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Weld Joint Calculators
Statically loaded weld joint mechanical calculator

Static Loading of Weld Joints
Calculation Formulas for Butt Weld Calculator
Calculation Formulas for Fillet Weld Calculator
Formulas for calculating spot (resistance) welds
Formulas for calculating plug welds
Fatigue Loading of Weld Joints
Safety Factors
Conversion factor of weld joint
Solder Joint Calculators
Statically loaded weld joint mechanical calculator

1. Standard Calculation Procedure
Checks joint strength by direct comparison of calculated normal, shear, or resulting reduced stress with the
allowable stress by using a standard calculation procedure. With a view to the type of the weld joint, design
and loading (that is, with respect to acting stress), strength check can be defined with the following
formulas.
Al , Al , R Al
where the formulas for allowable loading of the weld joint are (with respect to the required safety):
s Al = S Y / n s or t Al = S Y / n s .
The size of allowable stress, and after the required minimum joint safety, depends on the type of acting
stress. For example, the type, design, and loading of the weld joint.
This method is for experienced users who can estimate correctly (according to type, design, and weld
loading) the required minimum size of safety factor of the weld joint.
2. Method of Comparative Stresses
Allowable stress is compared with auxiliary comparative stress, which is determined from the calculated
partial stresses by using conversion factors of the weld joint when the strength check is carried out with this
method. Strength check can be described by the s S s Al formula, in which allowable loading of the weld
joint is s Al = S Y / n s .
While using empirical conversion factors, effects of different stress types to weld joint safety are included
in the calculated comparative stress. You can work with only one value of the safety factor, regardless of
the type, design, and loading of the selected weld joint. The recommended minimum value of the safety
factor for the method of comparative stresses is within the n S =< 1.25...2> interval.
This method is for less experienced users.
Weld Joint Calculation Parameters
1. Total versus throat (active) weld length
The size of throat area of the weld has a substantial effect on strength of the weld joint. Generally this value
is a multiple of the weld length and height (thickness). For eventual reduction of the area at the beginning
and at the end of the weld, in more precise calculations it is better to use only the weld part for the throat
length that has the given area.
The weld throat length is determined by using L' = L - 2s formula for butt welds or L' = L - 2a for fillet
welds,
where:
s
- less thickness of welded parts.
- fillet weld height.
Recommended size of the throat (active) length of fillet weld is in the L' =< 3a...35a> range.
This switch has no effect for peripheral welds, where the throat weld length is always the full weld length.
2. Thickness of flange and web is ignored
Thickness of flange and web can be ignored in calculations of beams with T or I section, connected with
fillet welds. For standard sections, the ratio of flange or web thickness and beam width is small and for this
reason the calculation is sufficiently precise if thickness is ignored.
We recommend that you switch off this calculation option for precise calculations or for special sections
(with a greater flange or web thickness).
3. Distribution of shear stress is considered
For beams joined by fillet weld and loaded with shear force and for more precise calculation, we
recommend that you use the theory of shear stress distribution in the loaded section and to consider only
welds that carry the shear force within the calculation. According to this theory, the shear force is carried
only by welds parallel with stress direction. Shear stress is then calculated by using the formula t = F Y / A
s , where:
Fy
- shear force.
As
- reduced throat of weld group.
4. Only positive stress value from bending moment is considered

For beams joined by filled welds and loaded with bend moment, normal stress is originated in the weld.
The following is an image of the stress diagram.
The maximum stress is originated in the outer points of the weld group, the most distant places from the
neutral axis. For welds, symmetrical along the neutral axis the size of these stresses is identical. For
nonsymmetrical welds, pressure stress might be greater. Normally the program tests a greater value from
these peaks during strength check, regardless of the stress direction, which is pressure stress in this case.
When loading capacity of the weld joint is considered, tensile stress has substantially greater significance
for such welded beam. This switch suppresses the pressure stress check and allows a check of the maximum
tensile stress value only, even if the pressure stress is greater in the weld.
This switch is applicable only for static calculation because there is no difference between positive or
negative value for fatigue calculation and the calculation is always controlled by maximum stresses in the
weld.
STATIC LOADING OF WELD JOINTS

