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Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
Escuela de Geologa, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
d
Instituto Colombiano del Petrleo, Ecopetrol, Bucaramanga, Colombia
b
c
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 7 September 2010
Accepted 29 March 2011
The Central Cordillera and Eastern Cordillera of the northern Andes form the topographic anks of the
north-trending Magdalena Valley Basin. Constraining the growth of these ranges and intervening basin
has implications for Andean shortening and the transformation from a foreland to hinterland basin
conguration. We present sedimentological, paleocurrent, and sandstone petrographic results from
Cenozoic type localities to provide insights into the tectonic history of the northern Middle Magdalena
Valley Basin of Colombia. In the Nuevo Mundo Syncline, the mid-Paleocene transition from marine to
nonmarine deposystems of the Lisama Formation corresponds with a paleocurrent shift from northward
to eastward transport. These changes match detrital geochronological evidence for a contemporaneous
shift from cratonic (Amazonian) to orogenic (Andean) provenance, suggesting initial shortening-related
uplift of the Central Cordillera and foreland basin generation in the Magdalena Valley by mid-Paleocene
time. Subsequent establishment of a meandering uvial system is recorded in loweremiddle Eocene
strata of the lower La Paz Formation.
Eastward paleocurrents in mid-Paleocene through uppermost Eocene uvial deposits indicate
a continuous inuence of western sediment source areas. However, at the upper middle Eocene
(w40 Ma) boundary between the lower and upper La Paz Formation, sandstone compositions show
a drastic decrease in lithic content, particularly lithic volcanic fragments. This change is accompanied by
a facies shift from mixed channel and overbank facies to thick, amalgamated braided uvial deposits of
possible uvial megafans, reecting changes in both the composition and proximity of western sediment
sources. We attribute these modications to the growing inuence of exhumed La Cira-Infantas paleohighs in the axial Magdalena Valley, features presently buried beneath upper EoceneeQuaternary basin
ll along the western ank of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline.
In uppermost Eocene strata of the lower Esmeraldas Formation, paleocurrents show a sharp reversal
from eastward to dominantly westward transport that persisted into the Neogene. The Esmeraldas also
records a change to more-distal, oodplain-dominated deposition of ner sediments. These adjustments
are interpreted to reect burial of the La Cira-Infantas highs and onset of Eastern Cordillera exhumation,
resulting in a transition from foreland to hinterland basin conditions in the Magdalena Valley. The lack of
signicant variation in sandstone compositions suggests a bulk-rock compositional similarity between
the La Cira-Infantas paleohighs (subsurface Magdalena Valley) and the Eastern Cordillera. Collectively,
the data presented here rene previous thermochronologic and provenance studies and suggest that
major uplift-induced exhumation in the Central Cordillera and Eastern Cordillera commenced by the
mid-Paleocene and latest Eocene, respectively.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Andes
Colombia
Eastern Cordillera
Llanos basin
Magdalena valley
Fold-thrust belts
Foreland basins
Provenance
Sedimentary petrology
Stratigraphy
* Corresponding author. Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA. Tel.: 1 512 471 1869.
E-mail address: horton@mail.utexas.edu (B.K. Horton).
1
Present address: Mack Energy Corporation, 201 Main Street, Suite 1660, Fort Worth, Texas 76102, USA.
0895-9811/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2011.03.018
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
1. Introduction
Although South American foreland basins represent clear
signals of Andean orogenesis (Jordan, 1995; Cooper et al., 1995;
Horton and DeCelles, 1997; Bayona et al., 2008), hinterland basins
situated within modern intermontane valleys and plateau regions
of the Andes constitute protracted, nearly continuous records of
Cenozoic synorogenic sedimentation (Van Houten and Travis, 1968;
Jordan and Alonso, 1987; Marocco et al., 1995; Horton et al., 2002;
Horton, 2005, in press; Leier et al., 2010; Murray et al., 2010).
Among the best-known cases is the Magdalena Valley Basin in the
northern Andes of Colombia, where siliciclastic basin ll up to
10 km thick is located in an intermontane setting between the
Central and Eastern Cordilleras (Fig. 1). A long history of hydrocarbon exploration combined with sufcient surface and subsurface control make the Magdalena Valley an important province for
understanding deformation and basin evolution in an inter-Andean
setting. Within the basin, the Nuevo Mundo Syncline (Fig. 2)
contains critical type localities for many Cenozoic stratigraphic
units identied in the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (Pilsbry and
Olsson, 1935; Morales et al., 1958; Ramirez, 1988; Schamel, 1991;
Surez, 1997; Ramn, 1998; Gmez, 2001; Gmez et al., 2003,
2005a, 2005b; Pardo-Trujillo, 2004; Rolon, 2004; Nie et al., 2010).
