‘SHELLS UNUER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter CHAPTER 4 SHELLS under EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘This chapter covers the design of cylindrical, conical and spherical shells, and dished ends subject to external pressure loading in accordance with PD 5500 Sections 364,262, 263,264,365, 366and 367. (© Simon Earland and David Nash 2014 Tose 26 Practical Design Calculations "PagetFOR: SELB UNGER EXTERN PRESSURE Casi ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE 4:44 Stiffening Rings for Cylindrical Shells 4 6 4.1.2 Allowable External Pressure for Cylindrical Shells - Interstiffener Buckling 11 4121 Netation 4122 Calculation Procedure 4.13 _ Assessment of Stiffened Cylind 413.1 Notation 4152 Coleuation Procedure ~ Ligh Stfeners 4433. Caleiation Procedure ~ Heavy Stffeners Overall Buckling 4.14 Limiting Proportions of Stffeners ~ Stiffoner instability “41.41 Composite stifteners 4142. FlatBar Sifenere 42 SPHERICAL SHELLS AND DISHED ENDS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE 4.24 Allowable External Pressure for Spherical Shells 421.1 Notaton 42.12 Calculation Procedure 4.22. Hemispherical Ends 4.23 Torispherical Ends 4.24 Ellipsoidal Ends 43 CONICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE 4.3.4 Stifening Rings for Conical Shells 4.32 Allowable External Pressure for Conical Shells 43.21 Notation 4322 —Caleulalon Procedure interstiffoner Buckling 4.33. Assessment of Stifened Cone ~ Overall Buckling “434 Notation 43.32 Cone Thickness and Stifener Size Spacing Constant 43.33 Cone Thickness andlor Stifaner Size / Spacing Vary Along Length of Cone 4.34 Limiting Proportions of Stifeners ~ Stffenor instability 435 Cone / Cylinder Intersections 435.1 Reinforcement at Large Ena 4352 Reinforcement at Small End 4 2 18 8 49 25 2 2 2 20 30 Ey 30 a a" 4 32 32 lesue 26 Practical Design Calculations Page 42E chapter | ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 8600 44 PRESSURE TESTING 40 4441 Single Wall Vossols a 442 Jackoted Vessels “ 45 EXAMPLES 2 45. Oylindrical Sholl Calculations 2 454.1 Alowable extemal Pressure a 45:42 Assossment of Stifeners- Avoiding Overall Collapse « 45:13 Liming Proportions of Steers -Avolding Siffener Tipping 51 4.52 _ Spherical Shell Calculations 3 452.1” Alowabie Edemal Pressure for Hemispherial End 53 4522 Alowable External Pressure for Eapsoial End 54 4.53 Conical Shell Calculations 85 453.1 Allowable Eternal Prseure 55 4532 Assasemant of Stifenars ~ Avoiding Overall Collapse 7 45:33 Lining Proporions of Stifenes - Avolng Stffener Tring 6 Page 43 “Practical Design Calculations Issue 26ee SELLS OER ETERNAL PRESSURE [Gare ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE In action to intemal pressure loading, covered inthe previous section, many vessels are also subjed to External Pressure. Tis may te due toa vacuum coritoninige the vessel or an applied ‘coral pressure as ooous forthe Iner shal ofa jecksted vessel, ‘The design of extemaly pressurised vossolsinvoWes a completely diferent approach from that used {or internally pressurised vessels. In eclton fo analysing the compressive membrane sesses, the problens of elastic and plastic buckling must bo coneidared. A detalad disxssion ofthe theory Involved is given ig the nates forthe course, Pressure Vaceel Design Phiosophy with PD 5500) and in PD 3550: Pant 4.1. CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE \When analysing 2 cylindrical shell subject to extrnal pressure ils not possible to calculate the Fequied shel thickness decty. The procedure in the Code enables an alewbo oxtrnal proseure to be calculated for a given shell amor length and thickness. Because the allowable external Dressire reduces as tho shell length ls increased, It's often necessary louse rng aifeners (0 Produce an efficient design. An effient desig i one which minimises the hel tickness and, a5, Such, nust have a short maximum length Between any wo siening planes, ‘Shape impertectons are aiso of importance since these wil normaly increase under the action of ‘exoral pressure. The calculations In PO 5800 Secton 3.6.1 ae vals or eyincial shel that are Srreula to wihin 40.5% on the radlus A procedure to moseure and calults the departure from 3 ‘tue ciclo is given in clause 3.68. A method le given in Anna MP forthe determination ofthe safe ‘extoral working pressure for cyndreal shells outside ths crularty km In tho design of stifened cylindrical shel, three conditions are considered! (@) Interstifener Buckling - ie. local cofapee of the shell but the sifenets remaining circular (Generally occurs when the sifeners are placed oo far apart (©) Overall bucking ofthe shell - Je. gonecal gross collapse ofthe shall and any stifeners which areattached. Generally cous when te siffeners ae too weak too resist the external pressure, (@) Stifener instability - ie. local bucking of the sifener which may resut in an overall shell buckling station. Generally cccurs when the stifenerproporions are Inearect namely ta thin stieners, in which the individual webs may intaly colapse. “The “Ineratifener Buckling’ check must be performed for al cynical shele subject to extemal pressure. The “Overall Buckling’ and “Stffener Instably’ check re only pertormed whon fddltoral stifener ae introduced, Presse Vesel Design Pilsophy with PD $800 - Course note, University of Statslye * PD 6550 -Beplanatorysupplementto BS S50, Part - Vessels under exer pressure > PD 5500 Annex M- Resurement for establishing the safe external working pressure fo cylin setons use the cea ints specified in 3.6 rr Praia Deg Cations Paget]Chapters ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 5500 (Overall Bling Siena Triping Design Procedure “The main design procedure for a shel et nally consider it to be supported (stfened) by is ends cor by some geometric change of seclon. From this assumption, the maximum unsupported longth ‘canbe found Using the procedures in Section 2.6 of PD $800, and knowing the maximum unsupported length, ‘ads and thiemess of the vessel, a maximum allowable external pressure is cotained. This Calelation provides a check agalnst“Interstifener Buckling” WF this pressure ie greater than the desies design extemal pressure, then the configuration is ‘atafactory. However. the allowable extemal pressixe flee than the requred valuo, thon the sholl ‘must be thickened or additonal stifening nfoduced. The addons! sifering nas the effect of “Ghortening the maximum unsupported length ofthe shel, Nermally lifener ae reduced one by ‘one and the ealcultion for Interetffenee B.cking'repeaied. The frst adctonal stiffener Is usualy posticned centrally along the vessel length, howover, two siffeners are required, these would then be eauiepaced slong the vescel length. A sinlar procedure Is adopted for mul-sifenervoeso. Page 45 Practical Design Calculations: lssue 26Pos500 | ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter 4 [Now that the shal is stifened such thatthe maximum unsupported