62&,2/2*,( *(1(5$/

Lector univ. Sandra Dungaciu

I. S2&,2/2*,$ &$ 7,,1

$SDUL LD VRFLRORJLHL WLLQ LILFH DGLF DSUR[LPDWLY DD FXP HVWH SUDFWLFDW DVW]L VH OHDJ GH WUDQVIRUPULOH SH
FDUH VRFLHW LOH HXURSHQH OH SDUFXUJ vQ GHFXUVXO VHFROHORU DO ;9,I-lea

al XVIII-OHD WUDQVIRUPUL FDUH DX GXV

la formarea lumii moderne, sau cu un termen extrem de folosit n ultimele decenii, a PRGHUQLW LL. Aceste
WUDQVIRUPUL DX DYXW ORF SH PXOWLSOH SODQXUL
vQFUHGHUHD WLLQ

spiritual VRFLHWDWHD HXURSHDQ VH VHFXODUL]HD] SURJUHVLY FUHWH

FD LQVWUXPHQW DO HPDQFLSULL XPDQH

social

SURFHVH GH XUEDQL]DUH UDSLG PDUL PLFUL

GHPRJUDILFH LPSOLFDUHD PDVHORU SRSXODUH vQ SURFHVH UHYROX LRQDUH

economic LQGXVWULDOL]DUHD SURGXF LHL

politic IRUPDUHD VWDWHORU QD LRQDOH VXYHUDQH FD ELURFUD LL WRW PDL FRPSOH[H cultural PRGLILFDUHD SHUFHS LHL
VSD LXOXL L WLPSXOXL DSDUL LD L UVSkQGLUHD VLVWHPHORU GH FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV
0RPHQWXO DSDUL LHL VRFLRORJLHL VH SODVHD] vQ VHFROXO DO ;,;-OHD GHFL vQOXQWUXO HSRFLL PRGHUQH L VH
vQVFULH vQ HIRUWXO PDL DPSOX DO ILORVRILHL RFFLGHQWDOH vQ VHQV ODUJ GH D HODERUD R HWLF VRFLDO VHFXODU
UD LRQDO 6RFLRORJLD DSDUH DDGDU FD XQXO GLQ UH]XOWDWHOH DFHVWXL SURFHV GH IXULUH D PRGHUQLW LL HD ILLQG
WRWRGDW WLLQ D FDUH vL DVXP H[SOLFLW FD RELHFW GH FHUFHWDUH QRXD UHDOLWDWH VRFLDO-LVWRULF SH FDUH R UHSUH]LQW
OXPHD PRGHUQ 3XWHP GHILQL SULQ XUPDUH

sociologia ca fiind

VWXGLXO VLVWHPDWLF WLLQ LILF DO VRFLHW LL

umane moderne.
Ceea ce este specific perspectivei sociolRJLFH HVWH IDSWXO F LD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH PDL GHJUDE FROHFWLYLW LOH
JUXSXULOH XPDQH GHFkW LQGLYL]LL VLQJXODUL UHVSHFWLY DFHOH DF LXQL L SUDFWLFL XPDQH FROHFWLYH FDUH VH FRQVWLWXLH
vQ VHULL L DX R DQXPLW UHJXODULWDWH 6WXGLXO WLLQ LILF DO VRFLHW LL HVWH FRQGL LRQDW GH FDUDFWHUXO GH

regularitate (sau al caracterului structurat SH FDUH vO GH LQ HYHQLPHQWHOH L IDSWHOH VRFLDOH

&XQRDWHUHD VRFLHW LL SDUH OD SULPD YHGHUH R vQWUHSULQGHUH DIODW OD vQGHPkQD RULFXL L UHDOPHQWH

majoritatea oamenilor sunt QFUHGLQ D L F SH ED]D H[SHULHQ HL SHUVRQDOH SRW V IRUPXOH]H H[SOLFD LL SHQWUX
PXOWH GLQ UHDOLW LOH VRFLDOH FX FDUH VH vQWkOQHVF vQ PRG FXUHQW $FHVW WLS GH FXQRDWHUH GHQXPLW

sociologie

VSRQWDQ VRFLRORJLH D VLP XOXL FRPXQ VDX FXQRDWHUH FRPXQ HVWH vQV SURIXQG GLIHULW GH FXQRDWHUHD

VRFLRORJLF WLLQ LILF Q WLPS FH SULPD VH ED]HD] GRDU SH H[SHULHQ H LQGLYLGXDOH SH FDUH WLQGH V OH
JHQHUDOL]H]H OD FRQWH[WH GLQWUH FHOH PDL GLIHULWH SH RSLQLL SUHMXGHF L DSUHKHQVLXQL RUL UHSUHKHQVLXQL

perVRQDOH

FH LQIOXHQ HD] GHFLVLY MXGHFDWD L XWLOL]HD] PHWRGH LQDGHFYDWH UD LRQDOL]UL H[WUDSROUL

VWHUHRWLSXUL HWF VRFLRORJLD WLLQ LILF HVWH SUHFLV IHQRPHQHOH VXQW PVXUDWH FX LQVWUXPHQWH DGHFYDWH
ULJXURDV SUH]LQW OXFUXULOH DD FXP VXQW vQ FRQWH[WHOH ORU VSHFLILFH L VLVWHPDWLF VH ED]HD] SH

REVHUYD LL GHOLEHUDWH SUHJWLWH L HIHFWXDWH FX PLMORDFH DGHFYDWH L vQUHJLVWUDWH FD DWDUH

6RFLRORJLD HVWH XQD GLQWUH WLLQ HOH VRFLDOH VDX XPDQH LDU FHHD FH R DSURSLH GH FHOHODOWH WLLQ H GLn
DFHDVW FDWHJRULH HVWH IDSWXO F WRDWH VWXGLD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XPDQ &HHD FH OH GLIHUHQ LD] HVWH SHUVSHFWLYD
GLQ FDUH vQWUHSULQG DFHVW GHPHUV $VWIHO SVLKRORJLD H LQWHUHVDW GH LQGLYLGXO VLQJXODU PDL H[DFW GH FHHD FH VH

petrece n mintea acestuia (sociologia are n vedere ceea ce se petrece ntre

RDPHQL HFRQRPLD YL]HD]

FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH OHJDWH GH SURGXF LD L VFKLPEXO EXQXULORU GH FRQVXP SH FkQG VRFLRORJLD H LQWHUHVDW L GH

schimburile non-materiale

GH VHQWLPHQWH LQIRUPD LL HWF

ce au loc ntre oameni), istoria are n vedere

WUHFXWXO VRFLHW LL LDU VRFLRORJLD GHL LQWHUHVDW L GH IDSWHOH VRFLDOH WUHFXWH VH FRQFHQWUHD] PDL DOHV DVXSUD
SUH]HQWXOXL vQFHUFkQG V IDF L SURVSHF LXQL vQ YLLWRU DQWURSRORJLD VH SUHRFXS PDL DOHV GH VRFLHW LOH
DUKDLFH VDX WUDGL LRQDOH VRFLRORJLD FRQFHQWUkQGX-VH GXS FXP DP SUHFL]DW DVXSUD VRFLHW LL PRGHUQH
SROLWRORJLD VH FHQWUHD] SH LQVWLWX LLOH L RUJDQL]D LLOH SROLWLFH SH FkQG VRFLRORJLD YL]HD] WRDWH WLSXULOH GH
LQVWLWX LL L RUJDQL]D LL H[LVWHQWH vQ VRFLHWDWH 3XWHP UHPDUFD vQ FRQFOX]LH F VRFLRORJLD HVWH R GLVFLSOLQ PDL
FXSULQ]WRDUH GHFkW FHOHODOWH WLLQ H VRFLDOH vQWU-XQ DQXPLW VHQV SXWHP VSXQH F VSHFLDOLWDWHD VRFLRORJLHL HVWH
JHQHUDOL]DUHD HD vQFHUFkQG DGLF V LGHQWLILFH OHJWXULOH FH XQLILF YDULDWHOH WLLQ H VRFLDOH vQWU-un

discurs

GHVSUH VRFLHWDWH FRPSUHKHQVLY L LQWHJUDW

L WRWXL QX VH SRDWH VSXQH F VWXGLLOH VRFLRORJLFH QHDJ RUL GLPLQXHD] UHDOLWDWHD H[SHULHQ HL LQGLYLGXDOH
'LPSRWULY FHHD FH RE LQHP HVWH R PDL EXQ vQ HOHJHUe

a caracteristicilor individuale proprii ori ale

FHORUODO L WRFPDL SULQ IDSWXO F GREkQGLP R VHQVLELOLWDWH VSRULW SHQWUX XQLYHUVXO PDL ODUJ DO DFWLYLW LL
VRFLDOH vQ FDUH VXQWHP FX WR LL LPSOLFD L 'H IDSW VRFLRORJLD QH SRDWH RIHUL FDSDFLWDWHD GH D Qe
FLUFXPVWDQ HOH SHUVRQDOH DWXQFL FkQG JkQGLP UHDOLWDWHD VRFLDO GH D SULYL GLQWU-un

nou

H[WHULRU L FXSULQ]WRU

desprinde de

punct de vedere original,

OXFUXULOH FXQRVFXWH L UXWLQD YLH LL LQGLYLGXDOH ,PDJLQD LD VRFLRORJLF

(un

concept elaborat de soFLRORJXO DPHULFDQ & :ULJKW 0LOOV vQ  HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW WRFPDL GH DELOLWDWHD GH D
QH SULYL H[SHULHQ HOH SHUVRQDOH GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD D FHHD FH VH SHWUHFH vQ VRFLHWDWHD vQ FDUH WULP L HD UHSUH]LQW
R HYLGHQW LQYHUVDUH D PRGXOXL RELQXLW GH D SULYL UHDOLW LOH 6WXGLXO VRFLRORJLHL QH DMXW FX DOWH FXYLQWH V
GHSLP QLYHOXO FXQRDWHULL FRPXQH GH ]L FX ]L D VRFLHW LL ([ &DIHDXD SH FDUH R EHP GLPLQHD D HVWH R
H[SHULHQ

SHUVRQDO GDU SHUVSHFWLYD VRFLRORJLF QH GH]YOXLH SRUQLQG GH OD HD R VHULH vQWUHDJ GH DVSHFWH

QHEQXLWH OD SULPD YHGHUH )DSWXO GH D EHD R FDIHD DUH R YDORDUH VLPEROLF,

fiind o parte a ritualurilor zilnice,

uneori ritualistica servirii cafelei GLVFX LLOH FH vQVR HVF PRPHQWXO UHVSHFWLY HWF ILLQG PXOW PDL LPSRUWDQW
dect lichidul ingerat; apoi, cafeaua este un drog

GDWRULW FRQ LQXWXOXL GH FRIHLQ FH VWLPXOHD] DFWLYLWDWHD

FHUHEUDO GDU XQXO DFFHSWDW GH FWUH VRFLHWDWHD RFFLGHQWDO VSUH GLIHUHQ

GH DOWH VRFLHW L FDUH R UHVSLQJ

$FHDVWD QH WULPLWH OD UHJXOLOH L PHFDQLVPHOH GH DFFHSWDUHH[FOXGHUH D GLIHULWRU IDSWH VRFLDOH vQ SOXV FHDFD

de cafea pe care o bem este un element dintr-XQ ODQ

vQ OXPHD vQWUHDJ

GH UHOD LL HFRQRPLFH L VRFLDOH

complicate ce se ntinde

GH OD SURGXFWRULL GH FDIHD WUHFkQG SULQ SURFHVHOH GH WUDQVSRUW L GLVWULEX LH WRDWH

GHVIXUkQGX-VH SH ED]D XQRU WUDQ]DF LL FH LPSOLF XQ PDUH QXPU LQGLYL]L DIOD L OD PLL GH NLORPHWUL
GHSUWDUH $L PXOW H[LVW XQ DVSHFW

istoric foarte important al acestui act, legat de procesul de expansiune

RFFLGHQWDO L GH FRORQL]DUH D FRQWLQHQWHORU DIULFDQ L VXG-DPHULFDQ vQWUH FRQVHFLQ HOH FURUD V-D QXPUDW L
GLYHUVLILFDUHD GLHWHL HXURSHQH ,DW FXP IDSWXO VLPSOX DO FRQVXPULL XQXL SUHSDUDW VLPSOX QH SRDWH GH]YOXL R
vQWUHDJ OXPH GH UHOD LL VRFLDOH GLQWUH FHOH PDL FRPSOLFDWH L LQWHUHVDQWH 9 $QWKRQ\ *LGGHQV  S -