Calculation Formulas for Butt Weld Calculator
Calculation of butt end weld
Butt end weld loaded with normal force
Normal stress
where:
Fn
normal force [N, lb]
throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]
Reference stress
where:
1
normal stress [MPa, psi]
factor of the weld joint [-]
Butt end weld loaded with shear force
Shear stress
where:
Ft
shear force [N, lb]
Reference stress
where:
shear stress [MPa, psi]
Butt end weld loaded with bending in the plane of welded parts
Normal stress
where:
u
constant
- for calculation in metric units u = 1000
- for calculation in English units u = 12
M1n
bending moment [Nm, lb ft]
section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm 3 , in 3 ]
Reference stress
where:
2
Butt end weld loaded with bending in the plane perpendicular to the plane of welded
parts
Normal stress
where:
u
constant
M2
Reference stress
where:
3
Butt end weld loaded with combined loading

Resultant reduced stress
where:
1, 2, 3
Reference stress
where:
1, 2, 3
1, 2
Butt end weld loaded with torque
Shear stress
where:
u
constant
torque [Nm, lb ft]
Reference stress
where:
max
Meaning of used variables:

A
Fn
Ft
shear force [N, lb]
M 1 , M 2 bending moments [Nm, lb ft]

s
plate thickness [mm, in]
torque [Nm, lb ft]
1, 2
Calculation of oblique butt weld
Normal stress
where:
F
acting force [N, lb]
weld direction angle []
Shear stress
where:
F
where:
Reference stress
where:
1, 2

A
1 , 2 factor of the weld joint [-]
Calculation of plate joining with double-sided butt

weld
Butt weld loaded with normal stress
Normal stress
where:
Fz
normal force [N, lb].
throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ].
Comparative stress
where:
1
conversion factor of the weld joint [-]
Butt weld loaded with bending moment
Normal stress
where:
u
constant
Comparative stress
where:
2
Butt weld loaded with bending force
Normal stress
where:
Fy
bending force [N, lb]
force arm [mm, in]
Shear stress
where:
Fz
axial force [N, lb].
throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ].
where:
3
Comparative stress
where:
3
1, 2
conversion factors of weld joint [-]
Butt weld loaded with combined loading
Total normal stress

= 1 + 2 [MPa, psi]
where:
1, 2
Comparative stress
where:
1, 2
Butt weld loaded with combined loading
where:
1, 3
Comparative stress
where:
1, 3
1, 2
conversion factors of the weld joint [-]

A
throat area of the weld group [mm 2 , in 2 ].
FZ
axial force [N, lb]
FY
bending shearing force [N, lb]
force arm [mm, in]
section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm

, in 3 ]
1 , 2 conversion factors of the weld joint [-]
Calculation of loaded tube joined by peripheral

butt weld
Peripheral butt weld loaded with normal stress
Normal stress
where:
Fz
axial force [N, lb]
Comparative stress
where:
Peripheral butt weld loaded with torque
Shear stress
where:
u
constant
torque [Nm, lb ft]
Comparative stress
where:
Peripheral butt weld loaded with combined loading

where:
Comparative stress
where:
1, 2

Fz
axial force [N, lb]
Fn
Ft
shear force [N, lb]
torque [Nm, lb ft]
M 1 , M 2 bending moments [Nm, lb ft]

s
1, 2
Throat area of butt weld

Weld design
Throat area of butt weld A [mm 2 , in 2 ]

for full weld length
for load-bearing (active) weld length
A=sL
A = s (L - 2 s)
A=sL
A = s (L - 2 s)
A = s (D - s)

D
tube outer diameter [mm, in]
weld length [mm, in]
thickness of thinner joined part [mm, in]
Section modulus of throat area of butt weld

Weld design
Section modulus of throat area of butt weld W [mm 3 , in 3 ]


D
tube outer diameter [mm, in]
thickness of thinner joined part [mm, in]
Calculation Formulas for Fillet Weld Calculator