length is reduced to prevent Interstifener ducking, the ‘Overall Buckling’ conditon must be checked. There are two methods in PD 5500 wiseh are applicable depending onthe type of fener nieducee Due tothe enpirical natu ofthese mathods, and the dfeuty ln predicting bucking fabures, certain safety factors are invaduced in th procedure. These are explained where appropriate, 4,1. Stiffoning Rings for Cylindsical Shells [PD 5800 clause 3.6.1.2 classifies stfeners as either heavy or ight A heavy sifener is dafned 23 @ ‘ished end, gith flange, daphragm or other simiar substantial support whch resists extemal colapse. Aight stiffener fs defined 25a ring, toe, angle or section which stiffens a shall fo resist ‘extemal cola ~ £00 Figure 3.66. Heavy sttfonars are designed to operate on thelr own without the support ofthe local shel, and are of sufcient size to be capable of retaning creulay, They contol the effective length and overal otapue of tho stiffened ste All oterstifeners re classified as light stifeners. A ght sfener can deform within certain ite and acts together with pat ofthe vessel shet to form a ‘combined stiffener. This combined stiffener Suppo partof tho shall on either sie af he stifenor and this section must provide resistance To the Applied extemal pressure, “The procedure in Section 3.6 allows the maximum allowable pressure forthe combined stifened ‘sll socion 0 be evalusted. A check s also mage on ‘evel of aad being cared by the sifene to ‘onsure that he outer fores ofthe web donot exzeed the Vil! pont ofthe ates, ‘Note: The stifeners on horizontal vessels which subject o simultaneous extemal pressure and dead ad. must be checked forthe combined effects of the two loads. A method is glen in Annex G, louse 63.34 % (Ciemee Frail Sen Castors 0Ghopiert | __ SHELLS UNGER EXTERNAL PRESSURE rose] neater) occa ctiane (te cn ti hv hgh fae ~ ean cng tn el ae te ee nn e381 ba ip a(S iotes goto) «(SJ oero( 2-5] Ae emcees A temet mar Ps ie (Second nome en gst om cetEr ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Chapter seme an eshte ty) Comite a en en Dhl 2) J 0 2ttoig ng ne ne) OTE Rota ti 2) “Issue 26 Practical Design Calculations: Page 4.8Chapter é ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. PO 5800 NOTE forconsloyindormersoctons see 3.63.3 Te igure 8.641 — Effective lengths of cylinder Page 49 Practical Design Calculation Tesue 26PD 5500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Chapter 4 ‘The fist stop in any external pressure check isto idently the main stifening planes ofthe design ‘These may take the form of (@) Purpose bul rings located ether inside or outside the shal (b) Geometric discontinuities such as dished ends or cone to oyinder junctions; (6) Other structural fostues such as bolted fanges, welded flat ends, blocking rings on jacketed vessels, ay suppor rings, and welded heat exchanger tubeshests when a dished end i used as astfener. the locaton ofthe ckcumferenia! seam weld connecting ‘be shel to the Nange ofthe dished end is rot defined asthe main siflening plane oth section, not is be tangent ina ofthe dshed end. The efecive posto ofthe tiene sed inte determination ‘ot he shell uneupportedlengih sna be taken ae the tangent ine plus 40% of he internal dopth of thediehed end see Figure 26-13). Fora cylindrical shell connected ta # cone, when the half apex angle ofthe cane i ess than 30° or the valve of nay obtaned fom Figure 36-3 i 2 Yor ether the cone oF the cyinder, then the ‘uncupporied length shal bo taken as the length of eyinccal shell ps te axa length ofthe cone, Ctronvso, it is permissible to take the unaupperted length ae terminating at the cone fo eyinder Iundtion = See Figure 36-10). 28) La Figures63Valow ofa, Tesue 26 ractcal Design Galulations [_ Poge 410‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Siifening rings and cer features used as sifleners should preferably be completely attached around the ereumfrence, Ifthe sifener le not atached to the shell for part of the oreumference ‘hen the maximum length of unsupported shel plate must not exceed ciroumference Mm where na determined from Figure 2.6.9 and isthe number of circumferential lobes (or bucking modes). 4.1.2 Allowable External Pressure for Cylindrical Shells —Intorstiffener Buckling when analysing @ cylindrical shel the maximum unstiffened length of the shell should fest be considered (ie wth no adconal sffeners other than end closures or man geometric stifering sectors). ifthe alowable external pressure is lower than required then sttfeners may be added oF the shell Nckness increased, ‘The calculation for allowable extemal pressure can be broken ito soverl simple steps which relate to he possible faure modes which apply fo this type of ogding onthe shel 4424 Notation Fer the calculation of allowable external pressure fr cyincicl shes the following symbols apply A modified area of eifenee de cross-sectional area of stfoner ‘with of stoner in contact with shel ‘modulus of elastty of material at design temperature - see Table 3.6-3 analysis thickness of shel plate (actual corroded thickness) nominal design strength for shel at design temperature parameter see Table 36-1 effective unsupported length of shell - see Figure 3 61 or Table 36:2 1 _parameter- soo Table 36-4 _ Page 411 ~___ Practical Design Calculations [Issue 26 hasemesPO 5500, "SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter "iat node number for minimum bucking pressure —ses Figure 36-3 Pasian external pressure ‘Ps caletlted allowebe external pressure | Pa elastic instabity pressure for cllapee of cynerica shell Py Pressure at which mean ckcumfeental stress in eyindcal shell misway between) Stifeners reaches yield pont of materia mean redius of e/indral shell rads to contoic of tienes cross-section 5 factor relating ft effective yield pont of materia 2 parameter ueed n equaton fore & parameter used n evaluation of B, G and N mean olastc cicumferental strain at collapse - see Figure 36-2 Poisson's rato (aken 260.3) +1 _siffener parameter (aken a0 for no sfeners) 44.22. Caleulation Procedure ‘Tho allowable external pressure for an unsupported cylinder, or cynical shel beween points of suppod shal be determined by the folowing procedure In accordance with PD 5800 sub-section 3624 (2) sty, the thickness of the shel, , must not be less than that required by subsection 3.5.1.2 for an internal pressure equal othe rogues external pressure, (©) Determine 2, the effective unsupported length of the shell- 986 Figure 3.6.6. For shells with stoners, Lis the dletnce between sifleners and should be evaluates for each bay separately. ‘The lrgeet value of L wil detemine the allowable extemal pressure, Since this part ofthe procedure Is used to check against Interstifener Bucking’ and this occurs in the shell betweon the stifenes, must be performed when there are no action sifenes (ie. ‘support by shed ende etc any) and also when additonal stiffeners ae introduced. Tereloe, some ‘ofthe complex second order