Understanding basin evolution in the Magdalena Valley represents a key component in evaluating the tectonic evolution of the
northern Andes. Unresolved issues include the competing inuences of the Nazca and Caribbean plates (Pennington, 1981; van der
Hilst and Mann, 1994; Kellogg and Vega, 1995; Taboada et al., 2000;
Corts et al., 2005), the degree of structural inheritance from largescale Mesozoic rifting (Cooper et al., 1995; Mora et al., 2006;
Sarmiento-Rojas et al., 2006), and the role of climate and
orographic barriers in the exhumation history of the orogenic belt
(Mora et al., 2008; Horton et al., 2010a). Additional targeted questions for the Magdalena Valley relate to the complex pattern of
basin lling and varied structural styles. For example, stratigraphic
247
Fig. 1. Map of the Colombian Andes depicting regional topography and major tectonic-geomorphic provinces (WCdWestern Cordillera; CVdCauca Valley; CCdCentral Cordillera;
MMVdMiddle Magdalena Valley Basin; ECdEastern Cordillera; SantandereSantander Massif).
248
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 2. (A) Geologic map of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline on the eastern ank of the northern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (after Caballero, 2010; Caballero et al., 2010) (see Fig. 1
for location), showing locations of geologic cross section (Fig. 2B), seismic reection prole (Fig. 3), and measured stratigraphic section (Fig. 4) near the trace of the Sogamoso river.
(B) Approximately WNW-ESE cross section identifying major structural and stratigraphic elements of the northern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin (modied from Pardo-Trujillo,
2004; Gmez et al., 2005b).
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
2. Geologic setting
2.1. Regional tectonic context
The northern Andes of Colombia consist of three major mountain ranges and their corresponding intermontane and foreland
basins (Fig. 1). From west to east, the principal tectonic and
geomorphic features include the Western Cordillera, Cauca Valley,
Central Cordillera, Magdalena Valley, Eastern Cordillera, and Llanos
foreland basin. Farther east, the Guyana Shield constitutes
Precambrian continental basement of the northern Amazonian
Craton (Teixeira et al., 1989; Cordani et al., 2000). The Western
Cordillera originated as an allochthonous oceanic terrane accreted
at w65e60 Ma (Aspden and McCourt, 1986). The Romeral Fault
largely following the Cauca Valley between the Western and
Central Cordilleras (Fig. 1) forms the boundary between South
American Precambrian basement and accreted oceanic terranes
(Gmez et al., 2003). The Western Cordillera comprises oceanic
basalt, tuff, and volcaniclastic sedimentary and metasedimentary
rock of dominantly Late Cretaceous age overprinted by Cenozoic
igneous intrusions (McCourt et al., 1984; Aspden and McCourt,
1986; Aspden et al., 1987). Because early uplift of the Central
Cordillera formed a topographic barrier, the Western Cordillera is
not an important sediment source to the Magdalena Valley (Gmez
et al., 2003).
Central Cordillera uplift began in a northward-propagating
pattern as a result of the subduction-related compression and
accretion of the Western Cordillera (Gmez et al., 2003, 2005a,
2005b). The Central Cordillera consists of Mesozoic arc-related
rocks (principally Jurassic granodiorite/tonalite and Cretaceous
diorite/quartz diorite, but also Lower Cretaceous basalt) developed
on a belt of Paleozoic metamorphic rock (McCourt et al., 1984;
Aspden et al., 1987). Jurassic-Cretaceous pyroclastic deposits are
also reported for the San Lucas range (Kammer and Snchez, 2006),
which forms the northeastern margin of the Central Cordillera
(Fig. 1).
