SYSTEMS

A system operates on a signal to produce an output.

Input
x(n)

System Impulse
Response
h(n)

Output
y(n)

CONVOLUTION
If h(n) is the system impulse response, then the input-output
relationship is a convolution.
Definition of convolution:

y ( n ) = h ( n ) * x ( n ) = h ( ) x ( n )
=

y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n ) = x ( ) h ( n )
=

Linear convolution
Example :
Given 2 signals as input and system impulse response as
below
1 1
0 0]
2 4
h[n] = [1 1 1 0 0]
Determine the linear convolution(output y[n]) of these
signals.
x[n] = [1

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

y[n] = [1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4]

Circular convolution
For periodic continuous and discrete-time system, the output
y(t)&y[n] are defined as

y (t ) = hT (t ) x(t )

y[n] = h[n] x N [n]

h(t)& h[n] are system impulse response and x(t) &x[n] are the
input signals. The operations that involved both these signals
(which only one of these signal in periodic way) known as
circular convolution.
Thus, the relationship in frequency domain will be as a
multiplication of spectrum of h(t) and x(t) as

Y( f ) = H ( f )X ( f )

Y (e j 2f ) = H (e j 2f ) X (e j 2f )

Linear convolution
Example:
Given 2 signals as input signal and system impulse
response as below
1 1
0 0]
2 4
h[n] = [1 1 1 0 0]
Determine the circular convolution (output y[n]) of
these signals
x[n] = [1

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x (0 )
x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 ) 0

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

1
3/2

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

1
3/2
7/4
1

-4

-3

-2

-1

h( )

x (0 )

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

1/4

1/2

x(1 )

x(2 )
x(3 )

x(4 )
x(5 )
x (6 )
x (7 )
x(8 )

y[n]

1
3/2
7/4

1
3/2
7/4
1

 The result of convolution will be

y[n] = [. .1 3 / 2 7 / 4 3 / 4 1 / 4

1 3 / 2 . .]

Circular convolution and zero padding

Zero is padding is utilized to ensure that circular
convolution is equal to linear convolution
Zero padding is equal to both length of the signal plus 1.

length x(n) + length h(n) + 1 = zero padding

linear convolution

circular convolution

circular convolution with zero padding

Another Example of Convolution

Consider a system with an impulse response of
h(n) = [ 1 1 1 1 ]
If the input to the signal is x(n) = [ 1 1 ]

24

25

26

27

28

29

SAMPLING OF
DISCRETE TIME
SIGNALS

SAMPLING
At the end of this topics, students should be able to:
Explain the sampling process
Analyze the sampling process in term of graphical
and
mathematics
Explain the Nyquist Theorem

31

SAMPLING

Theres only 10 kinds of

people in the world, those
who know binary and those
who dont.
32

SAMPLING
Sampling is the process of conversion from continuous-time to

discrete-time representation.

This is necessary if it is desired to process the signal using

digital computers.
The discrete-time signal x(n) is obtained as a result of the
product of the continuous-time signal with a set of impulse x(t)
with period Ts

x(n) = x(t ) x (t ) = x(t ) (t nTs )

n =

33

SAMPLING

34

SAMPLING

Sampling Process

35

SPECTRUM OF SAMPLED SIGNALS

If x(t) has a spectrum X(f), then the spectrum of a sampled

signal x(n) is

&
#
X (exp( j 2f )) = FT [ x(n)] = FT [x(t ) x (t )]= FT $ x(t ) (t nTs )!
%n =
"

= x(t ) (t nTs ) exp( j 2ft )dt = x(n) exp( j 2fnTs )

n =

n =

= X ( f nf s )
n =

36

37

SPECTRUM OF SAMPLED SIGNALS

|X(f)|

-fm

fm

|
X(exp(j2f)
|

-2fs

-fs

-fm

fm

fs

2fs

Amplitude spectra of a signal before and after sampling.

38

NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM

Increasing the sampling frequency will increase the storage space and

processing time.

Reducing the sampling frequency will result in aliasing due to the

overlapping between the desired and replicate spectrum components.
The aliasing effect is minimized by using the Nyquist sampling
theorem

f s 2 f max
39

NYQUIST SAMPLING THEOREM

In other words, if a continuous time signal is sampled at a rate
that is at least twice as high (or higher) as the highest frequency in
the signal, then it can be uniquely reconstructed from its samples.
Aliasing can be avoided if a signal is sampled at or above the
Nyquist rate.

Sampling explained graphically

(a) Spectrum of the original signal,ga(t)

(b) Spectrum of the periodic impulse

train, p(t), called as sampling function

(c) Spectrum of the sampled signal

gp(t) with s> 2 N

(d) Spectrum of the sampled

signal gp(t) with s< 2 N.
42
Effect in the frequency domain of sampling in the time domain.

EXAMPLE OF SOUND TONE

Tone Freq = 1800 , Sampling Freq = 8000

Tone Freq = 1800 , Sampling Freq = 6000

Tone Freq = 1800 , Sampling Freq = 2666

Guess: Aliasing Phenomenon

Music 01

Music 02