terms associated wih the stifener can be neglected when performing {he calulation for the fret pase (©. For shells without stiteners,y = 0, proceed to step). For shells with stifones itis permissible to use the approximation y= 0 but thismay lead to an Underestmation ofthe allowable external pressure (® Calelate Las Ye Note: is grouped term obtained trom the fourth order eferertial equllsium equation forthe hel [F issue 26 Practical Design Calculations: Page 412(©) Caleuate 4, the cross-sectional area ofthe stifoner and R,, the radius of fe centold ofthe stiffener cross-section. Hence calculate the modifi stifener are, 4 @ "Now, evaluate the folowing grouped parameters: (©, Evaluate the parameter rom Table 36-1 or calculate-N tom the fotowina: osha — cosa, ‘nha sina. (@) Evatate the parameter G trom Table 3.6-1o: calculate G trom the flowing (ann. cos cosh % sin 2g Oy SR Tikal + sal ce hm mm me e fm fe ie em fee ef tm te ie se fase tae its eee fe Re fs See oe ff ke ks fem fem ep eae ss ho fe ee ite She ke ieee fits 2 fe em St ite ee pe eke eRe OSE ema fame fe fame i eee roots Pras Sc =eaoa “HELLS UNDER EXTEWAL PRESSURE chaps (0) Colette 2 Wavb) (0 Caleuate y= Alnv) (A+ be + B) © Determine the factors forthe shel material. The valve of s may be taken a8 74 fr carbon, carbon manganese and fee alley stools, and 1.1 for austentc steels, aluminiim aloe and nickel aloys Calculate the pressure, py, at which the mean clrounferential sess in the indica shell midway between stiffeners reaches the yicls point ofthe material, fem equation (2627), 28 ‘shown (0) Caleutate the factors 2R/e and L/2R and evaluate ¢, the mean elatc ccumferental strain at calapse, from Figure 26-2. Atematwely e may be calulated using equation (362-9), where Z= ABIL andre i an integer > 2 obtained fom Figure 36-3 to mininse Pm Note: The physical sgnicance of na stat it represents the numberof cicumfereial lobes forthe controling mode shape dueto intersifener elastic buckling ((m) Dstormine the modulus of elastic of the shell material fom Table 3.6-9 for erie and ‘austenite steels, fom ihe Aluminum Supplement Table Al.2.6-3 for aluminium alloy, orn the Copper Supplement Table Cu.3.6-9 for copper alloys. fom the Nickel Supploment Table 1Ni3.6-9 for nickel alors, ftom Enquty Case 550007 Table 2 for duplex and super duplex steels, or from Enquiry Case 5500/136 Table 3 6-3 for ttaium alloys oF rasa Doin Caos Pave]Chapter SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE [#05860 SSS Figare 3.62 Vales of ¢ Page 415 Practical Dasign Calculations issue 2603500 | ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Ghapter4 GT Fala RATT] EEE ERG ES ste Somnes moter) | [eines noaces)” nnn OT ro Winn? Feel — — 7 Yana aon Le —— 2 |s00 0030 = o 100 205 000 194000 Toe i (amon kom ° ea a 00 amom ison 2 18 =o | scam | stom 10 a sm |atom som 19 sex so asrom iam = 2 fo |isiom som | om son mo |staom san sis isam0 feo |ieom iin jo |S ira mo |= ison po |= iu 16-3 —B values for nicks alloys (Woune’s modulus) 15 00 — [216 000 — [186 <00 — [92300 —|ap4 ao — [an wo — FEO ir eo) — [BIT eC — [rea 400 — [BTS ao — [Bor 0 — [T9900 — Farr boo B05 300 —[ 206700 — [180500 — [915 TH) [TOT wo) — [19900 — 05300 B06 900 — [BOE 00 [770300 — [B15 aw — [196 00 — [394700 —|oo5 960" —] 300 — [anc 900 —|T7re00 — [srr eo — [T0409 — [151 100 — Bor oor I 186500 — [166 500 — [T7500 — [705 aD — [185900 [185400 [19550 56 7H) [596 WO — [170 oO — 905 aD —|TBT oOo — [TB c00— [56 70 z an 300 — [Tor ae — [T6000 — B00 a) — |r 0 — [Tar 100 — [TOI [-i0o——— 1 300 —|s09 300 — ras soo 108 300 — [Fa ao — ra 300 fase 306 35 66500 — [T6500 — [164 500 — [705 79179900 — [176900 — [15S S0T 0 166 100 [166 100 Tor 300 —]192 300 —]176 500 — [17700 — [56 100 cl Se A00— [TRY a00 [157 €00 —f185 0 —|1 7x00 [170300 — 82a (©) Calculate the elastic instability pressure, 2, for collapse ofthe cylindrical shell rom equation (62-8) 2s shown ord Praaical Design Caleuations Page 416Chapter 4 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 5500 (6) Coleulate the rato ©) Evaluate A from curve (a of Figure 36-4 ps pep Pigs 64 Vans ont) Page 417 Practical Design CalculationsPO 5800 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chaptor a (@) Calcot te alowable external presse 42, Ihe calculated value of alowable externa pressure pss less than the design extemal pressure p- then one ofthe folowing caroctve actions must be taken (increase the shel thiciness, (0) forsels winout stiterer, a stfenerte) (i) forsale with sttfenans, cedice the spacing between stifeners If the allowable extemal pressure exceeds tho design external pressure then the calculation fe ‘complete. I edaitonal stiffeners are infoduced, the Intrsiflener Bucking’ check must be perormed {again andthe maximum unsupported length found. Ths is important especialy where the stilener i ol equispaced or where conical sectons are present, Points to Note: 1. Tho calculations ar val for ylindiea shells that are circular to within 20.5% on the ras. This tolerance may be increased atthe design stage if he design extemal preure ie ners in the fate of (increased % redial tolerance 0.5). For example, Ite rada tolerance @inreased to (0.8% then the design ecernal pressure mist be inoreased by a factor of 16. A more refined Imebiod for evaluating tf alowable exeral recture when tho radalolerance exceeds 0.5% ‘given in Annex M, but tis procedure requires measurements ofthe as bul shage which are not ‘valabe unt afer the vaseal has bean fabceted 2 Ensuré thatthe unsupported length L has been correctly determined, panicuarly for shells connectes to cons or dane ends 3, itis usualy cheaper tof stifeners than to ineaase the shel thickness 4. If th shell thickness is increased’ then its permissible fer the thickness ofthe oylincical or straight Nange poten of tbe dished end to be less than that required fr the oyincreal shel Provided thatthe length ofthe straight ange does not exceed 0.5/De , where Dis te outside iameter and e's the analysis thickness ofthe dished end, 4.4.3. Assessment of Stffened Cylinder — Overall Buckling Having determined the requred spacing between sitfenars, the size of the sifene's must now be assessed, There are two methods gen in sub-section 3.8.23 of PD S500: Light Stifeners. This mettod is used for vessels sfened by ligt stifeners, but accounts taken of the increased resistance te collapse ofthe vestel wien iti treated as having a init length L. Deween the planes of substantial support provided by the veseel onde, Heavy Stifeners. This method is used for vessels having planes of substantial support between the vessel ends. These planes of substanial support can be daphagms, bated Ranges, ec. or purpose ult heavy sifeners. 