180
9232
9284
9581
9628
9675
9722
9768
9814
9859
9903
9948
9991
8
9079
9133
9186
9238
9289
9586
9633
9680
9727
9773
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
Proportional Parts
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
TABLE
FO U R P LA C E COMMO N A N T I L O G A R IT H M S
)QP
or
antilog p
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
1000
1023
1047
1072
1096
1002
1026
1050
1074
1099
1005
1028
1052
1076
1 102
1007
1030
1054
1079
1 104
1009
1033
1057
1081
1107
1012
1035
1059
1084
1 109
1014
1038
1062
1086
1 1 12
1016
1040
1064
1089
1114
1019
1042
1067
1091
1 1 17
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
1 122
1 148
1 175
1202
1230
1125
1151
1 178
1205
1233
1 127
1 153
1 180
1208
1236
1 130
1 156
1 183
1211
1239
1 1 32
1 159
1 186
1213
1242
1 135
1161
1 189
1216
1245
1 138
1 164
1 191
1219
1247
1 140
1 167
1 194
1222
1250
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
1259
1288
1318
1349
1380
1262
1291
1321
1352
1384
1265
1294
1324
1355
1387
1268
1297
1327
1358
1390
1271
1300
1330
1361
1393
1274
1303
1334
1365
1396
1276
1306
1337
1368
1400
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
1413
1445
1479
1514
1549
1416
1449
1483
1517
1552
1419
1452
1486
1521
1556
1422
1455
1489
1524
1560
1426
1459
1493
1528
1563
1429
1462
1496
1531
1567
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
1585
1622
1660
1698
1738
1589
1626
1663
1702
1742
1592
1629
1667
1706
1746
1596
1633
1671
1710
1750
1600
1637
1675
1714
1754
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
1778
1820
1862
1905
1950
1782
1824
1866
1910
1954
1786
1828
1871
1914
1959
1791
1832
1875
1919
1963
30
.31
.32
.33
.34
1995
2042
2089
2138
2188
2000
2046
2094
2143
2193
2004
2051
2099
2148
2198
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
2239
2291
2344
2399
2455
2244
2296
2350
2404
2460
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
2512
2570
2630
2692
2754
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
Proportional Parts
1021
1045
1069
1094
1 1 19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 143
1 169
1 197
1225
1253
1 146
1 172
1 199
1227
1256
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1279
1309
1340
1371
1403
1282
1312
1343
1374
1406
1285
1315
1346
1377
1409
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1432
1466
1500
1535
1570
1435
1469
1503
1538
1574
1439
1472
1507
1542
1578
1442
1476
1510
1545
1581
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1603
1641
1679
1718
1758
1607
1644
1683
1722
1762
1611
1648
1687
1726
1766
1614
1652
1690
1730
1770
1618
1656
1694
1734
1774
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
1795
1837
1879
1923
1968
1799
1841
1884
1928
1972
1803
1845
1888
1932
1977
1807
1849
1892
1936
1982
1811
1854
1897
1941
1986
1816
1858
1901
1945
1991
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
2009
2056
2104
2153
2203
2014
2061
2109
2158
2208
2018
2065
2113
2163
2213
2023
2070
2118
2168
2218
2028
2075
2123
2173
2223
2032
2080
2128
2178
2228
2037
2084
2133
2183
2234
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
2249
2301
2355
2410
2466
2254
2307
2360
2415
2472
2259
231
2366
2421
2477
2265
2317
2371
2427
2483
2270
2323
2377
2432
2489
2275
2328
2382
2438
2495
2280
2333
2388
2443
2500
2286
2339
2393
2449
2506
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
2518
2576
2636
2698
2761
2523
2582
2642
2704
2767
2529
2588
2649
2710
2773
2535
2594
2655
2716
2780
2541
2600
2661
2723
2786
2547
2606
2667
2729
2793
2553
2612
2673
2735
2799
2559
2618
2679
2742
2805
2564
2624
2685
2748
2812
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
2818
2884
2951
3020
3090
2825
2891
2958
3027
3097
2831
2897
2965
3034
3105
2838
2904
2972
3041
3112
2844
2911
2979
3048
3119
2851
2917
2985
3055
3126
2858
2924
2992
3062
3 133
2864
2931
2999
3069
3141
2871
2938
3006
3076
3148
2877
2944
3013
3083
3 155
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
204
1
1
F O U R P L A C E C OMMO N A N T I L O G A R ITHMS
Table 2
10v
(continued)
or
antilog
50
.51
.52
.53
.54
3162
3236
3:3 1 1
3388
3467
3170
3243
3319
3396
3475
3177
3251
3327
3404
3483
3184
3258
3334
3412
3491
3192
3266
3342
3420
3499
3199
3273
3350
3428
3508
3206
3281
3357
3436
3516
3214
3289
3365
3443
3524
3221
3296
3373
3451
3532
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
3548
3631
3715
3802
3890
3556
3639
3724
3811
3899
3565
3648
3733
3819
3908
3573
3656
3741
3828
3917
3581
3664
3750
3837
3926
3589
3673
3758
3846
3936
3597
3681
3767
3855
3945
3606
3690
3776
3864
3954
60
.61
.62
.63
.64
3981
4074
4169
4266
4365
3990
4083
4178
4276
4375
3999
4093
4188
4285
4385
4009
4102
4198
4295
4395
4018
4111
4207
4305
4406
4027
4121
4217
4315
4416
4036
4130
4227
4325
4426
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
4467
4571
4677
4786
4898
4477
4581
4688
4797
4909
4487
4592
4699
4808
4920
4498
4603
4710
4819
4932
4508
4613
4721
4831
4943
4519
4624
4732
4842
4955
70
.71
.72
.73
.74
5012
5129
5248
5370
5495
5023
5140
5260
5383
5508
5035
5152
5272
5395
5521
5047
5164
5284
5408
5534
5058
5176
5297
5420
5546
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
5623
5754
5888
6026
6166
5636
5768
5902
6039
6180
5649
5781
5916
6053
6194
5662
5794
5929
6067
6209
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
6310
6457
6607
6761
6918
6324
6471
6622
6776
6934
6339
6486
6637
6792
6950
.85
.86
.87
.88
.89
7079
7244
7413
7586
7762
7096
7261
7430
7603
7780
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
7943
8128
8318
8511
8710
.95
.96
.97
.98
.99
p
Proportional Parts
4 5 6 7 8
3
3228
3304
3381
3459
3540
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
3614
3698
3784
3873
3963
3622
3707
3793
3882
3972
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
4046
4140
4236
4335
4436
4055
4150
4246
4345
4446
4064
4159
4256
4355
4457
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
4529
4634
4742
4853
4966
4539
4645
4753
4864
4977
4550
4656
4764
4875
4989
4560
4667
4775
4887
5000
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
5070
5188
5309
5433
5559
5082
5200
5321
5445
5572
5093
5212
5333
5458
5585
5105
5224
5346
5470
5598
5117
5236
5358
5483
5610
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
8 9
8 10
9 10
9 10
9 10
11
11
11
11
12
5675
5808
5943
6081
6223
5689
5821
5957
6095
6237
5702
5834
5970
6109
6252
5715
5848
5984
6124
6266
5728
5861
5998
6138
6281
5741
5875
6012
6152
6295
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
8 9 10
8 9 11
8 1 0 11
8 1 0 11
9 10 11
12
12
12
13
13
6353
6501
6653
6808
6966
6368
6516
6668
6823
6982
6383
6531
6683
6839
6998
6397
6546
6699
6855
7015
6412
6561
6714
6871
7031
6427
6577
6730
6887
7047
6442
6592
6745
6902
7063
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
7 9
8 9
8 9
8 9
8 10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
7112
7278
7447
7621
7798
7129
7295
7464
7638
7816
7145
7311
7482
7656
7834
7161
7328
7499
7674
7852
7178
7345
7516
7691
7870
7194
7362
7534
7709
7889
7211
7379
7551
7727
7907
7228
7396
7568
7745
7925
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
7
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
7962
8147
8337
8531
8730
7980
8166
8356
8551
8750
7998
8185
8375
8570
8770
8017
8204
8395
8590
8790
8035
8222
8414
8610
8810
8054
8241
8433
8630
8831
8072
8260
8453
8650
8851
8091
8279
8472
8670
8872
8110
8299
8492
8690
8892
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
7 9 11
8 9 11
8 1 0 12
8 10 12
8 10 12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
8913
9120
9333
9550
9772
8933
9141
9354
9572
9795
8954
9162
9376
9594
9817
8974
9183
9397
9616
9840
8995
9204
9419
9638
9863
9016
9226
9441
9661
9886
9036
9247
9462
9683
9908
9057
9268
9484
9705
9931
9078
9290
9506
9727
9954
9099
9311
9528
9750
9977
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
12
13
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
205
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
8 10
8 11
9 11
9 11
9 11
TABLE
Sin
(x in degrees and minutes)
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
0'
1 0'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
.0000
.0175
.0349
.0523
.0698
.0029
.0204
.0378
.0552
.0727
.0058
.0233
.0407
.0581
.0756
.0087
.0262
.0436
.0610
.0785
.01 1 6
.0291
.0465
.0640
.0814
.0145
.0320
.0494
.0669
.0843
45
46
47
48
49
.7071
.7193
.7R14
.7431
.7547
.7092
.7214
.7R33
.7451
.7566
.71 1 2
.7234
.7353
.7470
.7585
.7133
.7254
.7373
.7490
.7604
.7153
.7274
.7392
.7509
.7623
.7173
.7294
.7412
.7528
.7642
50
6
7
8
9
.0872
. 1045
.1219
.1392
. 1 564
.0901
.1074
.1248
.1421
. 1 593
.0929
. 1 1 03
. 1276
. 1449
.1 622
.0958
. 1 1 32
. 1305
.1 478
.1 650
.0987
. 1 1 61
. 1334
. 1 507
. 1 679
.1016
. 1 1 90
.1363
. 1536
.1708
50
51
52
53
54
.7660
.7771
.7880
.7!186
.8090
.7679
.7790
.7898
.8004
.8107
.7698
.7808
.7916
.8021
.8124
.7716
.7826
.7934
.8039
.8141
.7735
.7844
.7951
.8056
.8158
.7753
.7862
.7H69
.8073
.8175
10
11
12
13
14
. 1 736
.1908
.2079
.2250
.2419
. 1 765
. 1 937
.2108
.2278
.2447
. 1 794
. 1965
.2136
.2306
.2476
.1 822
. 1994
.2164
.2334
.2504
.1851
.2022
.2193
.2363
.2532
.1 880
.2051
.2221
.2391
.2560
55
56
57
58
59
.8192
.8290
.8387
.8480
.8572
.8208
.8307
.8403
.8496
.8587
.8225
.8323
.8418
.85 1 1
.8601
.8241
.8339
.8434
.8526
.8616
.8258
.8355
.8450
.8542
.8631
.8274
.8W1
.8465
.8557
.8Ei46
15
16
17
18
19
.2588
.2756
.2924
.3090
.3256
.2616
.2784
.2952
.3118
.3283
.2644
.2812
.2979
.3145
.331 1
.2672
.2840
.3007
.3173
.3338
.2700
.2868
.3035
.3201
.3365
.2728
.2896
.3062
.3228
.3393
60
61
62
63
64
.8660
.8746
.882H
.8!110
.8988
.8675
.8760
.8843
.8923
.9001
.8689
.8774
.8857
.8936
.9013
.8704
.8788
.8870
.8H49
.9026
.8718
.8802
.8884
.8962
.9038
.8732
.8816
.8897
.8975
.9051
20
21
22
23
24
.3420
.3584
.3746
.3907
.4067
.3448
.3611
.3773
.3934
.4094
.3475
.3638
.3800
.3961
.4120
.3502
.3665
.3827
.3987
.4147
.3529
.3692
.3854
.4014
.4173
.3557
.3719
.3881
.4041
.4200
65
66
67
68
69
.9063
.9135
.9205
.9272
.9336
.9075
.9147
.9216
.9283
.9346
.9088
.9159
.H228
.9293
.9356
.9100
.9171
.9239
.9304
.9367
.9112
.9182
.9250
.9315
.9377
.9124
.9194
.9261
.9325
.9387
25
26
27
28
29
.4226
.4384
.4540
.4695
.4848
.4253
.4410
.4566
.4720
.4874
.4279
.4436
.4592
.4746
.4899
.4305
.4462
.4617
.4772
.4924
.4331
.4488
.4643
.4797
.4950
.4358
.4514
.4669
.4823
.4975
70
71
72
73
74
.9397
.9455
.951 1
.9563
.9613
.9407
.9465
.9520
.9572
.9621
.9417
.9474
.9528
.9580
.9628
.9426
.9483
.9537
.9588
.9636
.9436
.9492
.9546
.9596
.9644
.9446
.9502
.9555
.9605
.9652
30
31
32
33
34
.5000
.5150
.5299
.5446
.5592
.5025
.5175
.5324
.5471
.5616
.5050
.5200
.5348
.5495
.5640
.5075
.5225
.5373
.5519
.5664
.5100
.5250
.5398
.5544
.5688
.5125
.5275
.5422
.5568
.5712
75
76
77
78
79
.9659
.9703
.9744
.9781
.9816
.9667
.9710
.9750
.9787
.9822
.9674
.9717
.9757
.9793
.9827
.9681
.9724
.9763
.9799
.9833
.9689
.9730
.9769
.9805
.9838
.9696
.97R7
.9775
.98 1 1
.9843
35
36
37
38
39
.5736
.5878
.6018
.61 57
.6293
.5760
.5901
.6041
.6180
.6316
.5783
.5925
.6065
.6202
.6338
.5807
.5948
.6088
.6225
.6361
.5831
.5972
.61 1 1
.6248
.6383
.5854
.5995
.61 34
.6271
.6406
80
81
82
83
84
.9848
.9877
.9903
.9925
.9945
.9853
.9881
.9907
.9929
.9948
.9858
.9886
.9911
.9932
.9951
.9863
.H890
.9914
.9936
.9954
.9868
.9894
.9918
.9939
.9957
.9872
.9899
.9922
.99,12
.9959
40
41
42
43
44
.6428
.6561
.6691
.6820
.6947
.6450
.6583
.6713
.6841
.6967
.6472
.6604
.6734
.6862
.6988
.6494
.6626
.6756
.6884
.7009
.6517
.6648
.6777
.6905
.7030
. 6539
.6670
.6799
.6926
.7050
85
86
87
88
89
.9962
.9976
.9986
.9994
.99!18
.9964
.9978
.9988
.9995
.9!199
.9967 .9969 .!J971 .9974

.9980 .9981 .9983 .9985
.9989 .9990 .9992 .9993
.9996 .9997 .9997 .99!18
.9999 1 .0000 1 .0000 1 .0000
45
.7071
.7092
.7112
.7133
.7153
.7173
go o 1 .0000
206
TABLE
Cos
40'
50'
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
o o 1.0000 1 .0000 1 .0000 1 .0000

1
.9998 .9998 .9997 .9997
2
.9994 .9993 .9992 .9990
3
.9986 .9985 .9983 .9981
4
.9976 .9974 .9971 .9969
.9999
.9996
.9989
.9980
.9967
.9999
.9995
.9988
.9978
.9964
45
46
47
48
49
.7071
.6947
.6820
.6691
.6561
.7050
.6926
.6799
.6670
.6539
.7030
.6905
.6777
.6648
.6517
.7009
.6884
.6756
.6626
.6494
.6988
.6862
.6734
.6604
.6472
.6967
.6841
.6713
.6583
.6450
50
6
7
8
9
.9962
.9945
.9925
.9903
.9877
.9959
.9942
.9922
.9899
.9872
.9957
.9939
.9918
.9894
.9868
.9954
.9936
.9914
.9890
.9863
.9951
.9932
.991 1
.9886
.9858
.9948
.9929
.9907
.9881
.9853
50
51
52
53
54
.6428
.6293
.6157
.6018
.5878
.6406
.6271
.6134
.5995
.5854
.6383
. 6248
.6111
.5972
.5831
.G361
.6225
.6088
.5948
.5807
.6338
.6202
.6065
.5925
.5783
.6316
.6180
.6041
.5901
.5760
10
11
12
13
14
.9848
.9816
.9781
.9744
.9703
.9843
.9811
.9775
.9737
.9696
.9838
.9805
.9769
.9730
.9689
.9833
.9799
.9763
.9724
.9681
.9827
.9793
.9757
.9717
.9674
.9822
.9787
.9750
.9710
.9667
55
56
57
58
59
.5736
.5592
.5446
.5299
.5150
.5712
.5568
.5422
.5275
.5125
.5688
.5544
.5398
.5250
.5100
.5664
.5519
.5373
.5225
.5075
.5640
.5495
.5348
.5200
.5050
.5616
.5471
.5324
.5175
.5025
15
16
17
18
19
.9659
.9613
.9563
.9511
.9455
.9652
.9605
.9555
.9502
.9446
.9644
.9596
.9546
.9492
.9436
.9636
.9588
.9537
.9483
.9426
.9628
.9580
.9528
.9474
.9417
.9621
.9572
.9520
.9465
.9407
60
61
62
63
64
.5000
.4848
.4695
.4540
.4384
.4975
.4823
.4669
.4514
.4358
.4950
.4797
.4643
.4488
.4331
.4924
.4772
.4617
.4462
.4305
.4899
.4746
.4592
.4436
.4279
.4874
.4720
.4566
.4410
.4253
20
21
22
23
24
.9397
.9336
.9272
.9205
.9135
.9387
.9325
.9261
.9194
.9124
.9377
.9315
.9250
.9182
.911 2
.9367
.9304
.9239
.9171
.9100
.9356
.9293
.9228
.9159
.9088
.9346
.9283
.9216
.9147
.9075
65
66
67
68
69
.4226
.4067
.3907
.3746
.3584
.4200
.4041
.3881
.3719
.3557
.4173
.4014
.3854
.3692
. 3529
.4147
.3987
.3827
.3665
.3502
.4120
.3961
.3800
.3638
.3475
.4094
.3934
.3773
.3611
.3448
25
26
27
28
29
.9063
.8988
.8910
.8829
.8746
.9051
.8975
.8897
.8816
.8732
.9038
.8962
.8884
.8802
.8718
.9026
.8949
.8870
.8788
.8704
.9013
.8936
.8857
.8774
.8689
.9001
.8923
.8843
.8760
.8675
70
71
72
73
74
.3420
.3256
.3090
.2924
.2756
.3393
.3228
.3062
.2896
.2728
.3365
.3201
.3035
.2868
.2700
.3338
.3173
.3007
.2840
.2672
.3311
.3145
.2979
.2812
.2644
.3283
.3118
.2952
.2784
.2616
goo
31
32
33
34
.8660
.8572
.8480
.8387
.8290
.8646
.8557
.8465
.8371
.8274
.8631
.8542
.8450
.8355
.8258
.8616
.8526
.8434
.8339
.8241
.8601
.8511
.8418
.8323
.8225
.8587
.8496
.8403
.8307
.8208
75
76
77
78
79
.2588
.2419
.2250
.2079
.1908
.2560
.2391
.2221
.2051
.1880
.2532
.2363
.2193
.2022
.1851
.2504
.2334
.2164
.1994
.1822
.2476
.2306
.2136
.1965
. 1 794
.2447
.2278
.2108
.1937
.1765
35
36
37
38
39
.8192
.8090
.7986
.7880
.7771
.8175
.8073
.7969
.7862
.7753
.8158
.8056
.7951
.7844
.7735
.8141
.8039
.7934
.7826
.7716
.8124
.8021
.7916
.7808
.7698
.8107
.8004
.7898
.7790
.7679
80
81
82
83
84
.1736
.1564
. 1 392
.1219
.1045
.1708
.1536
.1363
. 1 190
.1016
.1679
.1 507
. 1334
.1161
.0987
.1650
.1478
.1305
.1132
.0958
.1622
.1449
.1276
.1103
.0929
.1593
.1421
.1248
.1074
.0901
40
41
42
43
44
.7660
.7547
.7431
.7314
.7193
.7642
.7528
.7412
.7294
.7173
.7623
.7509
.7392
.7274
.7153
.7604
.7490
.7373
.7254
.7133
.7585
.7470
.7353
.7234
.7112
.7566
.7451
.7333
.7214
.7092
85
86
87
88
89
.0872
.0698
.0523
.0349
.0175
.0843
.0669
.0494
.0320
.0145
.0814
.0640
.0465
.0291
.0116
.0785
.0610
.0436
.0262
.0087
.0756
.0581
.0407
.0233
.0058
.0727
.0552
.0378
.0204
.0029
45
.7071
.7050
.7030
.7009
.6988
.6967
goo
.0000
0'
10'
20'
30'
207
TABLE
Tan
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
.0000
.0175
.0349
.0524
.0699
.0029
.0204
.0378
.0553
.0729
.0058
.0233
.0407
.0582
.0758
.0087
.0262
.0437
.0612
.0787
.0116
.0291
.0466
.0641
.0816
.0145
.0320
.0495
.0670
.0846
45
46
47
48
49
1 .0000
1 .0355
1.0724
1 . 1 106
1.1 504
1 .0058
1 .0416
1.0786
1 . 1 171
1.1 571
1.0117
1 .0477
1 .0850
1 .1237
1 .1640
1.0176
1.0538
1.0913
1 . 1 303
1.1708
1.0235
1.0599
1 .0977
1.1369
1.1778
1 .0295
1 .0661
1.1041
1.1436
1.1847
so
6
7
8
9
.0875
.1051
.1228
.1405
.1584
.0904
.1080
.1257
.1435
.1614
.0934
. 1 1 10
.1287
.1465
.1644
.0963
.11 39
.1317
.1495
.1673
.0992
.1 169
.1 346
. 1 524
.1703
.1022
. 1 198
.1376
.1 554
.1733
50
51
52
53
54
1 .1918
1 .2349
1.2799
1 .3270
1 .3764
1 .1988
1 .2423
1 .2876
1 .3351
1 .3848
1.2059
1.2497
1 .2954
1.3432
1.3934
1.2131
1 .2572
1.3032
1 .3514
1.4019
1 .2203
1 .2647
1.3111
1.3597
1 .4106
1 .2276
1.:723
l .:H90
La6so
1 .4193
10
11
12
13
14
.1763
.1944
.2126
.2309
.2493
. 1 793
.1974
.2156
.2339
.2524
.1823
.2004
.2186
.2370
.2555
.1853
.2035
.2217
.2401
.2586
.1883
.2065
.2247
.2432
.2617
.1914
.2095
.2278
.2462
.2648
55
56
57
58
59
1.4281
1 .4826
1 .5399
1 .6003
1 .6643
1 .4370
1 .4919
1.5497
1 .6107
1 .6753
1.4460
1.5013
1.5597
1 .6212
1 .6864
1 .4550
1 .5108
1.5697
1.6319
1 .6977
1 .4641
1.5204
1 . 5798
1.6426
1 .7090
1 .4733
1 .5301
1 . !5900
l.G534
1 .'7205
15
16
17
18
19
.2679
.2867
.3057
.3249
.3443
.2711
.2899
.3089
.3281
.3476
.2742
.2931
.3121
.3314
.3508
.2773
.2962
.3153
.3346
.3541
.2805
.2994
.3185
.3378
.3574
.2836
.3026
.3217
.3411
.3607
60
61
62
63
64
1 .7321
1 .8040
1.8807
1 .9626
2.0503
1 .7437
1 .8165
1.8940
1 .9768
2.0655
1 .7556
1.8291
1 .9074
1 .9912
2.0809
1 .7675
1 .8418
1.9210
2.0057
2.0965
1 .7796
1 .8546
1 .9347
2.0204
2.1 123
1 .'7917
1 .8676
UJ486
2.0353
2.1283
20
21
22
23
24
.3640
.3839
.4040
.4245
.4452
.3673
.3872
.4074
.4279
.4487
.3706
.3906
.4108
.4314
.4522
.3739
.3939
.4142
.4348
.4557
.3772
.3973
.4176
.4383
.4592
.3805
.4006
.4210
.4417
.4628
65
66
67
68
69
2.1445
2.2460
2.3559
2.4751
2.6051
2.1609
2.2637
2.3750
2.4960
2.6279
2.1775
2.2817
2.3945
2.5172
2.6511
2.1943
2.2998
2.4142
2.5386
2.6746
2.2113
2.3183
2.4342
2.5605
2.6985
2.2286
2.:33G9
2.4545
2.5826
2.7228
25
26
27
28
29
.4663
.4877
.5095
.5317
.5543
.4699
.4913
.5132
.5354
.5581
.4734
.4950
.5169
.5392
.5619
.4770
.4986
.5206
.5430
.5658
.4806
.5022
.5243
.5467
.5696
.4841
.5059
.5280
.5505
.5735
70
71
72
73
74
2.7475
2.9042
3.0777
3.2709
3.4874
2.7725
2.9319
3.1084
3.3052
3.52G1
2.7980
2.9GOO
3.1397
3.3402
3.5656
2.8239
2.9887
3.1716
3.3759
3.6059
2.8502
3.0178
3.2041
3.4124
3.6470
2.8770
3.0475
3.2371
3.4495
3.G891
30
31
32
33
34
.5774
.6009
.6249
.6494
.6745
.5812
.6048
.6289
.6536
.6787
.5851
.6088
.6330
.6577
.6830
.5890
.6128
.6371
.6619
.6873
.5930
.6168
.6412
.6661
.6916
.5969
.6208
.6453
.6703
.6959
75
76
77
78
79
3.7321
4.0108
4.3315
4.7046
5.1446
3.7760
4.0611
4.3897
4.7729
5.2257
3.8208
4.1126
4.44!J4
4.8430
5.3093
3.8667
4.1653
4.5107
4.9152
5.3955
3.9136
4.2l!J3
4.5736
4.9894
5.4845
3.!J617
4.2747
4.G382
5.0658
5.15764
35
36
37
38
39
.7002
.7265
.7536
.7813
.8098
.7046
.7310
.7581
.7860
.8146
.7089
.7355
.7627
.7907
.8195
.7133
.7400
.7673
.7954
.8243
.7177
.7445
.7720
.8002
.8292
.7221
.7490
.7766
.8050
.8342
80
81
82
83
84
5.6713
6.3138
7.1154
8.1443
!J.5144
5.7694
6.4348
7.2687
8.3450
9.7882
5.8708
6.5606
7.4287
8.5555
10.078
5.9758
6.6912
7.5958
8.7769
10.385
6.0844
6.8269
7.7704
9.0098
10.712
6.1970
6.1!682
7.!J530
9.2553
1 1 .059
40
41
42
43
44
.8391
.8693
.9004
.9325
.9657
.8441
.8744
.9057
.9380
.9713
.8491
.8796
.9110
.9435
.9770
.8541
.8847
.9163
.9490
.9827
.8591
.8899
.9217
.9545
.9884
.8642
.8952
.9271
.9601
.9942
85 1 1 .430 1 1 .826 12.251 12.706

86 14.301 14.924 1 5.605 16.350
19.081 20.206 21.470 22.904
87
88 28.636 31 .242 34.368 38.188
57.290 68.750 85.940 114.59
89
13.197
17.169
24.542
42.964
171 .89
13.727
18.075
26.432
49.104
343.77
45 1.0000 1.0058 1.0117 1.0176 1.0235 1.0295
goo
208
00
TABLE
Cot
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
57.290
28.636
19.081
1 4.301
""
343.77
49.104
26.432
18.075
1 3.727
171.89
42.964
24.542
1 7.169
13.197
1 1 4.59
38.188
22.904
16.350
12.706
85.940
34.368
21.470
1 5.605
12.251
68.750
31.242
20.206
14.924
1 1.826
45
46
47
48
49
1 .000
.9657
.9325
.9004
.8693
.9942
.9601
.9271
.8952
.8642
.9884
.9545
.9217
.8899
.8591
.9827
.9490
.9163
.8847
.8541
.9770
.9435
.911 0
.8796
.8491
.9713
.9380
.9057
.8744
.8441
so
6
7
8
9
1 1 .430
9.5144
8.1443
7.1154
6.3138
1 1.059
9.2553
7.9530
6.9682
6.1970
10.712
9.0098
7.7704
6.8269
6.0844
10.385
8.7769
7.5958
6.6912
5.9758
10.078
8.5555
7.4287
6.5606
5.8708
9.7882
8.3450
7.2687
6.4348
5.7694
50
51
52
53
54
.8391
.8098
.7813
.7536
.7265
.8342
.8050
.7766
.7490
.7221
.8292
.8002
.7720
.7445
.7177
.8243
.7954
.7673
.7400
.7133
.8195
.7907
.7627
.7355
.7089
.8146
.7860
.7581
.7310
.7046
10
11
12
13
14
5.6713
5.1446
4.7046
4.3315
4.0108
5.5764
5.0658
4.6382
4.2747
3.9617
5.4845
4.9894
4.5736
4.2193
3:9136
5.3955
4.9152
4.5107
4.1653
3.8667
5.3093
4.8430
4.4494
4.1126
3.8208
5.2257
4.7729
4.3897
4.0611
3.7760
55
56
57
58
59
.7002
.6745
.6494
.6249
.6009
.6959
.6703
.6453
.6208
.5969
.6916
.6661
.6412
.6168
.5930
.6873
.6619
.6371
.6128
.5890
.6830
.6577
.6330
.6088
.5851
.6787
.6536
.6289
.6048
.5812
15
16
17
18
19
3.7321
3.4874
3.2709
3.0777
2.9042
3.6891
3.4495
3.2371
3.0475
2.8770
3.6470
3.4124
3.2041
3.0178
2.8502
3.6059
3.3759
3.1716
2.9887
2.8239
3.5656
3.3402
3.1397
2.9600
2.7980
3.5261
3.3052
3.1084
2.9319
2.7725
60
61
62
63
64
.5774
.5543
.5317
.5095
.4877
.5735
.5505
.5280
.5059
.4841
.5696
.5467
.5243
.5022
.4806
.5658
.5430
.520fl
.4986
.4770
.5619
.5392
.5169
.4950
.4734
.5581
.5354
.5132
.4913
.4699
20
21
22
23
24
2.7475
2.6051
2.4751
2.3559
2.2460
2.7228
2.5826
2.4545
2.3369
2.2286
2.6985
2.5605
2.4342
3.3183
2.2113
2.6746
2.5386
2.4142
2.2998
2.1943
2.6511
2.5172
2.3945
2.2817
2.1775
2.6279
2.4960
2.3750
2.2637
2.1609
65
66
67
68
69
.4663
.4452
.4245
.4040
.3839
.4628
.4417
.4210
.4006
.3805
.4592
.4383
.4176
.3973
.3772
.4557
.4348
.4142
.3939
.3739
.4522
.4314
.4108
.3906
.3706
.4487
.4279
.4074
.3872
.3673
25
26
27
28
29
2.1445
2.0503
1 .9626
1 .8807
1 .8040
2.1283
2.0353
1 .9486
1 .8676
1. 791 7
2.11 23
2.0204
1 .9347
1 .8546
1 .7796
2.0965
2.0057
1 .9210
1 .8418
1.7675
2.0809
1 .9912
1 .9074
1 .8291
1 .7556
2.0655
1.9768
1 .8940
1 .8165
1 .7437
70
71
72
73
74
.3640
.3443
.3249
.3057
.2867
.3607
.3411
.3217
.3026
.2836
.3574
.3378
.3185
.2994
.2805
.3541
.3346
.3153
.2962
.2773
.3508
.3314
.3121
.2931
.2742
.3476
.3281
.3089
.2899
.2711
30
31
32
33
34
1 .7321
1 .6643
1.6003
1 .5399
1 .4826
1 . 7205
1 .6534
1 .5900
1 . 5301
1 .4733
1 .7090
1 .6426
1 .5798
1.5204
1 .4641
1 .6977
1 .6319
1.5697
1 .5108
1 .4550
1 .6864
1 .6212
1 . 5597
1 .5013
1 .4460
1.6753
1 .6107
1.5497
1 .4919
1 .4370
75
76
77
78
79
.2679
.2493
.2309
.2126
.1944
.2648
.2462
.2278
.2095
.1914
.2617
.2432
.2247
.2065
.1883
.2586
.2401
.2217
.2035
. 1853
.2555
.2370
.2186
.2004
.1823
.2524
.2339
.2156
.1974
.1793
35 1 .4281 1 .4193 1 .4106