The Eastern Cordillera is an asymmetric, doubly vergent
fold-thrust belt formed by Cenozoic east-west compression and
associated inversion of Mesozoic normal faults (Corredor, 2003;
Gmez et al., 2005b; Mora et al., 2006). Uplift of the Eastern
Cordillera partitioned the Cretaceous-Paleogene retroarc basin,
resulting in the generation of the intermontane Magdalena Valley
Basin on the western ank and the foreland Llanos Basin on the
eastern ank (Fig. 1). Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic and
igneous basement of the Eastern Cordillera is overlain by PaleozoiceMesozoic sedimentary rocks, which are dominated volumetrically by Cretaceous marine clastic rocks, but also contain
some red beds, volcanic rocks, and evaporites (Cooper et al., 1995;
Sarmiento-Rojas et al., 2006). There are few Mesozoic-Cenozoic
plutons intruding the Eastern Cordillera, but the Santander Massif
of the northernmost Eastern Cordillera contains Jurassic quartz
249
250
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 3. Seismic reection prole and surface topography across the Nuevo Mundo Syncline (see Figs. 1 and 2 for location) showing interpreted Cenozoic stratigraphic units and
approximate depths. Note the signicant westward thinning of the La Paz Formation and moderate westward thinning of the Esmeraldas Formation.
Mudstones are planar laminated, range from clay to silt size, and
commonly show ute casts at their bases. Occasionally, strata of
lithofacies association 1 are scoured by shallow, cross-stratied
sandstones with lenticular geometries. Ramirez (1988) observed
arenaceous foraminifera and coal seams within beds of this lithofacies association.
We attribute deposition of lithofacies association 1 to the delta
slope to delta front of a wave-dominated delta in a marginal marine
environment. Marine inuence is deemed signicant by the
presence of arenaceous foraminifera (Linke and Lutze, 1993) and
symmetric ripples suggestive of wave inuence. These ripples and
the lack of hummocky cross-stratication indicate wave-inuenced
deposition under relatively weak oscillatory ows (Tye et al., 1999;
Willis and Gabel, 2001). Thin (cm-scale) tabular sandstone beds
formed as a result of wave reworking and discontinuous storm
deposition. Mudstones represent periods of suspension fallout
during reduced ow conditions, which commonly resulted in mud
draping of abandoned sands. The upward coarsening and thickening pattern, and incision by lenticular trough cross-stratied
sandstones, indicate progradation of a delta slope to delta front
with distributary channels feeding subaqueous mouth bars (Tye
et al., 1999; Bhattacharya and Giosan, 2003).
3.2. Lithofacies association 2: upward-thickening ripple, wavy, and
cross-stratied sandstone
Gray to brown, very ne- to ne-grained sandstone beds
dene lithofacies association 2 (Fig. 5C and D), which is best
expressed in the Lisama Formation (notably at the 340e370 m
level of the measured section; Fig. 4), commonly overlying
deposits of lithofacies association 1. Bed thicknesses range from
0.02 to 2.5 m, and generally thicken upsection within intervals up
to 25 m thick. Most beds are tabular and contain current or wave
ripple lamination and aser or lenticular bedding. Trough crossstratied sandstone beds exhibit erosive bases and broad lenticular geometries.
We interpret strata of lithofacies association 2 to have been
deposited principally in a subaerial delta plain. Thin to medium
beds of ripple and trough cross-stratied sandstone are consistent
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
251
Table 1
Description and interpretation of observed sedimentary lithofacies (after Miall, 1985; Uba et al., 2005).
Facies code
Description
Interpretation
Gc
Sml
Smt
St
Sh
Sl
Sr
Srs
Srf
Fl
Wavy laminated, well sorted, very ne- to ne-grained sandstone; interval thickness range: 0.3
e6 m
Planar laminated claystone to siltstone; interval thickness range: 0.01e3.2 m
Fm
Frw
Fps
Massive, moderately developed paleosols and pedogenic nodules in siltstone; interval thickness
range: 0.5e15 m
Coal, plant remains, carbonaceous mudstone
Srw
inuence. The latter facies of the lower delta plain were deposited
in close proximity to delta front deposits of lithofacies association 1,
accounting for the transitional nature between associations 1 and 2
within the Lisama Formation.
Table 2
Lithofacies associations and interpretations.
Facies association
Lithofacies
Description
Stratigraphic occurrence
Interpretation
1: Upward coarsening
ripple-laminated
sandstone and
interbedded mudstone
Sr, Smt,
Fm, Fl, St
2: Upward-thickening
ripple, wavy and crossstratied sandstone
Lisama Formation
St, Sml,
Smt, Sh
4: Cross-stratied
sandstone with local
conglomerate
Fm, Frw, Fl
Sh, Sr, Fps, C
252
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 4. Composite measured stratigraphic section of the Paleogene succession exposed along the eastern limb of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline (see Fig. 2 for location) showing
lithofacies types, sedimentary structures, paleocurrent orientations, sample locations, and eld measurements of gamma ray response (CPS counts per second). Paleocurrent
indicators with single arrowheads represent stations within measured sections; double arrowheads indicate data projected from nearby stations.