1550028, Practical Design Calculations Page 418SHELLS UNOE EXTERNAL PRESSURE Pome Chapter 44.34 Notation For the assessment of stifeners on cyindrcal sels the folowing adltional symbols apy Th Bose sectional aa of eller pis ecve eaghh af hall C parameter dependent on sitfener proportions - see Figure 36-6 4 ratial height of sttfenar web - see Figure 36-6 distance from cents of combined steer pus elective length (L) of shel to futhest | txremty of stifener or shel et analysis thickness offange of stoner - see Figure 36-6, fx analysis thickness of web of sitfener - see Figure 26-6 J ominal design siength of stifener “L_ second moment of area of combined cross-section of sffener and effective length (,) Shot, about axis through cetvolt of combined section 1k second moment of ara of etifener cross-section about axl through centroid of sioner Estee fabrication factor ‘Ez _ length of shell between heavy stfeners sve Figure 3.61 ‘Eyj_ length of shell between tangent ines - see Figure 36-1 effective length of shell acing with silener- see Figure 3.6-6 length of shel supported by stfener Integer used in sifener design calculations last instabity pressure of sitfened cylinder pressure causing crcurferentialyeld of stifener radius to extremiy cf stifencr furthest rom surface of shel radius used in calculation of parameter C-see Figure 26-6 Width rom centre of stifener web to edge of flange - see Figure 26-5 radial distance ftom centroid of combined stifene/shell cross-section to furthest surface] tahall parameter for stifened cylinders - see Figure 3.6.7, Parameter = +1 for intemal sifenars, fer exeenal tenses ‘maximum ses in a bgt tffaner ss Reo REPRE 44.82 Caleulation Procedure — Light Stiffenere ‘The folowing calculations are performed for values of n= 2, 3,4, Sand 6 Note 4: the values of used here are associated with the sifener and are not the Same as nay used inthe evaluation of te alowable external pressure Note 2 Ite permisibo to use the smpiiation = 0 and n = 2, but th wl lead toa conservative Sesion (8) Evaluato he length of the shel, ., a8 the length ofthe shel between the planes of substantial suppot provided by the vessel ands or by heavy sifeners. (©) Evaluate the length of shel, 5, supported by the siffener under consideration as half the 0.1 the values of are calculated as follows: Bak athe value of L/L fom Tobe 26.6at Li; « 0.1 and 2 is determined om Table 3.67 (o-012" | 00a? 68a" 1112 10" <€¥/R< 12 107 itis equally vad to use the fotowing formule: Ale where - 7 Foru= a= a e= [est aT anioeerooae) [o oad omay [i| L-value of ast ealSoa(e-a)} 4x! chifoer Determine ftor each value on, tom Figure 3.67 -Ateroatay may be clusted using the formu given a te btm of Fou 3 6-7 Dueling op Stibner pile € or ‘Practical Design Calculations Page 422Chapter 4 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE. PD S660 Figure 86-7 — Values of Page 423 Practical Design Calculations |PD 5500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Chapter 4 (%) Caleuat the elastic instabily pressure, p, ofthe sifened cylinder rom equation (3.6241) for each vaue of m Lue pects = Vessel 719g Note: For n= 2,9, 45 and 8, py must not be less than fp, where K = 1.8 fo fabricated or hot formed stiflorer (i, low residual sods), and f= 2 for cold formed stifleners (le, high residual tres), (0) Caleusto the pressure, py, causing cicumerental yield of the stifener from equation een) Pn Note itis pemissbie fo use the simplification 4 = 0 inthe above equation, but this wil result In @ inrger required sttfner section () Caleuats the distance fom the centroid of the combined stifenershel cross-cection to the farthest axtremty of the sifener or shal fr each vai of asthe larger ofthe following > outer pro F-a(e-R)-x, ve » : op 05 (©) Calculate othe maxivum sess inthe sifenerfange rom equation (262-15 fr each value on — - Mos Sreess Hed, , El (9? —oonsip} as Pn RL ie J ao Note 4: For n=: 3,4, 5 and 6, 6; must be less than or equa to sf, and greater than 0 Note 2 The parissible radial tolerance of 10.5% may be inereated a the design etage ifthe design enteral pressure pis increase inthe rato of (ncreased % radial tolerances / 0.9). Ateratvay the ‘igure of 0.005 inthe above equation shouldbe replaced bythe igure (mereased % tolerance / 100), ord Practical Design Galeations Page 424Gusere | SiSULS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE oo If any ofthe calculated values ofp, oo are ouside the limits species then one of the following ‘actions must be taken © ithe sinpitcation 0 ana been used, then perform a mere rigorous getassmant (increase the size ofthe sifoners (w) recuce the spacing between stfeners (increase the shel thickness Points to Note: 1. fall the stifners are the same size then the calculations shoul be performed fr the sifener suppoting the longest section of shel (2). 2. I stiffeners of aiferent sts aro used then calculatons should be performed for exch sifener. 3. If all the vahies of o, ate much smaller than of, then the séleced stifener is larger than necessary 4, If some ofthe values of cae slighty greater than sf, then Iereasing the height andlor richness ofthe stiffener should give an acceptable rest. 5. i any ofthe values of ste much greater than sf, then i will usualy be necossary to use a composite section siffeer such as 2", channel o angle secon. 443. Calculation Procedu Heavy Stifeners ‘Tie procedure Is used when tte ends ofthe shell are siffaned by bolted flanges or purpose bult heavy stfeners. When the ends of the shall are sifened by dishad ends, fat ender tubesheets then calculations for these heavy siffeners are not requited. This procedure is also used when Intermediate heavy stiffeners are used, (@) Evaluate te length ofthe shel between heavy stiffeners, (©) Determine the effective length of shel, acting wih the stifener for n= 2, taking L For values of L/28R < 0.1 determine the effective length of she, Z, acing wit the stifener from Tabie 36-6 For values of L/2n.> 0.1 he values of 1, are calculated a follows: xis the value of L/L tom Tablo 36-6 at 1/22 R= 0.1 and Z Is determined from Table 3.67. ou)e" 6280" Page 425) Practical Design Calulatons issuePD 8500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE [Chapter (©) Calculate he combined cross ceational aroa of the stlener pus effective lent of shell or AnAseh (Evaluate J, the second moment of area ofthe siffenercoss-setion about the als through ts ‘centro paral tothe aio ofthe cylin shel, (©) Take parameter 2. = +1 for internal sttfeners or 1 for external stifeners (1) Calculate the radial distance, Xe om the centoid ofthe combined stffenerlshall cross-section to te furthest surface of te shel, sing equation (3.8.2-13) as shown for (@ Calculate the second moment of area, I of the combined cross-section of sifener and ‘affective length, lof shell acing with about the axis parallel o the ais ofthe cylindrical Shell and passing rreugh the centroid of the combined silfeneshall secon, rem equation (96.242) forn=2. Sha, vaseate-a)} Ax? () Cateuate the elascinstabity pressure, py, fom equation (3.62.11), taking the fst term a6 zero and n= 2, Pana tohay atl the Lead Note: pr must not be less than kp, where k = 1.8 for fabricated or hot formed sitfeners (le. low Fesicual stress, and k= 2 for cod formed sifeners (high residual