36
1 .3764 1 .3680 1 . 3597
37 1 .3270 1 .3190 1 . 3 1 1 1
38 1 .2799 1 .2723 1 .2647
39
1 .2349 1.2276 1 .2203
1 .4019
1 .3514
1 .3032
1 .2572
1 .2131
1 .3934
1 .3432
1.2954
1 .2497
1 .2059
1 .3848
1 .3351
1 .2876
1 .2423
1 .1988
80
81
82
83
84
.1763
.1 584
.1405
.1228
.1051
.1733
.1554
.1376
. 1198
.1022
. 1 703
.1524
. 1346
.1169
.0992
.1673
.1495
.1317
. 1 1 39
.0963
. 1644
.1465
.1287
. 1 1 10
.0934
.1614
.1435
.1257
.1080
.0904
40
41
42
43
44
.0846
.0670
.0495
.0320
.0145
.0816
.0641
.0466
.0291
.0116
.0787
.0612
.0437
.0262
.0087
.0758
.0582
.0407
.0233
.0058
.0729
.0553
.0378
.0204
.0029
1 .1918
1 . 1 504
1 . 1 106
1 .0724
1 .0355
1 .1847
1 . 1 436
1 .1041
1 .0661
1 .0295
1 . 1 778
1 . 1 369
1 .0977
1 .0599
1 .0235
1 . 1 708
1 . 1 303
1 .0913
1 .0538
1 .0176
1 . 1 640
1 .1237
1 .0850
1 .0477
1.01 1 7
1 . 1 571
1 . 1 1 71
1.0786
1 .0416
1 .0058
85
86
87
88
89
.0875
.0699
.0524
.0349
.0175
45 1.0000
.9942
.9884
.9827
.9770
.9713
goo
.0000
209
TABLE
Sec
(x
in degrees
and minutes)
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1 .001
1 .002
1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1.003
1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1 .002
1.003
1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1 .003
1 .000
1 .000
1 .001
1.002
1 .003
1 .000
1 .001
1.001
1 .002
1 .004
45
46
47
48
49
1 .414
1.440
1 .46G
1 .494
1.524
1 .418
1.444
1.471
1.499
1.529
1.423
1 .448
1.47G
1.504
1.535
1 .427
1 .453
1 .480
1 . 509
1.5 10
1.431
1 .457
1 .485
1. 514
1 .545
1.485
1 .4G2
1 .4HO
1 .519
1 .550
so
6
7
8
9
1.004
1 .006
1 .008
1 .010
1 .012
1 .004
1.006
1.008
1.010
1.013
1 .004
1 .006
1.008
1.011
1.013
1.005
1 .006
1.009
1.011
1 .014
1 .005
1 .007
1.009
1.012
1.014
1 .005
1.007
1.009
1 .012
1.015
50
51
52
53
54
1 .556
1 . 589
1.624
1 .662
1 .701
1.561
1.595
1 .630
1.668
1 .708
1 .567
1 .601
1 .636
1 .675
1.715
1 .572
1 .606
1 .643
1 .681
1 .722
1 .578
1 .612
1.649
1 .688
1 .729
1 .583
1 .618
1.655
1 .6H5
1 .736
100
11
12
13
14
1.015
1.019
1 .022
1 .026
1.031
1 .016
1 .019
1 .023
1.027
1 .031
1 .016
1.020
1 .024
1 .028
1 .032
1 .017
1 .020
1 .024
1 .028
1 .033
1 .018
1 .021
1.025
1.029
1 .034
1 .018
1 .022
1 .026
1 .030
1 .034
55
56
57
58
59
1 .743
1.788
1 .836
1 .887
1 .942
1 .751
1 .796
1.844
1 .896
1.951
1.758
1 .804
1.853
1 .905
1 .961
1 .766
1 .812
1.861
1 .914
1 .970
1 .773
1 .820
1.870
1 .923
1 .980
1 .781
1.828
1 .878
1 .932
1.990
15
16
17
18
19
1.035
1 .040
1 .046
1 .051
1 .058
1.036
1 .041
1 .047
1 .052
1 .059
1.037
1 .042
1 .048
1.053
1 .060
1 .038
1 .043
1 .048
1.054
1 .061
1.039
1 .044
1 .049
1 .056
1.062
1 .039
1 .045
1 .050
1 .057
1 .063
60
61
62
63
64
2.000
2.063
2.130
2.203
2.281
2.010
2.074
2.142
2.215
2.295
2.020
2.085
2.154
2.228
2.309
2.031
2.096
2.166
2.241
2.323
2.041
2.107
2.178
2.254
2.337
2.052
2.118
2.190
2.2(i8
2.352
20
21
22
23
24
1 .064
1 .071
1 .079
1.086
1.095
1 .065
1 .072
1 .080
1 .088
1 .096
1 .066
1 .074
1 .081
1 .089
1 .097
1 .068
1 .075
1.082
1 .090
1 .099
1 .069
1 .076
1 .084
1 .092
1 .100
1 .070
1 .077
1 .085
1 .093
1 .102
65
66
67
68
69
2.366
2.459
2.559
2.669
2.790
2.381
2.475
2.577
2.689
2.812
2.396
2.491
2.595
2.709
2.833
2.411
2.508
2.613
2.729
2.855
2.427
2.525
2.632
2.749
2.878
2.443
2.542
2.650
2.769
2.901
25
26
27
28
29
1 .103
1.113
1 .122
1.133
1 .143
1 .105
1 . 1 14
1 .124
1 .134
1.145
1.106
1.116
1 .126
1.136
1.147
1.108
1.117
1 .127
1 .1 38
1 .149
1 .109
1 . 1 19
1.129
1 .140
1 . 1 51
1.111
1.121
1.131
1 .142
1.153
70
71
72
73
74
2.924
3.072
3.236
3.420
3.628
2.947
3.098
8.265
3.453
3.665
2.971
3.124
3.2H5
3.487
3.703
2.996
3.152
3.326
3.521
3.742
3.021
3.179
3.357
3.556
3.782
3.046
3.207
3.388
3.592
3.822
goo
31
32
33
34
1.155
1.167
1 .179
1.192
1 .206
1.157
1 .169
1.181
1.195
1 .209
1 .1 59
1.171
1 .184
1.197
1.211
1.161
1.173
1 .186
1 .199
1 .213
1 .163
1.175
1 .188
1 .202
1 .216
1 .165
1 .177
1 .190
1 .204
1 .218
75
76
77
78
79
3.864
4.134
4.445
4.810
5.241
3.906
4.182
4.502
4.876
5.320
3.950
4.232
4.5GO
4.945
5.403
3.9H4
4.284
4.620
5.016
5.487
4.039
4.336
4.682
5.089
5.575
4.086
4.390
4.745
5.164
5.665
35
36
37
38
39
1.221
1.236
1 .252
1.269
1 .287
1 .223
1 .239
1 .255
1 .272
1.290
1 .226
1 .241
1 .258
1.275
1 .293
1 .228
1 .244
1 .260
1 .278
1 .296
1 .231
1 .247
1 .263
1 .281
1 .299
1 .233
1 .249
1 .266
1 .284
1 .302
goo
81
82
83
84
5.759
6.392
7.185
8.206
9.567
5.855
6.512
7.337
8.405
H.839
5.955
6.636
7.496
8.614
10.13
6.059
6.765
7.661
8.834
10.43
6.166
6.900
7.834
9.065
10.76
6.277
7.04 0
8.01 6
9.309
1 1 .1 0
40
41
42
43
44
1 .305
1.325
1 .346
1 .367
1 .390
1 .309
1 . 328
1 .349
1 .371
1 .394
1 .312
1.332
1 .353
1 .375
1 .398
1.315
1.335
1 .356
1 .379
1 .402
1 .318
1 .339
1 .360
1 .382
1 .406
1 .322
1 .342
1.364
1 .386
1 .410
85
86
87
88
89
1 1 .47
1 4.34
19.11
28.65
57.30
1 1 .87
14.H6
20.23
31.2G
68.76
12.2H
1 5.64
21 .4H
34.88
85.95
12.75
16.88
22.H3
38.20
1 14.6
1 3.23
1 7.20
24.56
42.H8
171.9
13.76
18.10
26.45
49.11
343.8
45
1 .414
1.418
1 .423
1.427
1.431
1.435
goo
r:LJ
210
TABLE
Csc
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
00
3
4
57.30
28.65
19.1 1
14.34
343.8
49.11
26.45
18.1 0
13.76
1 71 .9
42.98
24.56
17.20
1 3 .23
1 14.6
38.20
22.93
1 6.38
12.75
85.95
34.38
21.49
1 5.64
12.29
68.76
31 .26
20.23
14.96
1 1 .87
45
46
47
48
49
1 .414
1 .390
1.367
1.346
1.325
1 .410
1.386
1 .364
1.342
1 .322
1 .406
1 .382
1 .360
1 .339
1.318
1 .402
1.379
1 .356
1.335
1.315
1.398
1 .375
1.353
1 .332
1 .312
1.394
1 .371
1.349
1.328
1 .309
50
6
7
8
9
1 1 .47
9.567
8.206
7.185
6.392
11.10
9.309
8.016
7.040
6.277
10.76
9.065
7.834
6.900
6.166
10.43
8.834
7.661
6.765
6.059
10.13
8.614
7.496
6.636
5.955
9.839
8.405
7.337
6.512
5.855
50
51
52
53
54
1 .305
1.287
1.269
1 .252
1.236
1 .302
1 .284
1.266
1 .249
1.233
1.299
1.281
1.263
1.247
1 .231
1 .296
1.278
1 .260
1 .244
1.228
1.293
1 .275
1 .258
1 .241
1 .226
1.290
1.272
1 .255
1.239
1 .223
10
11
12
13
14
5.759
5 . 241
4.810
4.445
4.134
5.665
5.164
4.745
4.390
4.086
5.575
5.089
4.682
4.336
4.039
5.487
5.016
4.620
4.284
3.994
5.403
4.945
4.560
4.232
3.950
5.320
4.876
4.502
4.182
3.906
55
56
57
58
59
1.221
1 .206
1 .192
1.179
1 .167
1 .218
1 .204
1 .190
1.177
1.165
1 .216
1.202
1 .188
1 .175
1 .163
1 .213
1 .199
1.186
1 .173
1 .161
1 .211
1 .197
1 .184
1.171
1.159
1 .209
1.195
1.181
1.169
1.157
15
16
17
18
19
3.864
3.628
3.420
3.236
3.072
3.822
3.592
3.388
3.207
3.046
3.782
3.556
3.357
3.179
3.021
3.742
3.521
3.326
3.152
2.996
3.703
3.487
3.295
3.124
2.971
3.665
3.453
3.265
3.098
2.947
60
61
62
63
64
1.155
1.143
1.133
1 .122
1.113
1.153
1.142
1.131
1 .121
1.111
1.151
1 .140
1.129
1.119
1 .109
1 .149
1 .138
1 .127
1.117
1 .108
1 .147
1 .136
1 .126
1.116
1 .106
1.145
1 .1 34
1 .124
1 .114
1.105
20
21
22
23
24
2.924
2.790
2.669
2.559
2.459
2.901
2.769
2.650
2.542
2.443
2.878
2.749
2.632
2.525
2.427
2.855
2.729
2.613
2.508
2.411
2.833
2.709
2.595
2.491
2.396
2.812
2.689
2.577
2.475
2.381
65
66
67
68
69
1 .103
1.095
1 .086
1.079
1.071
1.102
1.093
1.085
1.077
1 .070
1 .100
1.092
1 .084
1.076
1 .069
1 .099
1.090
1 .082
1.075
1.068
1.097
1.089
1 .081
1 .074
1 .066
1 .096
1 .088
1 .080
1 .072
1 .065
25
26
27
28
29
2.366
2.281
2.203
2.130
2.063
2.352
2.268
2.190
2.1 1 8
2.052
2.337
2.254
2.178
2.107
2.041
2.323
2.241
2.166
2.096
2.031
2.309
2.228
2.154
2.085
2.020
2.295
2.215
2.142
2.074
2.010
70
71
72
. 73
74
1 .064
1.058
1.051
1.046
1.040
1 .063
1.057
1 .050
1 .045
1 .039
1 .062
1.056
1 .049
1 .044
1 .039
1 .061
1.054
1 .048
1 .043
1 .038
1 .060
1.053
1 .048
1.042
1 .037
1 .059
1.052
1 .047
1 .041
1 .036
30
31
32
33
34
2.000
1 .942
1 .887
1 .836
1 .788
1.990
1.932
1.878
1 .828
1.781
1 .980
1.923
1.870
1.820
1.773
1.970
1 .914
1 .861
1 .812
1.766
1 .961
1.905
1 .853
1 .804
1 .758
1.951
1 .896
1 .844
1 .796
1 .751
75
76
77
78
79
1 .035
1 .031
1 .026
1 .022
1.019
1.034
1.030
1 .026
1 .022
1.018
1.034
1.029
1.025
1.021
1 .018
1 .033
1.028
1.024
1 .020
1 .017
1 .032
1 .028
1 .024
1 .020
1 .016
1 .031
1 .027
1 .023
1 .019
1 .016
35
36
37
38
39
1 .743
1 .701
1.662
1 .624
1.589
1 . 736
1 .695
1 .655
1 .618
1.583
1 .729
1 .688
1.649
1 .612
1.578
1 . 722
1 .681
1 .643
1 .606
1.572
1.715 1 .708
1 .675 . 1 .668
1 .636 1 .630
1 .601 1 .595
1 . 567 1 .561
goo
81
82
83
84
1 .015
1 .012
1.010
1 .008
1 .006
1.015
1 .012
1 .009
1 .007
1 .005
1 .014
1 .012
1 .009
1 .007
1 .005
1 .014
1 .011
1 .009
1 .006
1 .005
1.013
1 .011
1 .008
1 .006
1 .004
1 .013
1 .010
1 .008
1 .006
1 .004
40
41
42
43
44
1. 556
1 . 524
1.494
1 .466
1 .440
1 .550
1.519
1 .490
1.462
1 .435
1 .545
1.514
1.485
1.457
1 .431
1 .540
1 .509
1 .480
1 .453
1 .427
1.535
1.504
1 .476
1 .448
1 .423
1.529
1 .499
1 .471
1 .444
1 .418
85
86
87
88
89
1 .004
1 .002
1 .001
1 .001
1.000
1 .004
1.002
1 .001
1 .001
1 .000
1 .003
1 .002
1.001
1 .000
1 .000
1.003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000
1.003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000
1 .003
1 .002
1 .001
1 .000
1 .000
45
1 .414
1 .410
1 .406
1 .402
1 .398
1 .394
goo
1 .000
oo
1
211
TABLE
NATU R A L T R I G O N OMETR IC F U N CT I O N S
(in radians)
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x
Cotx
Csc x
.00
.01
.02
.03
.04
.00000
.01000
.02000
.03000
.03999
1 .00000
.99995
.99980
.99955
.99920
.00000
.01000
.02000
.03001
.04002
00
Sec x
99.9967
49.9933
33.3233
24.9867
1.00000
1.00005
1.00020
1.00045
1.00080
100.0017
50.0033
33.3383
25.0067
.05
.06
.o7
.08
.09
.04998
.05996
.06994
.07991
.08988
.99875
.99820
.99755
.99680
.99595
.05004
.06007
.07011
.08017
.09024
19.9833
16.6467
14.2624
12.4733
11.0811
1 .00125
1.00180
1.00246
1.00321
1.00406
20.0083
16.6767
14.2974
12.5133
1 1.1261
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.09983
.10978
.11971
.12963
.13954
.99500
.99396
.99281
.99156
.99022
.10033
.11045
.12058
.13074
.14092
9.9666
9.0542
8.2933
7.6489
7.0961
1.00502
1.00608
1.00724
1.00851
1.00988
10.0167
9.1093
8.3534
7.7140
7.1662
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.14944
.15932
.16918
.17903
.18886
.98877
.98723
.98558
.98384
.98200
.15114
.16138
.17166
.18197
.19232
6.6166
6.1966
5.8256
5.4954
5.1997
1.01136
1.01294
1 .01463
1.01642
1.01833
6.6917
6.2767
5.9108
5.5857
5.2950
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.19867
.20846
.21823
.22798
.23770
.98007
.97803
.97590
.97367
.97134
.20271
.21314
.22362
.23414
.24472
4.9332
4.6917
4.4719
4.2709
4.0864
1.02034
1.02246
1.02470
1.02705
1 .02951
5.0335
4.7971
4.5823
4.3864
4.2069
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.24740
.25708
.26673
.27636
.28595
.96891
.96639
.96377
.96106
.95824
.25534
.26602
.27676
.28755
.29841
3.9163
3.7591
3.6133
3.4776
3.351 1
1.03209
1.03478
1.03759
1.04052
1.04358
4.0420
3.8898
3.7491
3.6185
3.4971
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.29552
.30506
.31457
.32404
.33349
.95534
.95233
.94924
.94604
.94275
.30934
.32033
.33139
.34252
.35374
3.2327
3.1218
3.0176
2.9195
2.8270
1.04675
1.05005
1.05348
1.05704
1 .06072
3.3839
3.2781
3.1790
3.0860
2.9986
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
.34290
.35227
.36162
.37092
.38019
.93937
.93590
.93233
.92866
.92491
.36503
.37640
.38786
.39941
.41105
2.7395
2.6567
2.5782
2.5037
2.4328
1.06454
1 .06849
1.07258
1.07682
1 .08119
2.9163
2.8387
2.7654
2.6960
2.6303
.40
.38942
.92106
.42279
2.3652
1 .08570
2.5679
212
00
Table 9
(continued)
NATUR A L TRIG ONOMETRIC FUN C T IO N S
(in radians)
Sin x
Cos x
.40
.41
.42
.43
.44
.38942
.39861
.40776
.41687
.42594
Tan x
.92106
.91712
.91309
.90897
.90475
Cot x
Sec x
.42279
.43463
.44657
.45862
.47078
2.3652
2.3008
2.2393
2.1804
2.1241
Csc x
1.0857
1.0904
1.0952
1.1002
1.1053
2.5679
2.5087
2.4524
2.3988
2.3478
.45
.46
.47
.48
.49
.43497
.44395
.45289
.46178
.47063
.90045
.89605
.89157
.88699
.88233
.48306
.49545
.50797
.52061
.53339
2.0702
2.0184
1.9686
1.9208
1.8748
1.1106
1.1160
1.1216
1.1274
1.1334
2.2990
2.2525
2.2081
2.1655
2.1248
.50
.51
.52
.53
.54
.47943
.48818
.49688
.50553
.51414
.87758
.87274
.86782
.86281
.85771
.54630
.559.36
.57256
.58592
.59943
1.8305
1.7878
1.7465
1.7067
1 .6683
1.1395
1.1458
1.1523
1.1590
1.1659
2.0858
2.0484
2.0126
1.9781
1.9450
.55
.56
.57
.58
.59
.52269
.53119
.53963
.54802
.55636
.85252
.84726
.84190
.83646
.83094
.61311
.62695
.64097
.65517
.66956
1.6310
1.5950
1.5601
1.5263
1.4935
1.1730
1.1803
1.1878
1.1955
1.2035
1.9132
1.8826
1.8531
1.8247
1.7974
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
.56464
.57287
.58104
.58914
.59720
.82534
.81965
.81388
.80803
.80210
.68414
.69892
.71391
.72911
.74454
1.4617
1.4308
1 .4007
1.3715
1.3431
1 .2116
1.2200
1.2287
1.2376
1.2467
1 .7710
1.7456
1.7211
1.6974
1 .6745
.65
.66
.67
.68
.69
.60519
.61312
.62099
.62879
.63654
.79608
.78999
.78382
.77757
.77125
.76020
.77610
.79225
.80866
.82534
1.3154
1.2885
1.2622
1.2366
1.2116
1.2561
1.2658
1 .2758
1.2861
1.2966
1.6524
1 .6310
1.6103
1.5903
1.5710
.70
.71
.72
.73
.74
.64422
.65183
.65938
.66687
.67429
.76484
.75836
.75181
.74517
.73847
.84229
.85953
.87707
.89492
.91309
1.1872
1.1634
1.1402
1.1174
1.0952
1.3075
1.3186
1.3301
1 .3420
1 .3542
1.5523
1.5341
1.5166
1 .4995
1.4830
.75
.76
.77
.78
.79
.68164
.68892
.69614
.70328
.71035
.73169
.72484
.71791
.71091
.70385
.93160
.95045
.96967
.98926
1.0092
1.0734
1.0521
1.0313
1.0109
.99084
1.3667
1.3796
1 .3929
1.4066
1 .4208
1.4671
1.4515
1.4365
1 .4219
1.4078
.80
.71736
.69671
1.0296
.97121
1.4353
1.3940
213
Table 9
(continued)
NATU R A L T R I G O N OM ET R I C FU N C T I O N S
(in radians)
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x
Cot x
.80
.81
.82
.83
.84
.71736
.72429
.73115
.73793
.74464
Sec x
Csc x
.69671
.68950
.68222
.67488
.66746
1.0296
1.0505
1.0717
1.0934
1 .1156
.97121
.95197
.93309
.91455
.89635
1.4353
1.4503
1.4658
1.4818
1.4982
1.3940
1.3807
1.3677
1 .3551
1.3429
.85
.86
.87
.88
.89
.75128
.75784
.76433
.77074
.77707
.65998
.65244
.64483
.63715
.62941
1 .1383
1.1616
1.1853
1.2097
1.2346
.87848
.86091
.84365
.82668
.80998
1.5152
1.5327
1.5508
1.5695
1.5888
1.3311
1.3195
1.3083
1.2975
1.2869
.90
.91
.92
.93
.94
.78333
.78950
.79560
.80162
.80756
.62161
.61375
.60582
.59783
.58979
1.2602
1.2864
1.3133
1.3409
1.3692
.79355
.77738
.76146
.74578
.73034
1.6087
1.6293
1.6507
1.6727
1.6955
1.2766
1.2666
1.2569
1.2475
1.2383
.95
.96
.97
.98
.99
.81342
.81919
.82489
.83050
.83603
.58168
.57352
.56530
.55702
.54869
1.3984
1.4284
1.4592
1.4910
1 .5237
.71511
.70010
.68531
.67071
.65631
1.7191
1 .7436
1.7690
1.7953
1.8225
1.2294
1.2207
1.2123
1.2041
1.1961
1.00
1 .01
1 .02
1.03
1.04
.84147
.84683
.85211
.85730
.86240
.54030
.53186
.52337
.51482
.50622
1.5574
1.5922
1.6281
1.6652
1.7036
.64209
.62806
.61420
.60051
.58699
1.8508
1.8802
1.9107
1.9424
1.9754
1 .1884
1.1809
1.1736
1.1665
1.1595
1 .05
1.06
1 .07
1 .08
1 .09
.86742
.87236
.87720
.88196
.88663
.49757
.48887
.48012
.47133
.46249
1.7433
1.7844
1.8270
1.8712
1 .9171
.57362
.56040
.54734
.53441
.52162
2.0098
2.0455
2.0828
2.1217
2.1622
1.1528
1.1463
1.1400
1 .1338
1 .1279
1.10
1.11
1 .12
1.13
1.14
.89121
.89570
.90010
.90441
.90863
.45360
.44466
.43568
.42666
.41759
1.9648
2.0143
2 .0660
2.1198
2.1759
.50897
.49644
.48404
.47175
.45959
2.2046
2.2489
2.2952
2.3438
2.3947
1.1221
1.1164
1.1110
1.1057
1.1006
1 .15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
.91276
.91680
.92075
.92461
.92837
.40849
.39934
.39015
.38092
.37166
2.2345
2.2958
2.3600
2.4273
2 .4979
.44753
.43558
.42373
.41199
.40034
2.4481
2.5041
2.5631
2.6252
2 .6906
1.0956
1.0907
1.0861
1 .0815
1 .0772
1.20
.93204
.36236
2.5722
.38878
2.7597
1 .0729
214
Table 9
(continued)
N A T U R A L T R I G O N O M ET R I C F U N C TI O N S
(in radians)
Sin x
Cos x
Tan x
Cot x
Sec x
Csc x
1 .20
1 .21
1 .22
1 .23
1 .24
.93204
.93562
.93910
.94249
.94578
.36236
.35302
.34365
.33424
.32480
2.5722
2.6503
2.7328
2.8198
2.9119
.38878
.37731
.36593
.35463
.34341
2.7597
2.8327
2.9100
2.9919
3.0789
1.07292
1 .06881
1 .06485
1 .06102
1 .05732
1 .25
1.26
1 .27
1 .28
1 .29
.94898
.95209
.95510
.95802
.96084
.31532
.30582
.29628
.28672
.27712
3.0096
3.1133
3.2236
3.3414
3.4672
.33227
.32121
.31021
.29928
.28842
3.1714
3.2699
3.3752
3.4878
3.6085
1 .05376
1 .05032
1.04701
1.04382
1 . 04076
1 .30
1 .31
1 .32
1 .33
1.34
.96356
.96618
.96872
.97115
.97348
.26750
.25785
.24818
.23848
.22875
3.6021
3.7471
3.9033
4.0723
4.2556
.27762
.26687
.25619
.24556
.23498
3.7383
3 .8782
4.0294
4.1933
4.3715
1 .03782
1 .03500
1 .03230
1 .02971
1 .02724
1 .35
1 .36
1.37
1 .38
1 .39
.97572
.97786
.97991
.98185
.98370
.21901
.20924
.19945
.18964
.17981
4.4552
4.6734
4.9131
5 .1774
5.4707
.22446
.21398
.20354
.19315
.18279
4.5661
4.7792
5.0138
5.2731
5.5613
1 .02488
1 .02264
1.02050
1 .01848
1.01657
1.40
1.41
1 .42
1.43
1.44
.98545
.98710
.98865
.99010
.99146
.16997
.16010
.15023
.14033
.13042
5.7979
6.1654
6.5811
7.0555
7.6018
.17248
.16220
.15195
.14173
.13155
5.8835
6.2459
6.6567
7.1260
7 .6673
1 .01477
1.01307
1 .01148
1 .00999
1 .00862
1.45
1 .46
1.47
1 .48
1 .49
.99271
.99387
.99492
.99588
.99674
.12050
.11057
.10063
.09067
.08071
8.2381
8.9886
9.8874
10.9834
12.3499
.12139
.1 1 125
.10114
.09105
.08097
8.2986
9.0441
9.9378
1 1 .0288
12.3903
1 .00734
1 .00617
1 .00510
1 .00414
1 .00327
1 .50
1.51
1.52
1 .53
1.54
.99749
.99815
.99871
.99917
.99953
.07074
.06076
.05077
.04079
.03079
14.1014
1 6.4281
1 9.6695
24.4984
32.461 1
.07091
.06087
.05084
.04082
.03081
14.1368
16.4585
19.6949
24.5188
32.4765
1 .00251
1 .00185
1 .00129
1 .00083
1 .00047
1 .55
1 .56
1 .57
1 .58
1.59
.99978
.99994
1.00000
.99996
.99982
.02079
.01080
.00080
-.00920
-.01920
48.0785
92.6205
1255.77
-108.649
-52.0670
.02080
.01080
.00080
-.00920
- .01921
48.0889
92.6259
1255.77
-108.654
-52.0766
1 .00022
1 .00006
1 .00000
1 .00004
1.00018
1 .60
.99957
-.02920
-34.2325
-.02921
-34.2471
1 .00043
215
log Sin
TABLE
10
[subtract

10 from
each entry]
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
8.2419
8.5428
8.7188
8.8436
7.4637
8.3088
8.5776
8.7423
8.8613
7.7648
8.3668
8.6097
8.7645
8.8783
7.9408
8.4179
8.6397
8.7857
8.8946
8.0658
8.4637
8.6677
8.8059
8.9104
8.1627
8.5050
8.6940
8.8251
8.9256
50
6
7
8
9
8.9403
9.0192
9.0859
9.1436
9.1943
8.9545
9.0311
9.0961
9.1525
9.2022
8.9682
9.0426
9.1060
9.1612
9.2100
8.9816
9.0539
9.1157
9.1697
9.2176
8.9945
9.0648
9.1252
9.1781
9.2251
9.0070
9.0755
9.1345
9.1863
9.2324
10 0
11
12
13
14
9.2397
9.2806
9.3179
9.3521
9.3837
9.2468
9.2870
9.3238
9.3575
9.3887
9.2538
9.2934
9.3296
9.3629
9.3937
9.2606
9.2997
9.3353
9.3682
9.3986
9.2674
9.3058
9.3410
9.3734
9.4035
9.2740
9.3119
9.3466
9.3786
9.4083
15
16
17
18
19
9.4130
9.4403
9.4659
9.4900
9.5126
9.4177
9.4447
9.4700
9.4939
9.5163
9.4223
9.4491
9.4741
9.4977
9.5199
9.4269
9.4533
9.4781
9.5015
9.5235
9.4314
9.4576
9.4821
9.5052
9.5270
9.4359
9.4618
9.4861
9.5090
9.5306
20
21
22
23
24
9.5341
9.5543
9.5736
9.5919
9.6093
9.5375
9.5576
9.5767
9.5948
9.6121
9.5409
9.5609
9.5798
9.5978
9.6149
9.5443
9.5641
9.5828
9.6007
9.6177
9.5477
9.5673
9.5859
9.6036
9.6205
9.5510
9.5704
9.5889
9.6065
9.6232
25
26
27
28
29
9.6259
9.6418
9.6570
9.6716
9.6856
9.6286
9.6444
9.6595
9.6740
9.6878
9.6313
9.6470
9.6620
9.6763
9.6901
9.6340
9.6495
9.6644
9.6787
9.6923
9.6366
9.6521
9.6668
9.6810
9.6946
9.6392
9.6546
9.6692
9.6833
9.6968
30
31
32
33
34
9.6990
9.7118
9.7242
9.7361
9.7476
9.7012
9.7139
9.7262
9.7380
9.7494
9.7033
9.7160
9.7282
9.7400
9.7513
9.7055
9.7181
9.7302
9.7419
9.7531
9.7076
9.7201
9.7322
9.7438
9.7550
9.7097
9.7222
9.7342
9.7457
9.7568
35
36
37
38
39
9.7586
9.7692
9.7795
9.7893
9.7989
9.7604
9.7710
9.7811
9.7910
9.8004
9.7622
9.7727
9.7828
9.7926
9.8020
9.7640
9.7744
9.7844
9.7941
9.8035
9.7657
9.7761
9.7861
9.7957
9.8050
9.7675
9.7778
9.7877
9.7973
9.8066
40
41
42
43
44
9.8081
9.8169
9.8255
9.8338
9.8418
9.8096
9.8184
9.8269
9.8351
9.8431
9.8111
9.8198
9.8283
9.8365
9.8444
9.8125
9.8213
9.8297
9.8378
9.8457
9.8140
9.8227
9.8311
9.8391
9.8469
9.8155
9.8241
9.8324
9.8405
9.8482
45
9.8495
9.8507
9.8520
9.8532
9.8545
9.8557
216
log Sin

