SOLTEQ OSBORNE REYNOLDS DEMONSTRATION (MODEL :

FM11)
Page 15
9.0 DISCUSSION
The experiment was carried out to investigate the characteristic of the flow of the
liquidin the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds Number for each
state of the flow. Theexperiment was also done to know and learn the behavior of
the flow and also to calculate therange for the laminar, transitional and turbulent
flow. We also must prove the Reynolds numberis dimensionless by using the
Reynolds number formula. The experiment was carried out byusing Solteq
Osborne Reynolds Demonstration (Model: FM 11).There are three types of flow
that we study in this experiment. Firstly, laminar flow which isthe type of flow in
which the particles move in a straight line in the form of a thin parallel sheetsis
known as the Laminar flow. Laminar flow denotes a steady condition where all
stream linesfollow parallel paths. Under this condition, the dye will remain easily
identifiable as a solid core.Then, turbulent flow which is the type of flow in which
the particles move in a zigzag pattern isknown as the turbulent flow. Turbulent
flow denotes as unsteady condition where stream linesinteract causing shear plan
collapse and mixing occurs. As the flow rate is increased, thetransition from
laminar to turbulent flow is a gradual process. This zone of change is defined
astransitional flow. This will appear as a wandering dye stream prior to dispersion
as turbulenceoccurs. Lastly is transitional flow
,
when the flow changes from laminar to turbulent or vice versea disturbance is
created, it is called as the transitional flow.In this experiment, we observed that the
red eye line change with the increasing of waterflowrate. The shape change from
thin threads to slightly swirling which still contains smooth thinthreads and then
fully swirling. We can say that this change is from laminar flow to transitionalflow
and then to turbulent flow and it is not occurs suddenly. We must control the water
inletvalve, V1 and outlet valve, V2 until the flow formed.For lower critical
velocity, it is the velocity at which laminar flow stops and fo upper criticalvelocity
is where a turbulent flow starts

SOLTEQ OSBORNE REYNOLDS DEMONSTRATION (MODEL :

FM11)
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10.0 CONCLUSION
The laminar flow occurs when the fluid is flowing slowly and the turbulent flow
occurswhen it is flowing fast. In transitional flow, the flow switches between laminar
and turbulent in adisorderly fashion.As the water flow rate increase, the Reynolds
number calculated also increase and thedye line change from thin thread to swirling
in shape Laminar flow occurs when the Reynoldsn u m b e r c a l c u l a t e d i s
below than 2300; transitional flow occurs when
R e y n o l d s n u m b e r calculated is between 2300 and 4000 while turbulent flow
occurs when Reynolds numbercalculated is above 4000.It is proved that the
Reynolds equation is dimensionless, no units leftafter the calculation..Under most
practical conditions, the flow in a circular pipe is laminar for Re

2300,turbulent for Re

4000 and transitional in between. That is,Re

2300 laminar flow2300

Re

4000 transitional flowRe

4000 turbulent flow

SOLTEQ OSBORNE REYNOLDS DEMONSTRATION (MODEL :

FM11)
Page 17
11.0 RECOMMENDATION
Based on this experiment, there are many ways to improve the experiment and
obtain the bestresults. Firstly, the experiment should be repeated three times in order
to get average readings.This will reduce the deviation from theoretical results. The
experiment itself took a more fourhours to be done once, so with insufficient time,
the experiment could only be done once. To getbetter results, the experiment should
have been repeated at least twice.While conducting the experiment, there are some
error such as the slow response whencollecting the water in the beaker once we get
the flow (laminar, turbulent or transition flow).Besides, the slow response to start the
time taken for the volume of water and regulating thevalve which control the flow
rate of water. So, the person in charged should be more alert andfocus during the
experiment in order to obtain the accurate result. There are also some parallaxerror
while conducting the experiment. For instant, the position of the eyes during taking
thevalue of water volume of 300mL is not in the same level with the readings.
Therefore, thereadings taken from the beaker should be taken at eye level which is
perpendicular to our eyes toavoid parallax error.So, during the experiment there are
several precaution steps that need to be alert. Theexperiment should be done at
suitable and unshaken place.to get appropriate laminar smoothstream flow, the clip
and the valve which control the injection of blue dye must be regulate slowand
carefully. When removing the beaker from the exit valve, we notice that some water
stillenter the beaker. So, to avoid this it is better to take same person who guard the
stop watch andthe collecting beaker.Last but not least, we must study the manual lab
that have been given to us before start upthe experiment. We also can improve our
skill and knowledge to ensure that experiment can bedone smoothly.