La palabra "both" en ingls indica dos de un grupo de dos ("ambos" en

espaol). "Either" indica uno de un grupo de dos ("cualquiera de los

dos"). "Neither" indica cero de un grupo de dos ("ninguno").
Both - ambos
Either - cualquiera de los dos
Neither - ninguno (de dos)
Se puede usar "both" con dos sustantivos conectados por la palabra
"and," "either" con dos sustantivos conectados con "or" y "neither" con
dos sustantivos contectados con "nor."
Both Frank and Bob live in Chicago.
Either Frank or Bob lives in Chicago.
Neither Frank nor Bob live in Chicago.
In English we have many different ways of emphasing a particular point. Words like 'very' and
'extremely' are the most known by students.
Others ways to do this are with 'so' and 'such'.
If you say: "it's so hot today!", it's a stronger emphasis than saying "it's very hot today."
The structure is: SO + ADJECTIVE
Another alternative is by saying "It's such a hot day!" This is also stronger than 'very'
The structure is: SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN

Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than,
or you can use a conjunction like but.

Jiro is taller than Yukio.

Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.

Superlatives

Superlatives are used to compare more

Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than,
or you can use a conjunction like but.

Jiro is taller than Yukio.

Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.

than two things. Superlative sentences

usually use the, because there is
only one superlative.

Masami is the tallest in the

class.

Yukio is tall, and Jiro is taller, but

Masami is the tallest.

Adjective form

Comparative

Superlative

Only one syllable,

ending in E.
Examples: wide, fine,
cute

Add -r: wider, finer,

cuter

Add -st: widest,

finest, cutest

Only one syllable,

with one vowel and
one consonant at the
end. Examples: hot,
big, fat

Double the consonant,

and add -er: hotter,
bigger, fatter

Double the
consonant, and
add -est: hottest,
biggest, fattest

Only one syllable,

with more than one
vowel or more than
one consonant at the
end. Examples: light,
neat, fast

Add -er: lighter,

neater, faster

Add -est: lightest,

neatest, fastest

Two syllables, ending

in Y. Examples:
happy, silly, lonely

Change y to i, then
add -er: happier,
sillier, lonelier

Change y to i, then
add -est: happiest,
silliest, loneliest

Two syllables or more,

Use more before

Use most before

Comparatives are used to compare two things. You can use sentences with than,
or you can use a conjunction like but.

Jiro is taller than Yukio.

Yukio is tall, but Jiro is taller.

not ending in Y.
Examples: modern,
interesting, beautiful

the adjective: more

modern, more
interesting, more
beautiful

the adjective: most

modern, most
interesting, most
beautiful

Los tag questions son pequeas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que se colocan al
final de una oracin afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como objetivo
confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente al verdad?
espaol o al no? ms utilizado en pases de Amrica.

TRES REGLAS BASICAS QUE DEBES RECORDAR

1.

Los tag questions utilizan siempre los verbos auxiliares.

2.

Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un tag question en NEGATIVO.

3.

Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un tag question en AFIRMATIVO

o POSITIVO.

a) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE

O CONTINUO.
Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: aren't you? isn't he? isn't she?
isn't it? aren't we? aren't you? aren't they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:
It's a beautiful day, isn't it? (Es un da hermoso, no?)
Martha is angry, isn't she? (Marta est enojada, verdad?)
You are really tired, aren't you? (Ests muy cansado, no?)
They're very nice people, aren't they? (Son personas muy agradables, no?)
You are coming tomorrow, aren't you? (Vas a venir maana, verdad?)
Pedro's flying now, isn't he? (Pedro est volando en estos momentos, no?)

b) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PRESENT SIMPLE O

CONTINUO.
Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: am I? are you? is
he? is she? is it? are we? are you? are they? Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:
I'm not late, am I? (No llego tarde, no?)
It isn't a beautiful day, is it? (No es un da hermoso, verdad?)
Martha isn't angry, is she? (Marta no est enojada, no?)
You aren't really tired, are you? (No ests muy cansado, verdad?)
They aren't very nice people, are they? (No son personas muy agradables, no?)
You aren't coming tomorrow, are you? (No vas a venir maana, no?)
Pedro isn't flying now, is he? (Pedro no est volando en estos momentos, no?)
ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O CONTINUO.
Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en NEGATIVO: wasn't I? weren't you? wasn't
he? wasn't she? wasn't it? weren't we? weren't you? weren't they? Aqu tienes
algunos ejemplos:
It was a beautiful day, wasn't it? (Fue un da hermoso, verdad?)
Martha was angry, wasn't she? (Marta estaba enojada, no?)
You were really tired, weren't you? (Estabas muy cansado, verdad?)
You were studying at 6, weren't you? (Estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?)
He was flying when I phoned, wasn't he? (Estaba volando cuando llam, no?)

d) ORACIONES NEGATIVAS CON EL VERBO TO BE EN PAST SIMPLE O

CONTINUO.
Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO: was I? were you?
was he? was she? was it? were we? were you? were they? Aqu tienes algunos
ejemplos:
It wasn't a beautiful day, was it? (No fue un da hermoso, no?)
Martha wasn't angry, was she? (Marta no estaba enojada, no?)
You weren't really tired, were you? (No estabas muy cansado, verdad?)
You weren't studying at 6, were you? (No estuviste estudiando a las 6, no?)
He wasn't flying when I phoned, was he? (No estaba volando cuando llam, no?)

e) ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS CON OTROS VERBOS COMUNES O

DEFECTIVOS.
Teniendo siempre en cuenta el TIEMPO VERBAL, se utiliza el auxiliar en NEGATIVO que
corresponde a la persona de la oracin: didn't she? hasn't she? won't she?
shouldn't she? can't she? couldn't she?, etc. Aqu tienes algunos ejemplos:

You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn't you? (Fuiste a Costa Rica en 1990, no?)
Elena has traveled a lot, hasn't she? (Elena ha viajado mucho, no?)
Ann will be here soon, won't she? (Ana estar pronto aqu, verdad?)
Tom should pass his exam, shouldn't he? (Tom debera aprobar su examen, no?)
You can play the violin, can't you? (Sabes tocar el violn, no?)
He could find a job, couldn't he? (Pudo encontrar trabajo, verdad?)

The second conditional is also called the present

unreal
conditional.

STRUCTURE
If

Simple Past

Modal

Base Verb

Examples:

If I had more money, I would buy a car.

If he were 16, he could drive.

USES
Unreal situations in the present

If I were the teacher, I would make class shorter.

Imagined events

If I were rich, I would buy a private jet.

Impossible present situations

I would go to the party, if I didn't have to work.

Was vs. Were

Use were for all subjects.
Examples:

If I were rich, I would not work.

If he were older, he would understand.

Questions
Here are some examples of questions using the 2nd
conditional:

What would you do if you were me?

If you had $1,000, what would you buy?

If you could live anywhere in the world, where

would you
want to live?

Who would you like to meet, if you could meet

anyone?
Notice that the questions are often unreal
situations. In the
examples, it is clear that it is impossible to live
anywhere in the
world or meet anyone in the world.

The 3rd Conditional is also called the past

unreal conditional.
This conditional is used in the past.
STRUCTURE
If + Subject + Had + Past Participle,
+ Subject + Modal + Have + Past Participle
Examples:
Could
If I had known about the party, I could have gone.
Should
If you had known about the party, you should have
told me.

Might
If he had known about the party, he might have
gone.
Would
If I had known about the party, I would have gone.
USES
Imaginary situations in the past

This includes actions that did not happen in the past.

Examples:

If I had gone to university, I would have studied

medicine.

If You had gone to the party, you would have

met him.

Advice in the past

These sentences usually don't have an "if" clause,

and can
often be more direct.
Examples:

You should have saved your money.

You should not have gone with him.

Describes what you would have done differently

Example:

If I had been you, I would not have bought those

shoes.

If I had thought about it, I wouldn't have eaten

so much.

Questions

Here are some examples of questions with the 3rd

conditional:

What would you have done if you had been me?

