AN A N I S O T R O P I C C O S M O L O G I C A L M O D E L IN L Y R A ' S

MANIFOLD

D. R. K. R E D D Y

Department of Applied Mathematics, Andhra University, Waltair, India

and
P. I N N A I A H

College of Engineering, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Waltair, India

(Received 9 February, 1985)

Abstract. A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic cosmological model in Lyra's manifold is obtained when

the source of the gravitational field is a perfect fluid with pressure equal to energy density and the metric
is of Bianchi type-I. Various physical and geometrical properties of the model have also been discussed.

1. Introduction
Lyra (195 i) proposed a modification of Riemannian geometry by introducing a gauge
function into the structureless manifold. Sen (1957) considered the cosmological model
of the Universe based on Lyra's modified Riemannian geometry and showed that the
model is similar to the static Einstein model and has a finite density even without the
introduction of a cosmological constant. Further, Halford (1970), Bhamra (1974), and
Kalyanshetti and Wagmode (1982) are some of the authors who have investigated
various aspects of the cosmological theory based on Lyra's manifold.
In this paper, we study the Bianchi type-I cosmological model in Lyra's manifold
when the source of the gravitational field is a perfect fluid with pressure equal to energy
density.

2. The Field Equations and the Cosmological Model

We consider the Bianchi type-I metric
ds 2 = d t a - A 2dx 2 - B 2dy a - C 2dz 2,

(1)

where A, B, C are functions of t only. This ensures that the model is spatially
homogeneous. The field equations in normal gauge for Lyra's manifold as obtained by
Sen (1957) are
R o " -- 2gij
1

R "~ 23 ~ i ~ j --

3
ago
q~

- 87"cTij',

(2)

where q~;is a displacement field and the other symbols have their usual meanings as in
Riemannian geometry. We now assume the vector displacement field q~, to be the
Astrophysics and Space Science 114 (1985) 285-288. 0004-640X/85.15
@ 1985 by D. Reidel Publishing Company

286

D. R. K. REDDYAND P. INNAIAH

time-like constant vector

q~; = (0, 0, 0, r162
= const.).

(3)

The energy-momentum tensor T~ for perfect fluid distribution is given by

(4)

T o. = (p + p) V i Vj - Pgo,

together with

g~ViW=

1,

(5)

where V i is the four-velocity vector of the fluid and P and p are the proper pressure and
energy density, respectively. By adoption of co-moving coordinates, the field
equations (2) for the line-element (1) can be written as
B44 C44
--+--+
B
C
A44

--

C44

+ --

A
A44
--

A4C 4

A4B 4

+-

AB

3 /3z

BC

(7)

-~p,

(8)

B4C 4 C4A 4
+ -+

AB

(6)

A4B 4

-8rcp,

3 ~2
+= - 87rp,

AC

B44

+ - -

+-=
BC
4

--

B4C 4

CA

3 ,62

= 8rtp.

(9)

The suffix 4 after A, B, C denotes ordinary differentiation with respect to t. Equations

(6)-(9) are four equations in five unknowns A, B, C, p, and p. For complete determinacy
of the system one extra condition is needed. One way is to use an equation of state. The
other alternative is a mathematical assumption on the space-time and then to discuss
the physical nature of the Universe. In this paper we confine ourselves to the casep = p
which describes several important cases, e.g., radiation, relativistic degenerate Fermi gas
(cf. Zeldovich and Novikov, 1971), and, probably, superdense degenerated baryon
matter at low temperature (Zeldovich, 1961 ; Bludman and Ruderman, 1970; Walecka,
1974). The equation of state for ideal gas has also this form in causal limit. Therefore,
we take
P = P.

(10)

Adding Equations (6), (7), (8) to 3-times of (9) and using (10) we get
(ABC)44 - O,
ABC

which implies that

(ABC)44 = 0 ,

(11)

COSMOLOGICAL MODEL IN LYRA'S MANIFOLD

287

since A, B, C are non-zero.

Integration of Equation (11) yields
(12)

A B C = (at + b ) ,

where a and b are constants of integration.

Now Equations (6)-(9) along with (12) ultimately give the solution
A = A o ( a t + b) P' ;

B = Bo(at + b) e2 ;

C = Co(at + b) p3 ,

(13)

where the constants of integration PI,/'2, P3, and Ao, Bo, Co satisfy
P1+1"2 +P3=

1 and

A o B o C o = 1.

(14)

Thus we get the following metric for an anisotropic universe in Lyra's geometry:
ds 2 = dt 2 - A~(at + b) 2pl dx 2 - B~(at + b) 2p2 dy 2 - Cg(at + b) 2m dz 2 .

This metric can be transformed through a proper choice of coordinates to the form
ds 2 = dT 2 -

T 2m d x 2 - T 2p2 d y

T 2p~ d z

2 -

2 .

(15)

This is obviously the generalisation of well-known Kasner model of empty space in

whichP1 + P 2 + P 3 = 1, P ~ + P 2 2 + P 2 = 1, a n d A o = B o = C o = 1.
3. Some Physical and Geometrical Features

The pressure p and density p in the model (15) are given by

8zcp = 8rcp =

(1;

(P1P2

P2P3 +

P3P1)

- ~

(16)

For the reality of P and p and the conditions p > 0, P > 0 to hold, it is necessary that
(17)

p 1 p 2 + P2P3 + p3p1 > 88

The Hawking-Penrose condition (cf. Hawking and Penrose, 1970)

g r)vivj >_o,

(18)

leads to
8r~(p + 3p) > 0,

(19)

which is satisfied by our model.

The components of the expansion tensor are
011

P1

022

P2

033

so that the expansion scalar is

0 = 1 (0,1 + 022 + 033) -

P3

3T

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D . R, K. R E D D Y A N D P. I N N A I A H

The shear scalar is given by

0.2=

+ 022 + o 3) 2 - 3(0 , + 022 + o3 )

1 - 3(P1P 2 + P2P3 + P3P1)

(20)

3T 2
N o w a will be real provided that
P1P2 + P2P3 +

P3P1 < 89

The relative anisotropy in the model is given by

o-2
p

1 ~ 1 - 3 ( P , P 2 + PzP3 + P3P1) ~
.

~o2

I- 2

3 (P1P2 + P2P3 + P3P1 - ~/3 T )

(21)
9

This shows that in this case anisotropic energy density decreases rapidly with time in
comparison with total energy density of the Universe.

4. Conclusions
The spatially homogeneous and anisotropic cosmological model obtained in Lyra's
manifold has a close correspondence with relativistic cosmology in Riemannian
manifold with/32 and, therefore, q~i playing the role of the cosmological constant. The
advantage gained in this model is that the cosmological constant arises naturally from
the geometry.

References
Bhamra, K. S.: 1974, Australian J. Phys. 27, 541.
Bludman, S, A. and Ruderrnan, M. A.: 1970, Phys. Rev. D1, 3244.
Halford, W. D.: t970, Australian Y. Phys. 23, 863.
Hawking, S. W. and Penrose, R.: 1970, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A314, 529.
Kalyanshetti, S. B. and Waghmode, B. B.: 1982, Gen. Rel. Gray. 14, 823.
Lyra, G.: 1951, Math. Z. 54, 52.
Sen, D. K.: 1957, Z. Phys. 149, 311.
Walecka, J. D.: 1974, Ann. Phys. 83, 491.
Zeldovich, Ya. B.: 1961, Zh. Eksp. Fiz. 41, 1009.
Zeldovich, Ya. B. and Novikov, I. D.: 1971, Relativistic Astrophysics, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago, Vol. 1.