PROBLEM 14.

106
In a rocket, the kinetic energy imparted to the consumed and ejected fuel
is wasted as far as propelling the rocket is concerned. The useful power is
equal to the product of the force available to propel the rocket and the
speed of the rocket. If v is the speed of the rocket and u is the relative
speed of the expelled fuel, show that the mechanical efficiency of the
rocket is = 2uv/ u 2 + v 2 . Explain why = 1 when u = v.

SOLUTION
Let F be the thrust force and

dm
be the mass flow rate.
dt

Absolute velocity of exhaust:

ve = u v

Thrust force:

F =

Power of thrust force:

P1 = Fv =

Power associated with exhaust:

P2 ( t ) =
P2 =

Total power supplied by engine:

Mechanical efficiency:

dm
u
dt
dm
uv
dt

1
1
(m ) ve2 = ( m )(u v )2
2
2
1 dm
(u v )2
2 dt

P = P1 + P2

P =

dm
1
1 dm 2
2
uv + (u v ) =
u + v2
dt
dt
2
2

useful power
P
= 1
total power
P

(u

2uv
2

+ v2

= 1 when u = v. The exhaust, having zero velocity, carries no power away.

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800

PROBLEM 14.107
An
An airline
airline employee
employee tosses
tosses two
two suitcases,
suitcases, of
of weight
weight 133.4-N
133.4 N and
and 178-N,
178 N,
respectively,
respectively, onto
onto aa 22.68 kg baggage
baggage carrier
carrier in
in rapid
rapid succession.
succession. Knowing
Knowing
that
that the
the carrier
carrier is
is initially
initially at
at rest
rest and
and that
that the
the employee
employee imparts
imparts aa 2.74 m/s
horizontal
suitcase and
and aa1.83
1.83m/s
m/shorizontal
horizontal velocity
velocity to
to
horizontalvelocity
velocityto
tothe
the133.4-N
133.4 N suitcase
the
suitcase, determine
determine the
the final
final velocity
velocity of
of the
the baggage
baggage carrier
carrier if
if
the 178-N
178 N suitcase,
(a)
the
133.4-N
suitcase,
the
first
suitcase
tossed
onto
the
carrier
is
the first suitcase tossed onto the carrier is (a) the 133.4 N suitcase,
(b)
(b) the
the 178-N
178 N suitcase.
suitcase.

SOLUTION
The weights are WA = 133.4 N, WB = 178 N, and WC = 222.5 N

(vA )0

Initial velocities:

= 2.74 m/s

(vB )0

= 1.83 m/s

(vC )0

, and

= 0.

There are no horizontal external forces acting during the impacts, and the baggage carrier is free to coast
between the impacts.
(a) Suitcase A is thrown first.
Let v1 be the common velocity of suitcase A and the carrier after the first impact and v2 be the common
velocity of the two suitcases and the carrier after the second impact.
WA
(vA )0 ,
g

Initial momenta:

WB
(vB )0 ,
g

and

0.

Suitcase A impacts carrier. Conservation of momentum:

WA
W + WC
v A )0 + 0 = A
v1 ,
(
g
g

v1 =

WA (v A )0

WA + WC

(133.4)(2.74) = 103
. m/s
355.9

Suitcase B impacts on suitcase A and carrier. Conservation of momentum:

WB
(vB )0 + WA +g WC v1 = WA + WgB + WC v2
g
v2 =

WB (vB )0 + (WA + WC ) v1
WA + WB + WC

. ) + (355.9)(103
. )
(178)(183
. m/s
= 13
533.9

. m/s
v 2 = 13

(b) Suitcase B is thrown first.