Calculation of fillet welds loaded in the plane of
part joining
1. Loading by axial force F x
Resultant Shear Stress
where:
Fx
2. Loading by bending moment M
Shear stress in the weld investigated point
where:
u
constant
radius vector of investigated weld point related to the weld group center
of gravity [mm, in]
polar moment of inertia of weld group [mm 4 , in 4 ]
3. Loading by bending force F Y
In any weld point, a stress caused by shearing force F Y and bending moment M F originates.
Its size determines the formula:
M F = F Y r F [Nmm, lb in]
where:
FY
rF
arm of bending force to the weld group center of gravity [mm, in].
Shear stress caused by shearing force
where:
FY
Shear stress caused by bending moment

- stress x-component
- stress y-component
where:
MF
bending moment [Nmm, lb in]
rY
distance of investigated weld point to the weld group center of gravity

in the y-axis direction [mm, in]
rX

in the x-axis direction [mm, in]
Resultant shear stress in the investigated point of weld
where:
XM
x-component of shear stress caused by bending moment [MPa, psi]
shear stress caused by shearing force F Y ' [MPa, psi]
YM
y-component of shear stress caused by bending moment [MPa, psi]
4. Loading by common force F
In any weld point, a common force F causes adequate stress to the stress which would arise
by combined loading from bending moment M F and the pair of shearing forces F X ', F Y '
with action point in the weld group center of gravity, while applies:
M F = F r F [Nmm, lb in]
F X' = F cos [N, lb]
F Y' = F sin [N, lb]
where:
F
rF
arm of bending force to the weld group center of gravity [mm, in]
direction angle of acting force []
Shear stress caused by shearing force F X'
Shear stress caused by shearing force F Y'
where:
A
Shear stress caused by bending moment

where:
MF
bending moment [Nmm, lb in]
rY

rX

where:
X
shear stress caused by shearing force F X' [MPa, psi]
XM
YM
5. Calculation of comparative stress S

Comparative stress is determined from calculated partial stresses according to the formula:
while for the x-component of stress that actuates in the investigated point of weld,
perpendicularly to the weld direction, the X = 3 formula is applied. In the opposite case
X = 4 . The same applies for the y-component of the stress actuating perpendicularly to the
weld direction, that is Y = 3 or Y = 4 .
where:
X
shear stress caused by shearing force F X' [MPa, psi]
XM
YM
conversion factor of weld joint for fillet end weld [-]
Calculation of fillet welds loaded in the plane

perpendicular to the plane of part joining
Standard Calculation Procedure
1. Common solution for combined loading
Loading in the plane perpendicular to the weld plane induces a tensile or pressure stress
in the weld.
Normal stress caused by axial force F Z
where:
FZ
Normal stress caused by bending moment M
where:
u
constant
rY
distance of investigated weld point from the weld group center of

gravity in the y-axis direction [mm, in]
moment of inertia of weld group to the neutral x-axis [mm 4 , in 4 ]
Total normal stress

= F M [MPa, psi]
where:
F
normal stress caused by the axial force F Z [N, lb]
normal stress caused by the bending moment M [mm, in]
Loading in the weld plane induces a shear stress in the weld:

Shear stress caused by shearing force F Y
where:
FY
shearing force [N, lb]
throat area of the weld group [mm 2 , in 2 ]
Shear stress caused by torsion moment T

- x-component of stress
- y-component of stress
where:
u
constant
torque [Nm, lb ft]
rX

rY

Total shear stress
where:
XT
x-component of shear stress caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
YT
y-component of shear stress caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
where:
total normal stress [MPa, psi]
total shear stress [MPa, psi]
2. Loading with bending force F Y
For calculation purposes, the bending force can be substituted by the combination of
shearing force F Y acting in the weld plane and the bending moment M acting in the plane
perpendicular to the weld plane. Then the stress in the weld can be calculated using the
previously mentioned procedure.
The bending moment is defined by a formula:
where:
FY
arm of bending force [mm, in]
constant
3. Loading with common force F Y
For calculation purposes, the common force F can be substituted by the combination of
shearing force F Y acting in the weld plane with the axial force F Z and the bending moment
M acting in the plane perpendicular to the weld plane. Then the stress in the weld for so
defined loading can be calculated using the above mentioned procedure.
The particular components of the loading are defined by formulas:
- bending moment
- axial force
F Z = F cos [N, lb]
- shearing force
F Y = F cos [N, lb]
where:
F
rF
force arm related to the weld group center of gravity [mm, in]
constant
direction angle of acting force []
Method of Comparative Stresses