20).
Q UDSRUW FX GLPHQVLXQHD RELHFWXOXL DQDOL]HL VRFLRORJLFH GXS JUDGXO GH FXSULQGHUH DO WHRULHL VDX vQ UDSRUW

cu tipurile de grupuri, structuri ori procese cercetate, putem vorbi despre o microsociologie FH DQDOL]HD]
JUXSXULOH PLFL IDPLOLD JUXSXULOH GH SULHWHQL YHFLQW LOH HWF LQWHUDF LXQLOH GH WLS ID
RUL VWUXFWXULOH VRFLDOH SULYLWH GH DSURDSH SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ

vQ ID



SURFHVHOH

GHWDOLLOH LQWHUDF LXQLL VRFLDOH L GHVSUH R

macrosociologie SUHRFXSDW GH JUXSXULOH PDUL GH VRFLHWDWHD FD vQWUHJ GH]YROWkQG WHRULL FH FDXW V H[SOLFH
VWUXFWXULOH L SURFHVHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH GLQ VRFLHWDWH UHOD LLOH VRFLDOH SULYLWH vQ DQVDPEOX 2ULFDUH DU IL PRGXO

GH OXFUX SXWHP DILUPD F VRFLRORJLD vQGHSOLQHWH R VHULH GH IXQF LL VXJHUDWH GHMD vQ GLVFX LD DQWHULRDU R
IXQF LH H[SR]LWLY GH GHVFULHUH D UHDOLW LL VRFLDOH R IXQF LH H[SOLFDWLY VWDELOLQG UHOD LL vQWUH IDSWHOH L
HYHQLPHQWHOH VRFLDOH R IXQF LH GH DPHOLRUDUH D YLH LL VRFLDOH,

prin cerFHWDUHD IHQRPHQHORU FULWLFD UHDOLW LORU

SUREOHPDWLFH L SURSXQHUHD GH VROX LL FH SRW IL LQWHJUDWH vQ GLIHULWH SROLWLFL VRFLDOH

'DF GHVSUH VRFLRORJLH FD WLLQ

VH SRDWH YRUEL DELD vQFHSkQG FX VHFROXO DO ;,;-lea,

OPXULUHD FRQGL LHL XPDQH vQ FRQWH[WXO VX VSHFLILF GH H[LVWHQ



preocuparea pentru

FDUH HVWH FHO FROHFWLY GDWHD] FX PXOW

vQDLQWHD PRPHQWXOXL UHVSHFWLY 'XS FXP VSXQHDP FRQGL LD WLLQ HORU VRFLDOH VH OHDJ vQ PRG HVHQ LDO GH
vQFHUFDUHD GH D IRUPXOD R HWLF VRFLDO VHFXODU UD LRQDO RU DFesta

este un proces spiritual de mare

DQYHUJXU LQL LDW vQ FXOWXUD RFFLGHQWDO GH ILORVRILD JUHDF HODERUDW vQ VHFROHOH 9-IV

dar mai ales Aristotel (Politica, Etica

. Hr. Platon (Legile),

VXQW SULPHOH QXPH FH WUHEXLH V DSDU vQWU-R OLVW D

precursorilor

VRFLRORJLHL Q HSRFD PHGLHYDO SUREOHPHOH OHJDWH GH RUJDQL]DUHD L FRQGXFHUHD VRFLHW LL VXQW LQWHJUDWH
GLVFXUVXOXL WHRORJLF JkQGLWRULL FUHWLQL FDWROLFL SUHFXP )HULFLWXO $XJXVWLQ %HUQDUG GH &ODLUYDX[ -RKQ GH

Salisbury, Thomas dAquino, Marsiglio

GD 3DGRYD :LOOLDP GH 2FNDP HWF RIHULQG vQ OXFUULOH ORU

HOHPHQWHOH XQHLD GLQWUH FHOH PDL SURIXQGH vQ HOHJHUL D VRFLHW LL L D QDWXULL XPDQH 3HULRDGD WLLQ HORU VRFLDOH
PRGHUQH vQFHSH vQ PRG FRQYHQ LRQDO FX VHFROXO DO ;9,,-OHD 3HQWUX F GHMD QXPUXO

precursorilor

sociologiei devine semnificativ, este util a-L FODVLILFD SH DFHWLD GXS FULWHULXO WUDGL LHL FXOWXUDOH QD LRQDOH GLQ
FDUH SURYLQ $VWIHO vQ FHHD FH SULYHWH WUDGL LD EULWDQLF D FUHL WUVWXU GHILQLWRULH SXWHP FRQVLGHUD F HVWH

contractualismul

L GHFL WHQGLQ D GH D SXQH DFFHQWXO SH LQGLYL]LL QDWXUDOL GH XQGH L LGHHD GUHSWXULORU

QDWXUDOH HODERUDW GH EULWDQLFL vL YRP DPLQWL SH HQJOH]LL 7KRPDV +REEHV - L -RKQ /RFNH  vQ VHFROXO XUPWRU SH VFR LHQLL XWLOLWDULWL $Gam

Smith (1723- L 'DYLG +XPH -1793), apoi

din nou pe englezii Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) SULPXO FUWXUDU FH D IRORVLW WHUPHQXO GH WLLQ  VRFLDO
L - 6 0LOO -1873).

n finalul listei l vom plasa pe Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) primul sociolog

EULWDQLF L GXS XQLL LVWRULFL DL GLVFLSOLQHL L FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW GLQ DFHDVW WUDGL LH
7UDGL LD IUDQFH] GH ILORVRILH VRFLDO YD DFFHQWXD GLPSRWULY VRFLHWDWHD FD IHQRPHQ VXSUDLQGLYLGXDO
$LFL WUHEXLH DPLQWL L EDURQXO GH 0RQWHVTXLHX 89-1755),

iluministul Jean-Jaques Rousseau (1712-1778),

conservatorii Loius de Bonald (1754- L -RVHSK GH 0DLVWUH - L +HQUL GH 6DLQW-Simon (1760 FDUH D vQFHUFDW V IRUPXOH]H R SR]L LH PHGLDQ vQWUH FRQWUDFWXDOLVPXO EULWDQLF L FRQVHUYatorismul
IUDQFH] (OHYXO FHOXL GLQ XUP HVWH FRQVLGHUDW L vQWHPHLHWRUXO VRFLRORJLHL PRGHUQH ILLQG FHO FDUH D DOFWXLW

numele disciplinei: Auguste Comte (1798-1857).

&DUDFWHULVWLF WUDGL LHL

germane

HVWH SUHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX FRQVWUXF LD LGHQWLW LL VXELHFWive

ntr-un context

LVWRULF GDW GDU L SHQWUX HODERUDUHD VHQVXOXL OXQWULF DO XQHL FXOWXUL 'HVLJXU HD vL YD FXSULQGH SH ,PPDQXHO

Kant (1724-D FUXL LQIOXHQ  DVXSUD PRGXOXL FXP DUDW vQWUHJXO HGLILFLX DO WLLQ HL PRGHUQH QX SRDWH IL
H[DJHUDW SH

elevul acestuia, Johann Gottfried von Herder (1770-

LQL LDWRUXO URPDQWLVPXOXL L DO

istorismului, pe G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831), pe filosoful culturii Wilhelm Dilthey (1833-1911), pe filosoful

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-

L SH

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

HFRQRPLVW ILORVRI L FRQVLGHUDW WRWRGDW

primul sociolog german.

Fondatorii

GLVFLSOLQHL VRFLRORJLFH vQ VHQVXO VX PRGHUQ VXQW FRQVLGHUD L D IL XUPWRULL R SDUWH GLQWUH

DFHWLD DX IRVW PHQ LRQD L GHMD L vL YRP UHOXD EULWDQLFXO +HUEHUW 6SHQFHU IUDQFH]LL $XJXVWH &RPWH L (PLO

Durkheim (1858-1918), germanii Karl Marx, Georg Simmel (1858-

L 0D[ :HEHU -1920),

italienii G. Mosca (1858-1941), V. Pareto (1876-1936), americanii George Herbert Mead (1863-
Talcott Parsons (1902-1973).

QWUXFkW VSD LXO QX QH SHUPLWH R DQDOL] PDL GHWDOLDW D LGHLORU DFHVWRUD ILLQG

DEVROXW QHFHVDU L DLFL FRQVXOWDUHD ELEOLRJUDILHL QH YRP OLPLWD OD D SUHFL]D H[WUHP GH VXFFLQW FHHD FH
FRQVLGHUP D IL HVHQ D JkQGLULL VRFLRORJLFH FX SULYLUH OD PRGHUQLWDWH D XQRUD GLQWUH FHL SUH]HQWD L GUHSW

fondatori ai disciplinei.
1.

/XPHD VH PLF vQ GLUHF LD VSRULULL RUGLQLL L DUPRQLHL + 6SHQFHU

2.

2PHQLUHD HYROXHD] vQ GLUHF LD XQHL OXPL GRPLQDWH GH WLLQ

3.

&DSLWDOLVPXO VH ED]HD] SH H[SORDWDUHD PXQFLWRULORU GH FWUH FDSLWDOLWL . 0DU[

4.

/XPHD PRGHUQ RIHU PDL SX LQ FRH]LXQH PRUDO GHFkW R IFHDX VRFLHW LOH DQWHULRDUH ( 'XUNKHLP

5.

(FRQRPLD ILQDQFLDU L PHWURSROD VXQW VLPEROXULOH PRGHUQLW LL L DULLOH ]RQHOH vQ FDUH OXPHD PRGHUQ

 $ &RPWH

poate fi cel maL ELQH vQ HOHDV * 6LPPHO

6.

/XPHD PRGHUQ HVWH R FXF GH ILHU SURGXV GH VLVWHPH UD LRQDOH GLQ FDUH QX H[LVW VFSDUH 0 :HEHU

7.

6RFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW GH R VSRULUH D DF LXQLORU ORJLFH DOH LQGLYL]LORU XPDQL 9 3DUHWR

8. Societatea este XQ VLVWHP LQWHJUDW GH VWUXFWXUL L IXQF LL VRFLDOH 7 3DUVRQV

9.

0RGXO FXP JkQGHVF RDPHQLL FD L FRQFHS LLOH ORU GHVSUH HL vQLL VXQW PRGHODWH GH H[SHULHQ HOH ORU

sociale (G. H. Mead).