[subtract 10 from each entry]
Table 10
(continued)
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
45
46
47
48
49
9.8495
9.8569
9.8641
9.8711
9.8778
9.8507
9.8582
9.8653
9.8722
9.8789
9.8520
9.8594
9.8665
9.8733
9.8800
9.8532
9.8606
9.8676
9.8745
9.8810
9.8545
9.8618
9.8688
9.8756
9.8821
9.8557
9.8629
9.8699
9.8767
9.8832
50
51
52
53
54
9.8843
9.8905
9.8965
9.9023
9.9080
9.8853
9.8915
9 .8975
9.9033
9.9089
9.8864
9.8925
9.8985
9.9042
9.9098
9.8874
9.8935
9.8995
9.9052
9.9107
9.8884
9.8945
9.9004
9.9061
9.9116
9.8895
3.8955
9.9014
9.9070
9.9125
55
56
57
58
59
9.9134
9.9186
9.9236
9.9284
9.9331
9.9142
9.9194
9.9244
9.9292
9.9338
9.9151
9.9203
9.9252
9.9300
9.9346
9.9160
9.9211
9.9260
9.9308
9.9353
9.9169
9.9219
9.9268
9.9315
9.9361
9.9177
9.9228
9.9276
9.9323
9.9368
60
61
62
63
64
9.9375
9.9418
9.9459
9.9499
9.9537
9.9383
9.9425
9.9466
9.9505
9.9543
9.9390
9.9432
9.9473
9.9512
9.9549
9.9397
9.9439
9.9479
9.9518
9.9555
9.9404
9.9446
9.9486
9.9524
9.9561
9.9411
9.9453
9.9492
9.9530
9.9567
65
66
67
68
69
9.9573
9.9607
9.9640
9.9672
9.9702
9.9579
9.9613
9.9646
9.9677
9.9706
9.9584
9.9618
9.9651
9.9682
9.9711
9.9590
9.9624
9.9656
9.9687
9.9716
9.9596
9.9629
9.9661
9.9692
9.9721
9.9602
9.9635
9.9667
9.9697
9.9725
70
71
72
73
74
9.9730
9.9757
9.9782
9.9806
9.9828
9.9734
9.9761
9.9786
9.9810
9.9832
9.9739
9.9765
9.9790
9.9814
9.9836
9.9743
9.9770
9.9794
9.9817
9.9839
9.9748
9.9774
9.9798
9.9821
9.9843
9.9752
9.9778
9.9802
9.9825
9.9846
75
76
77
78
79
9.9849
9.9869
9.9887
9.9904
9.9919
9.9853
9.9872
9.9890
9.9907
9.9922
9.9856
9.9875
9.9893
9.9909
9.9924
9.9859
9.9878
9.9896
9.9912
9.9927
9.9863
9.9881
9.9899
9.9914
9.9929
9.9866
9.9884
9.9901
9.9917
9.9931
80
81
82
83
84
9.9934
9.9946
9.9958
9.9968
9.9976
9.9936
9.9948
9.9959
9.9969
9.9977
9.9938
9.9950
9.9961
9.9971
9.9979
9.9940
9.9952
9.9963
9.9972
9.9980
9.9942
9.9954
9.9964
9.9973
9.9981
9.9944
9.9956
9.9966
9.9975
9.9982
85
86
87
88
89
9.9983
9.9989
9.9994
9.9997
9.9999
9.9985
9.9990
9.9995
9.9998
10.0000
9.9986
9.9991
9.9995
9.9998
10.0000
9.9987
9.9992
9.9996
9.9999
10.0000
9.9988
9.9993
9.9996
9.9999
10.0000
9.9989
9.9993
9.9997
9.9999
1 0.0000
90
10.0000
217
log
TABLE
11
COS X
[subtract

10 from
each entry]
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
10.0000
9.9999
9.9997
9.9994
9.9989
10.0000
9.9999
9.9997
9.9993
9.9989
10.0000
9.9999
9.9996
9.9993
9.9988
10.0000
9.9999
9.9996
9.9992
9.9987
10.0000
9.9998
9.9995
9.9991
9.9986
10.0000
9.9998
9.9995
9.9990
9.9985
50
6
7
8
9
9.9983
9.9976
9.9968
9.9958
9.9946
9.9982
9.9975
9.9966
9.9956
9.9944
9.9981
9.9973
9.9964
9.9954
9.9942
9.9980
9.9972
9.9963
9.9952
9.9940
9.9979
9.9971
9.9961
9.9950
9.9938
9.9977
9.9969
9.9959
9.9948
9.9936
10
11
12
13
14
9.9934
9.9919
9.9904
9.9887
9.9869
9.9931
9.9917
9.9901
9.9884
9.9866
9.9929
9.9914
9.9899
9.9881
9.9863
9.9927
9.9912
9.9896
9.9878
9.9859
9.9924
9.9909
9.9893
9.9875
9.9856
9.9922
9.9907
9.9890
9.9872
9.9853
15
16
17
18
19
9.9849
9.9828
9.9806
9.9782
9.9757
9.9846
9.9825
9.9802
9.9778
9.9752
9.9843
9.9821
9.9798
9.9774
9.9748
9.9839
9.9817
9.9794
9.9770
9.9743
9.9836
9.9814
9.9790
9.9765
9.9739
9.9832
9.9810
9.9786
9.9761
9.9734
20
21
22
23
24
9.9730
9.9702
9.9672
9.9640
9.9607
9.9725
9.9697
9.9667
9.9635
9.9602
9.9721
9.9692
9.9661
9.9629
9.9596
9.9716
9.9687
9.9656
9.9624
9.9590
9.9711
9.9682
9.9651
9.9618
9.9584
9.9706
9.9677
9.9646
9.9613
9.9579
25
26
27
28
29
9.9573
9.9537
9.9499
9.9459
9.9418
9.9567
9.9530
9.9492
9.9453
9.9411
9.9561
9.9524
9.9486
9.9446
9.9404
9.9555
9.9518
9.9479
9.9439
9.9397
9.9549
9.9512
9.9473
9.9432
9.9390
9.9543
9.9505
9.9466
9.9425
9.9383
30
31
32
33
34
9.9375
9.9331
9.9284
9.9236
9.9186
9.9368
9.9323
9.9276
9.9228
9.9177
9.9361
9.9315
9.9268
9.9219
9.9169
9.9353
9.9308
9.9260
9.9211
9.9160
9.9346
9.9300
9.9252
9.9203
9.9151
9.9338
9.9292
9.9244
9.9194
9.9142
35
36
37
38
39
9.9134
9.9080
9.9023
9.8965
9.8905
9.9125
9.9070
9.9014
9.8955
9.8895
9.9116
9.9061
9.9004
9.8945
9.8884
9.9107
9.9052
9.8995
9.8935
9.8874
9.9098
9.9042
9.8985
9.8925
9.8864
9.9089
9.9033
9.8975
9.8915
9.8853
40
41
42
43
44
9.8843
9.8778
9.8711
9.8641
9.8569
9.8832
9.8767
9.8699
9.8629
9.8557
9.8821
9.8756
9.8688
9.8618
9.8545
9.8810
9.8745
9.8676
9.8606
9.8532
9.8800
9.8733
9.8665
9.8594
9.8520
9.8789
9.8722
9.8653
9.8582
9.8507
45
9.8495
9.8482
9.8469
9.8457
9.8444
9.8431
218
log
Table 1 1
(continued)
COS X
[subtract 10
from
each entry]
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
45
46
47
48
49
9.8495
9.8418
9.8338
9.8255
9.8169
9.8482
9.8405
9.8324
9.8241
9.8155
9.8469
9.8391
9.831 1
9.8227
9.8140
9.8457
9.8378
9.8297
9.8213
9.8125
9.8444
9.8365
9.8283
9.8198
9.8 1 1 1
9.8431
9.8351
9.8269
9.8184
9.8096
50
51
52
53
54
9.8081
9.7989
9.7893
9.7795
9.7692
9.8066
9.7973
9 .7877
9.7778
9.7675
9.8050
9.7957
9 .7861
9.7761
9.7657
9.8035
9.7941
9.7844
9.7744
9.7640
9.8020
9.7926
9. 7828
9.7727
9.7622
9.8004
9.7910
9.7811
9.7710
9.7604
55
56
57
58
59
9.7586
9.7476
9.7361
9.7242
9.7118
9.7568
9.7457
9.7342
9.7222
9.7097
9.7550
9.7438
9.7322
9.7201
9.7076
9.7531
9.7419
9.7302
9.7181
9.7055
9.7513
9.7400
9.7282
9.7160
9.7033
9.7494
9.7380
9.7262
9.7139
9.7012
60
61
62
63
64
9.6990
9.6856
9.6716
9.6570
9.6418
9.6968
9.6833
9.6692
9.6546
9.6392
9.6946
9.6810
9.6668
9.6521
9.6366
9.6923
9.6787
9.6644
9.6495
9.6340
9.6901
9.6763
9.6620
9.6470
9.6313
9.6878
9.6740
9.6595
9.6444
9.6286
65
66
67
68
69
9.6259
9.6093
9.5919
9.5736
9.5543
9.6232
9.6065
9.5889
9.5704
9.5510
9.6205
9.6036
9.5859
9.5673
9.5477
9.6177
9.6007
9.5828
9.5641
9.5443
9.6149
9.5978
9.5798
9.5609
9.5409
9.6121
9.5948
9.5767
9.5576
9.5375
70
71
72
73
74
9.5341
9.5126
9.4900
9.4659
9.4403
9.5306
9.5090
9.4861
9.4618
9 .4359
9.5270
9.5052
9.4821
9.4576
9.4314
9.5235
9.5015
9.4781
9.4533
9.4269
9.5199
9.4977
9.4741
9.4491
9.4223
9.5163
9.4939
9.4700
9.4447
9.4177
75
76
77
78
79
9.4130
9.3837
9.3521
9.3179
9.2806
9.4083
9.3786
9.3466
9.3119
9.2740
9.4035
9.3734
9.3410
9.3058
9.2674
9.3986
9.3682
9.3353
9.2997
9.2606
9.3937
9.3629
9.3296
9.2934
9.2538
9.3887
9.3575
9.3238
9.2870
9.2468
80
81
82
83
84
9.2397
9.1943
9.1436
9.0859
9.0192
9.2324
9.1863
9.1345
9.0755
9.0070
9.2251
9.1781
9.1252
9.0648
8.9945
9.2176
9.169 7
9.1157
9.0539
8.9816
9.2100
9.1612
9.1060
9.0426
8.9682
9.2022
9.1 525
9.0961
9.0311
8.9545
85
86
87
88
89
8.9403
8.8436
8.7188
8.5428
8.2419
8.9256
8.8251
8.6940
8.5050
8.1 627
8.9104
8.8059
8.6677
8.4637
8.0658
8.8946
8.7857
8.6397
8.4179
7.9408
8.8783
8.7645
8.6097
8.3668
7.7648
8.8613
8.7423
8.5776
8.3088
7.4637
goo
219
log tan
TABLE
12
X (x in degrees and minutes)

[subtract 10 from each entry]
0'
-
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
oo
1
2
3
4
8.2419
8.5431
8.7194
8.8446
7.4637
8.3089
8.5779
8.7429
8.8624
7.7648
8.3669
8.6101
8.7652
8.8795
7.9409
8.4181
8.6401
8.7865
8.8960
8.0658
8.4638
8.6682
8.8067
8.9118
8.1627
8.5053
8.6945
8.8261
8.9272
50
6
7
8
9
8.9420
9.0216
9.0891
9.1478
9.1997
8.9563
9.0336
9.0995
9.1569
9.2078
8.9701
9.0453
9.1096
9.1 658
9.2158
8.9836
9.0567
9.1 194
9.1745
9.2236
8.9966
9.0678
9.1291
9.1831
9.2313
9.0093
9.0786
9.1385
9.1915
9.2389
10
11
12
13
14
9.2463
9.2887
9.3275
9.3634
9.3968
9.2536
9.2953
9.3336
9.3691
9.4021
9.2609
9.3020
9.3397
9.3748
9.4074
9.2680
9.3085
9.3458
9.3804
9.4127
9.2750
9.3149
9.3517
9.3859
9.4178
9.2819
9.3212
9.3576
9.3914
9.4230
15
16
17
18
19
9.4281
9.4575
9.4853
9.51 1 8
9.5370
9.4331
9.4622
9.4898
9.5161
9.5411
9.4381
9.4669
9.4943
9.5203
9.5451
9.4430
9.4716
9.4987
9.5245
9.5491
9.4479
9.4762
9.5031
9.5287
9.5531
9.4527
9.4808
9.5075
9.5329
9.5571
20
21
22
23
24
9.5611
9.5842
9.6064
9.6279
9.6486
9.5650
9.5879
9.6100
9.6314
9.6520
9.5689
9.5917
9.6136
9.6348
9.6553
9.5727
9.5954
9.6172
9.6383
9.6587
9.5766
9.5991
9.6208
9.6417
9.6620
9.5804
9.6028
9.6243
9.6452
9.6654
25
26
27
28
29
9.6687
9.6882
9.7072
9.7257
9.7438
9.6720
9.6914
9.7103
9.7287
9.7467
9.6752
9.6946
9.7134
9.7317
9.7497
9.6785
9.6977
9.7165
9.7348
9.7526
9.6817
9.7009
9.7196
9.7378
9.7556
9.6850
9.7040
9.7226
9.7408
9.7585
30
31
32
33
34
9.7614
9.7788
9.7958
9.8125
9.8290
9.7644
9.7816
9.7986
9.8153
9.8317
9.7673
9.7845
9.8014
9.8180
9.8344
9.7701
9.7873
9.8042
9.8208
9.8371
9.7730
9.7902
9.8070
9.8235
9.8398
9.7759
9.7930
9.8097
9.8263
9.8425
35
36
37
38
39
9.8452
9.8613
9.8771
9.8928
9.9084
9.8479
9.8639
9.8797
9.8954
9.9110
9.8506
9.8666
9.8824
9.8980
9.9135
9.8533
9.8692
9.8850
9.9006
9.9161
9.8559
9.8718
9.8876
9.9032
9.9187
9.8586
9.8745
9.8902
9.9058
9.9212
40
41
42
43
44
9.9238
9.9392
9.9544
9.9697
9.9848
9.9264
9.9417
9.9570
9.9722
9.9874
9.9289
9.9443
9.9595
9.9747
9.9899
9.9315
9.9468
9.9621
9.9772
9.9924
9.9341
9.9494
9.9646
9.9798
9.9949
9.9366
9.9519
9.9671
9.9823
9.9975
45
10.0000
10.0025
10.0051
10.0076
10.0101
10.0126
220
log
Table 1 2
(continued)
tan X
[subtract
10 from
each entry]
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
45
46
47
48
49
10.0000
10.0152
10.0303
10.0456
10.0608
10.0025
10.0177
10.0329
10.0481
10.0634
10.0051
10.0202
10.0354
10.0506
10.0659
10.0076
10.0228
10.0379
10.0532
10.0685
10.0101
10.0253
10.0405
10.0557
10.0711
10.0126
10.0278
10.0430
10.0583
10.0736
50
51
52
53
54
10.0762
10.0916
10.1072
10.1229
10.1387
10.0788
10.0942
10.1098
10.1255
10.1414
10.0813
10.0968
10.1124
10. 1282
10.1441
10.0839
10.0994
10.1150
10.1308
10.1467
10.0865
10.1020
10.1176
10.1334
10.1494
10.0890
10.1046
10.1203
10.1 361
10.1521
55
56
57
58
59
10.1548
10.1710
1 0.1875
10.2042
10.2212
10.1575
10.1737
10. 1903
10.2070
10.2241
10.1602
10.1 765
10.1930
10.2098
10.2270
10.1 629
10.1792
10.1958
10.2127
10.2299
10.1656
10.1820
10.1986
10.2155
10.2327
10.1683
10.1847
10.2014
10.2184
10.2356
60
61
62
63
64
10.2386
10.2562
10.2743
10.2928
10.3118
10.2415
10.2592
10.2774
10.2960
10.3150
10.2444
10.2622
10.2804
10.2991
10.3183
10.2474
10.2652
10.2835
10.3023
10.3215
10.2503
10.2683
10.2866
10.3054
10.3248
10.2533
10.2713
10.2897
10.3086
10.3280
65
66
67
68
69
10.3313
10.3514
10.3721
10.3936
10.4158
10.3346
10.3548
10.3757
10.3972
10.4196
10.3380
10.3583
10.3792
10.4009
10.4234
10.3413
10.3617
10.3828
10.4046
10.4273
10.3447
10.3652
10.3864
10.4083
10.4311
10.3480
10.3686
10.3900
10.4121
10.4350
70
71
72
73
74
10.4389
10.4630
10.4882
10.5147
10.5425
1 0.4429
10.4671
10.4925
10.5192
10.5473
10.4469
10.4713
1 0.4969
10.5238
10.5521
10.4509
10.4755
10.5013
10.5284
10.5570
10.4549
10.4797
10.5057
10.5331
10.5619
10.4589
10.4839
1 0.5102
10.5378
10.5669
75
76
77
78
79
10.5719
1 0.6032
10.6366
10.6725
10.71 13
10.5770
10.6086
10.6424
10.6788
10.7181
10.5822
10.6141
10.6483
10.6851
10.7250
10.5873
10.6196
10.6542
10.6915
10.7320
10.5926
10.6252
10.6603
10.6980
10.7391
10.5979
10.6309
10.6664
10.7047
10.7464
80
81
82
83
84
10.7537
10.8003
10.8522
10.9109
10.9784
10.7611
10.8085
10.8615
10.9214
10.9907
10.7687
10.8169
10.8709
10.9322
1 1.0034
10.7764
10.8255
10.8806
10.9433
1 1.0164
10.7842
10.8342
10.8904
10.9547
11.0299
10.7922
10.8431
10.9005
10.9664
11 .0437
85
86
87
88
89
1 1.0580
1 1.1554
11 .2806
11 .4569
11.7581
11 .0728
11.1 739
11 .3055
11 .4947
1 1.8373
11 .0882
11.1933
1 1 .3318
1 1 .5362
11.9342
11 .1040
11.2135
11.3599
11 .5819
12.0591
11.1205
11 .2348
11.3899
11 .6331
12.2352
11.1376
11.2571
11.4221
11.6911
12.5363
goo
221
TABLE
13
C O N V E RS I O N O F RA D IA N S T O D E G R E E S ,
M I N U T ES A N D S E C O N D S O R F R AC T IO N S O F D E G R E E S
Deg.
Min.
Sec.
Fractions of
Degrees
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
57
114
171
229
286
343
401
458
515
572
17'
35'
53'
10'
28'
46'
4'
21'
39'
57'
44.8"
29.6"
14.4"
59.2"
44.0"
28.8"
13.6"
58.4"
43.3"
28.1"
57.2958
1 14.5916
171 .8873
229.1831
286.4789
343.7747
401.0705
458.3662
51 5.6620
572.9578
.1
50
110
17
22
28
34
40
45
51
43'
27'
11'
55'
38'
22'
6'
50'
33'
46.5"
33.0"
19.4"
5.9"
52.4"
38.9"
25.4"
1 1 .8"
58.3"
oo
22.6"
45.3"
7.9"
30.6"
53.2"
1 5.9"
38.5"
1 .2"
23.8"
Radians
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.01
.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
10
20
20
so
40
40
50
34'
8'
43'
17'
51'
26'
0'
35'
9'
.001
.002
.003
.004
.005
.006
.007
.008
.009
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
3'
6'
10'
13'
17'
20'
24'
27'
30'
26.3"
52.5"
18.8"
45.1"
1 1 .3"
37.6"
3.9"
30.1"
56.4"
.0001
.0002
.0003
.0004
.0005
.0006
.0007
.0008
.0009
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
oo
0'
0'
1'
1'
1'
2'
2'
2'
3'
20.6"
41.3"
1 .9"
22.5"
43.1"
3.8"
24.4"
45.0"
5.6"
222
TABLE
14
C O NV E R S I O N O F D E G R E E S, M I N U T E S
A N D S E C O N D S T O RA D I A N S
Degrees
Radians
10
.01 74533
.0349066
20
go
.0523599
40
50
.0872665
60
70
.1047198
.1221730
.0698132
go
. 1 396263
go
. 1570796
10
. 1 745329
Minutes
Radians
1'
.00029089
2'
.00058178
3'
4'
.00116355
.00087266
5'
6'
.00145444
7'
.00203622
.00174533
8'
.00232711
9'
10'
.00261800
Seconds
Radians
.00290888
1"
.0000048481
2"
.0000096963
3"
.0000145444
4"
.0000193925
5"
.0000242407
6"
.0000290888
7"
.0000339370
8"
.0000387851
9"
.0000436332
10"
.0000484814
223
N ATU RAL OR N A P I E R I A N L O G A R IT H MS
TABLE
15
X
loge
or
In
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
.00000
.09531
.18232
.26236
.33647
.00995
.10436
.19062
.27003
.34359
.01980
.11333
.19885
.27763
.35066
.02956
.12222
.20701
.28518
.35767
.03922
.13103
.21511
.29267
.36464
.04879
.13976
.22314
.30010
.37156
.05827
.14842
.23111
.30748
.37844
.06766
.15700
.23902
.31481
.38526
.07696
.16551
.24686
.32208
.39204
.08618
.17395
.25464
.32930
.39878
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
.40547
.47000
.53063
.58779
.64185
.41211
.47623
.53649
.59333
.64710
.41871
.48243
.54232
.59884
.65233
.42527
.48858
.54812
.60432
.65752
.43178
.49470
.55389
.60977
.66269
.43825
.50078
.55962
.61519
.66783
.44469
.50682
.56531
.62058
.67294
.45108
.51282
.57098
.62594
.67803
.45742
.51879
.57661
.63127
.68310
.46373
.52473
.58222
.63658
.68813
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
.69315
.74194
.78846
.83291
.87547
.69813
.74669
.79299
.83725
.87963
.70310
.75142
.79751
.84157
.88377
.70804
.75612
.80200
.84587
.88789
.71295
.76081
.80648
.85015
.89200
.71784
.76547
.81093
.85442
.89609
.72271
.77011
.81536
.85866
.90016
.72755
.77473
.81978
.86289
.90422
.73237
.77932
.82418
.86710
.90826
.73716
.78390
.82855
.87129
.91228
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
.91629
.95551
.99325
1.02962
1.06471
.92028
.95935
.99695
1 .03318
1.06815
.92426
.96317
1.00063
1.03674
1.07158
.92822
.96698
1.00430
1 .04028
1 .07500
.93216
.97078
1.00796
1 .04380
1.07841
.93609
.97456
1.01160
1.04732
1.08181
.94001
.97833
1.01523
1.05082
1.08519
.94391
.98208
1.01885
1.05431
1.08856
.94779
.98582
1.02245
1.05779
1.09192
.95166
.98954
1 .02604
1.06126
1.09527
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
1.09861
1.13140
1.16315
1.19392
1.22378
1.10194
1.13462
1 .16627
1.19695
1.22671
1 .10526
1.13783
1.16938
1.19996
1 .22964
1.10856
1.14103
1 .17248
1.20297
1 .23256
1.11186
1.14422
1.17557
1 .20597
1.23547
1.11514
1.14740
1 .17865
1.20896
1.23837
1 .1 1841
1.15057
1 .18173
1 .21194
1.24127
1.12168
1 .15373
1.18479
1.21491
1.24415
1.12493
1.15688
1.18784
1 .21788
1.24703
1 .12817
1.16002
1 .19089
1 .22083
1.24990
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
1.25276
1 .28093
1.30833
1.33500
1.36098
1.25562
1 .28371
1 .31103
1.33763
1.36354
1.25846
1.28647
1.31372
1.34025
1 .36609
1.26130
1.28923
1.31641
1.34286
1.36864
1.26413
1.29198
1.31909
1 .34547
1.37118
1.26695
1.29473
1 .32176
1.34807
1.37372
1 .26976
1.29746
1.32442
1.35067
1 .37624
1.27257
1 .30019
1.32708
1.35325
1.37877
1.27536
1.30291
1 .32972
1.35584
1.38128
1.27815
1 .30563
1.33237
1 .35841
1 .38379
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
1 .38629
1.41099
1.43508
1.45862
1.48160
1.38879
1 .41342
1 .43746
1.46094
1 .48387
1 .39128
1.41585
1.43984
1.46326
1.48614
1 .39377
1.41828
1.44220
1.46557
1.48840
1.39624
1.42070
1 .44456
1 .46787
1.49065
1.39872
1.42311
1.44692
1.47018
1.49290
1 .40118
1.42552
1 .44927
1 .47247
1.49515
1 .40364
1.42792
1.45161
1.47476
1.49739
1.40610
1.43031
1.45395
1.47705
1.49962
1.40854
1.43270
1.45629
1 .47933
1.50185
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
1 .50408
1.52606
1.54756
1.56862
1.58924
1.50630
1.52823
1.54969
1.57070
1 .59127
1.50851
1.53039
1.55181
1.57277
1.59331
1.51072
1 .53256
1.55393
1.57485
1.59534
1 .51293
1.53471
1 .55604
1.57691
1.59737
1 .51513
1.53687
1.55814
1.57898
1.59939
1.51732
1 .53902
1 .56025
1 .58104
1.60141
1 .51951
1.54116
1.56235
1.58309
1.60342
1.52170
1.54330
1.56444
1.58515
1.60543
1.52388
1 .54543
1.56653
1.58719
1 .60744
16.11810
In 10
2.30259
4 In 1 0
9.21034
7 ln 10
2 In 1 0
4.60517
5 In 1 0
1 1 .51293
8 In 10
18.42068
9 In 10
20.72327
3 I n 10
6.90776
6 I n 10
13.81551
224
Table 1 5
(continued)
N A T U R A L O R N A P I E R I A N L O G A R IT H M S
loge
or
In
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5 .4
1 .60944
1.62924
1.64866
1 .66771
1 .68640
1 .61144
1 .63120
1 .65058
1 .66959
1 .68825
1 .61343
1 .63315
1 .65250
1 .67147
1 .69010
1.61542
1 .6351 1
1.65441
1.67335
1 .69194
1 .61741
1.63705
1 .65632
1.67523
1 .69378
1 .61939
1.63900
1 .65823
1.67710
1.69562
1.62 1 37
1.64094
1.66013
1 .67896
1 .69745
1 .62334
1 .64287
1.66203
1 .68083
1 .69928
1 .62531
1 .64481
1 .66393
1 .68269
1.70111
1 .62728
1.64673
1.66582
1 .68455
1.70293
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.70475
1 .72277
1 .74047
1.75786
1 .77495
1 .70656
1 .72455
1 .74222
1.75958
1 .77665
1 .70838
1.72633
1.74397
1 .76130
1.77834
1 .71019
1 .72811
1 .74572
1 .76302
1 .78002
1.71199
1 .72988
1.74746
1.76473
1 .78171
1 .71380
1.73166
1 .74920
1 .76644
1 .78339
1 .71560
1.73342
1.75094
1.76815
1.78507
1.71740
1.73519
1 .75267
1 .76985
1 .78675
1 .71919
1.73695
1.75440
1 .77156
1 .78842
1 .72098
1 .73871
1 .75613
1.77326
1.79009
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.79176
1 .80829
1 .82455
1 .84055
1 .85630
1 .79342
1 .80993
1 .82616
1 .84214
1.85786
1.79509
1 .81156
1 .82777
1.84372
1 .85942
1 .79675
1 .81319
1.82938
1 .84530
1 .86097
1.79840
1 .81482
1.83098
1 .84688
1.86253
1.80006
1 .81645
1 .83258
1 .84845
1 .86408
1 .80171
1 .81808
1 .83418
1 .85003
1 .86563
1 .80336
1 .81970
1.83578
1 .85160
1 .86718
1.80500
1 .82132
1 .83737
1 .85317
1 .86872
1.80665
1 .82294
1 .83896
1 .85473
1 .87026
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
1 .87180
1.88707
1 .90211
1.91692
1.93152
1 .87334
1 .88858
1.90360
1 .91839
1 .93297
1 .87487
1 .89010
1 .90509
1 .91986
1 .93442
1.87641
1 .89160
1 .90658
1 .92132
1.93586
1 .87794
1 .8931 1
1 .90806
1 .92279
1.93730
1.87947
1.89462
1 .90954
1.92425
1 .93874
1 .88099
1 .89612
1 .91102
1 .92571
1 .94018
1 .88251
1.89762
1 .91250
1.92716
1.94162
1.88403
1.89912
1.91398
1..92862
1 .94305
1 .88555
1.90061
1 .91545
1 .93007
1 .94448
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
1 .94591
1.96009
1 .97408
1 .98787
2.00148
1 .94734
1.96150
1 .97547
1 .98924
2.00283
1 .94876
1.96291
1 .97685
1.99061
2.00418
1.95019
1 .96431
1 .97824
1 .99198
2.00553
1.95161
1 .96571
1 .97962
1.99334
2.00687
1 .95303
1 .96711
1 .98100
1 .99470
2.00821
1.95445
1 .96851
1 .98238
1.99606
2.00956
1 .95586
1 .96991
1 .98376
1 .99742
2.01089
1 .95727
1 .97130
1 .98513
1.99877
2.01223
1 .95869
1 .97269
1.98650
2.00013
2.01357
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
2.01490
2.02815
2.04122
2.05412
2.06686
2.01624
2.02946
2.04252
2.05540
2.06813
2.01757
2.03078
2.04381
2.05668
2.06939
2.01890
2.03209
2.045 1 1
2.05796
2.07065
2.02022
2.03340
2.04640
2.05924
2.07191
2.02155
2.03471
2.04769
2.06051
2.07317
2.02287
2.03601
2.04898
2.06179
2.07443
2 .02419
2.03732
2.05027
2.06306
2.07568
2 .02551
2.03862
2.05156
2.06433
2.07694
2.02683
2.03992
2.05284
2.06560
2.07819
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
2.07944
2.09186
2.10413
2.11626
2.12823
2.08069
2.09310
2.10535
2.1 1746
2.12942
2.08194
2.09433
2.10657
2.11866
2.13061
2.08318
2.09556
2.10779
2.11986
2.13180
2.08443
2.09679
2.10900
2.12106
2.13298
2.08567
2.09802
2.1 1021
2.12226
2.13417
2.08691
2.09924
2.11142
2.12346
2.13535
2.08815
2.10047
2.11263
2.12465
2.13653
2.08939
2.10169
2.11384
2.12585
2 .13771
2.09063
2.10291
2.11505
2.12704
2.13889
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
2.14007
2.15176
2.16332
2.17475
2.18605
2.14124
2.15292
2.16447
2 .17589
2.18717
2.14242
2.15409
2.16562
2.17702
2.18830
2.14359
2.15524
2.16677
2.17816
2.18942
2.14476
2.15640
2.16791
2.17929
2.19054
2.14593
2.15756
2.16905
2.18042
2.19165
2.14710
2.15871
2.17020
2.18155
2.19277
2.14827
2.15987
2.17134
2.18267
2.19389
2.14943
2 .16102
2.17248
2.18380
2.19500
2.15060
2.16217
2.17361
2.18493
2.19611
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
2.19722
2.20827
2.21920
2.23001
2.24071
2.19834
2.20937
2.22029
2.23109
2.24177
2 .19944
2.21047
2.22138
2.23216
2.24284
2.20055
2.21 157
2.22246
2.23324
2.24390
2.20166
2.21266
2.22354
2.23431
2.24496
2.20276
2.21375
2.22462
2.23538
2.24601
2.20387
2.21485
2.22570
2.23645
2.24707
2.20497
2.21594
2.22678
2.23751
2.24813
2.20607
2.21703
2.22786
2.23858
2.24918
2.20717
2.21812
2.22894
2.23965
2.25024
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
2.25129
2.26176
2.27213
2.28238
2.29253
2.25234
2.26280
2.27316
2.28340
2.29354
2.25339
2.26384
2.27419
2.28442
2.29455
2.25444
2.26488
2.27521
2.28544
2.29556
2.25549
2.26592
2.27624
2.28646
2.29657
2.25654
2.26696
2.27727
2.28747
2.29757
2.25759
2.26799
2.27829
2.28849
2.29858
2.25863
2.26903
2 .27932
2.2895 0
2.29958
2.25968
2.27006
2 .28034
2.29051
2.30058
2.26072
2.27109
2 .28136
2.29152
2.30158
225
TABLE
EXPON E N TIAL F U N C T I O N S
16
X
.4
1 .0000
1.1052
1.2214
1 .3499
1.4918
1 .0101
1 . 1 1 63
1 .2337
1 .3634
1 .5068
1 .0202
1 . 1 275
1 . 2461
1 .3771
1 .5220
1 .0305
1 . 1 388
1 .2586
1 .3910
1 .5373
1 .0408
1 . 1 503
1 .2712
1 .4049
1 . 5527
1.0513
1 .1618
1 .2840
1.4191
1 .5683
1 .0618
1 . 1 735
1 .2969
1 .4333
1 .5841
1 .0725
1 . 1 853
1 .3100
1 .4477
1 . 6000
1 .0833
1 . 1 972
1 .3231
1 .4623
1.6161
1 .0942
1 .2092
1 .3364
1 .4770
1 .6323
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1 . 6487
1.8221
2.0138
2.2255
2.4596
1 .6653
1.8404
2.0340
2.2479
2.4843
1 .6820
1 .8589
2.0544
2.2705
2.5093
1 . 6989
1 .8776
2.0751
2.2933
2.5345
1 .7160
1 .8965
2.0959
2.3164
2.5600
1.7333
1 .9155
2.1 1 70
2.3396
2.5857
1 .7507
1 .9348
2.1383
2.3632
2.61 1 7
1. 7683
1.9542
2.1598
2.3869
2.6379
1.7860
1 .9739
2.1815
2.4109
2.6645
1 .8040
1 .9937
2.2034
2.4351
2.6912
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.7183
3.0042
3.3201
3.6693
4.0552
2.7456
3.0344
3.3535
3.7062
4.0960
2.7732
3.0649
3.3872
3.7434
4.1 371
2.80 1 1
3.0957
3.4212
3.7810
4.1787
2.8292
3.1268
3.4556
3.8190
4.2207
2.8577
3.1 582
3.4903
3.8574
4.2631
2.8864
3.1899
3.5254
3.8962
4.3060
2.9154
3.2220
3.5609
3.9354
4.3492
2.9447
3.2544
3.5966
3.9749
4.3929
2.9743
3.2871
3.6328
4.0149
4.4371
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
4.4817
4.9530
5.4739
6.0496
6.6859
4.5267
5.0028
5.5290
6.1104
6.7531
4.5722
5.0531
5.5845
6.1719
6.8210
4.6182
5.1039
5.6407
6.2339
6.8895
4.6646
5.1552
5.6973
6.2965
6.9588
4.71 1 5
5.2070
5.7546
6.3598
7.0287
4.7588
5.2593
5.8124
6.4237
7.0993
4.8066
5.3122
5.8709
6.4883
7.1 707
4.8550
5.3656
5.9299
6.5535
7.2427
4.9037
5.4195
5.9895
6.6194
7.3155
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
7.3891
8.1662
9.0250
9.9742
1 1.023
7.4633
8.2482
9.1157
1 0.074
1 1 .134
7.5383
8.3311
9.2073
10.176
1 1.246
7.6141
8.4149
9.2999
1 0.278
1 1.359
7.6906
8.4994
9.3933
10.381
1 1.473
7.7679
8.5849
9.4877
10.486
1 1 .588
7.8460
8.6711
9.5831
1 0.591
1 1 .705
7.9248
8.7583
9.6794
10.697
1 1 .822
8.0045
8.8463
9.7767
10.805
1 1 .941
8.0849
8.9352
9.8749
1 0.913
1 2.061
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
1 2.182
13.464
14.880
1 6.445
18.174
1 2.305
1 3.599
1 5.029
1 6.610
1 8.357
12.429
1 3.736
1 5.180
1 6.777
1 8.541
12.554
13.874
1 5.333
1 6.945
18.728
1 2.680
1 4.013
1 5.487
17.116
1 8.916
1 2.807
14.154
1 5.643
1 7.288
19.106
1 2.936
14.296
15.800
1 7.462
19.298
1 3 .066
14.440
1 5.959
1 7.637
19.492
13.197
1 4.585
16.119
1 7.814
1 9.688
1 3.330
14.732
1 6.281
1 7.993
19.886
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
20.086
22.1 98
24.533
27. 1 1 3
29.964
20.287
22.421
24.779
27.385
30.265
20.491
22.646
25.028
27.660
30.569
20.697
22.874
25.280
27.938
30.877
20.905
23.1 04
25.534
28.219
3 1 . 1 87
21.115
23.336
25.790
28.503
31 .500
21.328
23.571
26.050
28.789
31.817
21.542
23.807
26.31 1
29.079
32.137
21 .758
24.047
26.576
29.371
32.460
21.977
24.288
26.843
29.666
32.786
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
33.1 1 5
36.598
40.447
44.701
49.402
33.448
36.966
40.854
45.150
49.899
33.784
37.338
41 .264
45.604
50.400
34.124
37.71 3
41 .679
46.063
50.907
34.467
38.092
42.098
46.525
51.419
34.813
38.475
42.521
46.993
51.935
35. 1 63
38.861
42.948
47.465
52.457
35.517
39.252
43.380
47.942
52.985
35.874
39.646
43.816
48.424
53.517
36.234
40.045
44.256
48.911
54.055
54.598
148.41
403.43
1 096.6
2981.0
8103.1
22026
60.340
1 64.02
445.86
1 2 1 2.0
3294.5
8955.3
66.686
1 81.27
492.75
1 339.4
3641.0
9897.1
73.700
200.34
544.57
1480.3
4023.9
1 0938
81.451
221.41
601.85
1 636.0
4447.1
12088
90.017
244.69
665.14
1 808.0
4914.8
1 3360
99.484
270.43
735.1 0
1 998.2
5431.7
14765
1 09.95
298.87
812.41
2208.3
6002.9
1 6318
121.51
330.30
897.85
2440.6
6634.2
1 8034
1 34.29
365.04
992.27
2697.3
7332.0
19930
.0
.1
.2
.3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
226
TABLE
E X PO N E N T I A L F U N C T I O N S
17
X
e-x
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1.00000
.90484
.81873
.74082
.67032
.99005
.89583
.81058
.73345
.66365
.98020
.88692
.80252
.72615
.65705
.97045
.87810
.79453
.71892
.65051
.96079
.86936
.78663
.71177
.64404
.95123
.86071
.77880
.70469
.63763
.94176
.85214
.77105
.69768
.63128
.93239
.84366
.76338
.69073
.62500
.92312
.83527
.75578
.68386
.61878
.91393
.82696
.74826
.67706
.61263
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.60653
.54881
.49659
.44933
.40657
.60050
.54335
.49164
.44486
.40252
.59452
.53794
.48675
.44043
.39852
.58860
.53259
.48191
.43605
.39455
.58275
.52729
.47711
.43171
.39063
.57695
.52205
.47237
.42741
.38674
.57121
.51685
.46767
.42316
.38289
.56553
.51171
.46301
.41895
.37908
.55990
.50662
.45841
.41478
.37531
.55433
.50158
.45384
.41066
.37158
1 .0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1 .4
.36788
.33287
.30119
.27253
.24660
.36422
.32956
.29820
.26982
.24414
.36060
.32628
.29523
.26714
.24171
.35701
.32303
.29229
.26448
.23931
.35345
.31982
.28938
.26185
.23693
.34994
.31664
.28650
.25924
.23457
.34646
.31349
.28365
.25666
.23224
.34301
.31037
.28083
.2541 1
.22993
.33960
.30728
.27804
.25158
.22764
.33622
.30422
.27527
.24908
.22537
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
.22313
.20190
.18268
.16530
.14957
.22091
.19989
.18087
.1 6365
.14808
.21871
.19790
.17907
.1 6203
.14661
.21654
.19593
.17728
.16041
.14515
.21438
.19398
.1 7552
.15882
.14370
.21225
.19205
.17377
.15724
.14227
.21014
.19014
.17204
. 15567
.14086
.20805
.18825
.1 7033
.15412
.13946
.20598
.18637
.16864
.15259
.13807
.20393
.18452
.16696
.1 5107
.13670
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
.13534
.12246
.1 1080
.10026
.09072
.13399
.12124
.10970
.09926
.08982
.13266
.12003
.10861
.09827
.08892
.13134
.1 1884
.10753
.09730
.08804
.13003
.11 765
.10646
.09633
.08716
.12873
.11648
.10540
.09537
.08629
.12745
.1 1533
.10435
.09442
.08543
.12619
.11418
.10331
.09348
.08458
.12493
.11304
.10228
.09255
.08374
.12369
.11 192
.10127
.09163
.08291
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
.08208
.07427
.06721
.06081
.05502
.08127
.07353
.06654
.06020
.05448
.08046
.07280
.06587
.05961
.05393
.07966
.07208
.06522
.05901
.05340
.07887
.07136
.06457
.05843
.05287
.07808
.07065
.06393
.05784
.05234
.07730
.06995
.06329
.05727
.05182
.07654
.06925
.06266
.05670
.05130
.07577
.06856
.06204
.05613
.05079
.07502
.06788
.06142
.05558
.05029
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
.04979
.04505
.04076
.03688
.03337
.04929
.04460
.04036
.03652
.03304
.04880
.04416
.03996
.03615
.03271
.04832
.04372
.03956
.03579
.03239
.04783
.04328
.03916
.03544
.03206
.04736
.04285
.03877
.03508
.03175
.04689
.04243
.03839
.03474
.03143
.04642
.04200
.03801
.03439
.03112
.04596
.04159
.03763
.03405
.03081
.04550
.04117
.03725
.03371
.03050
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
.03020
.02732
.02472
.02237
.02024
.02990
.02705
.02448
.02215
.02004
.02960
.02678
.02423
.02193
.01984
.02930
.02652
.02399
.02171
.01964
.02901
.02625
.02375
.02149
.01945
.02872
.02599
.02352
.02128
.01925
.02844
.02573
.02328
.02107
.01906
.02816
.02548
.02305
.02086
.01887
.02788
.02522
.02282
.02065
.01869
.02760
.02497
.02260
.02045
.01850
.012277
.0245166
.0216616
.0361125
.0322487
.0482724
.011109
.0240868
.0215034
.0355308
.0320347
.0474852
.010052
.0236979
.0213604
.0350045
.0318411
.0467729
.0290953
.0233460
.0212309
.0345283
.0316659
.0461283
.0282297
.0230276
.0211138
.0340973
.0315073
.0455452
.0274466
.0227394
.0210078
.0337074
.0313639
.0450175
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
.018316 .016573 .014996 .013569