evess), ( Galeulate the pressure, pa, causing circumferential yield of the stifener ftom equation et) eR Po BvD) | Tae [sete 25 ‘racteal Design Calculations Page 425(Cererre SELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE eo Calculate the cistance fom the centroid of the combined stifenershell cross-section to the ‘rtest extremity ofthe stiffener or sell as the larger ofthe folowing Note: o; must be less than or equalto sf, and greater than 0 Wary ofthe calculated values of py oo are cusise the limits spected then one ofthe fotowing actions must be taken: (increase the size of the stifeners (reduce the spacing between sifeners (i) increase the shell thickness 4.4.4 Limiting Proportions of Sttfeners ~ Stiffener instability “To ensure lateral stabity, stifeness must comply withthe requirements of PD 5600 sub-section 3622, 4441 Composite Stitteners For stitenrs, other than Fat bar sioner, calcul Figure 3.66 the parameter C from the equations given on For or T setion etfenors: Been! Teese are | For angle o channel section stilensrs: Page 427 Practical Design Galcuations issue 260 5500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE "Chapter “The proportions ofthe siffonersshallbe such that: “ oo Me Py (2) For stfeners fanged atthe edge remote from the shet sither ard als: sither Meas eV. « Seson [Be 4442. FlatBar Stifeners For Nat bar stfeners, obtain the value of (c,/BXae,)’ tom Table 2.64 for tema stiffeners, or Table 6.5 or extemal sifeners, using the value of ny obtained fom Figure 3-3, ‘Note: () (@./2Kéle, tinted toa maximum valve 01.44 (2) Forintermesiat values of /R use logarthmic interpolation - see example on Table 2.64 Evaluate , and check that 4, p< Tssve 26 Practical Design Calculations Page 428(Commaere SHELLS UNGER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO sso ‘Table 56-4 — Values of 0/8) (eg for Internal flat bar stifeners __Seble 86-4 Values of GUE) (efor mera Dat bar sAepers BS oa ona [ ora es z 1g [ODISE [ODIGE foUNNT aaeTs [oe iors? ort 3 Jonaae loose: fooses jo.25. ois fost fazer lozrs foes jose 4 foes joores forgo jor7 joaxs lose fosio Joass Jose jour & — |ooser jooa foam 0223 Jo2ss fasoe losra losis joss. [o4oe 7 lnov78 [axa loos jo2e2 Joao loser joazs Jos josir joszo jnoesi |oio faz jaz Joss fossa joars |ase7 Jose0 fosss joai9 lores |oass jose Josce fos losir lasso jose loz jo.138 Jo210 Jo290 josas Josss [0.446 jo.s65 jo.sas jo.720 fosis 10 forse Joasi fasio foses jour lose Insis lasee forse |as0s lr fore [oaco Joan Joma law jose lnssz lovee fosrs now 2 foxss lozee foace fowo Joss josst Jams jose: fasse jam 32 aate loze0 loses fons foass 0.300 laze fosas frose lv nase jes joss fosoe [osse fogs. {ose ns foas jaro fas foszr [osss foaoe {Lose eo jnaeo foser [asst loses lass ny [oa a0 jaws fosrs [osos ose ns [e270 soo fasso fosme [arse ites no fore jusis fosor fooas for ‘> |ossr lnaz7_losaa [osse lose [SOP Pri esa prin anc TR ao OT [NOTE Portree val Je ogni. [AMPLE oe BD ny =2 he te erga te -minn0040 om -tonn E2E] -s foe | — Peo a ass Lama ee aee L ees fst oss fuer feat fas faa oa fu fue || YT Eosrfeouclaomieannoese 3 Béla ete fur fas fe ae ew se {Bear aut es ose fo os free spe ||| L L a Page 429 Practical Design Calculations Issue 26[rose] aaiis meee een [oan] 4.2. SPHERICAL SHELLS AND DISHED ENDS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE \whon analysing a spherical shells and dished ends subject o extemal pressure isnot posible to calcul the requied thickness direct. The procedure inthe Code enables an allowable extemal Pressure 1o be calculated for a gven shell racks and theknese, 421 Allowable External Pressure for Spherical Shells, Fiesty tho thickness of the spherical sho, e, must not be less than that required by sub-socion ‘35.1.30) for an ntemal pressure equal tothe required extemal presse, 421.4 Notation For the calculation of alowable external pressure for spherical shal the folowing symbols apy: -E_rodulus of elacisty of material at decign tamperature eee Tebio S63 2 analyse thickness of percal shell or died end F-Pominal design strength for shell at design temperature P_design external pressure calculated allowable external pressure | lat instaity pressure for collane of spherical shell Pressure at which membrane sess in spherical shell reaches yield point of material ‘mean radius of spheieal shot ‘actor relating to affoctive yield point of materia cepED 4212 Calculation Procedure ‘The allwable external pressure fer a spherical shell shall be determined bythe folowing procedure in aceadance wih PD £800 sub-section 3.64 (@) Caleta the pressure, py, at which the membrane stress inthe spherical shell aches the Yyld point ofthe materia, rom aquation (3.6.41) Pow He z (©) Calculate the elastic instabity pressure, , for collapse ofthe spherical shell rom equation (e642) Teme 26 Practical Design Calculations Page 430(Cetaere SHELLS UNDER DCERNAL PRESSURE roo (6) Caleuiate ho rato (8) Evaluate trom curv (0) of Figur 36-4 (@) Calculate the allowable extemal pressure, py BP Ifthe caleuated value of allowable extemal pressure pf lower than the design external pressure p then the spherical abel thickness must be Increased and the caletation repeated Shape imperfections are also of importance since these will normaly increase under the acton of ‘extemal pressure. The caleulatons in PD 5500 Section 28.4 are val for spherical shels that are ‘pherical fo within 1% on the radius and in which the radius of curvature based on an are length of 2.4 [em does not exceed the nominal ads by more than 30% (see Enquiry Case 560023) Fer applications where these citeria cannot be met. possible due to cificuies in manufactre and measurement, than it is permissibie o divide the calculated value of allowable external presstf, Ps, ‘obtained from the above procedure by the factor (Rya/[ BRI}, where Rex isthe maximum local fadius of urate 4.22 Homispherical Ends Hemispherical ends shal be designed using the procedure for spherical shells. 