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BIO360H5F
NAME (PRINT):
Last/Surname
STUDENT #:
SIGNATURE:
TEST QUESTIONS
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
page 2 of 18
BIO360H5F
REFER TO EXAMPLE 1
Topic 1: Hypothesis testing
4 marks
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Topic 2: Correlation
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.80
0.85
0.90
Matching: Refer to Example 1. In the empty figure above, sketch the correlation
between lumbar spine bone density and femoral neck bone density. For each of the
following statements, say whether it is true (A) or false (B). Use questions 2 5 on the
Scantron form, one question per statement.
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
2
3
4
5
If the measurement after 79 months was omitted, the correlation would increase.
If the measurement after 92 months was omitted, the correlation would increase.
It is reasonable to expect a strong correlation between the two variables.
The relationship between the two variables is directed.
page 3 of 18
BIO360H5F
Topic 3: Regression
4 marks
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 1, regression results. Based on this data set,
what is the estimated increase of bone density of the lumbar spine per year? Hint:
pay attention to units! Select one answer and enter it under question 6 of the
Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
0.00015 g/cm2.
0.00088 g/cm2.
0.01056 g/cm2.
0.00031 g/cm2.
Matching: Refer to Example 1, regression results. For each of the following statements,
say whether it is true (A) or false (B). Use questions 7 10 on the Scantron form, one
question per statement.
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
8
9
10
4 marks
11
The p-value for a two-sided hypothesis test that femoral neck bone density changed
over the treatment period is 0.104.
If more measurements were taken, the p-value would likely be lower.
We may predict lumbar spine bone density after 120 months as 0.90 g/cm2.
The correlation between bone density and time from baseline is more than twice as
strong for lumbar spine than for femoral neck.
(A) The treatment should be recommended to other patients with low bone density,
because the data showed that treatment was effective at increasing bone density at
least for the lumbar spine.
(B) The experiment should be repeated with more patients and with randomization and
control, because the data suggested that treatment was effective at increasing bone
density at least for the lumbar spine.
(C) The treatment should only be recommended to patients with low bone density in the
lumbar spine, because the data showed that treatment was not effective at increasing
bone density of the femoral neck.
(D) The experiment should be repeated with more patients and with randomization and
control, because the effect of treatment on femoral neck bone density will likely be
stronger if the number of subjects was increased.
page 4 of 18
BIO360H5F
REFER TO EXAMPLE 2
Topic 4: Describing data graphically
4 marks
12
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 2. What would be the best way to graphically
display the data in Table 1? Select one answer and enter it under question 12 of the
Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Side-by-side boxplots.
Scatterplot with groups.
Side-by-side bar charts.
Stacked (i.e., segmented) bar charts.
4 marks
13
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 2, Table 1 and Table 2. Based on these data,
what is the probability that a randomly selected Caucasian woman aged <50 with
breast cancer will die within five years after diagnosis? Select one answer and enter
it under question 13 of the Scantron form. Hint: draw a tree diagram.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
0.107
0.893
0.728
0.273
14
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 2, Table 1 and Table 2. Based on these data,
what is the probability that a randomly selected Caucasian woman aged <50 with
breast cancer who died within five years after diagnosis was diagnosed in an early,
localized stage? Select one answer and enter it under question 14 of the Scantron
form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
0.019
0.154
0.177
0.583
page 5 of 18
BIO360H5F
15
Multiple choice: In a random sample of 100 Caucasian breast cancer patients aged
50+ from Canada, 60 were diagnosed in an early, localized stage. Perform a oneproportion z-test. Which of the following statements is the correct conclusion of this
test? Select one answer and enter it under question 15 of the Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
16
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 2. Assume that among Caucasian breast cancer
patients aged 50+ from Canada, the true proportion of diagnoses in an early,
localized stage is 64 % as in the United States. What sample size would be needed
to estimate this proportion with a margin of error of 4 % or less? Select one answer
and enter it under question 16 of the Scantron form. Note: if the correct value is not
among those listed, select the nearest value.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
144
288
576
1152
page 6 of 18
BIO360H5F
17
Multiple choice: Refer to question 15, where among 100 Caucasian breast cancer
patients aged 50+ from Canada, 60 were diagnosed in an early, localized stage.