II: METODE DE CERCETARE S2&,2/2*,&
([LVW GRX PDUL WUDGL LL GH FHUFHWDUH HPSLULF vQ VRFLRORJLH L GHL GLIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH HOH VXQW OLPSH]L GXS
FXP VH YD YHGHD WUHEXLH VSXV F H[LVW WRWXL L XQ QXPU LPSRUWDQW GH HOHPHQWH FH OH DSURSLH UHXQLQGX-le

cadrele mai generale ale disciplinei. Prima dintre ele se bazHD]

SH FUHGLQ D

L FKLDU SH LPSHUDWLYXO

ca

VRFLRORJLD V RIHUH DQDOL]H RELHFWLYH WLLQ LILFH DOH IHQRPHQHORU VRFLDOH (D vL DIO UGFLQLOH vQ WUDGL LD
PRGHUQ SR]LWLYLVW FH D GRPLQDW FXQRDWHUHD WLLQ LILF vQFHSkQG FX VHFROHOH DO ;9,,-lea

al XVIII-OHD L

FDUH DILUP F YLD D VRFLDO WUHEXLH DQDOL]DW vQ DFHODL PRG vQ FDUH HVWH VWXGLDW QDWXUD GH FWUH WLLQ HOH
QDWXUDOH PDWHPDWLF IL]LF ELRORJLH JHRORJLH HWF Q DFHDVW SHUVSHFWLY IHQRPHQHOH VRFLDOH SRW IL
H[SOLFDWH SXQkQG vQ HYLGHQ

UHOD LLOH FDX]DOH GLQWUH HOH $VSHFWHOH VRFLDOH PVXUDELOH VXVFHSWLELOH GH D VH

schimba sunt denumite variabile

este denumit

)HQRPHQXO FH SURGXFH VDX OPXUHWH FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XQXL DOW IHQRPHQ

YDULDELO LQGHSHQGHQW LDU IHQRPHQXO SH FDUH GRULP V-l

expliFP

HVWH QXPLW YDULDELO

GHSHQGHQW 'H SLOG GDF WLQHULL IXPHD] PDL PXOW GHFkW UHVWXO SRSXOD LHL SUREDELO F FHYD OHJDW GH IDSWXO

GH D IL WkQU JHQHUHD] IXPDWXO GHRDUHFH HVWH HYLGHQW F QX IXPDWXO SURGXFH VWDUHD GH WLQHUH H 'DWH

cantitative

PVXUDbile)

privitoare la ambele variabile trebuie colectate ntr-R

VLVWHPDWLF SHQWUX D SXWHD IL XWLOL]DWH vQWU-o

Cea de-D

PDQLHU ULJXURDV L

cercetare.

GRXD WUDGL LH GH FHUFHWDUH SRUQHWH GH OD SUHVXSR]L LL FRQWUDUH DIOkQGX-L UGFLQLOH vQ WUDGL LD

antropRORJLHL

VRFLDOH GH FHUFHWDUH HWQRJUDILF $LFL DFFHQWXO VH SXQH SH vQ HOHJHUHD vQ SURIXQ]LPH D

VHQVXULORU FXOWXUDOH D SHUFHS LLORU VXELHFWLYH L D GLQDPLFLL LQWHUVXEELHFWLYH D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VRFLDO

UHDOLWDWHD VRFLDO HVWH FRQVLGHUDW RQWRORJLF GLIHULW GH FHD QDWXUDO L GHFL PHWRGHOH GH FHUFHWDUH DOH VRFLHW LL
QX SRW IL DFHOHDL FX FHOH DSOLFDWH OXPLL QDWXUDOH $FHVW GHPHUV VH ED]HD] SH WHKQLFL GH FROHFWDUH D XQRU GDWH

calitative (precum REVHUYD LD

SDUWLFLSDWLY PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH ED]DW SH REVHUYD LH L vQ FDUH FHUFHWWRUXO

LD SDUWH OD YLD D JUXSXOXL RUL D FRPXQLW LL SH FDUH YUHD V R VWXGLH]H FH SHUPLW VRFLRORJXOXL V DLE
H[SHULHQ D GLUHFW D FXOWXULL SH FDUH R DQDOL]HD]
QWUXFkW SUREOHPDWLFD PHWRGRORJLF SXQH FHOH PDL SX LQH SUREOHPH GH vQ HOHJHUH L HVWH XRU GH VWXGLDW FX

ajutorul bibliografiei anexate programei cursului de

6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO

QH YRP PXO XPL V RIHULP vQ

FRQWLQXDUH SUH]HQWDUHD VXFFLQW D SULQFLSDOLORU WHUPHQL OHJD L GH FHUFHWDUHD VRFLRORJLF HPSLULF

$QDOL] GH FRQ LQXW: PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH FH RIHU R PRGDOLWDWH VLVWHPDWLF GH D RUJDQL]D L VLQWHWL]D DWkW

FRQ LQXWXULOH PDQLIHVWH FkW L SH FHOH ODWHQWH DOH FRPXQLFULL

$QDOL] VHFXQGDU UHDQDOL]DUH D XQRU LQIRUPD LL FROHFWDWH vQ FHUFHWUL DQWHULRDUH
$QFKHW PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH FH IRORVHWH FKHVWLRQDUH VDX LQWHUYLXUL VDX DPEHOH SHQWUX D DIOD FXP JkQGHVF

RDPHQLL FH VLPW FXP DF LRQHD]

&RUHOD LH DVRFLHUH VWDWLVWLF vQWUH GRX YDULDELOH FH DUDW F vQWUH HOH H[LVW R UHOD LH VLVWHPDWLF
'HILQL LH RSHUD LRQDO:

descrierea procedurilor (indicatori etc.) prin care variabilele cuprinse ntr-R

LSRWH]

XUPHD] V ILH PVXUDWH

'HGXF LH SURFHVXO GH WUHFHUH GH OD WHRULH OD REVHUYD LL IDFWXDOH SULQ WHVWDUHD LSRWH]HORU H[WUDVH GLQ WHRULH
(DQWLRQ XQ QXPU OLPLWDW GH LQGLYL]L VHOHFWDW GLQ SRSXOD LD GH VWXGLDW 8Q HDQWLRQ DOHDWRU HVWH VHOHFWDW

DVWIHO vQFkW ILHFDUH PHPEUX DO SRSXOD LHL V DLE DFHHDL DQV GH D IL DOHV
(WDSHOH XQHL FHUFHWUL VRFLRORJLFH WUHFHUHD vQ UHYLVW D ELEOLRJUDILHL WHPHL UHVSHFWLYH GHILQLUHD SUREOHmei;

DOHJHUHD

XQHL

PHWRGH

GH

FHUFHWDUH

FXOHJHUHD

LQIRUPD LLORU

DQDOL]DUHD

LQIRUPD LLORU

H[WUDJHUHD

FRQFOX]LLORU L HODERUDUHD UDSRUWXOXL GH FHUFHWDUH

Experiment PHWRG GH FHUFHWDUH vQ FDUH VXELHF LL VXQW SODVD L vQWU-R VLWXD LH VSHFLDO FUHDW SULQ vQregistrarea
VLVWHPDWLF D UHDF LLORU VXELHF LORU FHUFHWWRUXO SRDWH VWDELOL HIHFWHOH GLHIULWHORU YDULDELOH

Grup de control

LQGLYL]LL FH QX VXQW H[SXL DF LXQLL YDULDELOHL LQGHSHQGHQWH vQ FXUVXO XQXL H[SHULPHQW

oferind experimentatorului posibilitatea GH D UHDOL]D R FRPSDUD LH FX FHL FDUH VXQW H[SXL DF LXQLL DFHVWHLD
Grup experimental

LQGLYL]LL H[SXL DF LXQLL YDULDELOHL LQGHSHQGHQWH vQ FXUVXO XQXL H[SHULPHQW L DOH FURU

UHDF LL VXQW XUPULWH

,QGXF LH SURFHVXO GH WUHFHUH GH OD REVHUYD LL IDFWXDOH GDWH OD JHQHUDOL]UL WHRUHWLFH
,SRWH] R SURSR]L LH GHVSUH PRGXO vQ FDUH GRX VDX PDL PXOWH YDULDELOH VH LQIOXHQ HD] VDX VH DIO vQ UDSRUW

XQD ID

 GH FHDODOW

Metode de cercetare: principalele metode de cercetare utilizate n sociologie sunt: expeULPHQWXO REVHUYD LD
DQFKHWD L DQDOL]D GRFXPHQWDU

Teorie XQ VHW GH SURSR]L LL FRUHODWH FH RIHU H[SOLFD LL FX SULYLUH OD UHOD LLOH GLQWUH FRQFHSWHOH VDX YDULDELOHOH
majore.
&HUFHWDUHD VRFLRORJLF ULGLF R VHULH vQWUHDJ GH SUREOHPH GH HWLF DWkW LQWHUQH GH WLSXO FLQH V
SULPHDVF DSUHFLHUL SHQWUX PXQFD GHVIXUDW vQWU-XQ SURFHV D FUXL UHXLW GHSLQGH DGHVHD GH IRDUWH PXO L
RDPHQL UH]XOWDWHOH FHUFHWULL SUH]LQW vQFUHGHUH VDX DX IRVW H[DJHUDWH RUL FKLDU IDOVLILFDWH SHQWUX D UVSXQGH

unor comenzi H[WHUQH GDU PDL DOHV H[WHUQH YL]kQG UHOD LD FX RDPHQLL DVXSUD FURUD VH HIHFWXHD] FHUFHWDUHD
Q FHHD FH SULYHWH DFHDVW D GRXD FDWHJRULH GH SUREOHPH HWLFH HOH VH SXQ vQ PRG GHRVHELW DWXQFL FkQG
FHUFHWDUHD VH ED]HD] SH REVHUYD LD SDUWLFLSDWLY H[ VXQW VDX QX LQGLYL]LL REVHUYD L OD FXUHQW FX VWDWXWXO UHDO
DO FHUFHWWRUXOXL VXQW HL VDX QX GH DFRUG FX SXEOLFDUHD UH]XOWDWHORU FHUFHWULL HWF VDX SH H[SHULPHQW XQHOH

experimente s-au dovedit de-D GUHSWXO QRFLYH IU FD VXELHF LL LPSOLFD L VD IL IRVW GH OD EXQ vQFHSXW LQIRUPD L
FX SULYLUH OD SRVLELOHOH FRQVHFLQ H SH FkQG DQFKHWD VRFLRORJLF ULGLF FHOH PDL SX LQH SUREOHPH GHRDUHFH
LQGLYL]LL SRW UHIX]D SXU L VLPSOX V SDUWLFLSH OD LQWHUYLX RUL FKHVWLRQDU

III. CULTURA
Tema culturii este cea carH DSURSLH FHO PDL PXOW VRFLRORJLD GH DQWURSRORJLH GLIHUHQ HOH GH SHUVSHFWLY ILLQG
DLFL PDL GHJUDE QHLPSRUWDQWH Q FHHD FH SULYHWH GHILQL LD WHUPHQXOXL DX IRVW LQYHQWDULDWH VXWH GH DVWIHO GH
WHQWDWLYH vQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH GDU SUREDELO F PRGul

cel mai potrivit de a ne referi la acest aspect este

GH D VSXQH F SkQ L GHILQL LD FXOWXULL GHSLQGH GH FXOWXU $VWIHO vQ JHUPDQ VFDQGLQDY L OLPELOH VODYH
WHUPHQXO WLQGH V VH UHIHUH OD XQ PRG GH YLD

SDUWLFXODU DO XQXL SRSRU VDX DO XQXL JUXS

ori caracteristic

SHQWUX R DQXPLW SHULRDG Q IUDQFH] L LWDOLDQ vQV FXOWXUD VH DSOLF PDL GHJUDE DUWHORU HGXFD LHL L
SURFHVXOXL JHQHUDO GH IRUPDUH XPDQ Q OLPED URPkQ RUL vQ HQJOH] JVLP DPEHOH VHQVXUL DOH WHUPHQXOXL
3HQWUX D RIHUL WRWXL R GHILQL LH V VSXQHP F SULQ FXOWXU vQ HOHJHP WRWDOLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU FH DOFWXLHVF
PRGXO GH YLD