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
253
Fig. 5. Photographs representing lithofacies in the Lisama Formation. (A) Upward coarsening, interbedded sandstone (Srs, Smt) and mudstone (Fm) of lithofacies association 1
(delta front to delta slope). Beds coarsen and thicken upsection to the right. White box indicates location of (B), which shows interbedded sandstone (Srs, Smt) and siltstone (Fm, Fl)
in detail. Rock hammer (lower right) for scale. (C) Upward-thickening, ripple (Sr, Srf), wavy (Srw), and cross-stratied (St) sandstone of lithofacies association 2 (subaerial delta
plain). Person (lower left) for scale. White box indicates location of (D), which shows ripple (Sr) and aser/lenticular bedded (Srf) sandstone. Pencil (lower left) for scale.
254
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 6. Photographs representing lithofacies in the La Paz and Esmeraldas Formations. (A) Amalgamated, lens-shaped (Sml), tabular (Smt), and cross-stratied (St) sandstone beds of
lithofacies association 3 (braided uvial channel) in the upper La Paz Formation. Arrows indicate the base of a single lens-shaped channel. Truck (lower right) for scale. (B) Trough
cross-stratied sandstone (St) of lithofacies association 3 (braided uvial channel) in the lower La Paz Formation. Two persons (upper right) for scale. (C) Interbedded crossstratied sandstone (St) and conglomerate (Gc) of lithofacies 4 (meandering uvial channel). Arrow indicates contact. Rock hammer (center) for scale. (D) Interbedded lithofacies associations 4 and 5 (meandering uvial channel and uvial oodplain): tabular and lens-shaped beds of massive (Sml, Smt) and trough cross-stratied (St) sandstone
overlying massive (Fm) and laminated (Fl) mudstone. Two persons (center, lower right) for scale. (E) Overbank laminated mudstone (Fl) with interbedded sandstones (Sr, Sh) of
lithofacies 5 (uvial oodplain). Person (upper left) for scale.
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
255
Fig. 7. Rose diagrams displaying paleocurrent data, including the vector mean and
standard deviation, vector magnitude, maximum percentage, number of measurements, and number of stations. Unless otherwise noted, all measurements are from the
eastern limb of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline. (A) Flute cast measurements from the base
of Lisama Formation. (B) Trough cross-stratication measurements from the upper
Lisama Formation. (C) Measurements of trough cross-stratication and clast imbrication in the La Paz Formation. (D) Trough cross-stratication measurements from the
Esmeraldas Formation. (E) Trough cross-stratication measurements from the
Esmeraldas Formation along the western limb of the syncline.
Symbol
Grain Categories
Calculated Parameters
Qm
Qp
monocrystalline quartz
polycrystalline quartz
Qpt
Fp
Fk
Lms
Lmp
Lmsc
Lvc
Q-F-L:
Q Qm Qp Qpt
Lch
F Fp Fk
L Lm Lv Ls
Lvl
Lvf
Lch
Lss
Lsc
M
D
Qm-F-Lt:
Q Qm
F Fp Fk
L Lm Lv Ls
Lch Qp Qpt
Lm-Lv-Ls:
Lm Lms Lmp
Lmsc
Lv Lvc Lvl Lvf
Ls Lch Lss Lsc
256
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 8. Photomicrographs of sandstone petrographic thin sections from the eastern limb of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline. (A) RS014P from upper Lisama Formation. (B) RS015P from
upper Lisama Formation. (C) RS475P from lower La Paz Formation. (D) RS481P from lower La Paz Formation. (E) SOG081010 from upper La Paz Formation. (F) SOG08113 from
Esmeraldas Formation.
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
257
Table 4
Modal sandstone point-count data from the eastern and western limbs of the Nuevo Mundo syncline. Italics represent stratigraphic levels projected from other nearby sections.