Which of the figures A D below shows, as a shaded area, the power of a one-sided
test (alpha = 0.05) with the null hypothesis that the true proportion of diagnoses in
an early, localized stage is 64 % or higher and the alternative hypothesis that it is
lower than 64 %, when in fact the true proportion in Canada is 60 %? Select one
answer and enter it under question 17 of the Scantron form.
18
1 mark
19
1 mark
20
1 mark
21
African-American women with breast cancer aged 50+ were more likely than any
other group diagnosed with breast cancer at a late, distant stage.
Caucasian women with breast cancer aged 50+ and older were more likely than all
other groups diagnosed at an early, localized stage.
African-American women with breast cancer aged <50 were less likely than any
other group diagnosed in an early, localized stage.
Caucasian women with breast cancer aged <50 were more likely diagnosed in a
late, distant stage than African-American women of the same age group.
page 7 of 18
BIO360H5F
4 marks
22
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 2, chi-square test results. Which is the correct
interpretation of the results from this two-way table analysis? Select one answer and
enter it under question 22 of the Scantron form.
REFER TO EXAMPLE 3
Topic 10: Confidence Interval
4 marks
23
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
24
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 3. What is the standard deviation of the mean
difference in wing length of a male and a female stonechat bird from the African
region? Select one answer and enter it under question 24 of the Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
1.905
0.635
1.690
0.150
page 8 of 18
BIO360H5F
25
26
27
28
4 marks
29
(A) Males from the Irish region did have shorter mean wing length than males from the
Siberian region, but the difference is not statistically significant.
(B) Males from the Irish region did have shorter mean wing length than males from the
Siberian region, and the difference is statistically significant.
(C) The test showed that males from the Irish region did not have shorter mean wing
length than males from the Siberian region.
(D) There was not enough information given to determine whether males from the Irish
region have shorter mean wing length than males from the Siberian region.
Matching: Refer to the example in question 29. For each of the following statements, say
whether it is true (A) or false (B). Use questions 30 33 on the Scantron form, one
question per study.
1 mark
1 mark
30
31
1 mark
1 mark
32
33
If a z-test was performed, the p-value would be larger than if a t-test was performed.
If a non-parametric test had been performed, the p-value would likely be smaller
than for a parametric test.
If the sample size was doubled, we would expect the p-value to be smaller.
If the difference was larger, we would expect the p-value to be larger.
page 9 of 18
BIO360H5F
34
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 3. What design best describes this study? Select
one answer and enter it under question 34 of the Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
35
Multiple choice: Refer to Example 3. You are given an additional male bird
specimen of unknown origin with wing length of 70.9 cm. Which is the most likely
source population for this specimen? Select one answer and enter it under question
35 of the Scantron form.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
African.
European.
Irish.
Siberian.
page 10 of 18
BIO360H5F
REFER TO EXAMPLE 4
Topic 15: Experimental Design
Matching: For each of the following statements, say whether it is true (A) or false (B).
Use questions 36 39 on the Scantron form, one question per statement.
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
36
37
38
39
40
10
Change in DBP
4 marks
Group1
Group2
Group3
Group4
page 11 of 18
BIO360H5F
41
Matching: Refer to Example 4. For each of the following statements, say whether it is
true (A) or false (B). Use questions 42 45 on the Scantron form, one question per
statement.
1 mark
42
1 mark
1 mark
1 mark
43
44
45
4 marks
46
(A) Any type of counseling, i.e., weight loss, meditation, or both, is effective and leads
to roughly the same reduction in blood pressure.
(B) The ANOVA results show that counseling for either weight loss or meditation, but
not both, is ineffective: both need to be combined to reduce blood pressure.
(C) Additional data or analysis are needed to reliably test whether counseling for either
weight loss or meditation alone is effective at reducing blood pressure.
(D) None of the counseling methods is effective at reducing blood pressure.