1. Common solution for combined loading
Compared with the standard calculation method, the method of comparative stresses
approaches a different way to calculate stresses caused by the axial force or bending moment
that actuate in the plane perpendicular to the weld plane. Generally the stress in fillet welds
has normal and tangential components. The method of comparative stresses is based on the
fact that the shear strength of weld metal is lower than the tensile strength. To simplify the
calculation, weld joints are only checked for shear stresses. But the calculation method is
the same as in the standard calculation method. Used calculation formulas are also similar.
Loading in the perpendicular plane to the weld plane:
Shear stress caused by axial force F Z
where:
FZ
Shear stress caused by bending moment M
where:
M
rY
distance of investigated weld point from the weld group center of

gravity in the y-axis direction [mm, in]
constant
moment of inertia of weld group to the neutral x-axis [mm 4 , in 4 ]
Loading in the weld plane:

Shear stress caused by shearing force F Y
where:
FY
throat area of the weld group [mm 2 , in 2 ]
Shear stress caused by torque T

where:
T
torque [Nm, lb ft]
constant
rY

rX

Total shear stress in the investigated point of weld
where:
XT
x-component of shear stress caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
YT
y-component of shear stress caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
shear stress caused by shearing force F Z [MPa, psi]
ZM
shear stress caused by bending moment M [MPa, psi]
2. Calculation of comparative stress s

The comparative stress is determined from calculated partial stresses according to the
formula.
while for the x-component of stress that actuates in the investigated point of weld,
perpendicularly to the weld direction, the X = 3 formula is applied. In the opposite case
X = 4 . The same applies for the y-component of the stress actuating perpendicularly to the
weld direction, that is Y = 3 or Y = 4 .
XT
shear stress x-component caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
shear stress caused by shearing force F Y [MPa, psi]
YT
shear stress y-component caused by torque T [MPa, psi]
shear stress caused by shearing force F Z [MPa, psi]
ZM
shear stress caused by bending moment M [MPa, psi]
Throat area of fillet weld

Weld
design
Throat area of fillet weld A [mm 2 , in 2 ]

A=aL
A = a (L - 2 a)
A = a (H + B)
A = a (H + B - 2 a)
A=a2H
A = a 2 (H - 2 a)
A=a2B
A = a 2 (B - 2 a)
A = a (H + 2 B)
A = a (H + 2 B - 2 a)
A = a (2 H + B)
A = a (2 H + B - 2 a)
A = a 2 (H + B)
A = 2 a (r + a / 2)
A=a2L
A= a 2 (L - 2 a)
A = a (2 H + B), A = a (2 H + B - 2 t) A = a (2 H + B - 6 a), A = a (2 H + B
- 2 t - 6 a)
A = a 2 (H + B)
A = a 2 (H + B), A = a 2 (H + B - 2 t) A = a 2 (H + B - 4 a), A = a 2 (H + B
- 2 t - 4 a)
A = a 2 (H + 2 B), A = a 2 (H +2 B - s)
A = a 2 (H + B), A = a 2 (H + B - 2 t) A = a 2 (H + B - 4 a), A = a 2 (H + B
- 2 t - 4 a)
A = a 2 (2 H + B), A = a 2 (2 H + B - s)

a
fillet weld height [mm, in]
width of weld group [mm, in]
height of weld group [mm, in]
weld radius [mm, in]
web thickness [mm, in]
flange thickness [mm, in]
Polar moment of inertia for filet weld

Weld
design
Polar moment of inertia of fillet weld Position of center of gravity of weld