.0267379 .0260967 .0255166 .0249916
.0224788 .0222429 .0220294 .0218363
.0391188 .0382510 .0374659 .0367554
.0333546 .0330354 .0327465 .0324852
.0312341 .0311167 .0310104 .0491424
.0445400
227
TABLE
18a
sinh
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.0000
.1002
.2013
.3045
.4108
.0100
.1102
.2115
.3150
.4216
.0200
.1203
.2218
.3255
.4325
.0300
.1304
.2320
.3360
.4434
.0400
.1405
.2423
.3466
.4543
.0500
.1506
.2526
.3572
.4653
.0600
.1607
.2629
.3678
.4764
.0701
.1708
.2733
.3785
.4875
.0801
.1810
.2837
.3892
.4986
.0901
.1911
.2941
.4000
.5098
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.5211
.6367
.7586
.8881
1.0265
.5324
.6485
.7712
.9015
1.0409
.5438
.6605
.7838
.9150
1.0554
.5552
.6725
.7966
.9286
1.0700
.5666
.6846
.8094
.9423
1 .0847
.5782
.6967
.8223
.9561
1 .0995
.5897
.7090
.8353
.9700
1 . 1 144
.6014
.7213
.8484
.9840
1 .1294
.6131
.7336
.8615
.9981
1.1446
.6248
.7461
.8748
1.0122
1.1598
1 .0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1 .1752
1.3356
1.5095
1 .6984
1.9043
1 .1907
1.3524
1 .5276
1 .7182
1.9259
1 .2063
1.3693
1.5460
1.7381
1 .9477
1 .2220
1 .3863
1 .5645
1.7583
1 .9697
1 .2379
1.4035
1.5831
1.7786
1 .9919
1 .2539
1.4208
1.6019
1.7991
2.0143
1 .2700
1.4382
1.6209
1.8198
2.0369
1 .2862
1.4558
1 .6400
1.8406
2.0597
1 .3025
1 .4735
1.6593
1 .8617
2.0827
1 .3190
1.4914
1 .6788
1 .8829
2.1059
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1293
2.3756
2.6456
2.9422
3.2682
2.1529
2.4015
2.6740
2.9734
3.3025
2.1768
2.4276
2.7027
3.0049
3.3372
2.2008
2.4540
2.7317
3.0367
3.3722
2.2251
2.4806
2.7609
3.0689
3.4075
2.2496
2.5075
2.7904
3.1013
3.4432
2.2743
2.5346
2.8202
3.1340
3.4792
2.2993
2.5620
2.8503
3.1671
3.5156
2.3245
2.5896
2 .8806
3.2005
3.5523
2.3499
2.6175
2.9112
3.2341
3.5894
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.6269
4.0219
4.4571
4.9370
5.4662
3.6647
4.0635
4.5030
4.9876
5.5221
3.7028
4.1056
4.5494
5.0387
5.5785
3.7414
4.1480
4.5962
5.0903
5.6354
3.7803
4.1909
4.6434
5.1425
5.6929
3.8196
4.2342
4.6912
5.1951
5.7510
3.8593
4.2779
4.7394
5.2483
5.8097
3.8993
4.3221
4.7880
5.3020
5.8689
3.9398
4.3666
4.8372
5.3562
5.9288
3.9806
4.4116
4.8868
5.4109
5.9892
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
6.0502
6.6947
7.4063
8.1919
9.0596
6.1118
6.7628
7.4814
8.2749
9.1512
6.1741
6.8315
7.5572
8.3586
9.2437
6.2369
6.9008
7.6338
8.4432
9.3371
6.3004
6.9709
7.7112
8.5287
9.4315
6.3645
7.0417
7.7894
8.6150
9.5268
6.4293
7.1132
7.8683
8.7021
9.6231
6.4946
7.1854
7.9480
8.7902
9.7203
6.5607
7.2583
8.0285
8.8791
9.8185
6.6274
7.3319
8.1098
8.9689
9.9177
228
HYPERBOLIC FU NC T I O N S
sinh
Table 1 8a
(continued)
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
10.018
11.076
12.246
13.538
14.965
10.119
1 1.188
12.369
13.674
15.116
10.221
1 1.301
1 2.494
13.812
15.268
10.324
1 1.415
12.620
13.951
1 5.422
10.429
1 1 .530
1 2.747
14.092
1 5.577
10.534
11.647
12.876
14.234
1 5.734
10.640
11.764
13.006
14.377
1 5.893
10.748
1 1.883
1 3.137
14.522
16.053
10.856
12.003
13.269
14.668
1 6.215
10.966
12.124
13.403
14.816
1 6.378
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
16.543
18.285
20.211
22.339
24.691
1 6.709
18.470
20.415
22.564
24.939
1 6.877
18.655
20.620
22.791
25.190
1 7.047
18.843
20.828
23.020
25.444
17.219
19.033
21.037
23.252
25.700
1 7.392
19.224
21.249
23.486
25.958
17.567
19.418
21.463
23.722
26.219
17.744
19.613
21.679
23.961
26.483
17.923
19.811
21.897
24.202
26.749
18.103
20.010
22.117
24.445
27.018
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
27.290
30.162
33.336
36.843
40.719
27.564
30.465
33.671
37.214
41.129
27.842
30.772
34.009
37.588
41.542
28.122
31.081
34.351
37.965
41.960
28.404
31.393
34.697
38.347
42.382
28.690
31.709
35.046
38.733
42.808
28.979
32.028
35.398
39.122
43.238
29.270
32.350
35.754
39.515
43.673
29.564
32.675
36.11 3
39.913
44.112
29.862
33.004
36.476
40.314
44.555
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
45.003
49.737
54.969
60.751
67.141
45.455
50.237
55.522
61.362
67.816
45.912
50.742
56.080
61.979
68.498
46.374
51.252
56.643
62.601
69.186
46.840
51.767
57.213
63.231
69.882
47.311
52.288
57.788
63.866
70.584
47.787
52.813
58.369
64.508
71.293
48.267
53.344
58.995
65.157
72.010
48.752
53.880
59.548
65.812
72.734
49.242
54.422
60.147
66.473
73.465
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
74.203
82.008
90.633
100.17
110.70
74.949
82.832
91.544
101.17
111.81
75.702
83.665
92.464
102.19
1 12.94
76.463
84.506
93.394
103.22
1 14.07
77.232
85.355
94.332
104.25
1 1 5.22
78.008
86.213
95.281
105.30
1 16".38
78.792
87.079
96.238
106.36
1 1 7.55
79.584
87.955
97.205
1 07.43
1 18.73
80.384
88.839
98.182
108.51
1 19.92
81.192
89.732
99.169
109.60
121.13
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
122.34
135.21
149.43
165.15
182.52
123.57
136.57
150.93
1 66.81
184.35
124.82
137.94
1 52.45
168.48
186.20
126.o7
139.33
1 53.98
1 70.18
188.08
127.34
140.73
1 55.53
1 71 .89
189.97
128.62
142.14
1 57.09
1 73.62
191.88
1 29.91
143.57
158.67
175.36
193.80
131.22
145.02
160.27
1 77.12
195.75
132.53
146.47
1 61.88
1 78.90
197.72
133.87
147.95
163.51
180.70
199.71
229
TABLE
H Y P E R B O LI C F U N C T I O N S
cosh
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
1.0000
1 .0050
1 .0201
1 .0453
1.0811
1 .0001
1.0061
1.0221
1.0484
1 .0852
1 .0002
1.0072
1 .0243
1 .0516
1 .0895
1.0005
1 .0085
1.0266
1 .0549
1.0939
1.0008
1.0098
1.0289
1.0584
1 .0984
1.0013
1.0113
1 .0314
1.0619
1 .1030
1 .0018
1 .0128
1 .0340
1 .0655
1 .1077
1.0025
1 .0145
1 .0367
1.0692
1.1125
1.0032
1 .0162
1 .0395
1.0731
1 .1 1 74
1.0041
1.0181
1.0423
1 .0770
1 .1225
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
1 .1276
1 .1855
1.2552
1 .3374
1.4331
1 .1329
1.1919
1 .2628
1 .3464
1 .4434
1 .1383
1 .1984
1 .2706
1 .3555
1 .4539
1.1438
1 .2051
1 .2785
1.3647
1.4645
1 . 1494
1.2119
1 .2865
1.3740
1 .4753
1.1551
1 .2188
1 .2947
1 .3835
1.4862
1.1609
1.2258
1 .3030
1 .3932
1.4973
1.1669
1 .2330
1.3114
1 .4029
1 .5085
1 .1 730
1.2402
1 .3199
1.4128
1.5199
1.1792
1.2476
1.3286
1 .4229
1 .5314
1 .0
1.1
1.2
1 .3
1.4
1 .5431
1.6685
1 .8107
1 .9709
2.1509
1 .5549
1.6820
1.8258
1 .9880
2.1700
1 .5669
1.6956
1 .8412
2.0053
2.1894
1 .5790
1 .7093
1.8568
2.0228
2.2090
1.5913
1 .7233
1.8725
2.0404
2.2288
1.6038
1.7374
1.8884
2.0583
2.2488
1 .6164
1.7517
1 .9045
2.0764
2.2691
1.6292
1 .7662
1.9208
2.0947
2.2896
1.6421
1.7808
1.9373
2.1132
2.3103
1 .6552
1.7957
1 .9540
2.1320
2.3312
1.5
1 .6
1.7
1 .8
1.9
2.3524
2.5775
2.8283
3.1075
3.4177
2.3738
2.6013
2.8549
3.1371
3.4506
2.3955
2.6255
2.8818
3.1669
3.4838
2.4174
2.6499
2.9090
3.1972
3.5173
2.4395
2.6746
2.9364
3.2277
3.5512
2.4619
2.6995
2.9642
3.2585
3.5855
2.4845
2.7247
2.9922
3.2897
3.6201
2.5073
2.7502
3.0206
3.3212
3.6551
2.5305
2.7760
3.0492
3.3530
3.6904
2.5538
2.8020
3.0782
3.3852
3.7261
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3.7622
4.1443
4.5679
5.0372
5.5569
3.7987
4.1847
4.6127
5.0868
5.61 19
3.8355
4.2256
4.6580
5.1370
5.6674
3.8727
4.2669
4.7037
5.1876
5.7235
3.9103
4.3085
4.7499
5.2388
5.7801
3.9483
4.3507
4.7966
5.2905
5.8373
3.9867
4.3932
4.8437
5.3427
5.8951
4.0255
4.4362
4.8914
5.3954
5.9535
4.0647
4.4797
4.9395
5.4487
6.0125
4.1043
4.5236
4.9881
5.5026
6.0721
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
6.1323
6.7690
7.4735
8.2527
9.1146
6.1931
6.8363
7.5479
8.3351
9.2056
6.2545
6.9043
7.6231
8.4182
9.2976
6.3166
6.9729
7.6991
8.5022
9.3905
6.3793
7.0423
7.7758
8.5871
9.4844
6.4426
7.1123
7.8533
8.6728
9.5791
6.5066
7.1831
7.9316
8.7594
9.6749
6.5712
7.2546
8.0106
8.8469
9.7716
6.6365
7.3268
8.0905
8.9352
9.8693
6.7024
7.3998
8.1712
9.0244
9.9680
230
H Y P E R B O LI C F U N C T I O N S
Table 1 8b
cosh
(continued)
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
10.068
11.121
12.287
13. 575
14.999
10.168
1 1.233
12.410
13.711
1 5.149
10.270
1 1 .345
12.534
13.848
15.301
10.373
11.459
12.660
13.987
15.455
10.476
1 1.574
12.786
14.127
1 5.610
10.581
1 1 .689
12.915
14.269
15.766
10.687
1 1 .806
13.044
14.412
1 5.924
10.794
1 1.925
13.175
14.556
16.084
10.902
12.044
13.307
14.702
16.245
1 1 .0 1 1
12.165
13.440
14.850
16.408
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
16.573
1 8.313
20.236
22.362
24.711
16.739
18.497
20.439
22.586
24.959
1 6.907
18.682
20.644
22.813
25.210
1 7.077
18.870
20.852
23.042
25.463
17.248
19.059
21 .061
23.273
25.719
17.421
19.250
21 .272
23.507
25.977
1 7.596
19.444
21.486
23.743
26.238
17.772
19.639
21.702
23.982
26.502
1 7.951
19.836
21.919
24.222
26.768
1 8.131
20.035
22.139
24.466
27.037
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
27.308
30.178
33.351
36.857
40.732
27.583
30.482
33.686
37.227
41.141
27.860
30.788
34.024
37.601
4 1.554
28.139
31.097
34.366
37.979
41.972
28.422
31.409
34.711
38.360
42.393
28.707
31 .725
35.060
38.746
42.819
28.996
32.044
35.412
39.135
43.250
29.287
32.365
35.768
39.528
43.684
29.581
32.691
36.127
39.925
44.123
29.878
33.019
36.490
40.326
44.566
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
45.014
49.747
54.978
60.759
67.149
45.466
50.247
55.531
61.370
67.823
45.923
50.752
56.089
61.987
68.505
46.385
5 1.262
56.652
62.609
69.193
46.851
51.777
57.221
63.239
69.889
47.321
52.297
57.796
63.874
70.591
47.797
52.823
58.377
64.516
71.300
48.277
53.354
58.964
65.164
72.017
48.762
53.890
59.556
65.819
72.741
49.252
54.431
60.155
66.481
73.472
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
74.210
82.014
90.639
100.17
110.71
74.956
82.838
91.550
101.18
1 11.82
75.709
83.671
92.470
102.19
1 12.94
76.470
84.512
93.399
103.22
1 14.08
77.238
85.361
94.338
104.26
1 1 5.22
78.014
86.219
95.286
105.31
116.38
78.798
87.085
96.243
106.67
1 1 7.55
79.590
87.960
97.211
107.43
118.73
80.390
88.844
98.188
108.51
1 19.93
81 .198
89.737
99.174
109.60
121.13
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
122.35
135.22
149.44
165.15
182.52
123.58
136.57
150.94
1 66.81
184.35
124.82
1 37.95
152.45
1 68.49
186.21
1 26.07
139.33
153.99
1 70.18
188.08
127.34
140.73
155.53
1 71.89
189.97
1 28.62
142.15
157.10
1 73.62
191.88
129.91
143.58
158.68
175.36
193.81
1 31.22
145.02
160.27
177.13
195.75
132.54
146.48
1 61.88
178.91
197.72
133.87
147.95
1 63.51
180.70
199.71
231
TABLE
H Y P E R BO LI C F U N C T I O N S
1 8c
tanh
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.00000
.09967
.19738
.29131
.37995
.01000
.10956
.20697
.30044
.38847
.02000
.11943
.21652
.30951
.39693
.02999
.12927
.22603
.31852
.40532
.03998
.13909
.23550
.32748
.41364
.04996
.14889
.24492
.33638
.42190
.05993
.15865
.25430
.34521
.43008
.06989
.16838
.26362
.35399
.43820
.07983
.17808
.27291
.36271
.44624
.08976
.18775
.28213
.37136
.45422
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.46212
.53705
.60437
.66404
.71630
.46995
.54413
.61068
.66959
.72113
.47770
.55113
.61691
.67507
.72590
.48538
.55805
.62307
.68048
.73059
.49299
.56490
.62915
.68581
.73522
.50052
.57167
.63515
.69107
.73978
.50798
.57836
.64108
.69626
.74428
.51536
.58498
.64693
.70137
.74870
.52267
.59152
.65271
.70642
.75307
.52990
.59798
.65841
.71139
.75736
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
.76159
.80050
.83365
.86172
.88535
.76576
.80406
.83668
.86428
.88749
.76987
.80757
.83965
.86678
.88960
.77391
.81102
.84258
.86925
.89167
.77789
.81441
.84546
.87167
.89370
.78181
.81775
.84828
.87405
.89569
.78566
.82104
.85106
.87639
.89765
.78946
.82427
.85380
.87869
.89958
.79320
.82745
.85648
.88095
.90147
.79688
.83058
.85913
.88317
.90332
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
.90515
.92167
.93541
.94681
.95624
.90694
.92316
.93665
.94783
.95709
.90870
.92462
.93786
.94884
.95792
.91042
.92606
.93906
.94983
.95873
.91212
.92747
.94023
.95080
.95953
.91379
.92886
.94138
.95175
.96032
.91542
.93022
.94250
.95268
.96109
.91703
.93155
.94361
.95359
.96185
.91860
.93286
.94470
.95449
.96259
.92015
.93415
.94576
.95537
.96331
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
.96403
.97045
.97574
.98010
.98367
.96473
.97103
.97622
.98049
.98400
.96541
.97159
.97668
.98087
.98431
.96609
.97215
.97714
.98124
.98462
.96675
.97269
.97759
.98161
.98492
.96740
.97323
.97803
.98197
.98522
.96803
.97375
.97846
.98233
.98551
.96865
.97426
.97888
.98267
.98579
.96926
.97477
.97929
.98301
.98607
.96986
.97526
.97970
.98335
.98635
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
.98661
.98903
.99101
.99263
.99396
.98688
.98924
.99118
.99278
.99408
.98714
.98946
.99136
.99292
.99420
.98739
.98966
.99153
.99306
.99431
.98764
.98987
.99170
.99320
.99443
.98788
.99007
.99186
.99333
.99454
.98812
.99026
.99202
.99346
.99464
.98835
.99045
.99218
.99359
.99475
.98858
.99064
.99233
.99372
.99485
.98881
.99083
.99248
.99384
.99496
232
H Y P E R BOLIC FU N C T I O NS
Table 1 8c
(continued)
ta nh
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
.99505
.99595
.99668
.99728
.99777
.99515
.99603
.99675
.99734
.99782
.99525
.9961 1
.99681
.99739
.99786
.99534
.99618
.99688
.99744
.99790
.99543
.99626
.99694
.99749
.99795
.99552
.99633
.99700
.99754
.99799
.99561
.99641
.99706
.99759
.99803
.99570
.99648
.99712
.99764
.99807
.99578
.99655
.9971 7
.99768
.99810
.99587
.99662
.99723
.99773
.99814
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
.99818
.99851
.99878
.99900
.99918
.99821
.99853
.99880
.99902
.99920
.99825
.99857
.99883
.99904
.99921
.99828
.99859
.99885
.99906
.99923
.99832
.99862
.99887
.99908
.99924
.99835
.99865
.99889
.99909
.99926
.99838
.99868
.99892
.99911
.99927
.99842
.99870
.99894
.99913
.99929
.99845
.99873
.99896
.9991 5
.99930
.99848
.99875
.99898
.99916
.99932
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
.99933
.99945
.99955
.99963
.99970
.99934
.99946
.99956
.99964
.99970
.99936
.99947
.99957
.99965
.99971
.99937
.99948
.99958
.99966
.99972
.99938
.99949
.99958
.99966
.99972
.99939
.99950
.99959
.99967
.99973
.99941
.99951
.99960
.99967
.99973
.99942
.99952
.99961
.99968
.99974
.99943
.99953
.99962
.99969
.99974
.99944
.99954
.99962
.99969
.99975
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
.99975
.99980
.99983
.99986
.99989
.99976
.99980
.99984
.99987
.99989
.99976
.99981
.99984
.99987
.99990
.99977
.99981
.99984
.99987
.99990
.99977
.99981
.99985
.99987
.99990
.99978
.99982
.99985
.99988
.99990
.99978
.99982
.99985
.99988
.99990
.99979
.99982
.99986
.99988
.99990
.99979
.99983
.99986
.99988
.99991
.99979
.99983
.99986
.99989
.99991
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99991
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99992
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99992
.99993
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99992
.99993
.99995
.99996
.99996
.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99996
.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99997
.99992
.99994
.99995
.99996
.99997
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999
.99997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999
.09997
.99998
.99998
.99998
.99999
233
TABLE
19
n!
'I
FACTOR IA L n
=
n!
1 2 8 n
n!
40
41
42
43
44
8.15915
3.34525
1.40501
6.04153
2.65827
n!
80
81
82
83
84
7.15 695 X
5.79713 X
4.75364 X
3.94552 X
3.31424 X
10 11 8
10 1 20
10122
10 1 24
10 1 26
85
86
87
88
89
2.81 7 1 0 X
2.42271 X
2.10776 X
1.85483 X
1.65080 X
10 1 28
1064
1066
1067
1069
1071
90
91
92
93
94
1.48572 X
1.35200 X
1.24384 X
1.15677 X
1.08737 X
10 1 38
10 1 40
10 1 42
10 1 44
1.26964 X
7.10999 X
4.05269 X
2.35056 X
1.38683 X
1073
1074
1076
1078
1080
95
96
97
98
99
1.03300 X
9.91678 X
9.61928 X
9.42689 X
9.33262 X
10 1 48
10 1 49
1 0 1 51
10153
10155
60
61
62
63
64
8.32099 X
5.07580 X
3.14700 X
1.98261 X
1.26887 X
1081
1083
1085
1087
1089
100
65
66
67
68
69
8.24765 X 1090
5.44345 X 1092
3.64711 X 1094
2.48004 X 1096
1.71122 X 1098
1033
1035
1036
1038
70
71
72
73
74
1 .19786
8.50 479
6.12345
4.47012
3.3 0 789
X
X
X
X
X
1010 0
1010 1
10103
10105
101 07
1040
.1041
1043
1044
1046
75
76
77
78
79
2.48091 X
1.88549 X
1.45183 X
1.13243 X
8.9 4 618 X
10109
101 1 1
10113
10115
101 16
(by definition)
0
1
2
3
4
1
1
2
6
24
5
6
7
8
9
120
720
5040
40,320
362,880
45
46
47
48
49
1.19622
5.50262
2.58623
1.24139
6.08282
10
11
12
13
14
3,628,800
39,916,800
479,001,600
6,227,020,800
87,1 78,291,200
50
51
52
53
54
3.04141 X
1.55112 X
8.06582 X
4.27488 X
2.30844 X
15
16
17
18
19
1,307,674,368,000
20,922,789,888,000
355,687,428,096,000
6,402,373, 705,728,000
121,645,100,408,832,000
55
56
57
58
59
20
21
22
23
24
2,432,902,008,176,640,000
51,090,942,171 ,709,440,000
1,124,000,727,777,607,680,000
25,852,016,738,884,976,640,000
620,448,401,733,239,439,360,000
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 511 10433085840000
403,291,461,126,605,635,584,000,000
10,888,869,450,418,352,160,768,000,000
304,888,344,611 '713,860 ,501,504,000,000
8,841, 761,993,739,701,954,543,616,000,000
265,252,859,812,191,058,636,308,480,000,000
31
32
33
34
8.22284 X
2.63131 X
8.68332 X
2.95233 X
35
36
37
38
39
1.03331 y
3.71993 X
1.37638 X
5.23023 X
2.03979 X
234
X 1047
X
X
X
X
1049
1051
1052
1054
X 1056
X 1057
X 1059
X 1061
X 1062
10 1 30
10132
10134
10136
10 1 46
9.33262 X 10157
G A M M A F U N C TI O N
TABLE
20
T(x)
.{"'
tx- te-t dt
for 1 X 2
[For other values use the formula r(x
+ 1)
==
x r(x)]
r(x)
r(x)
1 .00
1.01
1 .02
1 .03
1 .04
1 .05
1 .06
1 .07
1.08
1.09
1 .00000
.99433
.98884
.98355
.97844
.97350
.96874
.96415
.95973
.95546
1.50
1.51
1 .52
1 .53
1 . 54
1.55
1.56
1. 57
1 .58
1 .59
.88623
.88659
.88704
.88757
.88818
.88887
.88964
.89049
.891 42
.89243
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1 .1 5
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
.95135
.94740
.94359
.93993
.93642
.93304
.92980
.92670
.92373
.92089
1 .60
1 .61
1 .62
1.63
1 .64
1 .65
1 .66
1 .67
1 .68
1.69
.89352
.89468
.89592
.89724
.89864
.90012
.90167
.90330
.90500
.90678
1 .20
1 .21
1 .22
1 .23
1 .24
1 .25
1 .26
1 .27
1 .28
1 .29
.91817
.91 558
.91311
.91075
.90852
.90640
.90440
.90250
.90072
.89904
1 .70
1 .71
1 .72
1 .73
1 .74
1 .75
1 .76
1 .77
1 .78
1 .79
.90864
.91057
.91258
.91467
.91 683
.91906
.92137
.92376
.92623
.92877
1 .30
1 .31
1 .32
1 .33
1 .34
1.35
1 .36
1 .37
1 .38
1 .39
.89747
.89600
.89464
.89338
.89222
.89 1 1 5
.89018
.88931
.88854
.88785
1 .80
1.81
1 .82
1 .83
1.84
1 .85
1 .86
1 .87
1 .88
1 .89
.93138
.93408
.93685
.93969
.94261
.94561
.94869
.95184
.95507
.95838
1 .40
1 .41
1 .42
1 .43
1 .44
1 .45
1 .46
1 .47
1 .48
1 .49
.88726
.88676
.88636
.88604
.88581
.88566
.88560
.88563
.88575
.88595
1 .90
1 .91
1 .92
1 .93
1 .94
1 .95
1 .96
1 .97
1 .98
1 .99
.96177
.96523
.96877
.97240
.97610
.97988
.98374
.98768
.99171
.99581
1.50
.88623
2.00
1 .00000
235
>>
TABLE
21
> >>
n!
k f (n :.,. !c)T
llNOMIL COEFFICIEN TS
>
c c,' > >>C > ' :>
n1n .... t)
,,,
(n :.;... k + 1)
=
kl
O! = 1
Note that each number is the sum of two numbers in the row above; one of these numbers i s in the same
column and the other is in the preceding column [e.g. 56 = 35 + 21 ] . The arrangement is often called
Pascal's triangle [see 3.6, page 4 ] .
IX
1
2
3
4
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
6
10
1
4
10
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
1
1
1
1
6
7
8
9
10
15
21
28
36
45
20
35
56
84
120
15
35
70
126
210
6
21
56
126
252
1
7
28
84
210
1
8
36
120
1
9
45
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
1
1
1
1
11
12
13
14
15
55
66
78
91
105
165
220
286
364
455
330
495
715
1001
1365
462
792
1287
2002
3003
462
924
1 716
3003
5005
330
792
1716
3432
6435
165
495
1287
3003
6435
55
220
715
2002
5005
16
17
18
19
20
1
1
1
1
1
16
17
18
19
20
120
136
153
1 71
190
560
680
816
969
1140
1820
2380
3060
3876
4845
4368
6188
8568
11628
15504
8008
12376
18564
27132
38760
1 1440
19448
31824
50388
77520
12870
24310
43758
75582
125970
11440
24310
48620
92378
167960
21
22
23
24
25
1
1
1
1
1
21
22
23
24
25
210
231
253
276
300
1330
1 540
1 771
2024
2300
5985
7315
8855
10626
12650
20349
26334
33649
42504
53130
54264
74613
100947
134596
177100
116280
170544
245157
346104
480700
203490
319770
490314
735471
1081575
293930
497420
817190
1307504
2042975
26
27
28
29
30
1
1
1
1
1
26
27
28
29
30
325
351
378
406
435
2600
2925
3276
3654
4060
14950
1 7550
20475
23751
27405
65780
80730
98280
1 18755
142506
230230
296010
376740
475020
593775
657800
888030
1184040
1 560780
2035800
1562275
2220075
3108105
4292145
5852925
3124550
4686825
6906900
1001 5005
14307150
236
B I N O M IA L C O E F FI C I EN T S
Table 21
(continued)
n(n - 1) " (n - k + 1)
k!
n!
k ! (n - k) !
11
fO
13
12
0 ! =: 1
14
15
10
11
12
13
14
15
11
66
286
1001
3003
1
12
78
364
1365
1
13
91
455
1
14
105
1
15
16
17
18
19
20
8008
19448
43758
92378
184756
4368
12376
31824
75582
167960
1820
6188
18564
50388
125970
560
2380
8568
27132
77520
120
680
3060
1 1628
38760
16
136
816
3876
15504
21
22
23
24
25
352716
646646
1 144066
1961256
3268760
352716
705432
1352078
2496144
4457400
293930
646646
1352078
2704156
5200300
203490
497420
1144066
2496144
5200300
1 16280
319770
817190
1961256
4457400
54264
170544
490314
1307504
3268760
26
27
28
29
30
5311735
8436285
13123110
20030010
30045015
7726160
13037895
21474180
34597290
54627300
9657700
17383860
30421755
51895935
86493225
10400600
20058300
37442160
67863915
119759850
9657700
20058300
401 16600
77558760
145422675
7726160
1 7383860
37442160
77558760
155117520
For k > 1 5 use the fact that
() ( )
n
k
237
TABLE
22
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
n2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
121
144
169
196
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
484
529
576
625
676
729
784
841
900
961
024
089
156
225
296
369
444
521
600
681
764
84!)
936
025
116
209
304
401
500
S Q U A R E S , C U B E S , R O O T S A N D R E C I P R O C A LS
n3
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
6
8
9
10
12
13
15
17
19
21
24
27
29
32
35
39
42
46
50
54
59
64
68
74
79
85
!)1
97
103
110
117
125
1
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729
000
331
728
197
744
375
096
913
832
859
000
261
648
167
824
625
576
683
952
389
000
791
768
937
304
875
656
653
872
319
000
921
088
507
184
125
336
823
592
649
000
Vn
v10n
Tn
yriOr;
ylOOn
1 .000 000
1.414 214
1.732 051
2.000 000
2.236 068
2.449 490
2.645 751
2.828 427
3.000 000
3.162 278
3.316 625
3.464 102
3.605 551
3.741 657
3.872 983
4.000 000
4.123 106
4.242 641
4.358 899
4.472 136
4.582 576
4.690 416
4.795 832
4.898 979
5.000 000
5.099 020
5.196 152
5.291 503
5.385 165
5.477 226
5.567 764
5.656 854
5.744 563
5.830 952
5.916 080
6.000 000
6.082 763
6.164 414
6.244 998
6.324 555
6.403 124
6.480 741
6.557 439
6.633 250
6.708 204
6.782 330
6.855 655
6.928 203
7.000 000
7.071 068
3.162 278
4.472 136
5.477 226
6.324 555
7.071 068
7.745 967
8.366 600
8.944 272
9.486 833
10.000 00
10.488 09
10.954 45
11.401 75
11.832 16
12.247 45
12.649 11
13.038 40
13.416 41
13.784 05
14.142 14
14.491 38
14.832 40
15.165 75
15.491 93
15.811 39
16.124 52
16.431 68
16.733 20
17.029 39
17.320 5 1
17.606 82
17.888 54
18.165 90
18.439 09
18.708 29
18.973 67
19.235 38
19.493 59
19.748 42
20.000 00
20.248 46
20.493 90
20.736 44
20.976 18
21.213 20
21 .447 61
21.679 48
21.908 90
22.135 94
22.360 68
1.000 000
1.259 921
1.442 250
1.587 401
1.709 976
1.817 121
1.912 931
2.000 000
2.080 084
2.154 435
2.223 980
2.289 428
2.351 335
2.410 142
2.466 212
-2.519 842
2.571 282
2.620 741
2.668 402
2.714 418
2.758 924
2.802 039
2.843 867
2.884 499
2.924 018
2.962 496
3.000 000
3.036 589
3.072 317
3.107 233
3.141 381
3.174 802
3.207 534
3.239 612
3.271 066
3.301 927
3.332 222
3.361 975
3.391 211
3.419 952
3.448 217
3.476 027
3.503 398
3.530 348
3.556 893
3.583 048
3.608 826
3.634 241
3.659 306
3.684 031
2.154 435
2.714 418
3.107 233
3.419 952
3.684 031
3.914 868
4.121 285
4.308 869
4.481 405
4.641 589
4.791 420
4.932 424
5.065 797
5.192 494
5.313 293
5.428 835
5.539 658
5.646 216
5.748 897
5.848 035
5.943 922
6.036 811
6.126 926
6.214 465
6.299 605
6.382 504
6.463 304
6.542 133
6.619 106
6.694 330
6.767 899
6.839 904
6.910 423
6.979 532
7.047 299
7.113 787
7.179 054
7.243 156
7.306 144
7.368 063
7.428 959
7.488 872
7.547 842
7.605 !)05
7.663 094
7.719 443
7.774 980
7.829 735
7.883 735
7.937 005
4.641 589
5.848 035
6.694 330
7.368 063
7.937 005
8.434 327
8.879 040
9.283 178
9.654 894
10.000 00
10.322 80
10.626 59
10.913 93
1 1.186 89
11.447 14
11.696 07
11.934 83
12.164 40
12.385 62
12.599 21
12.805 79
13.005 91
13.200 06
13.388 66
13.572 09
13.750 69
13.924 77
14.094 60
14.260 43
14.422 50
14.581 00
14.736 13
14.888 06
15.036 95
1 5.182 94
1 5.326 19
15.466 80
15.604 91
15.740 61
15.874 01
1 6.005 21
16.134 29
1 6.261 33
16.386 43
16.50!) 64
1 6.631 03
16.750 69
1 6.868 65
16.984 99
1 7.099 76
238
1/n
1.000 000
.500 000
.333 333
.250 000
.200 000
.166 667
.142 857
.125 000
.111 111
.100 000
.090 909
.083 333
.076 923
.071 429
.066 667
.062 500
.058 824
.055 556
.052 632
.050 000
.047 619
.045 455
.043 478
.041 667
.040 000
.038 462
.037 037
.035 714
.034 483
.033 333
.032 258
.031 250
.030 303
.029 412
.028 571
.027 778
.027 027
.026 316
.025 641
.025 000
.024 3!)0
.023 810
.023 256
.022 727
.022 222
.021 739
.021 277
.020 883
.020 408
.020 000
Table 22
S Q U A R E S , C U B E S , R O O T S A N D R E C I P RO C A L S
(continued)
n n2
50 2 500
51 2 601
52 2 704
53 2 809
54 2 916
55 3 025
56 3 136
57 3 249
58 3 364
59 3 481
60 3 600
61 3 721
62 3 844
63 3 969
64 4 096
65 4 225
66 4 356
67 4 489
68 4 624
69 4 761
70 4 900
71 5 041
72 5 184
73 5 329
74 5 476
75 5 625
76 5 776
77 5 929
78 6 084
79 6 241
80 6 400
81 6 561
82 6 724
83 6 889
84 7 056
85 7 225
86 7 396
87 7 569
88 7 744
89 7 921
90 8 100
91 8 281
92 8 464
93 8 649
94 8 836
95 9 025
96 9 216
97 9 409
98 9 604
99 9 801
100 10 000
n3
Vn
yTh:
125 000 7.071 068 22.360 68
132 651 7.141 428 22.583 18
140 608 7.211 103 22.803 51
148 877 7.280 110 23.021 73
157 464 7.348 469 23.237 90
166 375 7.416 198 23.452 08
175 616 7.483 315 23.664 32
185 193 7.549 834 23.874 67
195 112 7.615 773 24.083 19
205 379 7.681 146 24.289 92
216 000 7.745 967 24.494 90
226 981 7.810 250 24.698 18
238 328 7.874 008 24.899 80
250 047 7.937 254 25.099 80
262 144 8.000 000 25.298 22
274 625 8.062 258 25.495 10
287 496 8.124 038 25.690 47
300 763 8.185 353 25.884 36
314 432 8.246 211 26.076 81
328 509 8.306 624 26.267 85
343 000 8.366 600 26.457 51
357 911 8.426 150 26.645 83
373 248 8.485 281 26.832 82
389 017 8.544 004 27.018 51
405 224 8.602 325 27.202 94
421 875 8.660 254 27.386 13
438 976 8.717 798 27.568 10
456 533 8.774 964 27.748 87
474 552 8.831 761 27.928 48
493 039 8.888 194 28.106 94
512 000 8.944 272 28.284 27
531 441 9.000 000 28.460 50
551 368 9.055 385 28.635 64
571 787 9.110 434 28.809 72
592 704 9.165 151 28.982 75
614 125 9.219 544 29.154 76
636 056 9.273 618 29.325 76
658 503 9.327 379 29.495 76
681 472 9.380 832 29.664 79
704 969 9.433 981 29.832 87
729 000 9.486 833 30.000 00
753 571 9.539 392 30.166 21
778 688 9.591 663 30.331 50
804 357 9.643 651 30.495 90
830 584 9.695 360 30.659 42
857 375 9.746 794 30.822 07
884 736 9.797 959 30.983 87
912 673 9.848 858 31.144 82
941 192 9.899 495 31.304 95
970 299 9.949 874 31.464 27
000 000 10.00 000 31.622 78
239
Vn
3.684 031
3.708 430
3.732 511
3.756 286
3.779 763
3.802 952
3.825 862
3.848 501
3.870 877
3.892 996
3.914 868
3.936 497
3.957 892
3.979 057
4.000 000
4.020 726
4.041 240
4.061 548
4.081 655
4.101 566
4.121 285
4.140 818
4.160 168
4.179 339
4.198 336
4.217 163
4.235 824
4.254 321
4.272 659
4.290 840
4.308 869
4.326 749
4.344 481
4.362 071
4.379 519
4.396 830
4.414 005
4.431 048
4.447 960
4.464 745
4.481 405
4.497 941
4.514 357
4.530 655
4.546 836
4.562 903
4.578 857
4.594 701
4.610 436
4.626 065
4.641 589
7.937 005
7.989 570
8.041 452
8.092 672
8.143 253
8.193 213
8.242 571
8.291 344
8.339 551
8.387 207
8.434 327
8.480 926
8.527 019
8.572 619
8.617 739
8.662 391
8.706 588
8.750 340
8.793 659
8.836 556
8.879 040
8.921 121
8.962 809
9.004 113
9.045 042
9.085 603
9.125 805
9.165 656
9.205 164
9.244 335
9.283 178
9.321 698
9.359 902
9.397 796
9.435 388
9.472 682
9.509 685
9.546 403
9.582 840
9.619 002
9.654 894
9.690 521
9.725 888
9.761 000
9.795 861
9.830 476
9.864 848
9.898 983
9.932 884
9.966 555
10.00 000
lOOn
1/n
17.099 76 .020 000
17.213 01 .019 608
17.324 78 .019 231
17.435 13 .018 868
17.544 11 .018 519
17.t:51 74 .018 182
17.758 08 .017 857
17.863 16 .017 544
17.967 02 .017 241
18.069 69 .016 949
18.171 21 .016 667
18.271 60 .016 393
18.370 91 .016 129
18.469 15 .015 873
18.566 36 .015 625
18.662 56 .015 385
18.757 77 .015 152
18.852 04 .014 925
18.945 36 .014 706
19.037 78 .014 493
19.129 31 .014 286
19.219 97 .014 085
19.309 79 .013 889
19.398 77 .013 699
19.486 95 .013 514
19.574 34 .013 333
19.660 95 .013 158
19.746 81 .012 987
19.831 92 .012 821
19.916 32 .012 658
20.000 00 .012 500
20.082 99 .012 346
20.165 30 .012 195
20.246 94 .012 048
20.327 93 .011 905
20.408 28 .011 765
20.488 00 .011 628
20.567 10 .011 494
20.645 60 .011 364
20.723 51 .011 236
20.800 84 .011 111
20.877 59 .010 989
20.953 79 .010 870
21.029 44 .010 753
21.104 54 .010 638
21.179 12 .010 526
21.253 17 .010 417
21.326 71 .010 309
21.399 75 .010 204
21.472 29 .010 101
21.544 35 .010 000
TABLE
23
C O M P O U N D AMOU N T :
(1 + r)"
If a principal. P is deposited at interest rate r (in decimals)