DO XQXL JUXS VDX DO XQHL VRFLHW L $FHVWHD VH vPSDUW vQ DVSHFWH SURGXVH PDWHULDOH L DVSHFWH

non-PDWHULDOH OLPEDMXO L DOWH WLSXUL GH VLPEROXUL PRGXULOH GH JkQGLUH L DF LXQH VWUXFWXUDWH L vPSUWLWH GH
JUXSXUL vQWUHJL GH RDPHQL FUHGLQ HOH YDORULOH QRUPHOH L RELFHLXULOH
6 SUHFL]P FkWHYD GLQWUH DFHVWH FRQFHSWH

Normele

VXQW UHJXOL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW vPSUWLWH VDX UHJXOL

cu privire la ceea ce este acceptabil (potrivit) sau inacceptabil (nepotrivit) ntr-R VLWXD LH RUL DOWD (OH vL DMXW
SH RDPHQL V DQWLFLSH]H UHDF LLOH FHORUODO L ID

GH IDSWHOH SURSULL *UDGXO GH LPSRUWDQ

DO QRUPHORU GLIHU L

RGDW FX HO L PVXUD vQ FDUH HVWH SHUPLV vQFOFDUHD ORU 2ELFHLXULOH VXQW UHJXOL L FRQYHQ LL DOH YLH LL SH FDUH
RDPHQLL OH XUPHD] IU PXOW UHIOHF LH H[ RELFHLXO GH D PkQFD WUHL PHVH SH ]L GH D VHUYL GXOFLXULOH OD
VIkULWXO PHVHL HWF 0RUDYXULOH VXQW QRUPH SH FDUH RDPHQLL OH FRQVLGHU YLWDOH SHQWUX EXQVWDUHD ORU L D
FURU UHVSHFWDUH HVWH XUPULW vQ PRG VSHFLDO H[ SURKLEL LD LQFHVWXOXL D FDQLEDOLVPXOXL /HJLOH VXQW QRUPH
RILFLDOL]DWH L VDQF LRQDWH SULQ DXWRULWDWHD VWDWXOXL 7RDWH DFHVWH HOHPHQWH DOH FXOWXULL VH PDQLIHVW PDL PXOW

saX PDL SX LQ FRQVWUkQJWRU vQ UDSRUW FX LQGLYL]LL vQ VHQVXO F vQFOFDUH ORU HVWH XUPDW GH VDQF LXQL QHJDWLYH
VSUH GLIHUHQ

GH VDQF LXQLOH SR]LWLYH UHVSHFWLY UHFRPSHQVHOH GH GLIHULWH LQWHQVLW L 6DQF LXQLOH VXQW

IRUPDOH SR]LWLYH SURPRYUL UHFRPSHQVH ILQDQFLDUH PHGDOLL QHJDWLYH DPHQ]L HOLEHUDUHD GLQ IXQF LH
SHGHSVH SHQDOH L LQIRUPDOH SR]LWLYH DSUREDUH DIHF LXQH ODXGH QHJDWLYH GH]DSUREDUH LQVXOWH H[FOXGHUHD

din grup).
1RUPHOH GHULY GLQ

valorile XQHL FXOWXUL DGLF GLQ LGHLOH JHQHUDOH vPSUWLWH GH RDPHQL GHVSUH FHHD FH H

ELQH VDX UX MXVW VDX LQMXVW GH]LUDELO VDX LQGH]LUDELO 'LIHUHQ D GLQWUH HOH HVWH F QRUPHOH UHSUH]LQW UHJXOL GH
FRPSRUWDPHQW LDU YDORULOH RIHU FULWHULL VDX VWDQGDUGH SH FDUH OH XWLOL]P SHQWUX D HYDOXD FRPSRUWDmentul.

Simbolurile

VXQW RELHFWH VDX VHPQH FH SURGXF R UHDF LH VRFLDO FRPXQ (OH VH SURGXF L VH GH]YROW vQ

VRFLHWDWH L SRW DYHD R PXOWLSOLFLWDWH GH VHQVXUL

Limbajul

FHO PDL GH]YROWDW VLVWHP VLPEROLF FRQVW GLQ

simboluri scrise sau vorbite, combinate ntr-un sistem guvernat de reguli. Limbajul are un rol decisiv att n
SURGXFHUHD VRFLHW LL HVWH XQ HOHPHQW IXQGDPHQWDO vQ SURFHVXO GH FRPXQLFDUH VRFLDO FkW L SHQWUX
vQFHUFULOH GH vQ HOHJHUH D XQHL VRFLHW L RUL FXOWXUL
7RDWH VRFLHW LOH XPDQH SDU V vPSUWHDVF DQXPLWH WUVWXUL FXOWXUDOH FX WRDWH F IRUPHOH FRQFUHWH SH
FDUH DFHVWHD OH LDX SRW IL H[WUHP GH GLIHULWH $FHVWHD SRDUW QXPHOH GH

universalii culturale L LQFOXG IRORVLUHD

OLPEDMXOXL L D DOWRU WLSXUL GH VLPEROXUL H[LVWHQ D QRUPHORU L D YDORULORU L WHQVLXQHD GLQWUH

etnocentrism

WHQGLQ D GH D SURYL QRUPHOH L YDORULOH SURSULHL FXOWXUL FD ILLQG DEVROXWH L GH D OH IRORVL GUHSW VWDQGDUGH
SHQWUX MXGHFDUHD DOWRU FXOWXUL L

relativismul cultural

LGHHD F HOHPHQWHOH XQHL FXOWXUL WUHEXLH SULYLWH L

HYDOXDWH vQ FRQWH[WXO SDUWLFXODU FUXLD vL DSDU LQ

([LVWHQ D FXOWXULORU QX vQVHDPQ F WR L LQGLYL]LL FH-L DSDU LQ VH YRU FRPSRUWD vQWRWGHDXQD OD IHO 0DL DOHV
vQ FD]XO FXOWXULORU H[WUHP GH ODUJL L FRPSOH[H GLYHUVLWDWHD HOHPHQWHORU SDUH V ILH UHJXOD 8QHOH GLQWUH

elementele sale distincte pot forma baza unei subculturi

DL FUHL PHPEUL vPSUWHVF HOHPHQWHOH FXOWXULL

JHQHUDOH D VRFLHW LL GDU SVWUHD] WRWRGDW XQ VHW GH YDORUL QRUPH L VWLOXUL GH YLD

GLVWLQFWLYH H[ JUXSXUL

reOLJLRDVH HWQLFH RFXSD LRQDOH HWF Contraculturile sunt grupurile care au seturi de valori, norme, interese,
FUHGLQ H VWLOXUL GH YLD

SDUWLFXODUH L FDUH VXQW vQ FRQIOLFW FX WUVWXULOH GRPLQDQWH DOH FXOWXULL PDL ODUJL vQ

LQWHULRUXO FUHLD VH PDQLIHVW H[ JUXSXULOH GHOLQFYHQWH XQHOH VHFWH UHOLJLRDVH FXOWXUD KLSS\ HWF
2 FXOWXU vQVHDPQ PDL PXOW GHFkW VXPD HOHPHQWHORU VDOH GHRDUHFH DFHVWHD VXQW LQWHJUDWH vQWU-R PDQLHU
VHPQLILFDWLY vQ DQVDPEOX SHQWUX D IRUPD XQ WRW FRPSOH[ 0VXUD vQ FDUH SU LOH XQHL FXOWXUL DOFWXLHVF XQ
vQWUHJ FRQVLVWHQW L LQWHJUDW VH QXPHWH LQWHJUDUH FXOWXUDO Q DFHVW VHQV HVWH HYLGHQW F VXEFXOWXULOH L

contraculturile sunt elemente decisive n aprecierea gradului de integrare al unei culturi.

&RQFHSWXO GH FXOWXU QH FRQIUXQW FX XQ SDUDGR[ VSHFLILF GHDOWIHO IDSWXOXL GH D WUL vQ FDGUH VRFLDOH QH
SXQH OD vQGHPkQ LQVWUXPHQWHOH IRUPULL QRDVWUH FD LQGLYL]L GDU SH GH DOW SDUWH UHJXOLOH VDOH QH OLPLWHD]
LQGLYLGXDOLVPXO 3ULQ vQVL QDWXUD VD FXOWXUD vQFXUDMHD] XQLIRUPLWDWHD FRQIRUPLWDWHD LQWHUGHSHQGHQ D L vQ
DFHODL WLPS RIHU FRQWH[WXO vQ FDUH SXWHP DVSLUD OD R LQGLYLGXDOLWDWH SURSULH $D FXP REVHUYD XQ VRFLRORJ
QH PLFP XRU vQ KDPXUL

IV. I1',9,' , 62&,(7$7( (SOCIALIZARE, STATUS/ROL, '(9,$1 , &2NTROL)

'LQ PRPHQWXO DSDUL LHL QRDVWUH SH OXPH vQFHSHP V vQY

P

FXP V WULP vQ VRFLHWDWH 5HJXOLOH FH YL]HD]

FRQGXLWD LQGLYLGXDO VXQW GXS FXP DP PDL DUWDW vQ DFHODL WLPS UHJXOL VRFLDOH 'DF SVLKRORJLD SXQH

accentul n cadrul acestui proces pe foUPDUHD

SHUVRQDOLW L DWULEXWHOH L DELOLW LOH XQLFH SDUWLFXODUH DOH

ILHFUHL SHUVRDQH VRFLRORJLD H SUHRFXSDW GH

socializare

SURFHVXO GH vQY DUH D UROXULORU VWDWXVXULORU L

YDORULORU QHFHVDUH SDUWLFLSULL LQGLYLGXOXL OD YLD D VRFLDO &RQFHSWXO GH

rol

VRFLDO VH UHIHU OD GUHSWXULOH L

REOLJD LLOH XQHL SHUVRDQH FH vQGHSOLQHWH R DQXPLW IXQF LH vQWU-XQ JUXS VRFLDO H[ WDW SURIHVRU VWXGHQW
PHGLF MXGHFWRU HWF &RQFHSWXO FRUHODW GH
VSHFLDOL]DW vQWU-un

status

VRFLDO VH UHIHU OD FROHF LD GH UROXUL DVRFLDWH FX R SR]L LH

grup social (ex. statusul de profesor de liceu se poate asocia cu rolurile de profesor de