J [mm 4 , in 4 ]
group section
J = 2 a (r + a / 2) 3
Weld
design
Polar moment of inertia of fillet weld J [mm 4 , in 4 ]

a
Moment of inertia for fillet weld

Weld design Moment of inertia of fillet weld J [mm 4 , in 4 ]
J = a (r + a / 2) 3
Position of center of
gravity of weld
group section

a
Active height of fillet weld

The active height (thickness) of a fillet weld is specified by the height of the biggest isosceles
triangle inscribed into the weld section without penetration. The following image illustrates
different weld designs.
The size of fillet weld height approximately specifies the = 0.7 formula, where z is the fillet
weld width. Minimum fillet weld height is selected according to the thickness of the thicker
welded part and according to the material. The following table presents the values of the
recommended minimum fillet weld height.
Thickness of welded part [mm]
Minimum thickness of fillet weld a [mm] for

steels of the strength series
over
up to
370 and 420 MPa
520 MPa
10
10
20
20
30
30
50
50
10
Formulas for calculating spot (resistance) welds

One-shear joint loaded with shear
Shear loading of a point
Tear loading of a point along the cylindrical surface
Comparative stress
Meaning of used variables

F
diameter of spot weld [mm, in]
number of welds [-]
conversion factor of weld joint [-]
Double-shear joint loaded with shear
Shear loading of a point
Tear loading of a point along the cylindrical surface
Comparative stress

F
number of welds [-]
Spot weld joint loaded with tear-off
Tear-off loading of a point
Comparative stress

F
number of welds [-]
Formulas for calculating plug welds

Comparative stress for all types of plug and spot welds
where:
Z
shear stress in the weld base area [MPa, psi]
shear stress in the weld peripheral area [MPa, psi]
Plug weld - perpendicular
Shear stress in the weld base area
Shear stress in the weld peripheral area
where:
F
diameter of plug weld [mm, in]
number of welds [-]
Plug weld - with bevel
where:
F
number of welds [-]
Groove weld - perpendicular
where:
F
groove weld width [mm, in]
groove weld length [mm, in]
number of welds [-]
Groove weld - with bevel

F
groove weld width [mm, in]
groove weld length [mm, in]
number of welds [-]
shear stress in the weld base area [MPa, psi]
shear stress in the weld peripheral area [MPa, psi]
Safety factor of statically loaded weld joint

Required minimum safety factor of weld joint during static loading n s represents a ratio of allowable stress
and the yield strength of joint material n S = S Y / Al or n S = S Y / Al .
Required safety of weld joint is affected by method and quality of weld design (shape and machining of the
weld surface, weld reinforcement, weld homogeneity, penetrations, and so on), operation conditions,
requirements for joint reliability, and potential threat to human life at weld breaking. Many other effects
must be considered when setting its value.
Calculation procedures do not consider possible sudden brittle fractures and change of material mechanical
values due to the temperature and residual stress. Only the nominal stress is set by the calculation in a
certain section for given loading. Stress concentrations and internal stresses are not considered. Consider
all these facts when you are setting a required minimum joint safety.
Used calculation method must be considered when specifying the safety factor. Both calculation methods
of statically loaded welds solve the weld safety in a different manner.
Standard calculation procedure
The allowable weld loading is compared directly with the calculated normal, shear, or resulting reduced
stress to find whether the weld is satisfactory. This comparison is made according to the weld type and
design and the way of loading. It is obvious that the required weld safety depends on the type and direction
of stress that arises in the weld joint. It is also necessary to specify different safety factors for different type,
shape, and design of welds and for various load combinations. Informative values of recommended
minimum safety factor values for different weld types are presented in the following table.
Weld type, loading
nS
Butt welds loaded with traction
1.6 ... 2.2
Butt welds loaded with bend
1.5 ... 2.0
Butt welds loaded with shear
2.0 ... 3.0
Butt welds loaded with loading
1.4 ... 2.7
Fillet welds loaded in the plane of joining the part 2.0 ... 3.0
Fillet welds loaded spatially
1.4 ... 2.7
Plug and groove welds
2.0 ... 3.0
Plug (resistant) welds loaded with shear
1.6 ... 2.2
Plug (resistant) welds loaded with tearing
2.5 ... 3.3
Method of comparative stresses

Compares allowable weld loading with the auxiliary comparative stress. This comparative stress is obtained
from calculated partial stresses by means of conversion factors of weld joint. The effects of different types
of stresses, which arise in weld joint, to safety of weld joint, are considered in the safety factor. You need
only one common safety factor for any type, shape, and design of weld and arbitrary combination of
loading. The recommended minimum value of safety factor is given in the n S =<1.25...2> range.
Conversion factor of weld joint