annually, then a t the end of n years the accumulated amount A
compounded
= P(l + r)n.
1%
1!%
1 f!'o
2%
2 %
3%
4%
5%
6%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 .0100
1.0201
1.0303
1.0406
1.0510
1.0615
1.0721
1.0829
1 .0937
1.1046
1.0125
1.0252
1.0380
1.0509
1.0641
1 .0774
1.0909
1.1045
1.1183
1.1323
1 .0150
1 .0302
1.0457
1 .0614
1 .0773
1 .0934
1.1098
1 .1265
1.1434
1 .1605
1.0200
1.0404
1.0612
1.0824
1 .1041
1.1 262
1 . 1 487
1.1717
1.1951
1.2190
1.0250
1.0506
1 .0769
1.1038
1.1314
1 .1597
1.1887
1.2184
1.2489
1.2801
1 .0300
1 .0609
1.0927
1 .1255
1.1593
1 .1941
1 .2299
1.2668
1 .3048
1.3439
1.0400
1.0816
1 .1249
1.1699
1.2167
1.2653
1.3159
1.3688
1.4233
1.4802
1.0500
1.1025
1.1 576
1 .2155
1 .2763
1.3401
1.4071
1.4775
1 .5513
1.6289
1 . 0600
1 .1236
1.1910
1.2635
1.3382
1.4185
1.5036
1 .5938
1.6895
1 .7908
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1.1 1 57
1.1268
1.1381
1.1495
1.1610
1.1 726
1.1843
1.1961
1.2081
1.2202
1 .1464
1.1 608
1 .1 753
1.1900
1 .2048
1.2199
1.2351
1 .2506
1 .2662
1.2820
1.1 779
1 .1956
1.2136
1.2318
1.2502
1.2690
1.2880
1.3073
1.3270
1.3469
1.2434
1.2682
1.2936
1.3195
1 .3459
1.3728
1.4002
1.4282
1 .4568
1 .4859
1 .3121
1.3449
1.3785
1 .4130
1.4483
1 .4845
1 .5216
1.5597
1.5987
1.6386
1.3842
1 .4258
1.4685
1.5126
1 .5580
1.6047
1.6528
1.7024
1.7535
1.8061
1.5395
1.6010
1.6651
1 .7317
1.8009
1.8730
1.9479
2.0258
2.1068
2.1911
1.7103
1.7959
1.8856
1 .9799
2.0789
2.1829
2.2920
2.4066
2.5270
2.6533
1.8983
2.01 22
2.1829
2.2609
2.3966
2.5404
2.6928
2.8543
3.0256
3.2071
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1.2324
1.2447
1.2572
1.2697
1.2824
1.2953
1.3082
1.3213
1.3345
1.3478
1.2981
1.3143
1.3307
1 .3474
1.3642
1.3812
1.3985
1.4160
1.4337
1.4516
1.3671
1 .3876
1.4084
1.4295
1.4509
1.4727
1.4948
1 .5172
1.5400
1 .5631
1.5157
1.5460
1.5769
1.6084
1 .6406
1.6734
1.7069
1.7410
1. 7758
1 .8114
1.6796
1.7216
1.7646
1.8087
1 .8539
1.9003
1 .9478
1.9965
2.0464
2.0976
1 .8603
1.9161
1.9736
2.0328
2.0938
2.1 566
2.2213
2.2879
2.3566
2.4273
2.2788
2.3699
2.4647
2.5633
2.6658
2.7725
2.8834
2.9987
3.1187
3.2434
2.7860
2.9253
3.0715
3.2251
3.3864
3.5557
3.7335
3.9201
4.1161
4.3219
3.3996
3.6035
3.8197
4.0489
4.2919
4.5494
4.8223
5.1117
5.4184
5.7<135
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
1.3613
1.3749
1.3887
1.4026
1 .4166
1.4308
1 .4451
1.4595
1.4741
1.4889
1.4698
1.4881
1.5067
1.5256
1 .5446
1.5639
1 .5835
1 .6033
1 .6233
1.6436
1.5865
1.6103
1 .6345
1.6590
1.6839
1 .7091
1.7348
1.7608
1 .7872
1.8140
1.8476
1.8845
1 .9222
1.9607
1.9999
2.0399
2.0807
2.1223
2.1647
2.2080
2.1500
2.2038
2.2589
2.3153
2.3732
2.4325
2.4933
2.5557
2.6196
2.6851
2.5001
2.5751
2.6523
2.7319
2.8139
2.8983
2.9852
3.0748
3.1670
3.2620
3.3731
3.5081
3.6484
3.7943
3.9461
4.1039
4.2681
4.4388
4.6164
4.8010
4.5380
4.7649
5.0032
5.2533
5.5160
5.7918
6.0814
6.3855
6.7048
7.0400
6.0881
6.4534
6.8406
7.2510
7.6861
8.1<!73
8.6361
9.1543
9.7035
10.2857
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
1.5038
1.5188
1.5340
1.5493
1.5648
1 .5805
1.5963
1.6122
1 .6283
1.6446
1.6642
1.6850
1.7060
1.7274
1 .7489
1 .7708
1.7929
1 .8154
1.8380
1.8610
1.8412
1 .8688
1.8969
1.9253
1 .9542
1 .9835
2.0133
2.0435
2.0741
2.1052
2.2522
2.2972
2.3432
2.3901
2.4379
2.4866
2.5363
2.5871
2.6388
2.6916
2.7522
2.8210
2.8915
2.9638
3.0379
3.1139
3.1917
3.271 5
3.3533
3.4371
3.3599
3.4607
3.5645
3.6715
3.7816
3.8950
4.0119
4.1323
4.2562
4.3839
4.9931
5.1928
5.4005
5.6165
5.8412
6.0748
6.3178
6.5705
6.8333
7.1067
7.3920
7.7616
8.1497
8.5572
8.9850
9.4343
9.9060
10.4013
10.9213
1 1.4674
10.9029
11 .5570
12.2505
12.9855
1 3.7646
14.5905
1 5.4659
16.3939
17.3775
18.4202
240
PRESENT VALUE OF A N AMO U NT :
TABLE
24
X
(1 + r)-n
The present value P which will amount to A in n years at an in

terest rate of r (in decimals) compounded annually is P = A (1 + r)n.
1%
1 !%
1 i%
2%
2 !%
3%
4%
5%
6%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.99010
.98030
.97059
.96098
.95147
.94205
.93272
.92348
.91434
.90529
.98765
.97546
.96342
.95152
.93978
.92817
.91672
.90540
.89422
.88318
.98522
.97066
.95632
.94218
.92826
.91454
.90103
.88771
.87459
.86167
.98039
.96117
.94232
.92385
.90573
.88797
.87056
.85349
.83676
.82035
.97561
.95181
.92860
.90595
.88385
.86230
.84127
.82075
.80073
.78120
.97087
.94260
.91514
.88849
.86261
.83748
.81309
.78941
.76642
.74409
.96154
.92456
.88900
.85480
.82193
.79031
.75992
.73069
.70259
.67556
.95238
.90703
.86384
.82270
.78353
.74622
.71068
.67684
.64461
.61391
.94340
.89000
.83962
.79209
.74726
.70496
.66506
.62741
.59190
.55839
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
.89632
.88745
.87866
.86996
.86135
.85282
.84438
.83602
.82774
.81954
.87228
.86151
.85087
.84037
.82999
.81975
.80963
.79963
.78976
.78001
.84893
.83639
.82403
.81185
.79985
.78803
.77639
.76491
.75361
.74247
.80426
.78849
.77303
.75788
.74301
.72845
.71416
.70016
.68643
.67297
.76214
.74356
.72542
.70773
.69047
.67362
.65720
.6411 7
.62553
.61027
.72242
.70138
.68095
.66112
.641 86
.62317
.60502
.58739
.57029
.55368
.64958
.62460
.60057
. 57748
.55526
.53391
.51337
.49363
.47464
.45639
.58468
.55684
.53032
.50507
.48102
.45811
.43630
.41552
.39573
.37689
.52679
.49697
.46884
.44230
.41727
.39365
.37136
.35034
.33051
.31180
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
.81143
.80340
.79544
.78757
.77977
.77205
.76440
.75684
.74934
.74192
.77038
.76087
.75147
.74220
.73303
.72398
.71505
.70622
.69750
.68889
.73150
.72069
.71004
.69954
.68921
.67902
.66899
.65910
.64936
.63976
.65978
.64684
.63416
.62172
.60953
.59758
.58586
.57437
.56311
.55207
.59539
.58086
.56670
.55288
.53939
.52623
.51340
.50088
.48866
.47674
.53755
.52189
.50669
.49193
.47761
.46369
.45019
.43708
.42435
.41199
.43883
.42196
.40573
.39012
.37512
.36069
.34682
.33348
.32065
.30832
.35894
.34185
.32557
.31007
.29530
.28124
.26785
.25509
.24295
.23138
.2941 6
.27751
.26180
.24698
.23300
.21981
.20737
.19563
.18456
.17411
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
.73458
.72730
.72010
.71297
.70591
.69892
.69200
.68515
.67837
.67165
.68038
.67198
.66369
.65549
.64740
.63941
.63152
.62372
.61602
.60841
.63031
.62099
.61182
.60277
.59387
.58509
.57644
.56792
.55953
.55126
.54125
.53063
.52023
.51003
.50003
.49022
.48061
.47119
.46195
.45289
.46511
.45377
.44270
.43191
.42137
.41109
.40107
.39128
.38174
.37243
.39999
.38834
.37703
.36604
.35538
.34503
.33498
.32523
.31575
.30656
.29646
.28506
.27409
.26355
.25342
.24367
.23430
.22529
.21662
.20829
.22036
.20987
.19987
.19035
.18129
.17266
.16444
.15661
.14915
.14205
.16425
.15496
.14619
.13791
.13011
.12274
.1 1579
.10924
.10306
.09722
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
.66500
.65842
.65190
.64545
.63905
.63273
.62646
.62026
.61412
.60804
.60090
.59348
.58616
.57892
.57177
.56471
.55774
.55086
.54406
.53734
.54312
.53509
.52718
.51939
.51171
.50415
.49670
.48936
.48213
.47500
.44401
.43530
.42677
.41840
.41020
.40215
.39427
.38654
.37896
.37153
.36335
.35448
.34584
.33740
.32917
.321 1 5
.31331
.30567
.29822
.29094
.29763
.28896
.28054
.27237
.26444
.25674
.24926
.24200
.23495
.22811
.20028
.19257
.18517
.17805
.17120
.16461
.15828
.15219
.14634
.14071
.13528
.12884
.12270
.11686
.11130
.10600
.10095
.09614
.09156
.08720
.09172
.08653
.08163
.07701
.07265
.06854
.06466
.06100
.05755
.05429
241
AMOUNT OF AN
TABLE
25
I
ANNUITY:
(1 + r)n - 1
a principal P is deposited at the end of each year at interest rate r (in