VSRUW DQWUHQRU DO HFKLSHL GH EDVFKHW D OLFHXOXL UHSUH]HQWDQW VLQGLFDO DO FDGUHORU GLGDFWLFH HWF 2 UH HD
LQWHUFRQHFWDW GH VWDWXVXUL L UROXUL DVRFLDWH DFHVWRUD IRUPHD] R VWUXFWXU VRFLDO 6WDWXVXO VH UHIHU OD
SR]L LD LQGLYLGXOXL vQ VWUXFWXUD VRFLDO LDU UROXO OD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO DWHSWDW GH OD FHO FDUH RFXS XQ DQXPLW

status. Statusurile pot fi prescrise

FHOH SULPLWH OD QDWHUH VDX SH SDUFXUVXO YLH LL L FDUH QX SRW IL vQ PRG

normal, modificate de individ

H[ VH[XO UDVD QD LRQDOLWDWHD VWDWXVXULOH DVRFLDWH FX YkUVWD HWF VDX

dobndite SULQ HIRUWXUL SURSULL vQ PRG WUDGL LRQDO FHOH HGXFD LRQDOH L SURIHVLRQDOH
Prin socializarH GHSULQGHP PRGXULOH GH JkQGLUH VLP LUH L DF LXQH IU GH FDUH SDUWLFLSDUHD OD FRPXQLW LOH
VRFLDOH DU IL GH QHJkQGLW SULQ VRFLDOL]DUH VRFLHWDWHD VH SHUSHWXHD] WUDQVPL kQGX-L PRWHQLUHD FXOWXUDO GH OD
R JHQHUD LH OD DOWD 7HRULD VRFLRORJLF FH D GH]EWXW

in extenso

FKHVWLXQHD VRFLDOL]ULL HVWH LQWHUDF LRQLVPXO

simbolic

vQ FDUH VH SXQH DFFHQWXO SH LQWHUDF LXQH SH UROXO DFWRUXOXL vQ QHJRFLHUHD VLWXD LLORU L DVXPDUHD

UROXULORU FD PHFDQLVPH GH vQY DUH D QRUPHORU L UROXULORU VRFLDOH 6HPQLILFD LLOH VXELHFWLYH DOH DF LXQLORU
XPDQH L PRGXULOH vQ FDUH RDPHQLL GH]YROW L FRPXQLF VHQVXUL FRPXQH VXQW GHFLVLYH vQ DFHVW SURFHV
$OWH WHRULL VRFLRORJLFH SUHRFXSDWH GH WHPD VRFLDOL]ULL VXQW

inspirate de teorii psiKRORJLFH

H[WHUQH DFHVWXLD RDPHQLL vQYD

behaviorismul

L WHRULD GH]YROWULL,

ambele

3ULPD SUHVXSXQH F DFWHOH LQGLYLGXOXL VXQW FRQGL LRQDWH GH HYHQLPHQWH

 V

UHSHWH JHVWXULOH SURGXFWRDUH GH UHFRPSHQVH L V OH HYLWH SH FHOH

SURGXFWRDUH GH GLVFRQIRUW &HD GH-D GRXD SUHVXSXQH F H[LVW VWDGLL VXFFHVLYH GH GH]YROWDUH FRJQLWLY L
PRUDO FH FRUHVSXQG PDWXUL]ULL IL]LRORJLFH DFFHQWXO F]kQG GHFL SH SURFHVH LQWHULRDUH LQGLYLGXOXL
6RFLDOL]DUHD HVWH XQ SURFHV FH GXUHD] SUDFWLF vQWUHDJD YLD

adapta la noi

 VXQWHP SXL vQ SHUPDQHQ  vQ VLWXD

LD GH D QH

L QRL VLWXD LL L UHDOLW L VRFLDOH GH D vQY D UROXUL QRL L GH D QH GH]YROWD LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD

6RFLRORJLD GLVWLQJH WRWXL WUHL IRUPH PDMRUH GH VRFLDOL]DUH VRFLDOL]DUH SULPDU GH]YROWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL L
vQY DUHD GH UROXUL FH VH SHWUHFH vQ SHULRDGD FRSLOULHL VRFLDOL]DUH DQWLFLSDWLY vQY DUHD GH UROXUL PHQLW V
QH SUHJWHDVF SHQWUX UROXULOH SH FDUH OH YRP DYHD vQWU-XQ VWDGLX XOWHULRU DO YLH LL L
DWXQFL FkQG QH VFKLPEP UDGLFDO PRGXO GH YLD

resocializare (se petrece

L GHILQL LD DQWHULRDU GHVSUH VLQH 3ULQFLSDOLL DJHQ L DL

DFHVWXL SURFHV VH FRQVLGHU D IL IDPLOLD FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW DJHQW DO VRFLDOL]ULL FRDOD JUXSXULOH GH SULHWHQL
PLMORDFHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV DSDUWHQHQ D UHOLJLRDV FDGUHOH DFWLYLW LL SURIHVLRQDOH
*UDQL HOH

dintre ceea ce este acceptabil respectiv inacceptabil din punct de vedere social nu sunt

vQWRWGHDXQD FODUH L IL[H VRFLHW LOH DX ]RQH GH YDULD LH SHUPLVLY vQ MXUXO PDMRULW LL QRUPHORU 7RWXL R
DEDWHUH GLQFROR GH DFHVWH ]RQH YD IL VDQF LRQDW SULQ Pecanisme

specifice de control social, concept care se

UHIHU OD IRU HOH L SURFHVHOH FH vQFXUDMHD] FRQIRUPDUHD OD QRUPHOH VRFLDOH $FHVWH IRU H L SURFHVH LQ DWkW GH

auto-controlul sau auto-GLVFLSOLQDUHD

QRDVWU GDWRULW LQWHUQDOL]ULL QRUPHORU L YDORULORU VRFLDOH FkW L GH

UHDF LLOH VRFLHW LL FDUH H[HUFLW XQ FRQWURO VRFLDO IRUPDO L LQIRUPDO

$FWHOH GH QRQFRQIRUPLVP FDUH YLROHD] QRUPH VRFLDOH VHPQLILFDWLYH L VXQW DSUHFLDWH vQ PRG QHJDWLY GH

societate sunt denumite acte deviante. Este important dH

UH LQXW F GHYLDQ D HVWH UHODWLY VDX DOWIHO VSXV F

nici un act nu este deviant n mod intrinsec. Ceea ce este deviant ntr-o societate poate fi admis ntr-o alta, n
IXQF LH GH QRUPHOH L YDORULOH ILHFUHLD GLQWUH HOH ([LVW R VHULH vQWUHDJ GH WHRULL VRFLRORJLFH FH H[SOLF
GHYLDQ D GLQ SHUVSHFWLYH GLIHULWH FH SXQ vQ HYLGHQ

GLYHUVH ODWXUL DOH IHQRPHQXOXL QWU-R SULP FDWHJRULH

SXWHP SODVD DD-QXPLWHOH WHRULL WUDGL LRQDOH L DQXPH WHRULD GHVSUH GHYLDQ

FD

anomie (anomia UHSUH]LQW

VLWXD LD vQ FDUH QRUPHOH VRFLHW LL GHYLQH QHFODUH RUL LQDSOLFDELOH OD FRQGL LLOH GDWH L vQ FDUH LQGLYL]LL QX PDL
DX FULWHULL FODUH FX SULYLUH OD FHHD FH H GH DWHSWDW vQ YLD D VRFLDO FXUHQW FDUH SRUQHWH GH OD vQWUHEDUHD 'H
FH RDPHQLL vQFDOF UHJXOLOH" L SUHVXSXQH F GHYLDQ D HVWH R FDUDFWHULVWLF DQRUPDO D VWUXFWXULL VRFLDOH
&DX]D IHQRPHQXOXL HVWH LGHQWLILFDW vQ H[LVWHQ D XQHL QHFRQFRUGDQ H vQWUH VFRSXULOH VRFLHW LL L PLMORDFHOH
QHFHVDUH SHQWUX RE LQHUHD ORU FHHD FH IDFH FD DFHDVW WHRULH V H[SOLFH FX SUHFGHUH GHYLDQ D FODVHORU L

grupurilor sociale defavorizate, care nu-L SRW DWLQJH VFRSXULOH SULQ PLMORDFHOH SH FDUH OH DX OD vQGHPkQ
Teoria transmisiunii culturale
grupuri socialH

SOHDF GH OD vQWUHEDUHD 'H FH HVWH GHYLDQ D PDL FDUDFWHULVWLF DQXPLWRU

GHFkW DOWRUD" L GH OD LSRWH]D F GHYLDQ D HVWH vQY DW FD RULFH DOW WLS GH FRPSRUWDPHQW

VRFLDO ([SOLFD LD FDX]HORU VH IDFH vQ WHUPHQLL GLIHUHQ HORU GLQWUH YDORULOH GLIHULWHORU VXEFXOWXUL GLQWU-o
VRFLHWDWH FRPSOH[ XQHOH VXEFXOWXUL DU DYHD YDORUL FH IDYRUL]HD] GHYLDQ D LDU DFHVWHD VXQW GHSULQVH SULQ

VRFLDOL]DUH $FHVW JHQ GH H[SOLFD LH HVWH XWLO DWXQFL FkQG vQ GLVFX LH VXQW JUXSULOH GHOLQFYHQWH EDQGHOH
]RQHOH FDUWLHUHOH vQ FDUH WULHVF SUHSRQGHUHQW SHUVRDQH GHYLDQWH HWF

Teoria controluluL

VRFLDO SRUQHWH GH OD R vQWUHEDUH RSXV FHORU IRUPXODWH GH WHRULLOH DQWHULRDUH &H vL

RSUHWH SH RDPHQL V vQFDOFH UHJXOLOH" L FRQVLGHU F GHYLDQ D HVWH QRUPDO L GLPSRWULY FRQIRUPDUHD
HVWH IHQRPHQXO FH WUHEXLH H[SOLFDW &DX]D GHYLDQ HL HVWH LGHQWLILFDW vQ DEVHQ D XQRU OHJWXUL SXWHUQLFH FX
FHLODO L L FX YDORULOH L DFWLYLW LOH VRFLDOH $VWIHO LQGLYL]LL FHL PDL VODE LQWHJUD L VRFLDO vQ IDPLOLH FRPXQLW L
GH SULHWHQL RUL SURIHVLRQDOH HWF VXQW FHL PDL vQFOLQD L FWUH DFWH GHYLDQWH

TeoriilH PRGHUQLVWH GHVSUH GHYLDQ  FXSULQG WHRULD HWLFKHWULL L WHRULD conflictului 3ULPD SRUQHWH GH OD
vQWUHEDUHD &DUH HVWH PHFDQLVPXO SULQ FDUH DQXPLWH DFWH L SHUVRDQH VXQW HWLFKHWDWH FD GHYLDQWH" L
SUHVXSXQH F GHYLDQ D HVWH UHODWLY GHSLQ]kQG GH PRGXO vQ FDUH DQXPL L RDPHQL HWLFKHWHD] IDSWHOH DOWRUD ,DU
SHUVRDQHOH DOH FURU FRPSRUWDPHQWH VXQW HWLFKHWDWH GUHSW GHYLDQWH L FDUH DFFHSW HWLFKHWD UHVSHFWLY VXQW FHL
FDUH YRU vPEU LD R FDULHU D FULPHL ([SOLFD LD IRUPXODW vQ DFHWL WHUPHQL vL YL]HD] PDL DOHV SH FHL OLSVL L
GH SXWHUH HWLFKHWD L FD GHYLDQ L GH FWUH FHL FH DX DFFHV OD VXUVHOH GH SXWHUH 7HRULD FRQIOLFWXOXL SOHDF GH OD
vQWUHEDUHD Q FH FRQGL LL DFFHVXO LQHJDO OD UHVXUVH OLPLWDWH JHQHUHD] GHYLDQ

" L FRQVLGHU F GHYLDQ

D HVWH

o UHDF LH ILUHDVF OD FRPSHWL LD L FRQIOLFWXO OHJDWH GH UHVXUVH OLPLWDWH &DX]HOH GHYLDQ HL VXQW LGHQWLILFDWH DLFL
FX LQHJDOLWDWHD L FRPSHWL LD VRFLDO H[SOLFD LD ILLQG R SDUWH D WHRULHL PDU[LVWH D FODVHORU VRFLDOH L D

conflictului dintre ele.