4.2.3 Torispherical Ends “Torispherical ends shall be designed as spherical shells of mesn radus, R, equal to the extemal crown radius ofthe fxephercal end 4.24 Ellipsoidal Ends Elinscidal ends shal be designed as spherical shells of mean radius, R, equal to the maximum radius ofthe cow where Dis the outside diameter of the end and ri the cusie dished end height. Pagea3t Practical Design Galulations issue 25PO 5500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter 4 Note: The requied thickness ofa dished end for exemal pressure is offen less than the requied thickness for the oylnrcal shel to whichis attached. The thlekness of the cylnaial or straight ‘Ranga porton ofthe dished and must not be les than tat required for the yndrisal shel unless the longh ofthe trait flange i eas than 0.5 De 42. CONICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘The allowable extemal pressure fr a conical shell is dependent on the 2, ebtalned from Figur 86-3 to minimise pox ‘Note: Reais the mean radus ofthe section of cone under consideration ~ see Figure 3.6-(3). (2) Calcuato the elastic instabitty pressure, pax, for collapse of the conical shel rm equation (66.3.2)as shown ‘ssue28 | Practical Design Calculations Page 434Grapers [SHELLS UNGER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Poss] (©) Caleuate the rato Note: Thre is factor of safety of 1.5 on the interstifener buckling -in practice fr eyindrs and cones. Under extemal preseure this canbe a8 high a8 1.7 1018 © Evahiate from curv (a) of Flgure 3.6.4 © Calculate the stowable extemal pressure, py OP. Ifthe caleulted value of allowable extemal pressure p, i lower than the design external prossure p than one ofthe folowing corrective actions must be taken (increase the cone thickness, (for cones without stfeners, add stifene(6) ‘for cones with stifeners, educa the spacing between sieners| Wf the aowable extemal pressure exceeds the design extemal pressure then the calelaton Is complete Points to Note: 1. The calculations are vale for conical shells that are crcuar to within 0.8% on the radius, Tis ‘olerance may be nereased atthe design stage fhe design extemal pressure is ncreased inthe rato of (nereased % radial tolerance 0). 2. Ensure thatthe unsupported length Lhas been correctly determined. ‘3. For cones wth stifeners the allowable extemal pressure must be determined foreach section, 4. Ifthe actual thickness ofthe cone varies along the length Lthen the minimum thickness mist be zed in the caution, 5. tis usually cheaper to i stifeners thant increase the cone thickness, 43.3 Assessment of Stiffened Cone ~ Overall Buckling Having determined the required spacing between stifeners, the size ofthe sffene's must now be ‘assented. The caleulation for the assessment of stifenes for consal shells is ery sila o rat for ‘yinrcal shel, exoopt that varius aojustments are made In order to take account of the effects of ‘he cone angle. (eae iz Dean Caso [easePO 5500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Chapter 4 ‘There are wo atematve procedures given In sub-section 2.6.2.2; one where tha cons thickness and ‘slener size and spacing are constant slong the length of the cone, and one where the cone ‘Bickness andr stiffener size or epacing Vary along the length of the cone. ‘Note Internal stifeners on conical shal are not covered 423.1 Notation For the assessment of sttfeners on conical shells the following additional symbols apy: Te eroes sectional wea of fener fangs Ay eross sectional sea of sifener web 2 minimum cone analysis thickness anywhere In cone length Te second moment of area of combined cross-section of siferer number {and etfectve length (2) of conical shel, about axis through centroid of combined section |i, second momento aes of tifener flange abouts own centoid Ie Second momentof cea of etfener web about its own centroid Feitener number L_ component of efectve langth L, L:" component of efectve length Le Ry mean radius of cone measuredin plane of sifener number # Rex, mean radius of one at the large end of section containing stiffener number 7 __ maximum conical rads for check on overall collapse - see Figure 3.6.6(b) Re, mean conical adus for check on overall collapse - see Figure 3.65(0) A aval distance fe small end of cone to locaton of siflener number i | Xe radial catance ftom centroid of combined siffenertcone crose-aection to centroid of Stflener flange 2 rail distance trom controid of combined stifenercone cross-section to centoid of ‘cross-section ofcone oflength L'- see Figure 3.6.6(0) radial distance irom centroid of combined stifenedcone cross-section ta centroid ‘cross-section of one oftengh 1,"/2 - see Figure 26-60) 2 radial distance irom centroid of combined stilenedcone cross-section to centroid Stifener web sto Figure 36-60) parameter used n evaluation ofN and yx 43.32. Cone Thickn and Stifener Sie Spacing Constant (@) Determine the length, [a8 the length ofthe cone between the planes of substantial support ‘Provided by the ends othe cone or by heavy sifeners (0) Eraluate the length of cone, Zy, supported by the stifener under consideration as the axial stance between the contre nes of ascent sifeners (constant spacing assumed). (6) Selecta sitfene ize inthe same way a fora eylncical shel Too ractzal Bon Caesars Fae a3s |‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 5500 Perform the following calculations for each stiffener position: () Determine the effective length of cone, Le. acting withthe siferer by obtaining the value of [fs from Table 36-6 using 2) apaeot | “The values of Land 1." for he bats on ether side ofthe stffener under consideration are then S5 N= 1.0 and G=0 ‘ry T section stfener wih web 10 mm thick by 100 mm high, and lange 10 mm tick by 100 mm wide. Make the stoners fom the same material as the shel, ae yp pen | 148 Ninn? h With of stifener in contact wih shall 10mm Cross-section area of stffener 4, = (100% 10) + (10010) 2000? FRadlus ftom cente-ine of sholl to centroid of sfener cross-section = 2000, (1001050) (00105908) 10775 am [ieeve 26 Practical Design Galulatone Page 444Chapter 4 ‘SHELLS UNDE! Modified sifener area FERNAL PRESSURE 4a TA. BOS AO 1710 606 mm? Poms 2a 2ett 7 Tad si wade)” OTBIGTIO.BE vO) O°? po dlz 2) 1710606(1-03/2) __ 9 sayy (Ce BeXie a)” W710 506-H10> 7K 05729) Pressure at which the mean cicumferental stress in the cyldical shell eaches th yield point of ‘he mater, frm equation (282-7) ae L417 455 yom? Ps R= 76)” 996.5(-0.5397%0) ~ 28 29965 544 oT L Mean elastic circumferential stain at collapse, rom Figure 36:2 = 0.00022 ‘Aternatively, calculating « using the formula given at tho bottom of Figure 3.6.2: aR _ 1996, T2300 =12802 From Figure 3.6-3,for¢/2R = 1/284.71 = 0.00351, closest ine is nop Calculated values of: Foe ny = .00025975 rgi6 «= 0.00021755 roi=7 © =0.00024730 istic nstabiy pressure for cotapse of etna shel rom equation (3.6.28) ee _202000%70.00021755 oR 9965 0.3087 Ninm* Page 445 | Practical Design Caleutations tesue 26(Com EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter 4 ‘Ay interpolation in ade for curve (a) of Figure 3.64 = 0.0705 ‘Alowable external pressure 0705 1.455, 103 Nim Baap, ‘This is greater than the design extemal pressure of 01 Nin, therefore stiffener spacing is acceptable 45.12. Assessment of Stifeners ~ Avoiding Overall Collapse Length of shell 1, = 5000+ (20.4% 490) = 5392 mm Leng of shel supported by each sioner L = tesa) « (5150-1250) 1973 mm Evaluate L/L for n= 2,3, 4, Sand 6 7 B96 4ulao* 973 2a Dee x9965 sist L/2aR>0.1 therefore calculate L/L, 8 allows: 03151 Determine Z by logarithmic interpolation in Table 9.67: Fern=2 logd.11210° ~logl0-* ) 0.1328 091+ (0159-0 oni Togl = fogi* Simiry, for ze0i3it ter 2=01285 for 2=0.1246 for n=6 — Z=0.1195, -xis value of L/L fom table at L/2nR = 0.1 Iesue 26 Practical Design Calculations Page 4.46(Ceranters ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO SSD 02113 = 0.2068 0193 s=01919 Ay, 02149 _ (03151=0.)0.139% |p cgrag 1, “ioox0sisF * 628x03157 tya( fxs, -oosressa97 «193.10 4, Siniary, for m=3— l= 0.06651 for neh By 0.06848, er b= thAmm for L=1195mm Comioed cross-sectional area of tener pus engh of he, Forn=2 A, = A, +e, = 2000+7%133.1 = 2931.7 mm? Siiary, for vor for c= 28708 mm? or A= 26365 mm? Poa racial eign Calculations Tee 26D500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE _ (Chapter ‘Second moment of area of stiffener cross-section about sx though centroid of tifener: Fer stiffer web about centroid 10x100% +100x10(77.5~s0)* 1389583 mm* Fer stifeer ange about conti I + 10x 100. (005-775)? 