decimals) compounded annually, then at the end of n years the accumulated
If
amount is
(1 +
r;n -
The process is often called an annuity.
1%
1 -!- %
1 t%
2%
2! %
3%
4%
5%
6o/o
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.0000
2.0100
3.0301
4.0604
5.1010
6.1520
7.2135
8.2857
9.3685
10.4622
1.0000
2.0125
3.0377
4.0756
5.1266
6.1907
7.2680
8.3589
9.4634
10.5817
1 .0000
2.0150
3.0452
4.0909
5.1523
6.2296
7.3230
8.4328
9.5593
10.7027
1.0000
2.0200
3.0604
4.1216
5.2040
6.3081
7.4343
8.5830
9.7546
10.9497
1.0000
2.0250
3.0756
4.1525
5.2563
6.3877
7.5474
8.7361
9.9545
11 .2034
1.0000
2.0300
3.0909
4.1836
5.3091
6.4684
7.6625
8.8923
10.1 591
11.4639
1.0000
2.0400
3.1216
4.2465
5.4163
6.6330
7.8983
9.2142
10.5828
12.0061
1.0000
2.0500
3.1525
4.3101
5.5256
6.8019
8.1420
9.5491
11 .0266
12.5779
1.0000
2.0600
3.1836
4.3746
5.6371
6.9753
8.39:38
9.8975
11.4913
13.1808
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1 1.5668
12.6825
13.8093
14.9474
16.G%9
1 7.2579
18.4304
19.6147
20.8109
22.0190
11.7139
12.8604
14.0211
15.1964
1 6.3863
17.5912
18.811 1
20.0462
21.2968
22.5630
1 1 .8633
13.0412
14.2368
1 5.4504
16.6821
1 7.9324
19.2014
20.4894
21.7967
23.1237
12.1687
13.4121
14.6803
1 5.9739
17.2934
18.6393
20.0121
21.4123
22.8406
24.2974
12.4835
13.7956
1 5.1404
1 6.5190
1 7.9319
19.3802
20.8647
22.3863
23.9460
25.5447
12.8078
14.1920
15.6178
17.0863
18.5989
20.1569
21.7616
23.4144
25.1169
26.8704
13.4864
15.0258
16.6268
18.2919
20.0236
21.8245
23.6975
25.6454
27.6712
29.7781
14.2068
15.9171
1 7.7130
19.5986
21.5786
23.6575
25.8404
28.1324
30.5390
33.0660
14.9716
1 6.8699
18.8821
21.0151
23.2760
25.6725
28.2129
30.9057
33.7600
36.7856
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
23.2392
24.4716
25.7163
26.9735
28.2432
29.5256
30.8209
32.1291
33.4504
34.7849
23.8450
25.1431
26.4574
27.7881
29.1354
30.4996
31.8809
33.2794
34.6954
36.1291
24.4705
25.8376
27.2251
28.6335
30.0630
31.5140
32.9867
34.4815
35.9987
37.5387
25.7833
27.2990
28.8450
30.4219
32.0303
33.6709
35.3443
37.0512
38.7922
40.5681
27.1833
28.8629
30.5844
32.3490
34.1578
36.0117
37.9120
39.8598
41.8563
43.9027
28.6765
30.5368
32.4529
34.4265
36.4593
38.5530
40.7096
42.9309
45.2189
47.5754
31.9692
34.2480
36.6179
39.0826
41.6459
44.3117
47.0842
49.9676
52.9663
56.0849
35.7193
38.5052
41.4305
44.5020
47.7271
51.1135
54.6691
58.4026
62.3227
66.4388
39.9927
43.3923
46.9958
50.8156
54.8645
59.1564
63.7058
68.5281
73.6398
79.0582
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
36.1327
37.4941
38.8690
40.2577
41.6603
43.0769
44.5076
45.9527
47.4123
48.8864
37.5807
39.0504
40.5386
42.0453
43.5709
45.1155
46.6794
48.2629
49.8662
51.4896
39.1018
40.6883
42.2986
43.9331
45.5921
47.2760
48.9851
50.7199
52.4807
54.2679
42.3794
44.2270
46.1116
48.0338
49.9945
51.9944
54.0343
56.1149
58.2372
60.4020
46.0003
48.1503
50.3540
52.6129
54.9282
57.3014
59.7339
62.2273
64.7830
67.4026
50.0027
52.5028
55.0778
57.7302
60.4621
63.2759
66.1742
69.1594
72.2342
75.4013
59.3283
62.7015
66.2095
69.8579
73.6522
77.5983
81.7022
85.9703
90.4091
95.0255
70.7608
75.2988
80.0638
85.0670
90.3203
95.8363
101.6281
107.7095
1 14.0950
1 20.7998
84.8017
90.8898
97.3432
104.1838
111 .4348
119.1209
127.2681
135.9042
145.0585
1 54.7620
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
50.3752
51.8790
53.3978
54.9318
56.4811
58.0459
59.6263
61.2226
62.8348
64.4632
53.1332
54.7973
56.4823
58.1883
59.9157
61.6646
63.4354
65.2284
67.0437
68.8818
56.0819
57.9231
59.7920
61.6889
63.6142
65.5684
67.5519
69.5652
71.6087
73.6828
62.6100
64.8622
67.1595
69.5027
71.8927
74.3306
76.8172
79.3535
81.9406
84.5794
70.0876
72.8398
75.6608
78.5523
81.5161
84.5540
87.6679
90.8596
94.1311
97.4843
78.6633
82.0232
85.4839
89.0484
92.7199
96.5015
100.3965
104.4084
108.5406
99.8265
104.819 6
1 10.0124
1 15.4129
121.0294
126.8706
132.9454
139.2632
145.8337
127.8398
135.2318
142.9933
151.1430
1 59.7002
168.6852
178.1194
188.0254
198.4267
165.0477
175.9505
187.5076
199.7580
212.7435
226.5081
241.0986
256.5645
272.9584
242
112.7969
152.6671
209.3480
290.3359
TABLE
26
1%
P R E S E N T VAL U E O F A N A N NUITY:
1 -
(1 + r) - n
r
[1 - r+ r)-n].
An annuity in which the yearly payment at the end of each of n years is A at an
interest rate r (in decimals) compounded annually has present value A
1 i%
1 !%
2%
(1
2! %
3%
4%
5%
6%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.9901
1.9704
2.9410
3.9020
4.8534
5.7955
6.7282
7.6517
8.5660
9.4713
0.9877
1.9631
2.9265
3.8781
4.8178
5.7460
6.6627
7.5681
8.4623
9.3455
0.9852
1.9559
2.9122
3.8544
4.7826
5.6972
6.5982
7.4859
8.3605
9.2222
0.9804
1.9416
2.8839
3.8077
4.7135
5.6014
6.4720
7.3255
8.1622
8.9826
0.9756
1.9274
2.8560
3.7620
4.6458
5.5081
6.3494
7.1701
7.9709
8.7521
0.9709
1.9135
2.8286
3.7171
4.5797
5.4172
6.2303
7.0197
7.7861
8.5302
0.9615
1.8861
2.7751
3.6299
4.4518
5.2421
6.0021
6.7327
7.4353
8.1109
0.9524
1.8594
2.7232
3.5460
4.3295
5.0757
5.7864
6.4632
7.1078
7.7217
0.9434
1.8334
2.6730
3.4651
4.2124
4.9173
5.5824
6.2098
6.8017
7.3601
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
10.3676
1 1.2551
12.1337
13.0037
13.8651
14.7179
1 5.5623
1 6.3983
1 7.2260
18.0456
1 0.2178
1 1.0793
1 1.9302
12.7706
13.6005
14.4203
15.2299
16.0295
16.8193
1 7.5993
10.0711
10.9075
1 1.7315
12.5434
13.3432
14.1313
14.9076
1 5.6726
1 6.4262
1 7.1686
9.7868
10.5753
1 1.3484
12.1062
12.8493
13.5777
14.2919
14.9920
15.6785
1 6.3514
9.5142
10.2578
10.9832
1 1.6909
12.3814
13.0550
13.7122
14.3534
14.9789
15.5892
9.2526
9.9540
10.6350
1 1.2961
1 1.9379
12.5611
13.1661
13.7535
14.3238
14.8775
8.7605
9.3851
9.9856
10.5631
1 1.1184
11.6523
12.1657
12.6593
13.1339
13.5903
8.3064
8.8633
9.3936
9.8986
1 0.3797
10.8378
1 1.2741
1 1.6896
12.0853
12.4622
7.8869
8.3838
8.8527
9.2950
9.7122
10.1059
10.4773
10.8276
1 1.1581
1 1 .4699
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
18.8570
19.6604
20.4558
21.2434
22.0232
22.7952
23.5596
24.3164
25.0658
25.8077
1 8.3697
19.1306
19.8820
20.6242
21.3573
22.0813
22.7963
23.5025
24.2000
24.8889
1 7.9001
1 8.6208
19.3309
20.0304
20.7196
21.3986
22.0676
22.7267
23.3761
24.0158
1 7.01 12
1 7.6580
1 8.2922
18.9139
19.5235
20.1210
20.7069
21 .2813
21.8444
22.3965
1 6.1845
16.7654
1 7.3321
1 7.8850
18.4244
18.9506
19.4640
19.9649
20.4535
20.9303
15.4150
15.9369
1 6.4436
16.9355
1 7.4131
1 7.8768
1 8.3270
18.7641
1 9.1885
19.6004
14.0292
14.4511
14.8568
15.2470
15.6221
1 5.9828
16.3296
1 6.6631
16.9837
1 7.2920
12.8212
13.1630
13.4886
13.7986
14.0939
14.3752
14.6430
14.8981
15.1411
15.3725
11.7641
12.0416
12.3034
12.5504
12.7834
13.0032
13.2105
13.4062
13.5907
13.7648
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
26.5423
27.2696
27.9897
28.7027
29.4086
30.1075
30.7995
31.4847
32.1630
32.8347
25.5693
26.2413
26.9050
2 7.5605
28.2079
28.8473
29.4788
30.1025
30.7185
31.3269
24.6461
25.2671
25.8790
26.4817
27.0756
27.6607
28.2371
28.8051
29.3646
29.9 1 58
22.9377
23.4683
23.9886
24.4986
24.9986
25.4888
25.9695
26.4406
26.9026
27.3555
21.3954
21.8492
22.2919
22.7238
23.1452
23.5563
23.9573
24.3486
24.7303
25.1028
20.0004
20.3888
20.7658
21.1318
21.4872
21.8323
22.1672
22.4925
22.8082
23.1148
1 7.5885
1 7.8736
18.1476
18.4112
18.6646
1 8.9083
19.1426
19.3679
19.5845
19.7928
1 5.5928
1 5.8027
1 6.0025
16.1929
1 6.3742
16.5469
16.7113
16.8679
1 7.0170
17.1591
13.9291
14.0840
14.2302
14.3681
14.4982
14.6210
14.7368
14.8460
14.9491
1 5.0463
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
33.4997
34.1581
34.8100
35.4555
36.0945
36.7272
37.3537
37.9740
38.5881
31.9278
32.5213
33.1075
33.6864
34.2582
34.8229
35.3806
35.9315
36.4755
39.1961
37.0129
30.4590
30.9941
31.5212
32.0406
32.5523
33.0565
33.5532
34.0426
34.5247
34.9997
27.7995
28.2348
28.6616
29.0800
29.4902
29.8923
30.2866
30.6731
31.0521
31.4236
25.4661
25.8206
26.1664
26.5038
26.8330
27.1542
27.4675
27.7732
28.0714
28.3623
23.4124
23.7014
23.9819
24.2543
24.5187
24.7754
25.0247
25.2667
25.5017
25.7298
19.9931
20.1856
20.3708
20.5488
20.7200
20.8847
21.0429
21.1951
21.3415
21.4822
1 7.2944
1 7.4232
1 7.5459
1 7.6628
1 7.7741
1 7.8801
1 7.9810
18.0772
18.1687
18.2559
1 5.1380
15.2245
15.3062
15.3832
15.4558
1 5.5244
15.5890
1 5.6500
1 5.7076
15.7619
243
TABLE
B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S
27
lo (X)
0.
1.
1.0000
.7652
.9975
.7196
.9900
.6711
.9776
.6201
2.
3.
.2239
-.2601
.1666
-.2921
.1104
-.3202
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
-.3971
-.1776
.1 506
.3001
.1717
9.
-.0903
-.3887
-.1443
.1773
.2991
.1475
-.1142
-.3766
-.1103
.2017
.2951
.1222
-.1367
.9385
.5118
.9120
.8812
.8463
.4554
.2818
-.0484
-.3801
-.0968
-.3918
.3980
-.1424
-.3992
.3400
.0555
-.3443
.9604
.5669
.0025
-.3643
-.1850
-.4026
-.2243
-.4018
-.3610
-.0758
.2238
.2882
.0960
-.1 577
-.3423
-.0412
.2433
.2786
.0692
-.1768
-.3205
-.0068
.2601
.2663
.0419
-.1939
-.2961
.0270
.2740
.2516
.0146
-.2090
-.2693
.0599
.2851
.2346
-.0125
-.2218
-.2404
.0917
.2931
.2154
-.0392
-.2323
-.20!)7
.1220
.2981
.1944
-.0653
-.2403
TABLE
.8075
B ES S E L FU N CT I O N S
28
/1 (x)
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.0000
.4401
.5767
.3391
-.0660
-.3276
-.2767
-.0047
.2346
.0499
.4709
.5683
.3009
-.1033
-.3371
-.2559
.0995
.4983
.5560
.2613
-.1386
-.3432
-.2329
.0543
.1483
.5220
.5399
.2207
-.1719
-.3460
-.2081
.0826
.1960
.5419
.5202
.1792
-.2028
-.3453
-.0953
.1813
.3688
.5815
.4097
.0128
-.2!)85
-.3110
-.0652
.2014
.4059
.5812
.3754
-.0272
-.3147
-.2951
-.0349
.2192
.2580
.2657
.2708
.2731
.2867
.5699
.4708
.0955
-.2566
-.3343
-.1250
.1592
.2728
.3290
.5778
.4416
.0538
-.2791
-.3241
-.1816
.1096
.2423
.5579
.4971
.1374
-.2311
-.3414
-.1538
.1352
.2697
.2641
.2559
9.
.2453
.2324
.2174
.2004
.1816
.1613
.1395
.1166
.0928
.0684
.0252
.2476
244
TABLE
29
X
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
0
-
00
.0883
.5104
.3769
-.0169
-.3085
-.2882
-.0259
.2235
.2499
B E S S E L F U NCTIONS
Y0 (x)
-1.5342
.1622
.5183
.3431
-.0561
-.3216
-.2694
.0042
-1.0811
.2281
.5208
.3071
-.0938
-.3313
-.2483
-.8073
.2865
.5181
.2691
-.1296
-.3374
-.2251
-.6060
.3379
.5104
.2296
-.1633
-.3402
-.1999
-.4445
.3824
.4981
.1890
- .3085
-.1907
.4520
.4605
.1061
-.2494
-.0868
.4774
.4359
.0645
-.2723
-.3177
.0628
.2595
.2086
.0907
-.1947
-.3395
-.1732
.1173
.4204
.4813
.1477
-.2235
-.3354
.2662
.1907
.2702
.1712
.2700
.1279
-.0864
.1872
.2659
.1045
.0056
.4968
.4079
.0234
-.2921
-.3044
-.0563
.2065
.2592
.0804
.2381
.2383
.0339
.2501
.2245
TABLE
0.
- co
1.
2.
3.
4.
-.7812
-.1070
.3247
.3979
.1479
-.1750
-.3027
-.1581
.1043
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
.1424
.2715
.1502
-.3282
-.1162
.1658
B E S SE L F U N CT I O N S
30
X
-.1452
Y1 (x)
-6.4590
-.6981
-.0517
.3496
.3846
-3.3238
-2.2931
-.5485
.0523
.3879
.3484
-1.7809
-.4791
.1005
.4010
.3260
-1.4715
-.4123
.1459
.4102
.3010
-1.2604
-.3476
-1.1032
-.6211
.0015
.3707
.3680
-.9781
-.2237
.2635
.4141
.2136
-.8731
-.1644
.2959
.4078
.1812
.0445
-.2422
-.2846
-.0806
.1691
.0101
-.2596
-.2731
-.0535
.1871
-.0238
-.2741
-.2591
-.0262
.2032
- .0568
-.1192
-.3002
-.2039
.0544
.2379
-.1481
-.3029
-.1817
.0799
.2447
.1137
-.1998
-.2995
-.1331
.1275
.0792
-.2223
-.2934
-.1072
.1491
245
.1884
.4154
.2737
-.2857
-.2428
.0011
.2171
-.2847
.2276
.4167
.2445
-.0887
-.2945
-.2243
.0280
.2287
TABLE
B ES S E L F U N C:T I O N S
31
X
I0 (x)
1 .1 67
1 .213
0.
1.000
1.003
1.010
1.023
1.040
1.063
1.092
1 .126
1.
1.266
1 .326
1.394
1.469
1.553
1 .647
1 .750
1.864
1.990
2.128
2.
2.280
2.446
2.629
2.830
3.049
3.290
3.553
3.842
4.157
4.503
3.
4.881
5.294
5.747
6.243
6.785
7.378
8.028
8.739
9.517
10.37
4.
1 1.30
12.32
13.44
14.67
16.01
17.48
19.09
20.86
22.79
24.91
5.
27.24
29.79
32.58
35.65
39.01
42.69
46.74
51.17
56.04
61.38
6.
67.23
73.66
80.72
88.46
96.96
106.3
116.5
1 27.8
140.1
1 53.7
7.
168.6
185.0
202.9
222.7
244.3
268.2
294.3
323.1
354.7
389.4
8.
427.6
469.5
515.6
566.3
621.9
683.2
750.5
824.4
905.8
995.2
9.
1094
1202
1321
1451
1 595
1 753
1927
2119
2329
2561
TABLE
BESSEL FUNCTIONS
32
I1 (x)
0.
.0000
.0501
.1005
.1517
.2040
.2579
.3137
.3719
.4329
.4971
1 .317
1 .448
1.
.5652
.6375
.7147
.7973
.8861
.981 7
1 .085
1.196
2.
1.591
1.745
1.914
2.098
2.298
2. 517
2.755
3.016
3.301
3.613
8.913
3.
3.953
4.326
4.734
5.181
5.670
6.206
6.793
7.436
8.140
4.
9.759
10.69
1 1.71
12.82
14.05
15.39
1 6.86
18.48
20.25
22.20
55.90
5.
24.34
26.68
29.25
32.08
35.18
38.59
42.33
46.44
50.95
6.
61.34
67.32
73.89
81.10
89.03
97.74
107.3
1 1 7.8
1 29.4
142.1
7.
156.0
171.4
188.3
206.8
227.2
249.6
274.2
301.3
331.1
363.9
8.
399.9
439.5
483.0
531.0
583.7
641.6
705.4
775.5
852.7
937.5
9.
1031
1 134
1247
1371
1508
1658
1824
2006
2207
2428
246
TABLE
33
X
0.
00
1.
.4210
B E S SE L F U N C T I O N S
Ko (X)
2.4271
1 .7527
1 .3725
1.1145
.9244
.7775
.6605
.5653
.4867
.3656
.3185
.2782
.2437
.2138
.1880
.1655
.1459
.1288
2.
.1139
.1008
.08927
.07914
.07022
.06235
.05540
.04926
.04382
.03901
3.
.03474
.03095
.02759
.02461
.02196
.01960
.01750
.01563
.01397
.01248
4.
.01 1 1 6
.029980
.028927
.027988
.027149
.026400
.025730
.025132
.024597
.024119
5.
.023691
.023308
.022966
.022659
.022385
.022139
.021918
.021721
.021544
.021386
6.
.021244
.021 1 1 7
.021003
.039001
.038083
.037259
.036520
.035857
.035262
.034728
7.
.034248
.033817
.033431
.033084
.032772
.032492
.032240
.032014
.031811
.031629
8.
.031465
.031317
.031185
.031066
.049588
.048626
.047761
.046983
.046283
.045654
9.
.045088
.044579
.044121
.043710
.043339
.043006
.042706
.042436
.042193
.041975
TABLE
3.4
X
0.
00
B E S S E L F U N CT I O N S
K1 (x)
9.8538
4.7760
3.0560
2.1844
1 .6564
1 .3028
1 .0503
.8618
.7165
1.
.6019
.5098
.4346
.3725
.3208
.2774
.2406
.2094
.1826
.1597
2.
.1399
.1227
.1079
.09498
.08372
.07389
.06528
.05774
.05111
.04529
3.
.04016
.03563
.03164
.02812
.02500
.02224
.01979
.01763
.01 571
.01400
4.
.01248
.01114
.029938
.028872
.027923
.027078
.026325
.025654
.025055
.024521
5.
.024045
.023619
.023239
.022900
.022597
.022326
.022083
.021866
.021673
.021499
6.
.021344
.021205
.021081
.039691
.038693
.037799
.036998
.036280
.035636
.035059
7.
.034542
.034078
.033662
.033288
.032953
.032653
.032383
.032141
.031924
.031729
8.
.031554
.031396
.031255
.0311 28
.031014
.049120
.048200
.047374
.046631
.045964
9.
.045364
.044825
.044340
.043904
.043512
.043160
.042843
.042559
.042302
.042072
247
TABLE
B E S S E L F U NCTIO N S
35
X
Ber (x)
.9999
.9996
.9990
.9980
.9962
.9936
.9898
0.
1.0000
1.0000
1.
.9844
.9771
.9676
.9554
.9401
.9211
.8979
.8700
.8367
.7975
2.
.7517
.6987
.6377
.5680
.4890
.4000
.3001
.1887
.06511
-.07137
1.0000
3.
-.2214
-.3855
-.5644
-.7584
-.9680
-1.1936
-1.4353
-1.6933
-1.9674
-2.2576
4.
-2.5634
-2.8843
-3.2195
-3.5679
-3.9283
-4.2991
-4.6784
-5.0639
-5.4531
-5.8429
5.
-6.2301
-6.6107
-6.9803
-7.3344
-7.6674
-7.9736
-8.2466
-8.4794
-8.6644
-8.7937
6.
-8.8583
-8.8491
-8.7561
-8.5688
-8.2762
-7.8669
-7.3287
-6.6492
-5.8155
-4.8146
7.
-3.6329
-2.2571
-.6737
1.1308
3.1695
5.4550
7.9994
10.814
13.909
1 7.293
8.
20.974
24.957
29.245
33.840
38.738
43.936
49.423
55.187
61.210
67.469
9.
73.936
80.576
87.350
94.208
101.10
107.95
1 1 4.70
121.26
127.54
133.43
TABLE
B E S S EL FUNCTIONS
36
X
0.
0
.0000
Bei (x)
1
.022500
2
.01000
3
.02250
4
.04000
.06249
6
.08998
.1224
.1599
.2023
1.
.2496
.3017
.3587
.4204
.4867
.5576
.6327
.7120
.7953
.8821
2.
.9723
1.0654
1.1610
1.2585
1.3575
1.4572
1.5569
1.6557
1.7529
1.8472
3.
1.9376
2.0228
2.1016
2.1723
2.2334
2.2832
2.3199
2.3413
2.3454
2.3300
4.
2.2927
2.2309
2.1422
2.0236
1.8726
1.6860
1.4610
1.1946
.8837
.5251
5.
.1160
-.3467
-.8658
-1.4443
-2.0845
-2.7890
-3.5597
-4.3986
-5.3068
-6.2854
6.
-7.3347
-8.4545
-9.6437
-10.901
-12.223
-13.607
-15.047
-16.538
-18.Q74
-19.644
7.
-21.239
-22.848
-24.456
-26.049
-27.609
-29.116
-30.548
-31.882
-33.092
-34.147
8.
-35.017
-35.667
-36.061
-36.159
-35.920
-35.298
-34.246
-32.714
-30.651
-28.003
9.
-24.713
-20.724
-15.976
-10.412
-3.9693
3.4106
1 1.787
21.218
31.758
43.459
248
TABLE
B E S S EL F U N C T I O N S
37
X
0.
00
1.
.2867
Ker (x)
2.4205
1.7331
1.3372
.2228
.1689
.1235
4
1.0626
.08513
.8559
.6931
.5614
.4529
.3625
.05293
.02603
.023691
-.01470
-.02966
-.07030
-.06894
2. -.04166
-.05111
-.05834
-.06367
-.06737
-.06969
-.o7083
-.07097
3. -.06703
-.06468
-.06198
-.05903
-.05590
-.05264
-.04932
-.04597
-.04265
-.03937
-.01960
-.01734
-.01525
-.01330
4. -.03618
-.03308
-.03011
-.02726
-.02456
-.02200
5.
-.01151
-.029865
-.028359
-.026989
-.025749
-.024632 -.023632 -.022740 -.021952 -.021258
6.
-.036530
-.031295
.033191
.036991
.021017
.021278
.021488
.021653
.021777
.021866
7.
.021922
.021951
.021956
.021940
.021907
.021860
.021800
.021731
.021655
.021572
8.
.021486
.021397
.021306
.021216
.021126
.021037
.039511
.038675
.037871
.037102
9.
.036372
.035681
.035030
.034422
.033855
.033330
.032846
.032402
.031996
.031628
TABLE
38
X
B ES S E L F U N CT I O N S
Kei (x)
0.
-.7854
-.7769
-.7581
-.7331
-.7038
-.6716
-.6374
-.6022
-.5664
-.5305
1.
-.4950
-.4601
-.4262
-.3933
-.3617
-.3314
-.3026
-.2752
-.2494
-.2251
2.
-.2024
-.1812
-.1614
-.1431
-.1262
-.1107
-.09644
-.08342
-.07157
-.06083
-.04240
-.03458
-.02762
-.02145
-.01600
-.01123
-.027077 -.023487 -.034108
3. -.05112
4.
.022198
.024386
.026194
.027661
.028826
.029721
.01038
.01083
.01110
.01121
5.
.01119
.01105
.01082
.Q1051
.01014
.029716
.029255
.028766
.028258
.027739
6.
.027216
.026696
.026183
.025681
.025194
.024724
.024274
.023846
.023440
.023058
7.
.022700
.022366
.022057
.021770
.021507
.021267
.021048
.038498
,036714
.035117
.043809
-.044449
-.031149
-.033552
-.033574
-.033557 -.033508 -.033430 -.033329
8.
.033696
.032440
.031339
9.
-.033192
-.033368
-.033486
249
-.031742 -.032233 -.032632 -.032949

-.033210
TABLE
VALUES F O R A P P R OXIMATE
39
Z E R OS O F B E S S E L F U N C T I O N S
The following table lists the first few positive roots of various equations. Note that for all cases
listed the successive large roots differ approximately by 1r = 3.14159 . . . .
n = O
Jn (x) = 0
Yn (x) = 0
J(x) = 0
Y (x) = 0
n = 1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n= 5
n = 6
2.4048
3.8317
5.1356
6.3802
7.5883
8.7715
9.9361
5.5201
7.0156
8.4172
9.7610
11.0647
12.3386
13.5893
8.6537
10.1735
11.6198
13.0152
14.3725
15.7002
17.0038
18.9801
20.3208
1 1.7915
13.3237
14.7960
16.2235
1 7.6160
14.9309
16.4706
17.9598
19.4094
20.8269
22.2178
23.5861
18.Q711
19.6159
21.1170
22.5827
24.0190
25.4303
26.8202
0.8936
2.1971
3.3842
4.5270
5.6452
6.7472
7.8377
3.9577
5.4297
6.7938
8.0976
9.3616
10.5972
1 1.8110
7.0861
8.5960
10.0235
1 1.3965
12.7301
14.0338
15.3136
10.2223
1 1.7492
13.2100
14.6231
15.9996
17.3471
18.6707
13.3611
14.8974
1 6.3790
1 7.8185
19.2244
20.6029
21 .9583
1 6.5009
18.0434
19.5390
20.9973
22.4248
23.8265
25.2062
0.0000
1.8412
3.0542
4.2012
5.3176
6.4156
7.5013
3.8317
5.3314
6.7061
8.0152
9.2824
10.5199
1 1.7349
7.0156
8.5363
9.9695
1 1 .3459
12.6819
13.9872
15.2682
10.1735
11.7060
13.1704
14.5859
15.9641
1 7.3128
18.6374
13.3237
1 4.8636
16.3475
17.7888
19.1960
20.5755
21.9317
16.4706
18.0155
19.5129
20.9725
22.4010
23.8036
25.1839
2.1971
3.6830
5.0026
6.2536
7.4649
8.6496
9.8148
5.4297
6.9415
8.3507
9.6988
11.0052
12.2809
13.5328
16.9655
8.5960
10.1234
1 1 .5742
12.9724
14.3317
15.6608
11.7492
13.2858
14.7609
16.1905
17.5844
18.9497
20.2913
14.8974
16.4401
1 7.9313
19.3824
20.8011
22.1928
23.5619
18.0434
19.5902
21.0929
22.5598
23.9970
25.4091
26.7995
250
TABLE
40
EXPO N E N T I A L , S I N E A N D C OS I N E I N TE G RALS
Ei(x)
.0
.f"' - du
:1:
e-u
u
St'(X)
Ei(x)
00
:::::
ix sinu ud
Ci(x)
Si(x)
Ci(x)
--
.0000
U,
00
.5
.5598
.4931
.1778
1.0
.2194
.9461
-.3374
1.5
.1000
1.3247
-.4704
2.0
.04890
1.6054
-.4230
2.5
.02491
1.7785
-.2859
3.0
.01305
1.8487
-.1196
3.5
.026970
1 .8331
.0321
4.0
.023779
1 .7582
.1410
4.5
.022073
1.6541
.1935
5.0
.021148
1.5499
.1900
5.5
.036409
1.4687
.1421
6.0
.033601
1.4247
.0681
6.5
.032034
1.4218
-.0111
7.0
.031155
1.4546
-.0767
7.5
.046583
1 .5107
-.1156
8.0
.043767
1 .5742
-.1224
8.5
.042162
1 .6296
-.09943
9.0
.041245
1.6650
-.05535
9.5
.057185
1.6745
-.022678
10.0
.054157
1 .6583
.04546
251
JxC "' cos u du