V. INST,78,, 62&,$/( (FAMILIE, ('8&$,(, RELIGIE, ECONOMIE, 32/,7,& , 387(5()
,QVWLWX LLOH VRFLDOH UHSUH]LQW VWUDWHJLL GH UH]ROYDUH D XQRU SUREOHPH VRFLDOH LPSRUWDQWH (OH SRW IL vQ HOHVH L
FD VHWXUL GH UROXUL VWDWXVXUL L VHPQLILFD LL DVRFLDWH DFHVWRUD FH VH GH]YROW vQ MXUXO QHFHVLW LORU IXQGDPHQWDOH
DOH VRFLHW LL

Familia HVWH XQD GLQWUH LQVWLWX LLOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH VRFLHW LL Q PRG FXUHQW VH DSUHFLD] F IXQF LLOH VDOH
VRFLDOH

VXQW

XUPWRDUHOH

UHSURGXFHUHD

IL]LF

VRFLHW LL

UHVSRQVDELOLW L HFRQRPLFH SHQWUX FHL DIOD L vQ GLUHFW GHSHQGHQ

UHJXODUL]DUHD

FRPSortamentului

sexual;

FRSLL L EWUkQL VRFLDOL]DUH D FRSLLORU

WUDQVPLWHUHD XQXL VWDWXV VRFLDO DVLJXUDUHD XQXL PHGLX GH LQWLPLWDWH L VXSRUW HPR LRQDO SHQWUX PHPEULL VL

ntruct aceste

DFWLYLW L VXQW LPSRUWDQWH SHQWUX IRUPDUHD LQGLYL]LORU L SHQWUX DVLJXUDUHD FRQWLQXLW LL

VRFLHW LL JUDGXO GH LPSRUWDQW DVRFLDW FX XQD VDX DOWD GLQWUH HOH SXWkQG V YDULH]H GH OD R VRFLHWDWH OD DOWD
HOH QX VXQW OVDWH OD GLVFUH LD OLEHUHL LQL LDWLYH D RDPHQLORU FL WRDWH VRFLHW LOH RIHU XQ FDGUX LQVWLWX LRQDO
SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD ORU $FHVW FDGUX HVWH DVRFLDW FX LQVWLWX LD IDPLOLHL GHILQLW FD XQ JUXS GH SHUVRDQH XQLWH SULQ
OHJWXUL GH VkQJH GH FVWRULH VDX DGRS LXQH FH WULHVF OD XQ ORF L FRRSHUHD] HFRQRPLF L vQ SURFHVXO GH
FUHWHUH D FRSLLORU 7LSRORJLD IDPLOLHL HVWH DPSO vQ JHQHUDO FULWHULLOH GH GLVWLQJHUH vQWUH GLIHULWHOH WLSXUL ILLQG
IXQF LRQDOH IDPLOLD QXFOHDU IRUPDW GLQ VR  VR LH L GHVFHQGHQ LL ORU GLUHF L IDPLOLD H[WLQV
L DOWH UXGH WULHVF OD XQ ORF FX PHPEULL IDPLOLHL QXFOHDUH

(atunci cnd

familia de orientare (este familia din care

individul provine), familia de procreare IDPLOLD SH FDUH L-R FUHHD] OD PDWXULWDWH 5H]LGHQ D noii formate
SRDWH IL QHRORFDO FXSOXO ORFXLHWH VHSDUDW GH FHOHODOWH UXGH PDWULORFDO FXSOXO ORFXLHWH FX IDPLOLD VR LHL
VDX SDWULORFDO FXSOXO ORFXLHWH FX IDPLOLD VR XOXL 0RGHOHOH GH DXWRULWDWH SRVLELOH vQ LQWHULRUXO IDPLOLHL VXQW

patriarhia SXWHUHD DSDU LQH SUHGRPLQDQW EUED LORU matriarhia SXWHUHD DSDU LQH IHPHLORU VDX egalitarismul
SXWHUHD HVWH vPSU LW UHODWLY HJDO vQWUH VR L 2 VHULH GH PRGLILFUL LPSRUWDQWH DX DSUXW vQ HYROX LD

PRGHOHORU IDPLOLDUH vQ XOWLPHOH GHFHQLL FDUH DX REOLJDW OD UHFRQVLGHUDUHD FDGUHORU WHRUHWLFH L DQDlitice
VRFLRORJLFH WUDGL LRQDOH YRUELQGX-VH FKLDU GH R FUL] D IDPLOLHL $FHVWHD FRQVWDX DWkW vQ WUDQVIRUPDUHD
UHOD LLORU GLQWUH IDPLOLH L VRFLHWDWH FkW L GH VFKLPEUL SHWUHFXWH vQOXQWUXO JUXSXOXL IDPLOLDO vQ UHOD LLOH GLQWUH
PHPEULL VL YH]L 0LKLlescu,

2000: pp. 210-220).

(GXFD LD R DOW LQVWLWX LH IXQGDPHQWDO D VRFLHW LL SRDWH IL GHILQLW FD SURFHVXO GH WUDQVPLWHUH RUJDQL]DW

D FXQRDWHULL GHSULQGHULORU L YDORULORU XQHL VRFLHW L GHVIXUDW vQ FRDO L vQ DIDUD HL Q XOWLPHOH GRX

secolH SURFHVHOH VRFLDOH DPSOH GH LQGXVWULDOL]DUH L XUEDQL]DUH DX WUDQVIRUPDW vQWUHDJD UH HD LQVWLWX LRQDO D
VRFLHW LORU RFFLGHQWDOH (GXFD LD D FXQRVFXW vQ DFHVW VHQV GRX WHQGLQ H PDMRUH L DQXPH WUHFHUHD GH OD R
HGXFD LH D HOLWHORU OD HGXFD LD GH PDV L R VSRULUH D ELURFUDWL]ULL )LHFDUH GLQWUH HOHPHQWHOH VLVWHPXOXL
LQVWLWX LRQDO HGXFD LRQDO DX IRVW VXSXVH DQDOL]HL VRFLRORJLFH FHOH PDL QXPHURDVH WHRULL ILLQG FRQVDFUDWH
FROLORU PRGXOXL vQ FDUH DFHVWHD UHIOHFW PHGLXO VRFLDO vQ DQVDPEOX L vQ FDUH OD UkQGXO ORU vO LQIOXHQ HD]
PRGXOXL vQ FDUH vQGHSOLQHVF IXQF LLOH VRFLDOH FX FDUH VXQW DVRFLDWH WUDQVPLVLXQH FXOWXUDO VHOHFWDUH D
WDOHQWHORU LQWHJUDUH VRFLDO L SROLWLF HWF HWF
6RFLRORJLD D vQFHSXW V VWXGLH]H

religia

GH OD DSDUL LD VD FD WLLQ



DFHDVWD UPkQkQG vQ SHUPDQHQ

XQD

GLQWUH WHPHOH GH PD[LP LQWHUHV SHQWUX GLVFLSOLQD QRDVWU 5HOD LD VRFLRORJLHL FX UHOLJLD D IRVW PDUFDW GH R
WHQVLXQH FRQVWDQW FH SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW WHQVLXQHD IRQGDWRDUH D VRFLRORJLHL H YRUED GHVSUH WHQVLXQHD
UD LXQH L FUHGLQ



6WXGLHUHD IHQRPHQXOXL UHOLJLRV DUH XQX HOHPHQW VSHFLDO L DQXPH IDSWXO F HVWH VLQJXUXO

IHQRPHQ VRFLDO SH FDUH VRFLRORJLD L-D SURSXV V-l

(asumndu-L

dintre

DOWIHO VSXV SUHPLVH

explice situndu-se n afara

L QX vQ LQWHULRUXO OXL

analitice seculare). ntre teoriile sociologice clasice cu privire la religie

WUHEXLH DPLQWLWH XUPWRDUHOH WHRULD OXL (PLOH 'XUNKHLP D UHOLJLHL FD VDFUDOL]DUH D VRFLHW LL vQ OXFUDUHD
)RUPHOH HOHPHQWDUH DOH YLH LL UHOLJLRDVH);

teoria lui Max Weber a reOLJLHL FD IRU  VRFLDO FD VXUV SRWHQ LDO

GH VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO PDL DOHV vQ (WLFD SURWHVWDQW L VSLULWXDO FDSLWDOLVPXOXL WHRULD WLSRORJLF D LQVWLWX LLORU
UHOLJLRDVH ELVHULFL VDX VHFWH D OXL (UQVW 7URHOWVFK WHRULD OXL .DUO 0DU[ D UHOLJLHL FD VXUV
VRFLDO WHRULD OXL *HRUJ 6LPPHO vQ FDUH UHOLJLD GHULY GLQ UHOLJLR]LWDWH vQ
3HUVSHFWLYD GRPLQDQW vQ FDUH V-au
VHFXODUL]ULL FDUH DILUP vQ HVHQ

 F

a conflictului

Religia).

nscris mai toate teoriile sociologice ale religiei a fost aceea a

DYHP GH-D IDFH FX XQ SURFHV GH HUR]LXQH D FUHGLQ HL UHOLJLRDVH SH

PVXUD PRGHUQL]ULL L LQGXVWULDOL]ULL VRFLHW LL (YROX LLOH UHOLJLRDVH GLQ XOWLPHOH GHFHQLL DSDUL LD XQRU
PLFUL IXQGDPHQWDOLVWH GLIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH HYROX LLOH UHOLJLRDVH DOH XQRU VSD LL FXOWXUDOH HWF SDU V VROLFLWH
vQV FHO SX LQ UHGLVFXWDUHD vQ WHUPHQL QRL D FKHVWLXQLL VHFXODUL]ULL VRFLHW LL
,QVWLWX LLOH HFRQRPLFH VXQW DFHOH VWUXFWXUL VRFLDOH FH YL]HD] SURGXF LD L GLVWULEX LD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL

Pentru majoritatea oamenilor din toDWH

VRFLHW LOH DFWLYLWDWHD SURGXFWLY

sau munca RFXS PDL PXOW GLQ

WLPSXO YLH LL ORU GHFkW RULFH DOW WLS GH DFWLYLWDWH 0XQFD SRDWH IL GHILQLW FD GXFHUHD OD vQGHSOLQLUH D XQRU
VDUFLQL SHQWUX FDUH VH FKHOWXLH HIRUW PHQWDO L IL]LF L FDUH DX FD RELHFWLY SURGXFHUHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL

necesare satisfacerii nevoilor umane. O

RFXSD LH HVWH R PXQF GHVIXUDW vQ VFKLPEXO XQHL SO L UHJXODWH

VDODULX 0XQFD HVWH vQ WRDWH VRFLHW LOH ED]D VLVWHPXOXL HFRQRPLF D HFRQRPLHL 'LQWU-R SHUVSHFWLY

istoric L LQWHU-FXOWXUDO VH SRW GLVWLQJH WUHL WLSXUL PDMRUH GH VLVWHPH HFRQRPLFH preindustrial (dominat de
VHFWRUXO SULPDU GH SURGXF LH FH YL]HD] H[WUDJHUHD GH PDWHULH SULP GLQ PHGLXO vQFRQMXUWRU UHVSHFWLY GH
DFWLYLW L SUHFXP DJULFXOWXUD FUHWHUHD YLWHORU SHVFXLWXO YkQWRDUHD PLQHULWXO
VHFXQGDU UHVSHFWLY SUHOXFUDUHD PDWHULLORU SULPH GHYLQH GRPLQDQW L

10

industrial (sectorul

post-industrial (bazat n principal pe

VHFWRUXO WHU LDU UHVSHFWLY GH SURGXF LH D VHUYLFLLORU 8QD GLQWUH FHOH PDL VHPQLILFative

caracteristici ale

VLVWHPXOXL HFRQRPLF DO VRFLHW LORU PRGHUQH HVWH GH]YROWDUHD XQHL GLYL]LXQL D PXQFLL H[WUHP GH FRPSOH[H L
GH GLYHUVH 0XQFD VH FRPSDUWLPHQWHD] vQWU-XQ QXPU WRW PDL PDUH GH RFXSD LL GLVWLQFWH vQ FDUH RDPHQLL VH
VSHFLDOL]HD] VSUH GLIHUHQ

GH VRFLHW LOH WUDGL LRQDOH vQ FDUH vQWUHJXO SURFHV SURGXFWLY HUD GHVIXUDW GH OD

vQFHSXW SkQ OD VIkULW GH DFHODL OXFUWRU Q SOXV vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ DUH ORF H[SDQVLXQHD IU SUHFHGHQW D
LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HL HFRQRPLFH

OD QLYHO QD LRQDO XL LQWHUQD LRQDO ,QWHUGHSHQGHQ D HFRQRPLF D GHYHQLW vQ

prezent un fenomen global, vorbindu-se chiar despre o

HFRQRPLH JOREDO,

ce cuprinde procese de

WUDQVIRUPDUH D SLH HORU PRQGLDOH DFHVWHD VXQW FRQWURODWH WRW PDL PXOW SULQ PLMORDFH GH FRPXQLFDUH

eleFWURQLFH GH LQWHUQD LRQDOL]DUH D FDSLWDOXOXL GH IRUPDUH D XQRU FRUSRUD LL PXOWLQD LRQDOH GH PRQGLDOL]DUH
D FRPHU XOXL HWF
,QVWLWX LLOH SROLWLFH VXQW DFHOH LQVWLWX LL D FURU SUHRFXSDUH L DOH FURU RELHFWLYH VXQW OHJDWH GH VWUXFWXUD

VRFLDO D SXWHULi.