BIO360H5F
page 12 of 18
page 13 of 18
BIO360H5F
yi
y ~ N y , y
n
n
1
2
(
)
s2 =
y
y
y t * SE
i
n 1
y
s12 s22
z=
SE ( y1 y 2 ) =
+
y=
n1
y
~ t (df = n 1)
s n
t df =
p ~ N p,
p (1 p )
p z * SE
n2
( y1 y2 ) ( 1 2 )
SE ( y1 y2 )
(obs exp) 2
=
exp
2
V=
2
n min(r 1, c 1)
Bone density,
lumbar spine
0.797
0.806
0.817
0.825
0.837
0.841
0.886
0.881
Bone density,
femoral neck
0.643
0.638
0.648
0.674
0.640
0.676
0.651
0.680
page 14 of 18
BIO360H5F
Regression Analysis: Bone density lumbar spine versus Time from baseline
The regression equation is
Bone density lumbar spine = 0.795 + 0.000880 Time from baseline
(months)
Predictor
Constant
Time from baseline (months)
S = 0.0131986
R-Sq = 86.0%
Coef
0.794989
0.0008802
SE Coef
0.008250
0.0001451
T
96.37
6.07
P
0.000
0.001
R-Sq(adj) = 83.6%
Regression Analysis: Bone density femoral neck versus Time from baseline
The regression equation is
Bone density femoral neck = 0.642 + 0.000313 Time from baseline
(months)
Predictor
Constant
Time from baseline (months)
S = 0.0148642
R-Sq = 38.0%
Coef
0.641564
0.0003133
SE Coef
0.009291
0.0001634
R-Sq(adj) = 27.6%
T
69.06
1.92
P
0.000
0.104
page 15 of 18
BIO360H5F
Table 1
Topic 2: Describing distributions
Table 2
page 16 of 18
BIO360H5F
Count
Expected count
Standardized residual
AfricanAmer.<50
AfricanAmer.50+
Caucasian
<50
Caucasian
50+
All
Localized
3685
4898
-17.34
8639
9781
-11.55
28652
32169
-19.61
111411
105539
18.08
152387
152387
*
Regional
3685
2624
20.72
5705
5239
6.43
21755
17232
34.46
50483
56533
-25.45
81628
81628
*
Distant
548
396
7.65
1467
790
24.08
1592
2599
-19.75
8704
8526
1.93
12311
12311
*
All
7918
7918
*
15811
15811
*
51999
51999
*
170598
170598
*
246326
246326
*
Mean
72.73
66.26
68.45
69.11
68.52
Male
sd
1.42
1.33
1.15
1.22
N
22
43
30
12
107
Mean
70.64
64.25
66.52
66.49
66.45
Female
sd
1.27
1.93
1.57
0.62
N
23
45
31
7
106
page 17 of 18
BIO360H5F
Group 1:
Group 2:
Group 3:
Group 4:
Suppose 20 patients are assigned at random to each of the four groups, and the change in
diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is noted in these patients after a 1-month period. The
results are given in the table below. Change in DBP refers to the observed difference in
DBP between baseline and follow-up measurements for each patient, Mean change in
DBP refers to the mean of change in DBP among the 20 patients in each group and sd
change denotes the standard deviation of change in DBP in each group.
The next page shows output from Minitab for this example.
Group
1
2
3
4
Counseling treatment
Weight loss and meditation
Weight loss
Meditation
No counseling
sd change
6.2
5.4
7.0
6.5
N
20
20
20
20
page 18 of 18
BIO360H5F
DF
3
76
79
S = 6.302
Level
Group1
Group2
Group3
Group4
N
20
20
20
20
SS
565.4
3018.1
3583.5
MS
188.5
39.7
R-Sq = 15.78%
Mean
8.600
5.300
4.900
1.100
StDev
6.200
5.400
7.000
6.500
F
4.75
P
0.004
R-Sq(adj) = 12.45%
Group2
Group3
Group4
Lower
-8.542
-8.942
-12.742
Center
-3.300
-3.700
-7.500
Upper
1.942
1.542
-2.258
-+---------+---------+---------+-------(--------*-------)
(--------*--------)
(--------*-------)
-+---------+---------+---------+--------12.0
-6.0
0.0
6.0
Group3
Group4
Lower
-5.642
-9.442
Center
-0.400
-4.200
Upper
4.842
1.042
-+---------+---------+---------+-------(-------*--------)
(--------*--------)
-+---------+---------+---------+--------12.0
-6.0
0.0
6.0
Upper
1.442
-+---------+---------+---------+-------(--------*-------)
-+---------+---------+---------+--------12.0
-6.0
0.0
6.0
Group4
Lower
-9.042
Center
-3.800