Table of recommended values of weld joint factors for specific weld types.
Weld type
Type
loading
Butt welds 1 )
Pressure
of Factor of weld joint

1
Traction
1.00
0.85
0.90 2 )
1.00 3 )
Shear
0.70
End
0.75 4 )
0.90 5 )
1.00 6 )
Side
0.65 4 )
0.80 5 )
0.90 6 )
Plug and groove welds
Shear
0.65
Spot welds
Shear
0.65
Tear-out
0.65
Fillet welds
1) Factor of weld joint for loading along the axis of weld joint. = 1.
2) Applies to contact resistance welding.
3) Applies to:
Butt welds manually welded and supported by the weld from the root side after grooving.
Butt welds bilaterally penetrated, automatic welding under flux or in CO 2 made at least from one side.
Electro-slag welds.
4) Applies to manual arc welding while the strength of used electrode corresponds to the strength of basic
material.
5) Applies to:
Manual arc welding of basic materials whose minimum tensile strength is 20 percent lower than minimum
strength of weld metal of used electrode.
Semi-automatic submerged welding, semi-automatic and automatic welding shielded by CO2 atmosphere
and for automatic submerged welding of single-pass or multi-pass welds for the weld height of 8 mm.
6) Applies to automatic submerged welding of single-pass welds for the weld height a< 8 mm.
SOLDER JOINT CALCULATORS

Butt joint calculation
Feb 12, 2014
Allowable stress
Joint tensile stress
Minimum part thickness
Strength check
A
Meaning of used variables for metric units:
SU
Joint strength in tension [MPa]
kT
Tension safety factor
Transferred force [N]
Width of connected parts [mm]
Thickness of connected parts [mm.
Meaning of used variables for English units:

SU
Joint strength in tension [psi]
kT
Transferred force [lb]
Width of connected parts [in]
Thickness of connected parts [in]
Guiding values for solder joint strength

Soft solder alloys
Brazing filler metals
Parent topic: Joints
Bevel solder joint calculation

Jul 29, 2014
Allowable joint tensile stress
Allowable joint shear stress
Joint tensile stress
Joint shear stress
Strength check
A and A
Minimum thickness of connected parts
s min = max {s 1 , s 2 }
where:

SU
kT
S US Joint strength in shear [MPa]

kS
Shear safety factor
Thickness of connected parts [mm]

SU
Joint strength in tension [psi]
kT
S US Joint strength in shear [psi]

kS
Shear safety factor

Soft solder alloys
Lap solder joint calculation

Jul 29, 2014
Allowable stress
Joint shear stress
Minimum overlap length
Strength check
A
Design of optimum overlap length
Anticipates that any breakage occurs in the joint itself, and not in the basic material.
L opt = max {L min , L 1 }
where:

S US
Joint strength in shear [MPa]
kS
Shear safety factor
Thickness of connected parts [mm]
S Ub
Tensile strength of basic material [MPa]
Length of overlap [mm].

S US
Joint strength in shear [psi]
kS
Shear safety factor
S Ub
Tensile strength of basic material [psi]
Length of overlap [in]

Soft solder alloys
Step tube joint calculation

Jul 29, 2014
Allowable stress
Joint shear stress
Minimum step depth
Strength check
A
Design of optimum step depth
Anticipates that a joint is designed so that any breakage occurs in the joint itself, and not in the basic
material.
where:
and the joint factor f:

for h 1 < h 2 :
for h 1 > h 2 :

S US
Joint strength in shear [MPa]
kS
Shear safety factor
S Ub
Diameter of inner tube or step diameter [mm]
Step depth [mm]
h1
Tube thickness of inner tube [mm]
h2
Tube thickness of outer tube [mm]

S US
Joint strength in shear [psi]
kS
Shear safety factor
S Ub
Tensile strength of basic material [psi]
Diameter of inner tube or step diameter [in]
Step depth [in]
h1
Tube thickness of inner tube [in]
h2
Tube thickness of outer tube [in]