Let v3 be the common velocity of suitcase B and the carrier after the first impact and v4 be the common
velocity of all after the second impact.
Suitcase B impacts the carrier. Conservation of momentum:
WB
W + WC
vB )0 + 0 = B
v3 ,
(
g
g

v3 =

WB (vB )0

WB + WC

. )
(178)(183
= .813 m/s
400.5

Suitcase A impacts on suitcase B and carrier. Conservation of momentum:

WA
W + WC
W + WB + WC
v A )0 + B
v3 = A
v4
(
g
g
g
v4 =

WA (v A )0 + (WB + WC ) v3
WA + WB + WC

(133.4)(2.74) + ( 400.5)((.813) = 13
. m/s
533.9

v 4 = 13
. m/s

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801

PROBLEM 14.108
An airline employee tosses two suitcases in rapid succession, with a
22.68 kg baggage carrier which is
horizontal velocity of 2.2 m/s, onto a 22.68-kg
initially at rest. (a) Knowing that the final velocity of the baggage carrier
is 1.09 m/s and that the first suitcase the employee tosses onto the carrier
has a weight of 133.4 N, determine the weight of the other suitcase.
(b) What would be the final velocity of the carrier if the employee
reversed the order in which he tosses the suitcases?

SOLUTION
The weights are WA = 133.4 N, WB = ?, and WC = 222.5 N.

(vA )0 = (vB )0

Initial velocities:

= 2.2 m/s

(vC )0

=0

v f = 1.09 m/s

Final velocity:
(a) Conservation of momentum:

WA
W
W + WB + WC
v A )0 + B (vB )0 + 0 = A
vf
(
g
g
g

(1)

. )
(133.4)(2.2) + WB (2.2) = (133.4 + WB + 222.5)(109
WB = 85 N
(b) Equation (1) shows that the final velocity is independent of the order in which the suitcases are thrown.
. m/s
v f = 109

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802

PROBLEM 14.109
A system consists of three particles A, B, and C. We know that
mA = 3 kg, mB = 2 kg, and mC = 4 kg and that the velocities of the
particles expressed in m/s are, respectively, v A = 4i + 2 j + 2k ,
v B = 4i + 3j, and vC = 2i + 4 j + 2k. Determine the angular
momentum HO of the system about O.

SOLUTION
Linear momentum of each particle expressed in kg m/s.
mA v A = 12i + 6 j + 6k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = 8i + 16 j + 8k
rA = 3j,

Position vectors, (meters):

rB = 1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k ,

rC = 3.6i

Angular momentum about O, kg m 2 /s .

HO = rA ( mA v A ) + rB ( mB v B ) + rC ( mC vC )
i j k
i
j k
i
j k
= 0 3 0 + 1.2 2.4 3 + 3.6 0 0
12 6 6
8 6 0
8 16 8

= (18i 36k ) + ( 18i + 24 j 12k ) + ( 28.8j + 57.6k )

= 0i 4.8j + 9.6k

) (

HO = 4.80 kg m 2 /s j + 9.60 kg m 2 /s k

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803

PROBLEM 14.110
For the system of particles of Prob. 14.109, determine (a) the position
vector r of the mass center G of the system, (b) the linear momentum
mv of the system, (c) the angular momentum HG of the system about G.
Also verify that he answers to this problem and to Prob. 14.109 satisfy
the equation given in Prob. 14.28.

SOLUTION
rA = 3j,

Position vectors, (meters):

rB = 1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k ,

(mA + mB + mC ) r

(a) Mass center:

rC = 3.6i

= m ArA + mBrB + mC rC

9r = (3)(3j) + ( 2 )(1.2i + 2.4 j + 3k ) + ( 4 )(3.6i )

r = 1.86667i + 1.53333j + 0.66667k

r = (1.867 m ) i + (1.533 m ) j + ( 0.667 m ) k

Linear momentum of each particle, kg m 2 /s :.

mA v A = 12i + 6 j + 6k
mB v B = 8i + 6 j
mC vC = 8i + 16 j + 8k
(b) Linear momentum of the system, ( kg m/s.) :
mv = mA v A + mB v B + mC vC = 12i + 28 j + 14k
mv = (12.00 kg m/s ) i + ( 28.0 kg m/s ) j + (14.00 kg m/s ) k
Position vectors relative to the mass center, (meters).
rA = rA r = 1.86667i + 1.46667 j 0.66667k
rB = rB r = 0.66667i + 0.86667 j + 2.33333k
rC = rC r = 1.73333i 1.53333j 0.66667k

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804

PROBLEM 14.110 CONTINUED

(c) Angular momentum about G, kg m 2 /s :.