Puterea

HVWH GHILQLW FD DELOLWDWHD XQXL LQGLYLG VDX D XQXL JUXS GH D FRQWUROD VDX GH D

LQIOXHQ D FRPSRUWDPHQWXO DOWRU RDPHQL FKLDU vPSRWULYD YRLQ HL ORU 3XWHUHD VH SRDWH H[HUFLWD SULQ FRHUFL LH
XWLOL]DUHD IRU HL VDX D DPHQLQ

ULL

FX IRU D VDX SULQ DXWRULWDWH DWXQFL FkQG SXWHUHD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW OHJLWLP

L HVWH UHVSHFWDW FD DWDUH 0D[ :HEHU D LGHQWLILFDW WUHL WLSXUL GH DXWRULWDWH FDULVPDWLF WUDGL LRQDO L OHJDOUD LRQDO 8QD GLQWUH WUVWXULOH VWDELOH DOH SXWHULL FD IHQRPHQ VRFLDO vQ PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D VRFLHW LORU
FXQRVFXWH FRQVW vQ GLVWULEX LD VD LQHJDO vQWUH PHPEULL VRFLHW LL ([SOLFD LD DFHVWXL IDSW HVWH UHDOL]DW vQV
vQ PRG GLIHULW GH VRFLRORJL IXQF LRQDOLWLL FRQVLGHU F HVWH QRUPDO GDW ILLQG FRPSOH[LWDWHD H[WUHP D
VRFLHW LL FD XQLL LQGLYL]L V GH LQ SXWHUH DVXSUD FHORUODO L PDU[LWLL FRQVLGHU F SXWHUHD HVWH DFXPXODW vQ
PkLQLOH FDSLWDOLWLORU GDWRULW GLVSDULW LL UHVXUVHORU HFRQRPLFH FX VFRSXO GH D SUH]HUYD LQWHUHVHOH JUXSXULORU
UHVSHFWLYH L F DFHVW OXFUX JHQHUHD] FRQIOLFW VRFLDO WHRULLOH HOLWHORU FRQVLGHU GH DVHPHQHD F SXWHUHD H
PRQRSROL]DW GH XQ QXPU PLF GH RDPHQL GDU VXQW GH SUHUH F DFHVW OXFUX QX VH SRDWH VFKLPED LQGLIHUHQW
GH VLVWHPXO SROLWLF vQ VIkULW WHRULLOH SOXUDOLVWH PDL UHFHQW YG SXWHUHD FD ILLQG GLVSHUVDW vQ VRFLHWDWH
GLVWULEX LD L VXUVHOH HL ILLQG vQWU-XQ FRQWLQXX SURFHV GH VFKLPEDUH L UHQHJRFLHUH
6WDWXO HVWH FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW LQVWLWX LH SROLWLF GLVWLQJkQGX-VH GH FHOHODOWH SULQ IDSWXO F GH LQH
PRQRSROXO DVXSUD XWLOL]ULL OHJLWLPH D IRU HL )U D IL R LQVWLWX LH XQLYHUVDO vQWUXFkW VXQW FXQRVFXWH vQ LVWRULH
VRFLHW L IU VWDW DFHVWD UHSUH]LQW LQVWLWX LD SROLWLF FHD PDL vQVHPQDW SHQWUX VRFLHW LOH PRGHUQH vQ FDUH

statele sunt organizate tot mai mult pe baze QD LRQDOH. Un stDW vQ FDUH DXWRULWDWHD GHULY GLQ OHJH vQUGFLQDW
n consensul popular este democratic

XQ VWDW vQ FDUH FRQGXFHUHD JXYHUQXO FHQWUDOLVW QX DGPLWH H[LVWHQ D

SOXUDOLVPXOXL SROLWLF D PDL PXOWRU SDUWLGH GH RULHQWUL GLIHULWH HVWH XQ VWDW

autoritar, ntr-un stat totalitar,

JXYHUQXO FHQWUDO FRQWUROHD] DFWLYLWDWHD WXWXURU LQVWLWX LLORU HFRQRPLFH SROLWLFH FXOWXUDOH HWF 6LVWHPHOH
SROLWLFH GHPRFUDWLFH FDXW V RIHUH PHFDQLVPH SHQWUX VFKLPEDUHD SDQLF D RUGLQLL SROLWLFH H[LVWHQ D PDL

multor partide politicH

ULYDOH DOHJHUL OLEHUH DOWH IRUPH GH SDUWLFLSDUH SROLWLF H[LVWHQ D XQRU JUXSXUL GH

LQWHUHVH FDUH V RIHUH SRVLELOLWDWHD SDUWLFLSULL PHPEULORU VRFLHW LL OD SURFHVXO SROLWLF 0VXUD vQ FDUH FLOH
DFHVWHL SDUWLFLSUL VXQW UHDOPHQWH GHVFKLVH PDUHOXL SXEOLF UPkQH vQV R FKHVWLXQH GLVSXWDW

VI. S75$7,),&$5( , ,1(*$/,7$7( 62&,$/ (CLASE, &2081,7, (71,&(, GEN, 9567)

,QHJDOLWDWHD VRFLDO HVWH R UHDOLWDWH IXQGDPHQWDO D OXPLL vQ FDUH WULP 'HILQLP VWUDWLILFDUHD VRFLDO

ordonare relativ permanenW

ca o

D SR]L LLORU GLQWU-R VRFLHWDWH vQ WHUPHQL GH LQHJDOLW L GH SXWHUH SUHVWLJLX RUL

11

SULYLOHJLL 6WUDWLILFDUHD VH UHIHU GHFL OD VWUXFWXUL LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWH GH LQHJDOLWDWH VRFLDO FH YL]HD] FDWHJRULL
vQWUHJL GH RDPHQL QX GRDU LQGLYL]L OXD L L]ROD L ,QHJDOLWDWHD YL]HD] GLIHUHQ H vQWUH LQGLYL]L FH QX SRW IL GH
UHJXO WUDQVPLVH GH OD R SHUVRDQ OD DOWD SH FkQG VWUDWLILFDUHD YL]HD] GLIHUHQ H vQWUH JUXSXUL VRFLDOH H
UHODWLY SHUPDQHQW L VXV LQXW LQVWLWX LRQDO L VH SRDWH PRWHQL GH OD R JHQHUD LH OD

alta.

)HQRPHQXO VWUDWLILFULL D IRVW XQXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL DWHQW FHUFHWDWH vQ VRFLRORJLH ([SOLFD LLOH DFHVWXLD DX

fost formulate din perspective teoretice diferite, principalele fiind structural-IXQF LRQDOLVPXO

WHRULD

FRQIOLFWXOXL L HYROX LRQLVPXO VRFLDO FDUH vQFHDUF V VLQWHWL]H]H LGHLOH SULPHORU GRX YL]LXQLL DVXSUD

fenomenului). Astfel, pentru sociologii structural-IXQF LRQDOLWL VWUDWLILFDUHD VRFLDO HVWH XQLYHUVDO QHFHVDU
L LQHYLWDELO FDX]D VD ILLQG FKLDU QHYRLD GH LQWHJUDUH FRRUGRQDUH L FRH]LXQH D VRFLHW LORU vQ FRQGL LLOH
LQHJDOLW LL DELOLW LORU LQGLYL]LORU 3HQWUX WHRUHWLFLHQLL FRQIOLFWXOXL VWUDWLILFDUHD SRDWH IL XQLYHUVDO GDU QX HVWH
QHFHVDU VDX LQHYLWDELO FDX]HOH VDOH VXQW FRPSHWL LD L FRQIOLFWXO GLQWUH JUXSXUL GDWRULW Fontrolului
DO PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH PHQ LQXW SULQ IRU

inegal

L IUDXG (YROX LRQLWLL VXQW GH SUHUH F VWUDWLILFDUHD HVWH

QHFHVDU L XWLO VRFLHW LL vQ DQVDPEOX GDU XQHOH JUXSXUL VXQW vQ PRG IDWDO DYDQWDMDWH vQ UDSRUW FX DOWHOH LDU

cauzele sale

LQ GH QHYRLD GH FRRUGRQDUH D VRFLHW LL FH REOLJ OD DFRUGDUHD SXWHULL XQRU FDWHJRULL GH RDPHQL

vQV DFHWLD WLQG DSRL V XWLOL]H]H SXWHUHD SH FDUH R DX vQ IRORVXO SURSULX

Principalele tipuri de structuri de stratificare sunt casta L clasa VRFLDO. ntr-R VRFLHWDWH GH FDVW UHVXUVHOH
HFRQRPLFH GH SUHVWLJLX L SULYLOHJLL VH GLVWULEXLH vQ PRG LQHJDO SH ED]D VWDWXVXOXL SUHVFULV VDX PRWHQLW LDU

ntr-R VRFLHWDWH GH FODV VWDWXVXULOH GREkQGLWH FRQVWLWXLH ED]D GLVWULEX LHL LQHJDOH D UHVXUVHORU IU ca statusul
PRWHQLW V-L SLDUG FX WRWXO LPSRUWDQ D'LIHUHQ D SULQFLSDO vQWUH VLVWHPHOH GH FDVW UHVSHFWLY GH FODV HVWH
JUDGXO GH UHDOL]DUH SHUVRQDO SH FDUH vO SHUPLWH $VWIHO VSUH GLIHUHQ

GH VRFLHWDWHD GH FDVW vQWU-o

societate

GH FODV HVWH SHUPLV PRELOLWDWHD VRFLDO DGLF SRVLELOLWDWHD FD XQ LQGLYLG V-L VFKLPEH SR]L LD RFXSD LRQDO
RUL GH FODV VRFLDO GH OD R JHQHUD LH OD DOWD PRELOLWDWH LQWHUJHQHUD LRQDO VDX SH SDUFXUVXO SURSULHL FDULHUH