U
TABLE
41
L E G E N D R E P O LY N O M IA LS
[Po (x)
P2 (x)
P3 (x)
1,
P1 (x)
P4 (x)
x]
Pn (x)
P5 (x)
.00
-.5000
.0000
.3750
.0000
.05
-.4963
-.0747
.3657
.0927
.10
-.4850
-.1475
.3379
.1788
.15
-.4663
-.2166
.2928
.2523
.20
-.4400
-.2800
.2320
.3075
.25
-.4063
-.3359
.1577
.3397
.30
-.3650
-.3825
.0729
.3454
.35
-.3163
-.4178
-.0187
.3225
.40
-.2600
-.4400
-.1130
.2706
.45
-.1963
-.4472
-.2050
.1917
.50
-.1250
-.4375
-.2891
.0898
.55
-.0463
-.4091
-.3590
-.0282
.60
.0400
-.3600
-.4080
-.1526
.65
.1338
-.2884
-.4284
-.2705
.70
.2350
-.1925
-.4121
-.3652
.75
.3438
-.0703
-.3501
-.4164
.80
.4600
.0800
-.2330
-.3995
.85
.5838
.2603
-.0506
-.2857
.90
.7150
.4725
.2079
-.0411
.95
.8538
.7184
.5541
.3727
1.00
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
252
TABLE
LEG&f!IDitE PO,L)'NOMILS Pn (cos 8)
42
[Po (cos 8) =
1]
()
P1 (cos o)
P2 (cos o)
P3 (cos o)
P4 (cos o)
P5 (cos o)
oo
1.0000
1 .0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
50
.9962
.9886
.9773
.9623
.9437
10
.9848
.9548
.9106
.8532
.7840
15
.9659
.8995
.8042
.6847
.5471
20
.9397
.8245
.6649
.4750
.2715
25
.9063
.7321
.5016
.2465
.0009
30
.8660
.6250
.3248
.0234
-.2233
35
.8192
.5065
.1454
-.1714
-.3691
40
.7660
.3802
-.0252
-.3190
-.4197
45
.7071
.2500
-.1768
-.4063
50
.6428
.1198
-.3002
-.4275
-.
55
.5736
-.0065
-.3886
-.3852
-.0868
60
.5000
-.1250
-.4375
-.2891
.0898
.2381
37 5 7
-.2545
65
.4226
-.2321
-.4452
-.1552
70
.3420
-.3245
-.4130
-.0038
.3281
75
.2588
-.3995
-.3449
.1434
.3427
80
.1737
-.4548
-.2474
.2659
.2810
85
.0872
-.4886
-.1291
.3468
.1577
90
.0000
-.5000
.0000
.3750
.0000
253
C O M P L ET E E L LI PT I C I N T E G RALS OF F I R ST AND S E C O N D K I N DS
TABLE
43
fo rrt2
Jo
yl
dO
_
k2 sin2 (}
frrt2
Jo
v' l
k2 sin2 (} dO,
s in tf;
"'
"'
"'
oo
1.5708
1.5708
30
1.6858
1 .4675
60
2.1565
1 .2111
1.5709
1.5707
31
1.6941
1.4608
61
2.1842
1.2015
1 .5713
1 .5703
32
1.7028
1.4539
62
2.2132
1 .1920
1.5719
1 .5697
33
1.7119
1 .4469
63
2.2435
1.1826
1.5727
1.5689
34
1 .7214
1.4397
64
2.2754
1.1732
1.5738
1 .5678
35
1.7312
1 .4323
65
2.3088
1.1638
1.7415
1.4248
66
2.3439
1.1545
67
2.3809
1.1453
1.5751
1 .5665
36
1.5767
1.5649
37
1.7522
1 .4171
1 .5785
1.5632
38
1 .7633
1 .4092
68
2.4198
1.1362
1.5805
1 .5611
39
1.7748
1.4013
69
2.4610
1.1272
10
1.5828
1.5589
40
1 .7868
1 .3931
70
2.5046
1.1184
11
1.5854
1.5[;64
41
1.7992
1.3849
71
2.5507
1 .1096
12
1 .5882
1.5537
42
1.8122
1.3765
72
2.5998
1 .1011
13
1.5913
1 .5507
43
1.8256
1.3680
73
2.6521
1 .0927
14
1.5946
1.5476
44
1.8396
1. 3594
74
2.7081
1.0844
15
1 .5981
1.5442
45
1.8541
1 .3506
75
2.7681
1 .0764
16
1.6020
1.5405
46
1.8691
1.3418
76
2.8327
1.0686
2.9026
1.0611
1.0538
17
1.6061
1.5367
47
1.8848
1 .3329
77
18
1.6105
1.5326
48
1.9011
1 .3238
78
2.9786
19
1.6151
1.5283
49
1.9180
1.3147
79
3.0617
1.0468
20
1 .6200
1.5238
50
1.9356
1.3055
80
3.1534
1.0401
21
1.6252
1.5191
51
1.9539
1 .2963
81
3.2553
1.0338
22
1 .6307
1.5141
52
1.9729
1 .2870
82
3.3699
1.0278
23
1.6365
1.5090
53
1.9927
1 .2776
83
3.5004
1.0223
24
1.6426
1 .5037
54
2.0133
1.2681
84
3.6519
1.0172
25
1.6490
1 .4981
55
2.0347
1 .2587
85
3.8317
1.0127
26
1 .6557
1.4924
56
2.0571
1.2492
86
4.0528
1.0086
27
1.6627
1.4864
57
2.0804
1.2397
87
4.3387
1 .0053
2.1047
1.2301
88
4.7427
1.0026
2.1300
1.2206
89
5.4349
1.0008
90
00
1 .0000
28
1.6701
1.4803
58
29
1.6777
1.4740
59
30
1.6858
1.4675
60
2.1565
254
1.2111
TABLE
I N C O M P L E TE E L L I P T I C I N T E G R A L O F T H E F I R S T K I N D
44
F(k, )
i<l> Vl d()k2 sin2 ()

o
oo
10
20
30
oo
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
10
0.1745
0.1 746
0.1746
0.1748
0.174g
40
50
sin if;
60
70
go o
goo
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.1751
0.1752
0.1753
0.1754
0.1754
20
0.34g1
0.34g3
0.34gg
0.3508
0.3520
0.3533
0.3545
0.3555
0.3561
0.3564
30
0.5236
0.5243
0.5263
0.52g4
0.5334
0.537g
0.5422
0.545g
0.5484
0.54g3
40
0.6g81
0.6gg7
0.7043
0.71 16
0.7213
0.7323
0.7436
0.7535
0.7604
0.762g
50
0.8727
0.8756
0.8842
o.sgs2
o.g173
o.g401
o.g647
o.g876
1.0044
1 .0107
60
1.0472
1.051g
1 .0660
1.0896
1.1226
1.1643
1.2126
1 .261g
1.3014
1 .3170
70
1 .221 7
1.2286
1.24g5
1.2853
1.3372
1.4068
1.4g44
1 .5g5g
1 .6g18
1.7354
80
1.3963
1.4056
1.4344
1.4846
1 .55g7
1.6660
1.8125
2.011g
2.2653
2.4362
goo
1.5708
1.5828
1.6200
1 .6858
1 .7868
I .g356
2.1 565
2.5046
3.1534
"'
I N C O M P L E T E E L L I P T I C I N TE G R A L O F T H E S E C O N D K I N D
TABLE
45
E(k, )
i<t> Vl - k2 sin2 ()
d(),
sin .p
oo
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
goo
oo
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
10
0.1745
0.1745
0.1744
0.1743
0.1742
0.1740
0.173g
0.1738
0.1737
0.1736
20
0.34g1
0.348g
0.3483
0.3473
0.3462
0.3450
0.3438
0.342g
0.3422
0.3420
0.5000
30
0.5236
0.522g
0.52og
0.517g
0.5141
0.5100
0.5061
0.502g
0.5007
40
0.6g81
0.6g66
0.6g21
0.6851
0.6763
0.6667
0.6575
0.64g7
0.6446
0.6428
50
0.8727
0.86g8
0.8614
0.8483
0.8317
0.8134
0.7g54
0.7801
0.7697
0.7660
60
1.0472
1.0426
l.02gO
1.0076
0.9801
0.9493
o.g184
0.8g14
0.8728
0.8660
70
1.2217
1 .214g
l .lg4g
1.1632
1 .1221
1.0750
1.0266
o.g830
o.g514
o.g3g7
80
1.3g63
1 .3870
1.35g7
1.3161
1.25go
1.1926
1 .1225
1 .0565
1 .0054
o.g848
goo
1 .5708
1 .558g
1 .5238
1 .4675
1 .3g31
1 .3055
1 .21 1 1
1.1184
1 .0401
1 .0000
255
O R D I N ATES Of T H E
TABLE
46
S TA N D A R D N ORMA L C UR V E
y ::::
_
1 _ e-x212
y'2;
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
.3989
.3970
.3910
.3814
.3683
.3989
.3965
.3902
.3802
.3668
.3989
.3961
.3894
.3790
.3653
.3988
.3956
.3885
.3778
.3637
.3986
.3951
.3876
.3765
.3621
.3984
.3945
.3867
.3752
.3605
.3982
.3939
.3857
.3739
.3589
.3980
.3932
.3847
.3725
.3572
.3977
.3925
.3836
.3712
.3555
.3973
.3918
.3825
.3697
.3538
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
.3521
.3332
.3123
.28.97
.2661
.3503
.3312
.3101
.2874
.2637
.3485
.3292
.3079
.2850
.2613
.3467
.3271
.3056
.2827
.2589
.3448
.3251
.3034
.2803
.2565
.3429
.3230
.3011
.2780
.2541
.3410
.3209
.2989
.2756
.2516
.3391
.3187
.2966
.2732
.2492
.3372
.3166
.2943
.2709
.2468
.3352
.3144
.2920
.2685
.2444
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
.2420
.2179
.1942
.1714
.1497
.2396
.2155
.1919
.1691
.1476
.2371
.2131
.1895
.1669
.1456
.2347
.2107
.1872
.1647
.1435
.2323
.2083
.1849
.1626
.1415
.2299
.2059
.1826
.1604
.1394
.2275
.2036
.1804
.1582
.1374
.2251
.2012
.1781
.1561
.1354
.2227
.1989
.1758
.1539
.1334
.2203
.1965
.1736
.1518
.1315
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
.1295
.1109
.0940
.0790
.0656
.1276
.1092
.0925
.0775
.0644
.1257
.1074
.0909
.0761
.0632
.1238
.1057
.0893
.0748
.0620
.1219
.1040
.0878
.0734
.0608
.1200
.1023
.0863
.0721
.0596
.1182
.1006
.0848
.0707
.0584
.1163
.0989
.0833
.0694
.0573
.1145
.0973
.0818
.0681
.0562
.1127
.0957
.0804
.0669
.0551
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
.0540
.0440
.0355
.0283
.0224
.0529
.0431
.0347
.0277
.0219
.0519
.0422
.0339
.0270
.0213
.0508
.0413
.0332
.0264
.0208
.0498
.0404
.0325
.0258
.0203
.0488
.0396
.0317
.0252
.0198
.0478
.0387
.0310
.0246
.0194
.0468
.0379
.0303
.0241
.0189
.0459
.0371
.0297
.0235
.0184
.0449
.0363
.0290
.0229
.0180
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
.0175
.0136
.0104
.0079
.0060
.0171
.0132
.0101
.0077
.0058
.0167
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0056
.0163
.0126
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0158
.0122
.0093
.0071
.0053
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0051
.0151
.0116
.0088
.0067
.0050
.0147
.0113
.0086
.0065
.0048
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0063
.0047
.0139
.0107
.0081
.0061
.0046
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0017
.0012
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.0012
.0042
.0031
.0022
.0016
.0012
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.0011
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.0011
.0038
.0028
.0020
.0015
.001 0
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.0010
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.0010
.0035
.0025
.0018
.0013
.0009
.0034
.0025
.0018
.0013
.0009
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
.0009
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0008
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0008
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0008
.0005
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0008
.0005
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0007
.0005
.0004
.0002
.0002
.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0001
.0006
.0004
.0003
.0002
.0001
3.9
256
TABLE
47
A R EAS U N D E R T H E
S TA N D A R D N O R M A L C U RV E
erf (x)
from
-oo
to x
fx e-tt2
y'2; -"'
dt
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
.500{)
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.5040
.5438
.5832
.6217
.6591
.5080
.5478
.5871
.6255
.6628
.5120
.5517
.5910
.6293
.6664
.5160
.5557
.5948
.6331
.6700
.5199
.5596
.5987
.6368
.6736
.5239
.5636
.6026
.6406
.6772
.5279
.5675
.6064
.6443
.6808
.5319
.5714
.6103
.6480
.6844
.5359
.5754
.6141
.6517
.6879
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
.69 1 5
.7258
.7580
.7881
.8159
.6950
.7291
.7612
.7910
.8186
.6985
.7324
.7642
.7939
.8212
.7019
.7357
.7673
.7967
.8238
.7054
.7389
.7704
.7996
.8264
.7088
.7422
.7734
.8023
.8289
.7123
.7454
.7764
.8051
.8315
.7157
.7486
.7794
.8078
.8340
.7190
.7518
.7823
.8106
.8365
.7224
.7549
.7852
.8133
.8389
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1 .4
.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.8438
.8665
.8869
.9049
.9207
.8461
.8686
.8888
.9066
.9222
.8485
.8708
.8907
.9082
.9236
.8508
.8729
.8925
.9099
.9251
.8531
.8749
.8944
.91 1 5
.9265
.8554
.8770
.8962
.9131
.9279
.8577
.8790
.8980
.9147
.9292
.8599
.8810
.8997
.9162
.9306
.8621
.8830
.9015
.9177
.9319
1 .5
1.6
1.7
1 .8
1.9
.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9345
.9463
.9564
.9649
.9719
.9357
.9474
.9573
.9656
.9726
.9370
.9484
.9582
.9664
.9732
.9382
.9495
.9591
.9671
.9738
.9394
.9505
.9599
.9678
.9744
.9406
.9515
.9608
.9686
.9750
.9418
.9525
.9616
.9693
.9756
.9429
.9535
.9625
.9699
.9761
.9441
.9545
.9633
.9706
.9767
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9778
.9826
.9864
.9896
.9920
.9783
.9830
.9868
.9898
.9922
.9788
.9834
.9871
.9901
.9925
.9793
.9838
.9875
.9904
.9927
.9798
.9842
.9878
.9906
.9929
.9803
.9846
.9881
.9909
.9931
.9808
.9850
.9884
.9911
.9932
.9812
.9854
.9887
.9913
.9934
.9817
.9857
.9890
.991 6
.9936
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9940
.9955
.9966
.9975
.9982
.9941
.9956
.9967
.9976
.9982
.9943
.9957
.9968
.9977
.9983
.9945
.9959
.9969
.9977
.9984
.9946
.9960
.9970
.9978
.9984
.9948
.9961
.9971
.9979
.9985
.9949
.9962
.9972
.9979
.9985
.9951
.9963
.9973
.9980
.9986
.9952
.9964
.9974
.9981
.9986
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9987
.9991
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9987
.9991
.9994
.9995
.9997
.9988
.9991
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9988
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9989
.9992
.9994
.9996
.9997
.9989
.9992
.9995
.9996
.9997
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9996
.9997
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
.9998
.9998
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9998
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1.0000
.9998
.9999
.9999
.9999
1 .0000
257
TABLE
48
P E R C E N TIL E VA L U E.S
(tp) FOR
ST U D E NT'S t D I ST R I BUTIO N
with n degrees of freedom

(shaded area ::::: p)
tp
t .995
t.99
t.975
t.95
t.90
t.so
t.75
t. 70
t .60
t.ss
1
2
3
4
63.66
9.92
5.84
4.60
31.82
6.96
4.54
3.75
12.71
4.30
3.18
2.78
6.31
2.92
2.35
2.13
3.08
1.89
1.64
1.53
1.376
1.061
.978
.941
1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727
.617
.584
.569
.325
.289
.277
.271
.158
.142
.137
.134
5
6
7
8
9
4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
3.25
3.36
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82
2.57
2.45
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.02
1.94
1.90
1.86
1 .83
1 .48
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38
.920
.906
.896
.889
.883
.727
.718
.711
.706
.703
.559
.553
.549
.546
.543
.267
.265
.263
.262
.261
.132
.131
.130
.130
.129
10
11
12
13
14
3.17
3.11
3.06
3.01
2.98
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.14
1.81
1.80
1 .78
1 .77
1.76
1.37
1.36
1.36
1 .35
1.34
.879
.876
.873
.870
.868
.700
.697
.695
.694
.692
.542
.540
.539
.538
.537
.260
.260
.259
.259
.258
.129
.129
.128
.128
.128
15
16
17
18
19
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.86
2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54
2.13
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.09
1.75
1.75
1 .74
1.73
1 .73
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1 .33
.866
.865
.863
.862
.861
.691
.690
.689
.688
.688
.536
.535
.534
.534
.533
.258
.258
.257
.257
.257
.128
.128
.128
.127
.127
20
21
22
23
24
2.84
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.80
2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.49
2.09
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.06
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.32
1 .32
1.32
1 .32
1 .32
.860
.859
.858
.858
.857
.687
.686
.686
.685
.685
.533
.532
.532
.532
.531
.257
.257
.256
.256
.256
.127
.127
.127
.127
.127
25
26
27
28
29
2.79
2.78
2.77
2.76
2.76
2.48
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.46
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.04
1.71
1 .71
1.70
1.70
1 .70
1 .32
1 .32
1.31
1.31
1.31
.856
.856
.855
.855
.854
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.531
.531
.531
.530
.530
.256
.256
.256
.256
.256
.127
.127
.127
.127
.127
30
40
60
120
2.75
2.70
2.66
2.62
2.58
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.04
2.02
2.00
1.98
1.96
1 .70
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.645
1.31
1.30
1.30
1 .29
1 .28
.854
.851
.848
.845
.842
.683
.681
.679
.677
.674
.530
.529
.527
.526
.524
.256
.255
.254
.254
.253
.127
.126
.126
.126
.126
00
Source:
R. A. Fisher and F. Yates, S tatis tical Tables for Biological, Agricultural and
Medical Research (6th edition, 1963), Table III, Oliver and Boyd Ltd., E din
burgh, by permission of the authors and publishers.

258
TABLE
49
PERC ENTILE VA L U ES
(x!)
FOR
THE CHI-S Q U A R E, D I ST R IBUTION

with n degrees of freedom
(shaded area
p)
x2
x995
X99
X975
X 29s
X 9o
x1s
Xso
x2s
xIO
Xos
Xo2s
x01
Xoos
1
2
3
4
7.88
10.6
12.8
14.9
6.63
9.21
11.3
13.3
5.02
7.38
9.35
1 1 .1
3.84
5.99
7.81
9.49
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
1 .32
2.77
4.11
5.39
.455
1.39
2.37
3.36
.102
.575
1.21
1 .92
.0158
.211
.584
1 .06
.0039
.103
.352
.711
.0010
.0506
.216
.484
.0002
.0201
.115
.297
.0000
.0100
.072
.207
5
6
7
8
9
16.7
18.5
20.3
22.0
23.6
1 5. 1
1 6.8
18.5
20.1
21.7
12.8
14.4
16.0
17.5
19.0
1 1 .1
12.6
14.1
15.5
1 6.9
9.24
10.6
12.0
13.4
14.7
6.63
7.84
9.04
10.2
1 1 .4
4.35
5.35
6.35
7.34
8.34
2.67
3.45
4.25
5.07
5.90
1 .61
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
1.15
1 .64
2.17
2.73
3.33
.831
1.24
1.69
2.18
2.70
.554
.872
1 .24
1.65
2.09
.412
.676
.989
1.34
1.73
10
11
12
13
14
25.2
26.8
28.3
29.8
31.3
23.2
24.7
26.2
27.7
29.1
20.5
21.9
23.3
24.7
26.1
18.3
19.7
21.0
22.4
23.7
16.0
17.3
18.5
19.8
21.1
12.5
13.7
14.8
1 6.0
17.1
9.34
10.3
1 1.3
12.3
13.3
6.74
7.58
8.44
9.30
10.2
4.87
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
3.94
4.57
5.23
5.89
6.57
3.25
3.82
4.40
5.01
5.63
2.56
3.05
3.57
4.11
4.66
2.16
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07
15
16
17
18
19
32.8
34.3
35.7
37.2
38.6
30.6
32.0
33.4
34.8
36.2
27.5
28.8
30.2
31.5
32.9
25.0
26.3
27.6
28.9
30.1
22.3
23.5
24.8
26.0
27.2
18.2
19.4
20.5
21.6
22.7
14.3
15.3
1 6.3
17.3
18.3
11.0
11.9
12.8
13.7
14.6
8.55
9.31
10.1
10.9
11.7
7.26
7.96
8.67
9.39
10.1
6.26
6.91
7.56
8.23
8.91
5.23
5.81
6.41
7.01
7.63
4.60
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84
20
21
22
23
24
40.0
41.4
42.8
44.2
45.6
37.6
38.9
40.3
41.6
43.0
34.2
35.5
36.8
38.1
39.4
31.4
32.7
33.9
35.2
36.4
28.4
29.6
30.8
32.0
33.2
23.8
24.9
26.0
27.1
28.2
19.3
20.3
21.3
22.3
23.3
1 5.5
16.3
17.2
18.1
19.0
12.4
13.2
14.0
14.8
15.7
10.9
1 1.6
12.3
13.1
13.8
9.59
10.3
11.0
11.7
12.4
8.26
8.90
9.54
10.2
10.9
7.43
8.03
8.64
9.26
9.89
25
26
27
28
29
46.9
48.3
49.6
51.0
52.3
44.3
45.6
47.0
48.3
49.6
40.6
41.9
43.2
44.5
45.7
37.7
38.9
40.1
41.3
42.6
34.4
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.1
29.3
30.4
31.5
32.6
33.7
24.3
25.3
26.3
27.3
28.3
19.9
20.8
21.7
22.7
23.6
1 6.5
17.3
18.1
18.9
19.8
14.6
15.4
16.2
16.9
17.7
13.1
13.8
14.6
1 5.3
1 6.0
11.5
12.2
1 2.9
13.6
14.3
10.5
11.2
1 1.8
1 2.5
13.1
30
40
50
60
53.7
66.8
79.5
92.0
50.9
63.7
76.2
88.4
47.0
59.3
71.4
83.3
43.8
55.8
67.5
79.1
40.3
51.8
63.2
74.4
34.8
45.6
56.3
67.0
29.3
39.3
49.3
59.3
24.5
33.7
42.9
52.3
20.6
29.1
37.7
46.5
18.5
26.5
34.8
43.2
1 6.8
24.4
32.4
40.5
15.0
22.2
29.7
37.5
13.8
20.7
28.0
35.5
70
80
90
100
104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2
100A
112.3
1 24.1
135.8
95.0
106.6
1 18.1
1 29.6
90.5
101.9
113.1
1 24.3
85.5
96.6
107.6
118.5
77.6
88.1
98.6
109.1
69.3
79.3
89.3
99.3
61.7
71.1
80.6
90.1
55.3
64.3
73.3
82.4
51.7
60.4
69.1
77.9
48.8
57.2
65.6
74.2
45.4
53.5
61.8
70.1
43.3
51.2
59.2
67.3
Source: Catherine M. Thompson, Table of percentage p oints of the
x2 distribution,
Biometrika, Vol. 32 (1941), by permission of the author and publisher.

259
TABLE
50
nr
nz
degrees of freedom for numerator

degrees of freedom for denominator
(shaded area
9 5 t h P E R C E N T I L E VA L U E S F O R
T H E F D ISTRIBUTION
.95)
12
16
F:95
20
30
40
50
100
"'
1 161.4 199.5 215.7 224.6 230.2 234.0 238.9 243.9 246.3 248.0 250.1 251.1 252.2 253.0 254.3
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.37 19.41 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.49 19.50
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.85 8.74 8.69 8.66 8.62 8.60 8.58 8.56 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.04 5.91 5.84 5.80 5.75 5.71 5.70 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.82 4.68 4.60 4.56 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.40 4.36
6
7
8
9
10
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
4.53
4.12
3.84
3.63
3.48
4.39
3.97
3.69
3.48
3.33
4.28
3.87
3.58
3.37
3.22
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.D7
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
3.92
3.49
3.20
2.98
2.82
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.93
2.77
3.81
3.38
3.08
2.86
2.70
3.77
3.34
3.05
2.82
2.67
3.75
3.32
3.03
2.80
2.64
3.71
3.28
2.98
2.76
2.59
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
11
12
13
14
15
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.36
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.06
3.20
3.11
3.03
2.96
2.90
3.09
3.00
2.92
2.85
2.79
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.70
2.60
2.51
2.44
2.39
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.57
2.46
2.38
2.31
2.25
2.53
2.42
2.34
2.27
2.21
2.50
2.40
2.32
2.24
2.18
2.45
2.35
2.26
2.19
2.12
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07
16
17
18
19
20
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10
3.01
2.96
2.93
2.90
2.87
2.85
2.81
2.77
2.74
2.71
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.60
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.33
2.29
2.25
2.21
2.18
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.15
2.12
2.20
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.16
2.11
2.07
2.02
1.99
2.13
2.08
2.04
2.00
1 .96
2.07
2.02
1 .98
1.94
1.90
2.01
1.96
1 .92
1.88
1.84
22
24
26
28
30
4.30
4.26
4.23
4.20
4.17
3.44
3.40
3.37
3.34
3.32
3.05
3.01
2.98
2.95
2.92
2.82
2.78
2.74
2.71
2.69
2.66
2.62
2.59
2.56
2.53
2.55
2.51
2.47
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.36
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.23
2.18
2.15
2.12
2.09
2.13
2.09
2.05
2.02
1.99
2.07
2.03
1.99
1.96
1.93
1.98
1.94
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.93
1.89
1.85
1.81
1.79
1.91
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.76
1.84
1.80
1.76
1.72
1.69
1.78
1 .73
1.69
1 .65
1.62
40
50
60
70
80
4.08
4.03
4.00
3.98
3.96
3.23
3.18
3.15
3.13
3.11
2.84
2.79
2.76
2.74
2.72
2.61
2.56
2.53
2.50
2.48
2.45
2.40
2.37
2.35
2.33
2.34
2.29
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.18
2.13
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.00
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.88
1.90
1.85
1.8 1
1.79
1.77
1.84
1 .78
1.75
1 .72
1.70
1.74
1.69
1.65
1.62
1.60
1.69
1.63
1.59
1.56
1.54
1.66
1.60
1 .56
1.53
1.51
1.59
1.52
1.48
1 .45
1.42
1.51
1.44
1.39
1.35
1.32
100
150
200
400
3.94
3.91
3.89
3 .86
3.84
3.09
3.06
3.04
3.02
2.99
2.70
2.67
2.65
2.62
2.60
2.46
2.43
2.41
2.39
2.37
2.30
2.27
2.26
2.23
2.21
2.19
2.16
2.14
2.12
2.09
2.03
2.00
1.98
1 .96
1.94
1.85
1.82
1.80
1.78
1.75
1 .75
1.71
1.69
1.67
1.64
1.68
1 .64
1.62
1 .60
1.57
1.57
1.54
1 .52
1.49
1.46
1.51
1.47
1.45
1 .42
1.40
1.48
1.44
1.42
1.38
1.32
1 .39
1.34
1.32
1.28
1.24
1.28
1.22
1.19
1.13
1 .00
"'
Source: G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods (6th edition, 1967), Iowa
State University Press, Ames, Iowa, by permission of the authors and publisher.
260
TABLE
51
I2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
n1
n2
9 9 t h P E R C E N TI L E VA L U E S F O R
T H E F D I S T R I B UT I O N
:::::: degrees of freedom for numerator
degrees of freedom for denominator
(shaded area = .99)
F99
12
16
20
30
40
50
100
00
4052
98.49
34.12
21.20
16.26
4999
99.01
30.81
18.00
13.27
5403
99.17
29.46
1 6.69
12.06
5625
99.25
28.71
15.98
11 .39
5764
99.30
28.24
15.52
1 0.97
5859
99.33
27.41
15.21
10.67
5981
99.36
27.49
14.80
10.27
6106
99.42
27.05
14.37
9.89
6169
99.44
28.63
14.15
9.68
6208
99.45
26.69
14.02
9.55
6258
99.47
26.50
13.83
9.38
6286
99.48
26.41
13.74
9.29
6302
99.48
26.35
1 3.69
9.24
6334
99.49
26.23
13.57
9.13
6366
99.50
26.12
13.46
9.02
13.74 10.92
12.25 9.55
11.26 8.65
10.56 8.02
10.04 7.56
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
9.15
7.85
7.01
6.42
5.99
8.75
7.46
6.63
6.06
5.64
8.47
7.19
6.37
5.80
5.39
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
7.52
6.27
5.48
4.92
4.52
7.39
6.15
5.36
4.80
4.41
7.23
5.98
5.20
4.64
4.25
7.14
5.90
5.11
4.56
4.17
7.09
5.85
5.06
4.51
4.12
6.99
5.75
4.96
4.41
4.01
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
11
12
13
14
15
9.05
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68
7.20
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42
5.67
5.41
5.20
5.03
4.89
5.32
5.06
4.86
4.69
4.56
5.07
4.82
4.62
4.46
4.32
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67
4.21
3.98
3.78
3.62
3.48
4.10
3.86
3.67
3.51
3.36
3.94
3.70
3.51
3.34
3.20
3.86
3.61
3.42
3.26
3.12
3.80
3.56
3.37
3.21
3.07
3.70
3.46
3.27
3.11
2.97
3.60
3.36
3.16
3.00
2.87
16
17
18
19
20
8.53
8.40
8.28
8.18
8.10
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85
5.29
5.18
5.09
5.01
4.94
4.77
4.67
4.58
4.50
4.43
4.44
4.34
4.25
4.17
4.10
4.20
4.10
4.01
3.94
3.87
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56
3.55
3.45
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.37
3.27
3.19
3.12
3.05
3.25
3.16
3.07
3.00
2.94
3.10
3.00
2.91
2.84
2.77
3.01
2.92
2.83
2.76
2.69
2.96
2.86
2.78
2.70
2.63
2.86
2.76
2.68
2.60
2.53
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42
22
24
26
28
30
7.94
7.82
7.72
7.64
7.56
5.72
5.61
5.53
5.45
5.39
4.82
4.72
4.64
4.57
4.51
4.31
4.22
4.14
4.07
4.02
3.99
3.90
3.82
3.76
3.70
3.76
3.67
3.59
3.53
3.47
3 .45
3.36
3.29
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.03
2.96
2.90
2.84
2.94
2.85
2.77
2.71
2.66
2.83
2.74
2.66
2.60
2.5 5
2.67
2.58
2.50
2.44
2.38
2.58
2.49
2.41
2.35
2.29
2.53
2.44
2.36
2.30
2.24
2.42
2.33
2.25
2.18
2.13
2.31
2.21
2.13
2.06
2.01
40
50
60
70
80
7.31
7.17
7.08
7.01
6.96
5.18
5.06
4.98
4.92
4.88
4.31
4.20
4.13
4.08
4.04
3.83
3.72
3.65
3.60
3.56
3.51
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.25
3.29
3.18
3.12
3.07
3.04
2.99
2.88
2.82
2.77
2.74
2.66
2.56
2.50
2.45
2.41
2.49
2.39
2.32
2.28
2.24
2.37
2.26
2.20
2.15
2.11
2.20
2.10
2.03
1.98
1.94
2.11
2.00
1.93
1.88
1.84
2.05
1.94
1.87
1.82
1.78
1.94
1.82
1.74
1.69
1.65
1.81
1 .68
1.60
1.53
1.49
100
150
200
400
6.90
6.81
6.76
6.70
6.64
4.82
4.75
4.71
4.66
4.60
3.98
3.91
3.88
3.83
3.78
3.51
3.44
3.41
3.36
3.32
3.20
3.14
3.11
3.06
3.02
2.99
2.92
2.90
2.85
2.80
2.69
2.62
2.60
2.55
2.51
2.36
2.30
2.28
2.23
2.18
2.19
2.12
2.09
2.04
1 .99
2.06
2.00
1.97
1 .92
1.87
1.89
1.83
1.79
1.74
1.69
1.79
1.72
1.69
1.64
1.59
1 .73
1.66
1.62
1.57
1.52
1.59
1.51
1.48
1.42
1.36
1.43
1.33
1.28
1.19
1 .00
00
Source: G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, Statistical Methods (6th edition, 1967), Iowa
State University Press, Ames, Iowa, by permission of the authors and publisher.
261
TABL
LE
R A N D O M N U MBERS
_
_
_
_
51772
74640
42331
29044
24033
45939
30586
03585
23491
60173
02133
79353
83587
52078
75797
81938
06568
25424
45406
82322
64937
15630
03355
64759
95863
51135
20790
98527
09448
56301
57683
30277
46621
21960
11645
31041
96799
62898
93582
21387
55870
86707
85659
76105
56974
12973
36081
04186
10863
37428
17169
50884
62586
55189
41889
00745
25439
65253
88036
94623
85418
68829
06652
-304
19640
97453
93507
88116
14070
11822
24034
41982
. 87056
90581
94271
42187
74950
15804
67283
49159
21631
91157
77331
60710
52290
16835
48653
71590
1 6159
14676
91097
17480
29414
06829
87843
28195
27279
47152
35683
47280
50532
07136
27989
85184
95652
79971
10744
36601
97810
42457
54195
08396
46253
73547
25708
56242
00477
76168
75936
20507
70185
32869
55261
24819
72484
99431
36574
59009
52984
94923
50995
72139
36764
76552
51817
90985
25234
11785
50020
36732
28868
09908
54398
25496
40876
64728
73949
21154
38714
38723
65544
34371
09591
07839
58892
92843
72828
91341
84821
63886
08263
65952
85762
64236
39238
18776
84303
99247
67906
48236
1 6057
81812
63700
85915
04077
90276
79443
95203
21944
02479
1 6530
15815
30763
46149
19219
03229
39817
62257
53298
92486
07516
54083
95715
23631
02526
05825
33537
62545
LJ
03878
,(),
/-1-
'0
262
45943
I nd ex of Special Sym bols and Notations