00x10 2 Tyo ly + fp = 1589583 4 76458 For exeralefener Radial stance, X, trom centroid of combined stiflenershel cross-section to furthest surface ofthe shel om equation (3.6.29) Zapneame(2o(-nos-1o) Siar, for for ‘or for Second nomen’ of area. ofthe combined cross-setion of siener and effective length of shell acting wih i about the axis passing through the centroid of the combined section, rm equation (8213) jswe28 | Practical Design Calculations Page 448Chepere {SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE 700 Forn=2 eL, e y 2 athe (oia-a)) 40 sth a(é za 0) AX 31 1 2 TAL. 2354166 + 2000{ 2 + (1)(996:5-1077.)} ~2931.7%5876 = 6527493" Similary, for m=3. Lm 6487272 mm fer ned ‘Te 6442038 mm for nS ‘Te= 6338110 mm* for n= 6 ‘K,= 628242 mm Bftom Figure 3.6-7: 2 sm 2a” 20965 7275 fern=2 pro0ois ‘Arab sng the fomula Forma? Por 1405/2) |[a(4) + r=) J+] 1 105) es) 28 ye sim) ||?" Gexose Sima, for w=3 B= OO001596 for n=4 B=0.00002807 fe nS pec.oo00ne3 fer n=5—_ prommnnenes7 Page aa rasa Des Cacao TaePO 8500 SHELLS UNDER =xTERNAL PRESSURE ‘Chapter Elastic istabilty pressure of stifened ovinde rom equation (2.6.2-11) BB Ny z 2020007 0.001907 , (2° 2020005652793 _ 59 ha B65 9965x1973 Smiony, for m=3.—py=5596 Nin? fr nd p= 10038Nin? for neS pun 15.269? for n=6 pa 22.558Ninm™ ‘Assuming ht sioner is cold frmed, k= 2 and py must not be less than 2p 2p"0.2Nima? , therefore OK Reci o extemity ofstifener Re = 1000 + 100 + 10 = 1110 mm Pressuce causing circurforential yiell ofthe sifener rom equation (2.6.2-14) Laxse7eio| 1710606 Sem? 1 = 5.226 Ni 99650-0372) | 97, 2D 001555 Distance from centroid of combined stfenetshel cross-section to furthest exemiy of sifener or shel Forn=2 a isthe ager ot (R-R IHX, +4 of 2 (R-RJ-X,+4 or =X, s(ryoas-1110)-582662 3876 5824ma or S876mm (mete Praccal Deion Catone Paes(Cone IS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO S00] Siiery, for ne3 a =5901 mm te 5929m0 fee 993mm fer 6061 mm Maximum stress in the siffener (sl formed sitfens) Ain=2 2pah, (oases Pe RL Bae) 20. 4188 aeons ( =Hego0s.230 as 5226 3965 4752-20. Simiery, for 972867 ‘er = 2625 for 26.69 for one6 27:16 = TA 1480 [Allvalies of ate < gf, and > Otereore stifener stress Is OK ‘As values of 6; ar low the size ofthe stifeners could be reduced 454.3 Limiting Proportions of Stifeners - Avoiding Stifener “ipping mung prporions orsueners to cause 3.62.22 Web height d= 100mm Web thicknoss «y= 10mm Flange with = SO mm Flange thickness «= 10mm Radius (ae 4st Practical Design Calculations losue 28PD 5500 ‘SHELLS UNOER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter Fr T section stifeners using equation on Figure 3.6.6 ded + Bec? + 12e,m,(0d +e] 10010" + 821050" 0.0058 00? «10-12% 10% (2x ToosI0) - 9°08 check 4p 14148401 LP goasiss IAMEOL — p9545 5, “ co BE omnsts> ISAO 000549 0.0000196 3.0K a oK aN [arate to ss43s [Bh 100 gn [RODUOD STIS 067 fae 100 cop [200052 Ig casi 0K vp 1 Taxiaexor — '0S!81 and also: ROH ca men Fsos/AAee seis «0K ™ [B80 «yp [PROODSIIE a 3320S 225g 99a Gisesa h<0 Terao | 857225 30K Teowe 26 Practcal Design Calculators Payee 52Chane SHELLS UNDER DTERNAL PRESSURE me) 4.5.2 Spherical Shell Caleulations Calelations for spherical shells and cshed ends to sub-sections 36.4, 38.5, 26.6 and 36.7. Design extemal pressure ? Ot Nim? Design tomperatire 150 °C Comosion allowance . 30 mm Design srs at 150°C f 148.0 Ninn Outside ameter De 2000.0 mn New thickness ' 100 mm ‘Analysis thickness e 70 mm Material factor (fete sted) 14 45.21 Allowable External Pressure for Homispherical End ‘Alowable extemal pressure fo hemispherical end to sub-section 326.5 Check required thickness of end for Interna pressure of 0.1 Nimm#to sub-section 3.6.1.2 2, 0.152000 FH 0ap Haass oaxo1 =0338 mm Moan radius of spherical shell Preseure at which membrane stress in ephercal shed reaches yield point of mater, fom equation (eee) unt RN at Modulus of elastic for fri soa at 150°C from Table 6-9. E=202000Ninm? Elastic instabilly prssure for collapse of spherical shel, rom equation (3.6 42) LALA 120200007 6.961 ant Pea RT ope 7 120961 Pe 2911 x 163 ‘by interpolation in able for curve () of Figure 326-4 = 0.348 Pracical Design CalculationsPO 8500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter 4 ‘Allowable external pressure POP = 03442911 = LON? ‘This is greater than the design extemal prossure of 0.1 Nimm*, therefore thickness Is acceptable, 4522 Allowable Extemal Pressure for Elipsoidal End ‘Allowable extemal presaure for 21 alipeidal end to eub-section 3.8.7 External dished end height = 2000/ 00mm (Check required thickness of end for internal pressure of 0.1 Nimm#to sub-section 2.5.2.3.2 Rabo pif = 0.148 = 0.000675 Rao iv’D = 0.25 From Figure 2.52.2, e/D = 0,002 (minimum vue} 002 x 2000 = 4.0mm “Taking R equal to maximum rats of own D? 2000? R ah e500 2000 mm Pressure at which membrane sess in spherical shell reaches yield point of mater, trom equation (ose) _2afe _ Dad ed8x7 =1.4504 Nim? Poe 2000 Elastic instabilty pressure for collapse of sphercal shel, tom equation (3.8.42) 1.2bBs* _ 1.21% 202000677 Z 00% 7” 2.9941 Ninn ® 72000" 29941 Py 14506 by interpolation In table for curve (2) of Figure 3.6-4 = ‘Allowable extemal pressure 2211 4508 321 Ninn? BP “This fs greater than the design extemal pressure of 0.1 Nim? therefore thickness is acceptable, Issue 25 Practical Design Caloulations Page 456‘Chapter ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 5500 48.3 Conical Shell Calculations CCaleulations for conical shes to sub-section 9.6.3 Design extemal pressure PS Ot Nima Design temperature 150 °C Corosion allowance ‘ 30 mm Desig stress at 150°C f 148.0 Nim? Large end ouside diameter 4000.0 mm ‘Small end outsce diameter 536.0 mm New thickness ' 100 mm Cone length le 3000.0 mm Half apex ange ofcone 8 200 * Note: 0 is used hee, nota as previous ‘Analysis thickness ‘ 710 mm Material actor (feriic ste) ss ta 45.31. Allowable External Pressure ‘Allowable extemal pressure fr untfened cone to sub-section 36.3.1 Check raguitod thickness of cone for intemal pressure equal to design external pressure of O41 Nim to subsection 3.5.3.2 Large end coroded inside lameter D, = 4000-257 = 3986 mm DD, V O1e3986 1 556 mmm Bf =9)" cow” xis8-01) "cao" Mean radius at large end of cone 03{ 1000-2) aid Mean radu at mid length of con 1995.96 mm R, a 2 esi Unsupported ength = Z,=3000 mm Page 455 Practical Design Calculations Issue 26roam SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Crane] Pressure at wich mean cicumferenal sess in conical shell reaches ylld pont of mater, from ‘equation (2821) exfcond _Txlsret48>00830, 0629 Pe Rae 1995.96 rector Rane 086 2497857 996 . 