HG = rA mA v A + rB mB v B + rC mC vC
i
j
k
i
j
k
= 1.86667 1.46667 0.66667 + 0.66667 0.86667 2.33333
0
12
6
6
8
6
i
j
k
+ 1.73333 1.53333 0.66667
8
16
8

= (12.8i + 3.2 j 28.8k ) + ( 14i + 18.6667 j 10.9333k )

+ ( 1.6i 8.5333j + 15.4667k )

= 2.8i + 13.3333j 24.2667k

) (

) (

HG = 2.80 kg m 2 /s i + 13.33 kg m 2 /s j 24.3 kg m 2 /s k

i
j
k
r mv = 1.86667 1.53333 0.66667
12
28
14

= ( 2.8 kg m 2 /s ) i (18.1333 kg m 2 /s ) j + (33.8667 kg m 2 /s ) k

) (

HG + r mv = 4.8 kg m 2 /s j + 9.6 kg m 2 /s k
Angular momentum about O.:
HO = rA ( mA v A ) + rB ( mB v B ) + rC ( mC vC )
i j k
i
j k
i
j k
= 0 3 0 + 1.2 2.4 3 + 3.6 0 0
12 6 6
8 6 0
8 16 8

= (18i 36k ) + ( 18i + 24 j 12k ) + ( 28.8j + 57.6k )

= ( 4.8 kg m 2 /s ) j + (9.6 kg m 2 /s ) k

Note that
H O = H G + r mv

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805

PROBLEM 14.111
14.111
PROBLEM
A small
small 1361
1361-kg
airplane and
and aa 2722
2722-kg
helicopter flying
flying at
at an
an altitude
altitude of
of
A
kg airplane
kg helicopter
are observed
observed to
to collide
collide directly
directly above
above aa tower
tower located
located at
at O
O in
in aa
1097 m are
wooded area.
the helicopter
helicopter had
had been
been sighted
sighted 8.8 km
minutes earlier,
earlier the
wooded
area. Four
Four minutes
due west
west of
of the
the tower
tower and
and the
the airplane
airplane 16 km west
west and
north of
of the
the
due
and 212 km north
tower. As
As aa result
the helicopter
helicopter was
was split
split into
into two
two pieces,
pieces,
tower.
result of
of the
the collision,
collision the
H11 and
and H
H 22 ,, weighing
weighing 8896 N and
and 17.8 kN, respectively;
respectively; the
the airplane
airplane
H
remained in
in one
one piece
piece as
as itit fell
fell to
to the
the ground.
ground. Knowing
Knowing that
that the
the two
two
remained
(457.2m,m, 91
91 m
m))
fragments of
of the
the helicopter
helicopter were
werelocated
locatedatatpoints
pointsHH11(457.2
fragments
and H
H 22 (548.6 m, 457.2 m),, respectively,
respectively, and
and assuming
assuming that
that all
all pieces
pieces
and
hit the
the ground
ground at
at the
the same
same time,
time, determine
determine the
the coordinates
coordinates of
of the
the point
point A
A
hit
where the
the wreckage
wreckage of
of the
the airplane
airplane will
will be
be found.
found.
where

SOLUTION
Choose x axis pointing east, y axis north, and z axis vertical.
Velocities before collision:
Helicoptor:

Airplane:

(vH )0

8.8 km
= .6 m/s
4 min

16 km
(v A ) =
= 111
. m/s
x 0

4 min

(v A ) = 12 km = .83 m/s
y 0

4 min
Mass center:

v0 =

mH
mA
(v A ) i + (v A ) j
vH )0 i +
(
x 0
y 0

mA + mH
mA + mH

2722
1361
=
. i .83 j)
(111
(.6)i +
4083
4083

= (.768 m/s )i (.2739 m/s ) j

No external forces act during impact. Assume that only gravity acts after the impact. Motion of mass center
after impact:

r = v 0t + z0 gt 2 k = .768t i .2739t j + 1097 4.905t 2 k

2

Time of fall.
fall:

t2 =

1097
,
4.905

t = 14.953 s

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806

PROBLEM 14.111 CONTINUED

r = (.768)(14.953) i (.2739)(14.953) j = (11.48 m )i ( 4.09 m ) j

(mH
rA =

+ m A ) r = ( mH )1 (rH )1 + ( mH )2 (rH )2 + m ArA

1
( mH + m A ) r ( mH ) (rH ) ( mH ) (rH )
1
1
2
2
mA

1
( 4083)(11.48i 4.09 j)
1361

(906.8)( 457.2 91j) (1814.5)(548.6i 457.2 j)

= ( 10013
. m)i + (657.7 m )j
Coordinates of point A: ( 1001. 3 m , 657.7 m )

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807

PROBLEM 14.112
In Problem
Problem 14.111, knowing
knowing that
that the
the wreckage
wreckage of
of the
the small
small airplane
airplane was
was
In
found at
at AA(1097m,73.15m
the
907.18-kg
fragment
of
the
helicopter
at
1097 m, 73.15 )mand
found
and
the
907.18
kg
fragment
of
the
helicopter
at
)
point H1 (365.76 m, 182.88 m ),, and
and assuming
assuming that
that all
all pieces
pieces hit
hit the
the ground
ground
point
H 22 where
where the
the
at the
the same
same time,
time, determine
determine the
the coordinates
coordinates of
of the
the point
point H
at
other fragment
fragment of
of the
the helicopter
helicopter will
will be
be found.
found.
other

SOLUTION
Choose x axis pointing east, y axis north, and z axis vertical.
Velocities before collision:

(vH )0

Helicoptor:

8.8 km
= .6 m/s
4 min

16 km

. m/s
( v A )x 0 = 4 min = 111

Airplane:

(v A ) = 12 km = .83 m/s
y 0

4 min
v0 =

Mass center:

mH
mA
(v A ) i + ( v A ) j
vH )0 i +
(
x 0
y 0

mA + mH
mA + mH

1361
2722
=
. i .83 j)
(111
(.6)i +
4083
4083

= (.768 m/s )i (.2739 m/s )

No external forces act during impact. Assume that only gravity acts after the impact. Motion of mass center
after impact:

r = v 0t + z0 gt 2 k = .768ti .2739tj + 1097 4.905t 2 k

2

t2 =

Time of fall:
fall.

1097
,
4.905

t = 14.953 s

r = (.768)(14.953)i (.2739)(14.953) j = (11.48 m )i ( 4.09 m ) j

(mH
(rH )2

+ m A ) r = ( mH )1 (rH )1 + ( mH )2 (rH )2 + m ArA

1
( m + m ) r m ArA ( mH ) (rH )
1
1
( mH )2 H A

1
( 4083)(11.48i 4.09 j)
1814.5

(1316)(1097i + 7315
. j) (906.8)(365.76i 182.88 j)

= ( 979.8 m )i (2738 m ) j

8 m, 2738 m )
Coordinates of point H 2: ( 979.8

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808

PROBLEM 14.113
Two hemispheres are held together by a cord which maintains a spring
under compression (the spring is not attached to the hemispheres). The
potential energy of the compressed spring is 122 N m and the assembly
has an initial velocity v0 of magnitude v0 = 7.3 m/s. Knowing that the
cord is severed when = 30, causing the hemispheres to fly apart,
determine the resulting velocity of each hemisphere.