Would you have finished if you had had more

time?

Would you have bought something cheaper?

Should we have paid more attention in class?

Future Continuous (Futuro continuo)

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)
Para formar el futuro continuo se utilizan los verbos auxiliares "will" y "to be" y el gerundio
(infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo principal o se puede utilizar el verbo auxiliar "to be" y "going to
be".
Sujeto

Auxiliares

Gerundio

will be / am going to be

talking, eating, learning, doing, going...

He, She, It

will be / is going to be

talking, eating, learning, doing, going...

You, We, They

will be / are going to be

talking, eating, learning, doing, going...

Structure (Estructura)
1.

Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Estructura 1
Sujeto + "will be" + gerundio...

Estructura 2
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "going to be" + gerundio...

Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Estructura 1
Sujeto + "will" + "not" + "be" + gerundio....
Estructura 2
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + "not" + "going to be" + gerundio...

Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Estructura 1
Verbo auxiliar "will" + sujeto + "be"+ gerundio...?
Estructura 2
Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + "going to be" + gerundio...?

Modal verbs

1. May, might and could are used to talk about possibility. Might is
normally less sure than

may and could is even less sure than might and may.
'Who's at the door?' 'It may/might/could be my mother.' (Perhaps it's my
mother.)

2. Must is used to talk about deductions, that is, when we're sure about
something.
It's very cold today and you're not wearing a coat. You must be very
cold! (I'm sure you're cold.)
3. Can't is used as the negative form of must in this meaning to say that
something is
impossible.
My parents can't be asleep. Look! There's a light on in their
bedroom. (It's impossible.)

Forms
1. We use may, might and could followed by the infinitive without to of
another verb.
We can also use may/might/could + be+ ...-ing. The negative
forms may not andmight not (mightn't) can be used with this
meaning of possibility. However, we cannot use could not with this
meaning.
She's so beautiful. She may/might/could be a top model.
Peter has a difficult test today. He may be studying hard.
2. We use must followed by the infinitive without to of another verb
or must+ be+ ...-ing.
To form the negative, we use can't (not mustn't).
Peter travels abroad every year. They must have a good salary.
You've been studying all day. You must be feeling very tired.
3. We use can't followed by the
infinitive without to of another verb or can't+ be+ ...-ing.
Your aunt Mary is so impatient. She can't be a teacher.
I haven't seen anybody for a long time. They can't be living there
anymore.

Past perfect
Form (Forma)

Como el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo auxiliar "to have" y el
participio pasado. Claro que el verbo auxiliar es en el pasado.
Subject

Auxiliary Short Form

I, You, He, She, It, We,

They

had

I'd, you'd, he'd, she'd,

it'd, we'd, they'd

Past Participle

studied, visited, worked...

Note: Ten cuidado: La contraccin "-'d" tambin se utiliza con el verbo modal "would" para
formar el condicional. Como tal, la forma corta "I'd" puede tener dos significados diferentes.
Podemos distinguir entre estos dos significados por la forma del verbo principal que les sigue. Si
queremos decir "I'd" en el sentido de pasado perfecto, el verbo principal est en la forma de
participio pasado, mientras que con el condicional, "I'd" es seguido por el verbo en el infinitivo.
Para ms informacin, ver la leccin sobre las frases condicionales.
Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)
1 Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + participio pasado...

Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Estructura
Sujeto + "had" + "not" + participio pasado...

Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Estructura
"Had" + sujeto + participio pasado...?

NEXT TO (BESIDE)
Significado: al lado de, junto a
Uso: Tanto "next to" como "beside" se pueden utilizar indistintamente. Utilizar una forma u
otra depender del hablante y del contexto.

Ejemplos:

Play
The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank. (El supermercado est junto al banco.)
Play
Sit next to (beside) me. (Sintate a mi lado.)
BY
Significado: cerca, al lado de, junto a
Uso: Se puede utilizar en los mismos contextos que "next to" pero el significado de "by" es
ms como "cerca" en castellano.

Ejemplos:

Play

I sit by the window. (Me siento a lado de la ventana.)