The following list shows special symbols and notations used in this book together with pages on which
they are defined or first appear. Cases where a symbol has more than one meaning will be clear from
the context.
Symbols
Bern (x), Bein (x)
B(m, n)
Bn
C(x)
Ci(x)
e
e1 , ez, e3
erf (x)
erfc (x)
E = E(k, TT/2)
E(k, )
Ei(x)
En
F(a, b; c; x)
F(k, )
'}',
'f' - 1
hv hz, h3
Hn (x)
H<l(x), H<!l (x)
i, j, k
ln (x)
Jn (x)
K = F(k, TT/2)
Kern (x), Kein (x)
Kn(x)
In x or loge x
log x or log1 0 x
Ln(x)
L\x)
o(, o( - 1
Pn (x)
P:;'(x)
Qn (x)
Q ;;' (x)
r
r
r
S(x)
Si(x)
Tn (x)
Un (X)
Yn ( x)
140
beta function, 103

Bernoulli numbers, 114
Fresnel cosine integral, 184
cosine integral, 184
natural base of logarithms, 1
unit vectors in curvilinear coordinates, 124
error function, 183
complementary error function, 183
complete elliptic integral of second kind, 179
incomplete elliptic integral of second kind, 179
exponential integral, 183
Euler numbers, 114
hypergeometric function, 160
incomplete elliptic integral of first kind, 179
Fourier transform and inverse Fourier transform, 175, 1 76
scale factors in curvilinear coordinates, 124
H ermite polynomials, 151
Hankel functions of first and second kind, 1 38
imaginary unit, 21
unit vectors in rectangular coordinates, 1 1 7
modified Bessel function of first kind, 138
Bessel function of first kind, 136
complete elliptic integral of first kind, 179
140
modified Bessel function of second kind, 139

natural logarithm of x, 24
common logarithm .of x, 23
Laguerre polynomials, 153
associated Laguerre polynomials, 155
Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform, 161
Legendre polynomials, 146
associated Legendre functions of first kind, 149
Legendre functions of second kind, 148
associated Legendre functions of second kind, 150
cylindrical coordinate, 49
polar coordinate, 22, 36
spherical coordinate, 50
Fresnel sine integral, 184
sine integral, 183
Chebyshev polynomials of first kind, 1 57
Chebyshev polynomials of second kind, 1 58
Bessel function of second kind, 136
263
INDEX OF SPE CIAL SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS
264
Greek Symbols
y
Euler's constant, 1
(}
r(x)
gamma function, 1, 101
7T
(x)
Riemann zeta function, 184
(}
cylindrical coordinate, 49
<l> (p)
(}
polar coordinate, 22, 36
<l>(x)
1
1
1 1
the sum 1 + + + + p ' 4>(0) = 0, 137
2 3
prbability distribution function, 189
-
Notations
A =B
A >B
A
A
A
A
A
<B
B
B
=B
-B
!AI
n!
y' =
y"
d2 y
= d 2=
x
()
f' (x) ,
f" (x) , etc.
DP = !!!__
at at
iJ 2f
iJx ' iJy ' ax ay '
dxv
dy
etc.
a(x, y, z)
a(ul, 1! 2 , u3)
J f(x) dx
J" /(x) dx
J A dr
a
A equals B or A is equal to B
A is greater than B [or B is less than A]
A is less than B [or B is greater than A]
A is greater than or equal to B
A is less than or equal to B
A is approximately equal to B
A is asymptotic to B or AlB approaches 1 , 102
A if A O
absolute value of A =
-A if A 0
factorial n, 3
binomial coefficients, 3
derivatives of y or f(x) with respect to x, 53, 55
pth derivative with respect to x, 55

differential of y, 55
partial derivatives, 56
Jacobian, 125
indefinite integral, 57
definite integral, 94
line integral of A along C, 121
AB
dot product of A and B, 117
AXB
cross product of A and B, 118

del operator, 119
V2 = V V
V4 = V 2 ( V 2)
Laplacian operator, 120

biharmonic operator, 120
I N D E X
Bernoulli ' s differential equation, 104
Bessel functions, 136-145
addition formulas for, 145
asymptotic expansions of, 143
definite integrals involving, 142, 143
generating functions for, 137, 139
graphs of, 141
indefinite integrals involving, 142
infmite products for, 188
integral representations for, 143
modified [see Modified Bessel functions]
of first kind of order n, 136, 137
of order half an odd integer, 138
of second kind of order n, 136, 137
orthogonal series for, 144, 145
recurrence formulas for, 137
tables of, 244-249
zeros of, 250
Bessel's differential equation, 106, 136
general solution of, 106, 137
transformed, 106
Bessel's modified differential equation, 138
general solution of, 139
Beta function, 103
relationship of to gamma function, 103
Biharmonic operator, 120
in curvilinear coordinates, 125
Binomial coefficients, 3
properties of, 4
table of values for, 236, 237
Binomial distribution, 189
Binomial formula, 2
Binomial series, 2, 110
Bipolar coordinates, 128, 129
Laplacian in, 128
Branch, principal, 17
Briggsian logarithms, 23
Addition formulas, for Bessel functions, 145

for elliptic functions, 180
for Hermite polynomials, 152
for hyperbolic functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 15
Agnesi, witch of, 43
Algebraic equations, solutions of, 32, 33
Amplitude, of complex number, 22
of elliptic integral, 179
Analytic geometry, plane [see Plane analytic
geometry] ; solid [see Solid analytic geometry]
Angle between lines, in a plane, 35
in space, 47
Annuity, amount of, 201, 242
present value of, 243
Anti-derivative, 57
Antilogarithms, common, 23, 195, 204, 205
natural or Napierian, 24, 226, 227
Archimedes, spiral of, 45
Area integrals, 122
Argand diagram, 22
Arithmetic-geometric series, 107
Arithmetic mean, 185
Arithmetic series, 107
Associated Laguerre polynomials, 155, 156
[see also Laguerre polynomials]
generating function for, 155
orthogonal series for, 156
orthogonality of, 156
special, 155
special results involving, 156
Associated Legendre functions, 149, 150 [see also
Legendre functions
of the first kind, 149
of the second kind, 1 50
special, 149
Associative law, 117
Asymptotes of hyperbola, 39
Asymptotic expansions or formulas, for Bernoulli
numbers, 115
for Bessel functions, 143
for gamma function, 102
Cardioid, 41, 42, 44

Cassini, ovals of, 44
Catalan's constant, 181
Catenary, 41
Cauchy or Euler differential equation, 105
Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, 185
for integrals, 186
Cauchy's form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
Chain rule for derivatives, 53
Characteristic, 194
Chebyshev polynomials, 157-159
generating functions for, 157, 158
of first kind, 157
of second kind, 158
orthogonality of, 158, 159
orthogonal series for, 158, 159
recursion formulas for, 158, 159
relationships involving, 159
special, 157, 158
special values of, 157, 159
Chebyshev's differential equation, 157
Base of logarithms, 23
change of, 24
Ber and Bei functions, 140, 141
definition of, 140
differential equation for, 141
graphs of, 141
Bernoulli numbers, 98, 107, 114, 115
asymptotic formula for, 115
definition of, 114
relationship to Euler numbers, 115
series involving, 115
table of first few, 114
265
266
Chebyshev 's inequality, 186
Chi square distribution, 189
percenti le values for, 259
Circle, area of, 6
equation of, 37
involute of, 43
perimeter of, 6
sector of [see Sector of circle]
segment of [see Segment of circle]
Cissoid of Diocles, 45
Common antilogarithms, 23, 195, 204, 205
sample problems involving, 195
table of, 204, 205
Common logarithms, 23, 194, 202, 203
computations using, 196
sample problems involving, 194
table of, 202, 203
Commutative law, for dot products, 118
for vector addition, 117
Complement, 20
Complementary error function, 183
Complex conjugate, 21
Complex inversion formula, 161
Complex numbers, 21, 22, 25
addition of, 21
amplitude of, 22
conjugate, 21
definitions involving, 21
division of, 21, 25
graphs of, 22
imaginary part of, 21
logarithms of, 25
modulus of, 22
multiplication of, 21, 25
polar form of, 22, 25
real part of, 21
roots of, 22, 25
subtraction of, 21
vector representation of, 22
Components of a vector, 117
Component vectors, 117
Compound amount, table of, 240
Cone, elliptic, 51
right circular [see Right circular cone]
Confocal ellipses, 127
ellipsoidal coordinates, 130
hyperbolas, 127
parabolas, 126
paraboloidal coordinates, 130
Conical coordinates, 129
Laplacian in, 129
Conics, 37 [see also Ellipse, Parabola, Hyperbola]
Conjugate, complex, 21
Constant of integration, 57
Convergence, interval of, 110
of Fourier series, 131
Convergence factors, table of, 192
Coordinate curves, 124
system, 1 1
Coordinates, curvilinear, 124-130
cylindrical, 49, 126
polar, 22, 36
rectangular, 36, 117
INDEX
Coordinates, curvilinear (cont.)
rotation of, 36, 49
special orthogonal, 126-130
spherical, 50, 126
transformation of, 36, 48, 49
translation of, 36, 49
Cosine integral, 184
Fresnel, 184
table of values for, 251
Cosines, law of for plane triangles, 19
law of for spherical triangles, 19
Counterclockwise, 1 1
Cross o r vector product, 118
Cube, duplication of, 45
Cube roots, table of, 238, 239
Cubes, table of, 238, 239
Cubic equation, solution of, 32
Curl, 120
Curtate cycloid, 42
Curves, coordinate, 124
special plane, 40-45
Curvilinear coordinates, 124, 125
orthogonal, 124-130
Cycloid, 40, 42
curtate, 42
prolate, 42
Cylinder, elliptic, 51
lateral surface area of, 8, 9
volume of, 8, 9
Cylindrical coordinates, 49, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Definite integrals, 94-100
approximate formulas for, 95
definition of, 94
general formulas involving, 94, 95
table of, 95-100
Degrees, 1, 199, 200
conversion of to radians, 199, 200, 223
relationship of to radians, 12, 199, 200
Del operator, 119
miscellaneous formulas involving, 120
Delta function, 170
DeMoivre's theorem, 22, 25
Derivatives, 53-56 [see also Differentiation]
anti-, 57
chain rule for, 53
definition of, 53
higher, 55
of elliptic functions, 181
of exponential and logarithmic functions, 54
of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic
functions, 54, 55
of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric
functions, 54
of vectors, 119
partial, 56
Descartes, folium of, 43
Differential equations, solutions of basic, 104-106
Differentials, 55
rules for, 56
Differentiation, 53 [see also Derivatives]
INDEX
Differentiation (cont.)
general rules for, 53
of integrals, 95
Diocles, cissoid of, 45
Direction cosines, 46, 4 7
numbers, 46, 48
Directrix. 37
Discriminant, 32
Distance, between two points in a plane, 34
between two points in space, 46
from a point to a line, 35
from a point to a plane, 48
Distributions, probability, 189
Distributive law, 117
for dot products, 118
Divergence, 119
Divergence theorem, 123
Dot or scalar .product, 117, 118
Double angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27
Double integrals, 122
Duplication formula for gamma functions, 102
Duplication of cube, 45
Eccentricity, definition of, 37
of ellipse, 38
of hyperbola, 39
of parabola, 37
Ellipse, 7, 37, 38
area of, 7
eccentricity of, 38
equation of, 37, 38
evolute of, 44
focus of, 38
perimeter of, 7
semi-major and-minor axes of, 7, 38
Ellipses, confocal, 127
Ellipsoid, equation of, 51
volume of, 10
Elliptic cone, 51
cylinder, 51
paraboloid, 52
Elliptic cylindrical coordinates, 127
Laplacian in, 127
Elliptic functions, 1 79-182 [see also Elliptic
integrals]
derivatives of, 181
identities involving, 1 81
integrals of, 182
Jacobi's, 180
periods of, 181
series expansions for, 181
special values of, 182
Elliptic integrals, 1 79, 180 [see also Elliptic functions]
amplitude of, 1 79
Landen's transformation for, 180
Legendre's relation for, 182
of the first kind, 1 79
of the second kind, 1 79
of the third kind, 179, 180
267
Envelope, 44
Epicycloid, 42
Equation of line, 34
general, 35
in parametric form, 47
in standard form, 4 7
intercept form for, 34
normal form for, 35
perpendicular to plane, 48
Equation of plane, general, 47
intercept form for, 47
normal form for, 48
passing through three points, 47
Error function, 183
complementary, 183
table of values of, 257
Euler numbers, 114, 115
definition of, 114
relationship of, to Bernoulli numbers, 115
series involving, 115
table of first few, 114
Euler or Cauchy differential equation, 105
Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, 109
Euler's constant, 1
Euler's identities, 24
Evolute of an ellipse, 44
Exact differential equation, 104
Exponential functions, 23-25, 200
periodicity of, 24
relationship of to trigonometric functions, 24
sample problems involving calculation of, 200
series for, 111
table of, 226, 227
Exponential integral, 183
Exponents, 23
F distribution, 189
95th and 99th percentile values for, 260, 261

Factorial n, 3
Factors, 2
Focus, of conic, 37
of ellipse, 38
of hyperbola, 39
of parabola, 38
Folium of Descartes, 43
Fourier series, 131-135
complex form of, 131
convergence of, 131
definition of, 131
Parseval's identity for, 131
special, 132-135
Fourier transforms, 1 74-178
convolution theorem for, 175
cosine, 176
definition of, 175
Parseval's identity for, 1 75
sine, 1 75
table of, 176-178
Fourier's integral theorem, 174
Fresnel sine and cosine integrals, 1 84
268
Prullani's integral, 100

Frustrum of right circular cone, lateral surface
area of, 9
volume of, 9
Gamma function, 1, 101, 102
asymptotic expansions for, 102
definition of, 101, 102
derivatives of, 102
duplication formula for, 102
for negative values, 101
graph of, 101
infinite product for, 102, 188
recursion formula for, 101
relationship of to beta function, 103
relationships involving, 102
special values for, 101
Gaussian plane, 22
Gauss ' theorem, 123
Generalized integration by parts, 59
Generating functions, 137, 139, 146, 149, 151, 1 53,
1 55, 1 57, 1 58
Geometric formulas, 5-10
Geometric mean, 185
Geometric series, 107
arithmetic-, 107
Gradient, 119
Green ' s first and second identities, 124
Green 's theorem, 123
Half angle formulas, for hyperbolic functions, 27
Half rectified sine wave function, 1 72
Hankel functions, 138
Harmonic mean, 185
Heaviside's unit function, 173
Hermite polynomials, 151, 152
addition formulas for, 1 52
orthogonal series for, 1 52
orthogonality of, 1 52
recurrence' formulas for, 151
Rodrigue's formula for, 151
special, 151
special results involving, 1 52
Hermite ' s differential equation, 151
Higher derivatives, 55
Leibnitz rule for, 55
Holder's inequality, 185
for integrals, 186
Homogeneous differential equation, 104
linear second order, 105
Hyperbola, 37, 39
asymptotes of, 39
eccentricity of, 39
equation of, 37
focus of, 39
length of major and minor axes of, 39
Hyperbolas, confocal, 127
Hyperbolic functions, 26-31
INDEX
Hyperbolic functions (cont.)
definition of, 26
double angle formulas for, 27
graphs of, 29
half angle formulas for, 27
inverse [see Inverse hyperbolic functions]
multiple angle formulas for, 27
of negative arguments, 26
periodicity of, 31
powers of, 28
relationship of to trigonometric functions, 31
relationships among, 26, 28
sample problems for calculation of, 200, 201
series for, 112
sum, difference and product of, 28
table of values for, 228-233
Hyperbolic paraboloid, 52
Hyperboloid, of one sheet, 51
of two sheets, 52
Hypergeometric differential equation, 1 60
distribution, 189
H ypergeometric functions, 1 60
miscellaneous properties of, 160
special cases of, 160
Hypocycloid, general, 42
with four cusps, 40
Imaginary part of a complex number, 21
Imaginary unit, 21
Improper integrals, 94
Indefinite integrals, 57-93
definition of, 57
table of, 60-93
transformation of, 59, 60
Inequalities, 185, 186
I nfinite products, 102, 188
series [see Series ]
Initial point of a vector, 116
Integral calculus, fundamental theorem of, 94
Integrals, definite [see Definite integrals]
double, 122
improper, 94
indefinite [see Indefinite integrals]
involving vectors, 121
line [see Line integrals]
multiple, 122, 125
Integration, 57 [see also Integrals]
constants of, 57
general rules of, 57-59
Integration by parts, 57
generalized, 59
Intercepts, 34, 47
Interest, 201, 240-243
Interpolation, 195
Interval of convergence, 110
Inverse hyperbolic functions, 29-31
definition of, 29
expressed in terms of logarithmic functions, 29
graphs of, 30
principal values for, 29
relationship of to inverse trigonometric
functions, 31
relationships between, 30
INDEX
Inverse Laplace transforms, 161
Inverse trigonometric functions, 1 7-19
definition of, 17
graphs of, 18, 19
principal values for, 1 7
relations between, 18
relationship of to inverse hyperbolic
functions, 31
Involute of a circle, 43
Jacobian, 125
Jacobi's elliptic functions, 180
Ker and Kei functions, 140, 141
definition of, 140
graphs of, 141
Lagrange form of remainder in Taylor series, 110
Laguerre polynomials, 153, 154
associated [see Associated Laguerre polynomials]
generating function for, 1 53
special, 153
Laguerre's associated differential equation, 155
Laguerre's differential equation, 153
Landen's transformation, 180
Laplace transforms, 161-173
complex inversion formula for, 161
definition of, 161
inverse, 161
table of, 162-173
Laplacian, 120
Legendre functions, 146-148 [see also Legendre
polynomials]
associated [see Associated Legendre functions]
of the second kind, 148
Legendre polynomials, 146, 147 [see also
Legendre functionsJ
orthogonal series of, 147
special, 146
special results involving, 147
Legendre's associated differential equation, 149
Legendre's differential equation, 106, 146
Legendre's relation for elliptic integrals, 182
Leibnitz's rule, for differentiation of integrals, 95
for higher derivatives of products, 55
Lemniscate, 40, 44
Limacon of Pascal, 41, 44
Line, equation of [see Equation of line]
integrals [see Line integrals]
slope of, 34
269
Linear first order differential equation, 104
second order differential equation, 105
Line integrals, 121, 122
definition of, 121
independence of path of, 121, 122
properties of, 121
Logarithmic functions, 23-25 [see also Logarithms]
series for, 1 1 1
Logarithms, 23 [see also Logarithmic functions]
antilogarithms and [see Antilogarithms]
base of, 23
Briggsian, 23
change of base of, 24
characteristic of, 194
common [see Common logarithms]
mantissa of, 194
natural, 24
of complex numbers, 25
of trigonometric functions, 216-221
Maclaurin series, 110
Mantissa, 194
Mean value theorem, for definite integrals, 94
generalized, 95
Minkowski's inequality, 186
for integrals, 186
Modified Bessel functions, 1 38, 139
graphs of, 141
of order half an odd integer, 140
Modulus, of a complex number, 22
Moments of inertia, special, 190, 191
Multinomial formula, 4
Multiple angle formulas, for hyperbolic
functions, 27
for trigonometric functions, 1 6
Multiple integrals, 122
transformation of, 125
Napierian logarithms, 24, 196
tables of, 224, 225
Napier's rules, 20
Natural logarithms and antilogarithms, 24, 196
tables of, 224-227
Neumann's function, 136
Nonhomogeneous equation, linear second order, 105
Normal, outward drawn or positive, 123
unit, 122
Normal curve, areas under, 257
ordinates of, 256
Normal distribution, 189
Normal form, equation of line in, 35
equation of plane in, 48
Null function, 170
Null vector, 116
Numbers, complex [see Complex numbers]
Oblate spheroidal coordinates, 128
Laplacian in, 128
Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, 124-130
formulas involving, 125
270
INDEX
Orthogonality and orthogonal series, 144, 145,

147, 1 50, 152, 1 54, 1 56, 1 58, 1 59
Ovals of Cassini, 44
Parabola, 37, 38
eccentricity of, 37
equation of, 37, 38
focus of, 38
segment of [see Segment of parabola]
Parabolas, confocal, 126
"Rarabolic cylindrical coordinates, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Parabolic formula for definite integrals, 95
Paraboloid elliptic, 52
hyperbolic, 52
Paraboloid of revolution, volume of, 10
Paraboloidal coordinates, 127
Laplacian in, 127
Parallel, condition for lines to be, 35
Parallelepiped, rectangular [see Rectangular
parallelepiped]
volume of, 8
Parallelogram, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Parallelogram law for vector addition, 116
Parseval's identity, for Fourier transforms, 175
for Fourier series, 131
Partial derivatives, 56
Partial fraction expansions, 187
Pascal, limacon of, 41, 44
Pascal's triangle, 4, 236
Perpendicular, condition for lines to be, 35
Plane, equation of [see Equation of plane]
Plane analytic geometry, formulas from, 34-39
Plane triangle, area of, 5, 35
law of cosines for, 19
law of sines for, 19
law of tangents for, 19
perimeter of, 5
radius of circle circumscribing, 6
radius of circle inscribed in, 6
relationships between sides and angles of, 19
Poisson distribution, 189
Poisson summation formula, 109
Polar coordinates, 22, 36
transformation from rectangular to, 36
Polar form, expressed as an exponential, 25
multiplication and division in, 22
of a complex number, 22, 25
operations in, 25
Polygon, regular [see Regular polygon]
Power, 23
Power series, 1 1 0
reversion of, 1 1 3
Present value, o f a n amount, 241
of an annuity, 243
Principal branch, 17
Principal values, for inverse hyperbolic functions, 29
for inverse trigonometric functions, 1 7, 18
Probability distributions, 189
Products, infinite, 102, 188
special, 2
Prolate cycloid, 42
Prolate spheroidal coordinates, 128

Laplacian in, 128
Pulse function, 1 73
Pyramid, volume of, 9
Quadrants, 1 1
Quadratic equation, solution of, 32
Quartic equation, solution of, 33
Radians, 1, 12, 199, 200
relationship of to degrees, 12, 199, 200
table for conversion of, 222
Random numbers, table of, 262
Real part of a complex number, 21
Reciprocals, table of, 238, 239
Rectangle, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Rectangular coordinate system, 117
Rectangular coordinates, transformation of to
polar coordinates; 36
Rectangular formula for definite integrals, 95
Rectangular parallelepiped, volume of, 8
surface area of, 8
Rectified sine wave function, 172
half, 172
Recurrence or recursion formulas, 101, 1 37, 139,
147, 149, 151, 153, 156, 158, 159
Regular polygon, area of, 6

circumscribing a circle, 7
inscribed in a circle, 7
perimeter of, 6
Reversion of power series, 113
Riemann zeta function, 184
Right circular cone, frustrum of
[see Frustrum of right circular cone]
lateral surface area of, 9
volume of, 9
Right-handed system, 1 1 8
Rodrigue 's formulas, 146, 1 5 1 , 1 53
Roots, of complex numbers, 22, 25
table of square and cube, 238, 239
Rose, three- and four-leaved, 41
Rotation of coordinates, in a plane, 36
in space, 49
Saw tooth wave function, 1 72
Scalar or dot product, 117, 118
Scalars, 116
Scale factors, 124
Schwarz inequality [see Cauchy-Schwarz inequality]
Sector of circle, arc length of, 6
area of, 6
Segment of circle, area of, 7
Segment of parabola, area of, 7
arc length of, 7
Separation of variables, 104
Series, arithmetic, 107
arithmetic-geometric, 107
binomial, 2, 110
Fourier [see Fourier series]
geometric, 107
of powers of positive integers, 107, 108
of reciprocals of powers of positive integers,
108, 109
INDEX
Series, arithmetic (cont.)
orthogonal [see Orthogonality and orthogonal series 1
power, 110, 113
Taylor [see Taylor series]
Simple closed curve, 123
Simpson's formula for definite integrals, 95
Sine integral, 183
Fresnel, 184
Sines, law of for plane triangle, 1 9
law o f for spherical triangle, 19
Slope of line, 34
Solid analytic geometry, formulas from, 46-52
Solutions of algebraic equations, 32, 33
Sphere, equation of, 50
surface area of, 8
triangle on [see Spherical triangle]
volume of, 8
Spherical cap, surface area of, 9
volume of, 9
Spherical coordinates, 50, 126
Laplacian in, 126
Spherical triangle, area of, 10
Napier's rules for right angled, 20
relationships between sides and angles of, 19, 20
Spiral of Archimedes, 45
Square roots, table of, 238, 239
Square wave function, 172
Squares, table of, 238, 239
Step function, 173
Stirling's asymptotic series, 102
formula, 102
Stoke's theorem, 123
Student's t distribution, 189
percentile values for, 258
Summation formula, Euler-Maclaurin, 109
Poisson, 109
Sums [see Series]
Surface integrals, 122
relation of to double integral, 123
Tangent vectors to curves, 124
Tangents, law of for plane triangle, 19
law of for spherical triangle, 20
Taylor series, 1 10-11 3
for functions o f one variable, 1 1 0
for functions of two variables, 1 1 3
Terminal point of a vector, 1 1 6
Toroidal coordinates, 1 2 9
Laplacian in, 1 2 9
Torus, surface area of, 10
volume of, 10
Tractrix, 43
Transformation, Jacobian of, 125
of coordinates, 36, 48, 49, 1 24
of integrals, 59, 60, 125
Translation of coordinates, in a plane, 36
in space, 49
Trapezoid, area of, 5
perimeter of, 5
Trapezoidal formula for definite integrals, 95
Triangle, plane [see Plane triangle]
spherical [see Spherical triangle]
271
Triangle inequality, 185
Triangular wave function, 172
Trigonometric functions, 1 1-20
addition formulas for, 1 5
definition of, 1 1
double angle formulas for, 16
exact values of for various angles, 13
for various quadrants in terms of
quadrant I, 1 5
general formulas involving, 17
graphs of, 14
half angle formulas, 16
inverse [see Inverse trigonometric functions]
multiple angle formulas for, 16
of negative angles, 14
powers of, 16
relationship of to exponential functions, 24
relationship of to hyperboli<; functions, 31
relationships among, 12, 15
sample problems involving, 197-199
series for, 111
signs and variations of, 12
sum, difference and product of, 1 7
table o f in degrees and minutes, 206-211
table of in radians, 212-215
table of logarithms of, 216-221
Triple integrals, 122
Trochoid, 42
Unit function, Heaviside's, 173
Unit normal to a surface, 122
Unit vectors, 117
Vector algebra, laws of, 1 1 7
Vector analysis, formulas from, 116-130
Vector or cross product, 118
Vectors, 116
addition of, 116, 117
complex numbers as, 22
components of, 1 1 7
equality of, 1 1 7
fundamental definitions involving, 1 1 6 , 1 1 7
multiplication of by scalars, 1 1 7
notation for, 1 1 6
null, 1 1 6
parallelogram law for, 1 1 6
sums of, 116, 1 1 7
tangent, 124
unit, 1 1 7
Volume integrals, 122
Wallis' product, 188
Weber's function, 1 36
Witch of Agnesi, 43
x axis, 1 1
x intercept, 34
y
y
axis, 1 1
intercept, 34
Zero vector, 116

Zeros of Bessel functions, 250
Zeta function of Riemann, 1 84

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Special Products and Factors....................................................

The Binomial Formula and Binomial Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Solutions of Algebraic Equations ..

Formulas from Plane Analytic Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Special Plane Curves . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Formulas from Solid Analytic Geometry

The Gamma Function

The Beta Function .

Basic Differential Equations and Solutions .. . .. . . . ..

Bernoulli and Euler Numbers

Formulas from Vector Analysis

Fourier Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Associated Legendre Functions .. .. .. .. .. . .. .

Associated Laguerre Polynomials .. . ..

. ... .. ..... . ..... .

Miscellaneous Special Functions

Partial Fraction Expansions

Special Moments of Inertia

Sample problems illustrating use of the tables

Four Place Common Logarithms

Four Place Common Antilogarithms

Sin x (xin degrees and minutes)

Cos x (xin degrees and minutes)

Tan x (xin degrees and minutes)

Cot x (xin degrees and minutes)

Sec x (xin degrees and minutes)

Csc x (xin degrees and minutes)

Natural Trigonometric Functions (in radians)

Hyperbolic functions tanh x

Conversion of degrees, minutes and seconds to radians

Natural or Napierian Logarithms log. x or In x

18b. Hyperbolic functions cosh x

18a. Hyperbolic functions sinh x

Conversion of radians to degrees, minutes and seconds

log tan x (xin degrees and minutes)

log cos x (xin degrees and minutes)

log sin x (xin degrees and minutes)

Squares, Cubes, Roots and Reciprocals

Compound Amount: (1 + 1)n

,,. . . .. . .. . ........... . .... . . . . .... . ..238

Present Value of an Amount:

Present Value of an Annuity: 1 - (1

Bessel functions Jo(x)

Values for Approximate Zeros of Bessel Functions

Bessel functions J 1(x)

Bessel functions Yo(x)

Bessel functions Y1(x)

Bessel functions /l(x)

Bessel functions Ko(x)

Bessel functions K1(x)

Bessel functions Ber (x)

Bessel functions Kei (x) . .

Exponential, Sine and Cosine Integrals

Legendre Polynomials Pn(x)

Bessel functions Ker (x)

Legendre Polynomials Pn(cos 8)

Areas under the Standard Normal Curve

Percentile Values for Student's t Distribution

Percentile Values for the Chi Square Distribution

95th Percentile Values for the F Distribution

Index of Special Symbols and Notations