SOLUTION
Use a frame of reference moving with the mass center.
Conservation of momentum:
0 = mAvA + mBvB
vA =

mB
vB
mA

Conservation of energy:
2

1
1
1
1
2
2
2
V = mA (vA ) + mB (vB ) = m A B vB + mB (vB )
2
2
2
2
mA
=
vB =

Data:

mB ( mA + mB )
(vB )2
2m A
2mAV
mB ( mA + mB )

m A = 2.27 kg,

. kg
mB = 136
V = 122 N m

vB =
vA =

(2)(2.27)(122)
. )(3.63)
(136

10.6 vB = 10.6 m/s

= 10.6,

1.36
6.35 v A = 6.35 m/s
(10.6) = 6.35,
2.27

30
30

Velocities of A and B:
v A = [7.3 m/s

] + [6.35 m/s

30]

v A = 9.67 m/s

60.3

v B = [7.3 m/s

] + [10.6 m/s

30]

v B = 12.87 m/s

17.8

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809

PROBLEM 14.114
Two small spheres A and B, with masses of 2.5 kg and 1 kg, respectively,
are connected by a rigid rod of negligible mass. The two spheres are
resting on a horizontal, frictionless surface when A is suddenly given the
velocity v 0 = (3.5 m/s ) i . Determine (a) the linear momentum of the
system and its angular momentum about its mass center G, (b) the
velocities of A and B after the rod AB has rotated through 180.

SOLUTION
Locate the mass center.
Let l be the distance between A and B.
mBl = ( mA + mB ) l A
lA =

mB
2
l = l
7
mA + mB

lB =

5
l
7

(a) Linear momentum.

momentum:
L = mAv0 = ( 2.5 )(3.5 ) = 8.75

L = 8.75 kg m/s

Angular momentum about G:

H G = l AmAv0 =

2
2
lmAv0 = (0.210 )( 2.5 )(3.5 ) = 0.525
7
7
HG = 0.525 kg m 2 /s

(b) There are no resultant external forces acting on the system;

therefore, L and HG are conserved.
L : mAv A + mBvB = L,
L

2.5v A + 1.0vB = 8.75

(1)

H G : lB mBvB l AmAv A = H G
5
2
0.210 )(1.0 ) vB (0.210 )( 2.5 ) v A = 0.525
(
7
7
0.15vB 0.15v A = 0.525
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously,

(2)

v A = 1.5 m/s, vB = 5 m/s

v A = 1.500 m/s

v B = 5.00 m/s

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810

PROBLEM 14.115
Water flows in a continuous sheet from between two plates A and B with
a velocity v of magnitude 27.4 m/s. The stream is split into two parts by a
smooth horizontal plate C. Knowing that the rates of flow in each of the
two resulting streams are, respectively, Q1 = .098 m3/min and Q2 =
.492 m3/min, determine (a) the angle , (b) the total force exerted by the
stream on the horizontal plate.

SOLUTION
Q1 + Q2 = Q

For steady flow

flow:

(1)

Assume that the fluid speed is constant.

v = v (sin i cos j) ,

Velocity vectors:

v1 = v i,

v2 = vi

Let Pj be the force that plate C exerts on the fluid.

Impulse-momentum principle:

(m ) v + Pj ( t ) = (m )1 v1 + (m )2 v 2
Pj =

( m )1 v
t

( m )2 v
t

m
v
t

dm
dm
dm
=
v i ) +
vi )
(
(

(v sin i v cos j)
dt 1
dt 2
dt
= Q1v i + Q2v i Qv (sin i cos j)
Resolve into components:
components.
i:

0 = Q1v + Q2v Qv sin ,

Q sin = Q2 Q1

j: P = Qv cos
Data:

= 10 3 kg/m 3 ,
g

(2)
(3)

v = 27.4 m/s

Q1 = .098 m 3 /min = 163

. 10 3 m 3 / s,

Q2 = .492 m 3 / min = 8.2 10 3 m 3 / s

continued

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811

PROBLEM 14.115 CONTINUED

Q = 9.83 10 3 m 3 / s

From (1),

sin =

(a) From (2),

Q2 Q1
= .66836
Q

.
= 4194
.
= 4194

From (3),

( )(

. = 200.3 N
P = 10 3 9.83 10 3 (27.4) cos 4194

(b) Force that stream exerts on plate C:

Pj = 200.3 N

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or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
812

PROBLEM 14.116
A stream of water having a cross-sectional area of 9.68 cm 2 and moving
with a velocity of magnitude 18.3 m/s at both A and B is deflected by two
vanes which are welded as shown to a vertical plate. Knowing that the
combined weight of the plate and vanes is 44.5 N, determine the reactions
at C and D.