Soft solder alloys
Step solder joint calculation

Jul 29, 2014
Metric units
Joint allowable stress
Shear stress from force
Shear stress from moment
Resulting reduced stress
Strength check
red A
Minimum step depth

material.
where:

S Us
kS
Shear safety factor
S Ub
Step diameter [mm]
Step depth [mm]
Torque [MPa]
English units
Joint allowable stress
Shear stress from force
Shear stress from moment
Resulting reduced stress
Strength check
red A
Minimum step depth

material.
where:

S Us
kS
Shear safety factor
S Ub
Step diameter [mm]
Step depth [mm]
Torque [MPa]

Soft solder alloys
Guiding values for strength of solder joints

Jul 29, 2014
During static loading, metric units

Jointed Material
Solder Type
Tin solders
Tension
Shear
R m [MPa]
R ms [MPa]
30 to 80
20 to 40
Low strength steels (for Solders from Cu alloys 200 to 350

example, 37 grade)
Silver solders
220 to 400
100 to 220
120 to 2520
During static loading, English units

Jointed Material
Solder Type
Tension
Shear
R m [psi]
R ms [psi]
Low strength steels (for Tin solders

4 500 to 11 500
example, 37 grade)
Solders from Cu alloys 29 000 to 50 000
Silver solders
32 000 to 58 000
2 900 to 5 800
14 500 to 32 000
17 500 to 36 000
Soft solder alloys

Feb 12, 2014
Nominal Composition [%]
Melting
Uses
Ranges [C]
Sn
Pb
Sb
Ag
70
30
183 - 192
coating metals
63
37
183 - 183
as lowest melting solder for

dip and hand soldering
methods
60
40
183 - 190
"fine solder" - general

purpose, but particularly
where
the
temperature
requirements are critical
50
50
183 - 216
general
purpose,
popular of all
40
60
183 - 238
wiping solder for joining

lead pipes and cable sheaths,
for automobile radiator cores
and heating units
35
65
183 - 247
general purpose and wiping

solder
30
70
183 - 255
machine and torch soldering
20
80
183 - 277
coating and joining metals,

for filling dents or seams in
automobile bodies
10
90
268 - 299
coating and joining metals
most
35
62.50
1.8
185 - 243
wiping and all uses except on

galvanized iron
25
73.7
1.3
184 - 262
torch and machine soldering,

except on galvanized iron
95
233 - 240
joints on copper in electrical,

plumbing, and heating work
97.5
1.5
309 - 309
use on copper, brass, and

similar metals with torch
heating

Feb 12, 2014
AWS
Classification
Ag
Cu
Al
Ni
Brazing Uses
Range
[C]
Other
BAlSi-2
92.5
Si, 7.5
1110
1150
BAlSi-3
86
Si, 10
1160
1120
BAlSi-5
90
Si, 10
1190
1120
BAlSi-6
90
Si, 7.5 1125

Mg, 2.5 1150
BAlSi-8
86.5
Si, 12 1080
Mg, 1.5 1120
BAlSi-10
86.5
Si, 11 1080
Mg, 2.5 1120
BAlSi-11
88.4
Si, 10 1090
Mg, 1.5 1120
Bi, 0.1
BCuP-1
95
P, 5
1450
1700
BCuP-3
89
P, 6
1300
1500
- For joining copper and its alloys

with some limited use on silver,
tungsten and molybdenum. Not
for use on ferrous or nickel-
- For joining aluminum alloys and

cast alloys. All these filler metals
are suitable for furnace and dip
brazing. BAlSi-3 and BAlSi-5
are suitable for torch brazing.
-
- Vacuum brazing filler metals.