Sample
Level(m)
Formation
Number
Qm
Lt %
Qm
Lt %
Lm-Lv-Ls %
Qm
Lt
Lm
Lv
Ls
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
69
56
59
53
65
62
70
87
75
74
81
69
57
48
70
61
82
76
67
64
76
75
90
92
97
91
87
86
90
90
77
80
89
91
89
87
94
86
83
83
89
92
6
5
2
4
2
4
3
0
3
5
1
3
7
11
6
9
1
3
8
5
12
9
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
5
4
1
5
0
6
2
3
5
5
5
3
25
39
39
43
33
34
27
13
22
21
18
28
36
41
24
30
17
21
25
31
12
16
9
8
3
9
13
9
9
9
18
16
10
4
11
7
4
11
13
12
6
5
54
47
52
49
59
54
64
59
71
60
74
66
50
42
65
58
70
67
62
56
70
68
83
81
95
83
81
78
82
83
62
63
76
86
82
84
81
76
68
79
75
86
6
5
2
4
2
4
3
0
3
5
1
3
7
11
6
9
1
3
8
5
12
9
1
0
0
0
0
5
1
1
5
4
1
5
0
6
2
3
5
5
5
3
40
48
46
47
39
42
33
41
26
35
25
31
43
47
29
33
29
30
30
39
18
23
16
19
5
17
19
17
17
16
33
33
23
9
18
10
17
21
28
16
20
11
41
54
50
39
45
33
29
57
23
47
29
38
47
20
26
41
48
37
27
36
34
45
51
51
39
45
34
40
37
44
67
68
56
58
41
34
63
56
73
65
69
41
25
38
43
52
44
48
57
5
57
16
46
46
39
63
58
49
38
43
60
40
49
40
19
16
28
19
14
13
16
16
6
7
7
15
7
17
4
9
2
5
4
19
34
8
7
9
11
19
14
38
20
37
25
16
14
17
16
10
14
20
13
24
17
15
30
33
33
36
52
47
47
40
27
25
37
27
53
49
33
35
25
11
27
41
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
78
98
95
97
82
78
79
80
73
72
72
77
69
0
0
1
1
6
5
8
6
6
7
9
6
18
22
2
4
2
12
17
13
14
21
20
19
17
13
53
95
85
88
66
71
65
70
60
56
62
67
48
0
0
1
1
6
5
8
6
6
7
9
6
18
47
5
14
11
28
24
27
24
34
36
29
27
34
58
62
70
73
58
57
64
48
54
52
61
60
48
9
4
5
2
9
10
4
3
5
12
10
7
17
33
34
25
25
33
33
32
49
41
36
29
33
35
and B) and one sublitharenite from the western limb. Eastern limb
samples exhibit a mean composition of Qm51-F4-Lt45. Lisama feldspars are 94% plagioclase (pink-stained Ca-rich feldspar) with
common albite twinning. Lithic fragments show a distinction
between a basal Lisama sample (Lm41-Lv25-Ls34) and three samples
near the top (Lm48-Lv44-Ls8). Sedimentary lithic fragments (Ls) are
less prevalent in the uppermost Lisama, where more volcanic
felsitic (Lvf), volcanic lathwork (Lvl), volcaniclastic (Lvc), and
metamorphic (Lm) lithic fragments are present. The uppermost
samples also show a greater proportion of higher grade metamorphic fragments such as schist (Lmsc). All samples show
a proportion of polycrystalline quartz (Qp) and polycrystalline
258
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
Fig. 9. Qm-F-Lt and Lm-Lv-Ls sandstone ternary diagrams for 12 samples from the western limb (left) and 42 samples from the eastern limb (right) of the Nuevo Mundo Syncline.
(A, C) Gray arrows show upsection increases in total lithic (Lt) and sedimentary lithic (Ls) content for the western limb. (B, D) For the eastern limb, gray arrows show an upsection
decrease in total lithic (Lt) content and a corresponding increase then decrease in the relative proportion of volcanic lithic (Lv) to sedimentary lithic (Ls) content.
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
259
Fig. 10. Highly schematic cross sections depicting Paleogene basin evolution in the northern Middle Magdalena Valley, with the distribution of sediment sources reconstructed on
the basis of sedimentological, paleocurrent, and sandstone point-count data. Large arrows show generalized sediment dispersal patterns. Small arrows show fault displacement
with dashed lines indicating earliest possible deformation. (A) Earlyemiddle Paleocene sedimentation derived from the Guyana Shield. (B) Late Paleoceneeearly Eocene deposition
of sediment derived from initial topographic growth of the Central Cordillera. (C) Middleelate Eocene deposition of proximal sediment derived from uplift of La Cira-Infantas
paleohighs, which partially shuts off sediment delivery from Central Cordillera to the Nuevo Mundo Syncline. (D) Late Eoceneeearly Oligocene accumulation of sediment
largely derived from uplift of the Eastern Cordillera, which becomes the dominant sediment source to the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin.
260
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
C.J. Moreno et al. / Journal of South American Earth Sciences 32 (2011) 246e263
261
262
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