7 Factor 3000 01.533 DR, 088 Tx978ST Mean elastic strain at colapse,e rom Figure 26-2= 0.00018 ‘Atrnativaly,ealelting using the formula at the bottom of Figure 36-2 Rang 6088 _ 978.57 2 Tham S088 _ 97857 «345 t 3000, From Fiue 363, for L/(2Rye cos8) rep 8506. 533 and €/(2Ruqc080)=0.003577, closest value of Caleuated values of © For 5 = =0.00018615, noe 6 © =0.00019405, Mocks of tasty for ferrie soe at 150°C trom Table 3.6.9 E=202000 Nim? Elastic instablly pressure for colapse of conical shel rom equation (2.6.22) Bescos"9 _ 2020007 0.00018615% (0330)? Pa = Eee avoarss =0.1513 Nin Pax _ 51513 Pp 0829) 240 by inteipoation in table for curv () of Figure 26-4 = 0.0798 Allowable extemal pressure Py =4 Py, © 0.0798%0.629 = 0.0502 Nam? “This is les than the design extemal pressure of 0.1 Nimm, therefore ty acing astifener, (Comes Facial De Caatons Faved(Cerne T SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE POSED Allowable exeral pressure for sfened cone: “Try fiting light etffener half way long cone ‘Unsupported length = 30002= 1500 mm L 1300 Feier FR cond 2297857 0.7668 Mean elastic stan at collapse, , fom Figure 3.6-2 00038 ‘Alternatively, aleulating ¢ using the formula atthe botom of Figure 3.62: Ra 288 L 1300 97887 _ zZ =205 From Figue 36-3, for L/(2R gua ¢080) git 70F8. 7664 0d. €/(2Ra £058)=0.003577 closest value of Calculated values of For ng = 7 = =0.00037027 nye 8 = =0.00038330 laste Instabily pressure for colapse conical shel trom equation (3.8.2.2) = Eee _ 20012000077 oF 9209 i! 1129.96 0.3083 Pp 089) x 4901 ‘4 by interpolation in table for curve (a) of Figure 3.6.4 0.1638 ‘Allowable eternal pressure > Pp, =0:1636% 0.629 =0.103 Nia? “Tiss sight higher than the design extemal pressure of 0.1 Nim, therefore stifoner spacing is. acceptabe 483.2 Assessment of Stifleners ~ Avoiding Overall Collapse ‘Assessment of stifeners to sub-section 36.32 ‘Cone Thickness and SitfenerSize/Spacing Constant clause 3.6.3.2.1 “Tey simple ing stitener, 20mm tick by 190 mm high Page 457 Practical Design Calculations Tssv0 28PO 8500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL |ESSURE, (Chapter 4 ‘Stitener design sess, f= 140 Ninn? ‘al length of cone = 3000 mm. Length of cone supported by stiffener L, = 1500 mm ‘Mean radius cf cone in plane of stifener eno s( 0045367 ‘ 2 cand, Evaluate L, the fective length of shell acing with te sitfoner, orn = 2, 3, 4,8 and 8 Obtain L/L, tom Table 26-6 using 129.96 mm (exos0) nptuceot £2; and 4 inplaccot Be ae ™ Tacos (ecose? _ (1xe0s30)" 12K 123112996 39910" 1500 Tak cad” Tavi125 9650050 =0.2440 1 /(2sR,cose)> 0.1 therefore caleute LT a fotows Determine Zty logarithmic interpolation n Table 3.67, -xis value of L/L fom table at 2/2 = 0.1 ans 024 Ba cond Les, (o-o1le T,* Tooa? e380" Etfctvelngth of cone acting wih the sifener wlth Issue 26 | Practical Design Calculations Page 458Chapter ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PO 5500 7 2 3 a 3 6 Zor ble oatee | oatss | oats | oano | ouo71 x oass7 | oass9 | ois | oa7s | ort (008) oor | oor2 | 00397 | 0029s | 00289 (a-0.1)21(628#) | 00850 | oosss | oos4o | oos7 | 0083 Ils coors | oo7sr | oorar | ors | ooro2 Les CuLiXbjeos®) ws | piu | mes | se | iis As stent i at id tength of cone, Z; » Lf Ly Cross-section area ofstifener A, = 20 > 100 = 2000 mm Cross-section area of web 4y =2000 mm? Area of ange = 0 mn? Cross-section area of combined stfener pis elective length of cone, Le Feen=2 A= A sel, =20004711328=2929.6 mm? Simiay, form= 3 4.=2917.7 amt form=4 Ap=2905.1 mnt? forn=5 4.28792 mnt foen=6 4.928505 mnt? For Fist moment of area about axis through centroid ef web 2 : 1sata( 005-255) 5069 Radial clitance from contoid of combined sifenericone cross-tection to canto of stfenee webb 502369 2929.6 17.48 mm Pega Pracica Design Calculations 1550825PD S500 ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chapter 4 Hence 7, 1328.sin30 {017148 9 2» BRAS? 53454 mm 7__132.8%sin30 171489 2 128839 «20254 mm ‘Sima, y= 16998 mm XP= 53431 mm = 20.656 mm y= 16837 mm XP=53367 mm = 21.042 mm %u=16502mm Y= 53.240 mm "= 21.840 mm 2A 16124 mm Y= 59.105 man" 22.730 ‘Second moment of area of web about its own centroid 20100" 2 16656667 mat ‘Second moment of are of fange about its own centroid Jy =O mm* ‘Second moment of area of he combined cross-section of sifener and elecve ength of shel using foemule at botom of Figure 36-6) 1328" 2 ae) eet) ‘588108 + 1990075 + 191426 + tes8687 + 85367 + 2847 amosrras esas (228) a0ane 11655567 = 3864510 mm Siar, forn=3 19 =3835226 mt focm4 4) 3808473 mt orm=S1)=3741958 amt forn=6 573603 man" issue 26 Practical Design Calulatons Page 460Crepe SHELLS UNDER EXTERWAL PRESSURE 75505] B trom Figure 3.6-7, 3000 Te, 60630 21129 96%0550 Forn=2 B= 0012 ‘Ateratvely, using formula and tating R= Reeasos® = 1129.96c0530 ~ 978.57 forn=2 p=0o1227 forn=3 B= 000128 forn=4 B= 0000244 forn=5 p= 00000663 forn=6 p= 0.0000226 testi instabilty pressure ef stiffened cone, py, fom equation (3.63-3), ” 2 3 4 5 6 eco? 8/Rean gem | 104s | ois | aos | ooiss PDETCos8IR mats) | 01700 | o4s00 | 08370 | 19172 | 1.8858 Pressure pe ass | 1490 | oss | ism | 1908 Fort formed stitener, p, must not be less than 1.89 8p Now find tess in stifener 18 Nim? therefore OK. ‘Radius fom canire-tne of cone to canto ofstilener cross-section a-(@ 1500x042 11940 2 2 Modified stfener area BA, _1129 93" 2000 _ 190) san? 11880" 128 eo AB 18 ooo 90m0" Tie Tina Page46t_ | Practical Design Calculations: Issue 26,[Pose ‘SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE Chaser a 0143951500 = 21.59 Thoroor, fom Table 364, for a> 55 N= 10 Radi to extremity of sfener x (£2 ttt 0mm Wath of stitfenerin contact wits cone 5= 20 mm Pressure causing crounferetia yield of stiftener, trom equation (2.6.2-4) GecosORe (,, _Aeox0 Pn Rav] dew 2Nja") Lalor Deaf, Um ) 0s. ae%G-a3ja) —('*Fa04 20.0788) 146629(, 713) 4513? scars 2799 Distance from certod of combina sifenercane cross-section to furthest extremty of siflener Forne2 sh (o04x,)e0= 5061714806718 mm say, formes d! =66998mm formed dt =66437 0m formes d! =66502mm forn=6 d! *66.124 mm ato of maximum stress in stfener (t factored fod) to yield evess cf stiffener Forn=2 sweh, , Ba? tos) Py Rew Pate) 80 a1 nde "00051 8041) 29813 596 Todst-1801 | =124.29 Némm* isove 26 Pracical Design Calculaons | Page a2 |Crasiert SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE PD miaty, for m3 = 12024 fe one4 go Bs7 fe nes gnis705 fe m6 nine afy= 14 x 140.0 = 196.0 Nim ‘Atvaues of are Otettosttne stes OK 4483.3 Linking Proportion of Sifner Avoiding Stifner Tipping Lining ropes of snes couse 3.6222 Wooreght d= 100mm Wb ficnees 64 = 29 nm Re From Figo 262 n= 8 For etera stn, fom Table 96, ne NOTE2 (0, / Xa le.) =1.14 (maximum valve) 9211.2 Nimm* eu, su2eass <2i2m 9 222g ra Pag gang OTST OK Pages Frasier Cacao aes