Magnesium is present as an O 2
getter.
-
BCuP-5
15
80
P, 5
1300
1500
BCuP-7
88
P, 6.8
1300
1500
- based alloys. Are used for cupronickels, but use caution when
nickel content is greater than 30
percent. Suitable for all brazing
processes. Lap joints are
recommended but butt joints can
be used.
AWS
Classification
Ag
Cu
Zn
Al
Ni
Other
BAg-1
45
15
16
Cd, 24
1145
1400
BAg-2
35
26
21
Cd, 18
1295
1550
BAg-4
40
30
28
1435
1650
BAg-6
50
34
16
1425
1600
BAg-8
72
28
1435
1650
BAg-13
54
40
1575
1775
BAg-18
60
30
Sn, 10
1325
1550
BAg-20
30
38
32
1410
1600
BAg-22
49
16
23
4.5
Mn, 7.5 1290

1525
BAg-24
50
20
28
1305
1550
BAg-26
25
38
33
Mn, 2
1475
1600
BAg-28
40
30
28
Sn, 2
1310
1550
AWS
Classification
Brazing Uses
Range
[C]
- For joining most

ferrous and nonferrous
metals
except
aluminum
and
magnesium.
These
- filler materials have
good
brazing
properties and are
- suitable
for
preplacement in the
- joint or for manual
feeding into the joint.
All methods of heating
- may be used. Lap
joints
are
used.
- However, butt joints
can be used.
Brazing Uses
Range
[C]
Ni
Cu
Cr
Si
Other
BCu-1
100
2000
2100
BCu-2
86.5
O,
13.3
2000
2100
RBCuZn-A
59
Zn, 41 1670
1750
RBCuZn-C
58
0.1
Zn, 40 1670
Fe, 0.7 1750
Mn,
- For joining
various
ferrous and
nonferrous
metals. They
- can also be
used
with
various
- brazing
processes.
0.3 Sn,
1
Avoid
overheating
the
Cu-Zn
alloys. Lap
and
butt
are
- joints
commonly
used.
-
RBCuZn-D
10
48
0.2
Zn, 42 1720
1800
BCuZn-E
50
Zn, 50 1610
1725
BCuZn-F
50
Zn,
46.5
Sn, 3.5 1580

1700
BCuZn-G
70
Zn, 30 1750
1850
BCuZn-H
80
Zn, 20 1830
1950
BAu-1
63
Au, 37 1860
2000
BAu-2
20.5
Au,
79.5
1635
1850
BAu-4
18.5
Au,
81.5
1740
1840
BAu-6
22
Au, 70 1915
Pd, 8 2050
- For brazing
of
iron,
nickel, and
cobalt-based
metals where
- resistance to
oxidation or
corrosion is
- required.
Low rate of
interaction
with
base
metal
facilitates
use on thin
base metals.
Used with
induction,
furnace, or
resistance
heating in a
reducing
atmosphere
or
in
a
vacuum and
with no flux.
For
other
applications,
a borax-boric
acid flux is
used.
BCo-1
17
Cr, 19; 2100

W, 4; 2250
B, 0.8;
C, 0.4;
Co, 59
- Generally
used for high
temperature
properties
and
compatibility
with cobaltbased metals.

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Weld Joint Calculators

Statically loaded weld joint mechanical calculator

Statically loaded weld joint mechanical calculator

- less thickness of welded parts.

- fillet weld height.

- reduced throat of weld group.

4. Only positive stress value from bending moment is considered

STATIC LOADING OF WELD JOINTS

normal force [N, lb]

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]

normal stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Butt end weld loaded with shear force

shear force [N, lb]

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

- for calculation in metric units u = 1000

- for calculation in English units u = 12

bending moment [Nm, lb ft]

section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm 3 , in 3 ]

normal stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

bending moment [Nm, lb ft]

section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm 3 , in 3 ]

normal stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Butt end weld loaded with combined loading

normal stress [MPa, psi]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

normal stress [MPa, psi]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Butt end weld loaded with torque

torque [Nm, lb ft]

section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm 3 , in 3 ]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Meaning of used variables:

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]

normal force [N, lb]

shear force [N, lb]

M 1 , M 2 bending moments [Nm, lb ft]

plate thickness [mm, in]

torque [Nm, lb ft]

section modulus of throat area of the weld [mm 3 , in 3 ]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Calculation of oblique butt weld

acting force [N, lb]

weld direction angle []

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]

acting force [N, lb]

weld direction angle []

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]

Resultant reduced stress

normal stress [MPa, psi]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

normal stress [MPa, psi]

shear stress [MPa, psi]

factor of the weld joint [-]

Meaning of used variables:

throat area of the weld [mm 2 , in 2 ]