Play
Our house is by the river. (Nuestra casa est cerca del ro.)
BETWEEN
Significado: entre

Ejemplos:

Play
The shop is between the bank and the train station. (La tienda est entre el banco y la estacin de
tren.)

Play
She is standing between Peter and John. (Permanece de pie entre Pedro y Juan.)
BEHIND
Significado: detrs de

Ejemplos:

Play
The church is behind the school. (La iglesia est detrs de la escuela.)
Play
He is standing behind you. (Est de pie detrs de ti.)
IN FRONT OF vs. OPPOSITE
Significado: contrario, en frente de, opuesto, delante de
Usos: La diferencia entre estas preposiciones la notamos cuando estamos hablando de
personas, "in front of" no implica estar delante y cara a cara, en cambio "opposite" significa
delante y cara a cara.

Ejemplos:

Play
The hotel is in front of the station. (El hotel est en frente de la estacin.)
Play
The bank is opposite the market. (El banco est delante del mercado.)
Play
Laura is standing in front of you. (Laura est de pie delante de ti.)
Play
She is sitting opposite me. ( Se est sentando en frente mo.)
UNDER
Significado: debajo de

Ejemplos:

Play
The ball is under the chair. (La pelota est debajo de la silla.)
Play
The dog is under the tree. (El perro est debajo del rbol.)
ABOVE

Significado: por encima sin tocar

Ejemplo:

o Play
The clock is above the table. (El reloj est por encima de la mesa.)
Nota: La traduccin literal puede llevar a confusin cuando la traducimos al castellano, ya que
en castellano diramos: "el reloj est colgado en la pared." Si quisiramos especificar diramos:
"y por debajo en la misma pared est apoyada la mesa."
BELOW
Significado: por debajo sin tocar
Ejemplo:

o Play
The table is below the clock. (La mesa est por debajo del reloj.)
Nota: Como en el caso anterior, la traduccin literal de "below" puede llevar a confusin. En
este caso diramos que la mesa est apoyada en la misma pared en la que se encuentra el reloj
colgado un poco ms arriba.

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Positive
I / you / we / they I have been speaking.

he / she / it

Negative
I have not been speaking.

Question
Have I been speaking?

He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. Has he been speaking?

a) Past Simple
- Accin que se desarroll y finaliz en el pasado, sin que se de ninguna
informacin sobre cual ha sido su repercusin en el tiempo presente.
When I was young I played tennis (no nos da ninguna infomacin sobre si en la
actualidad sigo jugando al tenis o no)
- Accin que se desarroll y complet en un periodo de tiempo ya finalizado.
This morning I had a very tense meeting with my boss (ya es por la tarde, la
maana ha finalizado)

Yesterday I went to the cinema with my friends

b) Presente Perfect
- Accin que se inici en el pasado y que an contina desarrollndose.
I have worked in this bank for ten years (todava contino en el banco)
- Accin que acaba de finalizar.
I have missed my train (lo acabo de perder)
- Accin que se ha desarrollado en un periodo de tiempo que an no ha
terminado.
This morning I has had a very tense meeting with my boss (an es por la
maana)
Today I have visited my parents (el da todava no ha finalizado)
- Accin desarrollada en el pasado pero cuya repercusin an se manifiesta en el
tiempo presente.
My brother has broken his glasses (las gafas se han roto recientemente y siguen
rotas)
Comparar con la siguiente oracin:
My brother broke his glasses (no sabemos si las gafas ya estn arregladas o no)
Para terminar, sealar que en ocasiones las diferencias entre estos dos tiempos
no son muy ntidas, y de hecho en algunos casos cabra utilizar cualquiera de
ellos.

Examples
Active

Peter

builds

a house.
Simple Present

Passive:

A house

is built

by Peter.

Active:

Peter

built

a house.
Simple Past

Passive:

A house

was built

by Peter.

Active:

Peter

has built

a house.
Present Perfect

Passive:

A house

has been built

by Peter.

Active:

Peter

will build

a house.
will-future

Passive:

A house

will be built

by Peter.