SOLUTION
Calculation of

m
t

dm
.
dt

or

mass = density volume = density area length

m = A ( l ) = Av ( t ) ,

m
= Av
t

dm
= Av = 10 3 kg/m 3 9.68 10 4 m 2 18.3 m/s = 17.7 kg/s
dt

momentum:
Apply the principle of impulse-momentum.

(.304)( m)v A .406C ( t ) + .254W ( t ) = .101( m)vB

moments about D:

.406C = .254W +
=

m
(.101vB .304 v A )
t

(.254)( 44.5) + (17.7)[(.101)(18.3) (.304)(18.3)] = 54.4

C = 1341
. N

C = 1341
. N

(m ) vA + Dx(t ) = ( m ) vB

x-component:
x components:
Dx =

dm
m
(vB vA ) = (vB vA ) = (17.7)(18.3 18.3) = 0
dt
t
Dx = 0

yy-component:
components:

0 + C ( t ) + Dy ( t ) W ( t ) = 0
Dy = W C = 44.5 ( 1341
. ) = 178.6 N

D = 178.6 N

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
813

PROBLEM 14.117
The propeller of a small airplane has a 2-m-diameter slipstream and
produces a thrust of 3.6 kN when the airplane is at rest on the ground.
Assuming = 1.21 kg/m3 for air, determine (a) the speed of the air in
the slipstream, (b) the volume of air passing through the propeller per
second, (c) the kinetic energy imparted per second to the air in the
slipstream.

SOLUTION
Calculation of

dm
at a section in the airstream:
dt

mass = density volume = density area length

m = A ( l ) = Av t
m dm
=
= Av
dt
t
dm
( v B v A ) where v B is the velocity just downstream
dt
of propeller and v A is the velocity far upstream. Assume v A is
negligible.

(a) Thrust =

Thrust = ( Av ) v = D 2 v 2
4

2
3600 = (1.21) ( 2 ) v 2 = 3.801v 2
4
v = 30.774 m/s
(b)

Q=

v = 30.8 m/s

1 dm

= Av = D 2 v = ( 2 ) (30.774 )
4
dt
4

Q = 96.7 m3/s

(c) Kinetic energy of mass m :

T =

1
1
1
m ) v 2 = A ( l ) v 2 = Av ( t ) v 2
(
2
2
2

dT
1
1
T

=
= Av3 = D 2 v3
2
2 4
dt
t

1
3
2
1.21) ( 2 ) (30.774 ) = 55.4 103 N m/s
(
2
4
dT
= 55.4 kW
dt

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
814

PROBLEM 14.118
A rocket has a mass of 960 kg, including 800 kg of fuel, which is
consumed at the rate of 10 kg/s and ejected with a relative velocity of
3600 m/s. Knowing that the rocket is fired vertically from the ground,
determine its acceleration (a) as it is fired, (b) as the last particle of fuel is
being consumed.

SOLUTION
From Eq. (14.44) of the text book, the thrust is
P=

dm
u = (10 kg/s )(3600 m/s ) = 36 103 kg m/s 2 = 36 103 N
dt

F = ma
ma,
P mg = ma

a=

m = m0 = 960 kg,

(a) At the start of firing,

a=

From (1),

P
g
m

(1)

g = 9.81 m/s2

36 103
9.81 = 27.69 m/s 2
960

a = 27.7 m/s 2

(b) As the last particle of fuel is consumed,

g = 9.81 m/s 2 (assumed )

m = 960 800 = 160 kg,

From (1),

a=

36 103
9.81 = 215.19 m/s 2
160

a = 215 m/s 2

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual may be displayed, reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and
educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
815