(mobilitate intraJHQHUD LRQDO

Unele dintUH GLIHUHQ HOH FHOH PDL VWDELOH GLQWUH RDPHQL

LQ GH DSDUWHQHQ D HWQLF D DFHVWRUD 6RFLRORJLL DX

FXWDW V vQ HOHDJ VHPQLILFD LD GLIHUHQ LHULORU VRFLDOH ED]DWH SH HWQLFLWDWH V H[SOLFH GH FH XQHRUL UHOD LLOH

dintre grupurile etnice sunt marcate de conflLFW RVWLOLWDWH L SUHMXGHF L LDU DOWHRUL DX R QDWXU FRRSHUDQW L
SDQLF &kWHYD SUHFL]UL FRQFHSWXDOH YRU RIHUL FDGUHOH SHQWUX R GLVFX LH D WHPHL
0DL vQWkL V SUHFL]P F UDVD L HWQLFLWDWHD VXQW WHUPHQL GLVWLQF L

rasa VH UHIHU OD XQ JUXS GH RDPeni ce

VH YG SH HL vQLL L VXQW SULYL L GH FWUH DO LL FD DYkQG WUVWXUL IL]LFH PRWHQLWH GLVWLQFWLYH

Grupul etnic

UHSUH]LQW R FDWHJRULH GH RDPHQL GLVWLQFW GDWRULW XQRU FDUDFWHULVWLFL FXOWXUDOH FUHGLQ H QRUPH YDORUL R
PHPRULH FRPXQ VHQWLPHQWXO DSDUWHQHQ HL WUDQVPLVH GLQ JHQHUD LH vQ JHQHUD LH
7HRULLOH UHOD LLORU LQWHUJUXSDOH OXFUHD] FX GLVWLQF LD GLQWUH
YHGHUH FXOWXUDO HFRQRPLF L SROLWLF L

grup minoritar

grup majoritar (un grup dominant din punct de

XQ JUXS DIODW vQ SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH FXOWXUDO

HFRQRPLF L SROLWLF 5HOD LLOH GLQWUH JUXSXUL PDMRULWDUH L PLQRULWDUH SRW OXD XUPWRDUHOH IRUPH

conflict

DGLF vQFHUFDUHD GHOLEHUDW GH D GLVWUXJH VDX QHXWUDOL]D XQ DOW JUXS SHQWUX D DWLQJH DQXPLWH VFRSXUL vQDOW

valorizate), acomodare

JUXSXULOH WULHVF XQXO DOWXUL GH FHOODOW FD GRX FXOWXUL SDUDOHOH DFXOWXUD LH

FRQWDFWXO FRQWLQXX vQWUH GRX JUXSXUL IDFH FD JUXSXO VXERUGRQDW V DGRSWH HOHPHQWH GLQ FXOWXUD PDWHULDO L

non-PDWHULDO D FHOXLODOW asimilare (integrarea unui grup miQRULWDU vQ LQVWLWX LLOH FHOXL PDMRULWDU L GLVSDUL LD
LGHQWLW LL VDOH FD JUXS GLVWLQFW 8QXO GLQWUH LQVWUXPHQWHOH GH HYDOXDUH D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH JUXSXUL HVWH VFDOD

12

%RJDUGXV D GLVWDQ HL VRFLDOH FDUH PVRDU JUDGXO GH LQWLPLWDWH DO UHOD LLORU GLQWUH GRX

grupuri sau altfel spus

GLVWDQ D VRFLDO.

Q WRDWH VRFLHW LOH VH[XO L YkUVWD VXQW OLQLL GH GLIHUHQ LHUH VRFLDO L VXQW VWXGLDWH FD DWDUH GH FWUH
VRFLRORJL UROXULOH VRFLDOH DOH EUED LORU L IHPHLORU GLIHU FRSLLL DGXO LL L EWUkQLL DX ILHFDUH GUHSWXUL L
REOLJD LL VSHFLILFH
'DF WHUPHQXO GH VH[ HVWH vQ HOHV FD UHSUH]HQWkQG R FDWHJRULH ELRORJLF L DQDWRPLF GH GLIHUHQ LHUH
WHUPHQXO GH JHQ VH UHIHU OD FDWHJRULL GH PDVFXOLQLWDWH L IHPLQLQLWDWH FRQVWUXLWH

diIHULW

social L FDUH VXQW GHILQLWH

cu ajutorul

vQ GLIHULWH FXOWXUL *HQXO DUH GHFL vQ YHGHUH GLIHUHQ H SVLKRORJLFH VRFLDOH L FXOWXUDOH

FURUD VH DOFWXLHVF LGHQWLW LOH LQGLYLGXDOH GDU FDUH VXQW WRWRGDW IXQGDPHQWDOH SHQWUX LQVWLWX LLOH VRFLDOH L

sistemele simbolice. Identitatea GH JHQ VH IRUPHD] vQ FDGUXO SURFHVXOXL GH VRFLDOL]DUH D FRSLLORU FDUH vQYD 
UROXUL VRFLDOH DVRFLDWH FX VWDWXVXO GH IHPHLH UHVSHFWLY GH EUEDW 'HL DFHVWHD YDULD] GHVWXO GH PXOW LVWRULF L
LQWHUFXOWXUDO vQ JHQHUDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F IHPHLOH V-au

bucurDW

GH PDL SX LQ SXWHUH vQ VRFLHWDWH GHFkW

EUED LL 0LFDUHD IHPLQLVW WLQGH V DSOLFH WHRULLOH FRQIOLFWXOXL SHQWUX D H[SOLFD LQHJDOLW LOH VRFLDOH OHJDWH GH
JHQ VXJHUkQG F DFHOHDL PHFDQLVPH IRORVLWH SHQWUX PHQ LQHUHD vQ SR]L LH GH VXERUGRQDUH L D DOWor

grupuri

PLQRULWDUH VXQW DSOLFDWH L vQ FD]XO IHPHLORU 7HRULLOH IXQF LRQDOLVWH H[SOLF LQHJDOLW LOH GH JHQ vQ WHUPHQLL
XQRU WUDGL LL OHJDWH GH VLVWHPH PDL YHFKL GH GLYL]LXQH D PXQFLL $VW]L FRQVWDWP R WHQGLQ

GH UHGHILQLUH D

LGHQWLW LORU DVRFLDWH FX JHQXO vQ VRFLHW LOH RFFLGHQWDOH

2ULFH VRFLHWDWH HVWH VWUDWLILFDW vQWU-XQ IHO VDX DOWXO GXS FULWHULXO YkUVWHL GHL VH FRQVLGHU F UROXULOH
DVRFLDWH FX YkUVWH GLIHULWH VXQW PDL SX LQ VWUXFWXUDWH GHFkW PXOWH DOWHOH Q VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ FRSLOULD
DGROHVFHQ D L YkUVWD D WUHLD VXQW UROXUL FX H[WUHP GH SX LQH REOLJD LL L GH OD FDUH VH DWHDSW SX LQH OXFUXUL vQ
WLPS FH DGXO LL VXQW VXSUDVDWXUD L FX REOLJD LL H[LVWkQG SRVLELOLWDWHD DSDUL LHL FRQIOLFWHORU GH URO

VII. GRUPURI SOCIALE, ORGANIZARE S2&,$/

*UXSXULOH SUH]LQW LPSRUWDQ

vQ PRG SHUPDQHQW SHQWUX YLD D LQGLYLGXOXL vQFHSkQG GH OD QDWHUH 3H PVXU

FH QH PDWXUL]P R PDUH SDUWH GLQ DFWLYLWDWHD QRDVWU VH GHVIRDU vQ JUXSXUL IRUPDOH QXPLWH RUJDQL]D LL
6RFLHWDWHD DFWXDO D IRVW GHQXPLW VRFLHWDWH RUJDQL]D LRQDO WRFPDL GDWRULW LPSRUWDQ HL VSRULWH D PDULORU
RUJDQL]D LL vQ YLD D VRFLDO

Un grup social

HVWH R FROHF LH GH SHUVRDQH FH vPSUWHVF DQXPLWH VFRSXUL L QRUPH VRFLDOH L DOH FURU

UHOD LL VH ED]HD] SH LQWHUDF LXQH (VWH LPSRUWDQW V GHRVHELP JUXSXULOH GH

agregatele sociale, care sunt

FRPSXVH GLQ LQGLYL]L DIOD L vPSUHXQ WHPSRUDU L GLQ UD LXQL FRQWH[WXDOH H[ VSHFWDWRULL XQXL ILOP FOWRULL

dintr-XQ DXWREX] FOLHQ LL GLQWU-XQ PDJD]LQ HWF L GH categoriile sociale, respecWLY FROHF LLOH GH LQGLYL]L FH DX
vQ FRPXQ R DQXPLW FDUDFWHULVWLF H[ EWUkQLL IHPHLOH VWXGHQ LL HWF 0RGXO vQ FDUH JUXSXULOH QH
LQIOXHQ HD] YLD D GHSLQGH GH WLSXO GH UHOD LL SH FDUH OH VWDELOLP FX JUXSXO UHVSHFWLY 8QD GLQWUH GLVWLQF LLOH

cele mai utilizate de sociologi, n acest sens, este aceea dintre grupurile primare L grupurile secundare. Un
JUXS SULPDU HVWH FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ SHUVLVWHQ
OHJWXUL

DIHFWLYH

SXWHUQLFH

UHOD LL

 vQ WLPS LQWHUDF

FRPSOH[H

IDPLOLH

LXQH GLUHFW GH WLS ID

SULHWHQL

DSURSLD L

 vQ ID  vQWUH PHPEULL
JUXSXULOH

VHFXQGDUH

DX

FDUDFWHULVWLFL RSXVH OLPLWDWH vQ WLPS LQWHUDF LXQL PHGLDWH IRUPDOLVP OLSVD LPSOLFULL DIHFWLYH UHOD LL

specializate, cu scopuri precise (membrii unui comitet).

13

2UJDQL]D LLOH VRFLDOH

sunW

JUXSXUL DOFWXLWH vQ PRG VSHFLDO SHQWUX vQGHSOLQLUHD XQRU VFRSXUL ,PSRUWDQ D

ORU LQH GH R VHULH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFL SH FDUH OH GREkQGHVF vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ WRW PDL SX LQH ORFXUL GH PXQF
H[LVW vQ DIDUD RUJDQL]D LLORU FDUH GHYLQ WRW PDL FXSULQ]WRDUH L FRQWUROHD] R PDUH SDUWH GLQ UHVXUVHOH
PDWHULDOH L VRFLDOH GLQ VRFLHWDWH
3ULQFLSDOHOH WLSXUL GH RUJDQL]D LL LGHQWLILFDWH GH VRFLRORJL VXQW RUJDQL]D LLOH YROXQWDUH

(oamenii sunt liberi

V SDUWLFLSH VDX QX OD HOH LDU SDUWLFLSDUHD HVWH PRWLYDW GH FRLQFLGHQ D GLQWUH VFRSXULOH RUJDQL]D LLOH L
SURSULLOH LQWHUHVH VDX HOXUL

de identitate etc.),

H[ DVRFLD LLOH vQILLQ DWH SHQWUX SURPRYDUHD XQRU LGHL SHQWUX DILUPDUHD XQXL WLS

RUJDQL]D LLOH FRHUFLWLYH OD FDUH RDPHQLL VXQW REOLJD L V SDUWLFLSH L FDUe

pot lua forma

LQVWLWX LLORU WRWDOH DFHOH RUJDQL]D LL FH VH VHSDU vQ PRG GHOLEHUDW GH OXPHD H[WHULRDU L FDUH PLQLPDOL]HD]

gradul de diversitate a mediului interior propriu H[

oamenii se nVFULX

GLQ UD LXQL SUDFWLFH

D]LO vQFKLVRDUH HWF L RUJDQL]D LLOH XWLOLWDUH

(n care

DLFL VH SODVHD] PDMRULWDWHD RUJDQL]D LLORU GLQ VRFLHWDWH GH OD

VWUXFWXULOH JXYHUQDPHQWDOH OD FRUSRUD LL VLQGLFDWH LQVWLWX LL GH vQY

PkQW VSLWDOH HWF

8Q WLS VSHFLDO GH RUJDQL]D LH XWLOLWDU D SULPLW R DWHQ LH VSHFLDO

din partea sociologilor. Este vorba de

ELURFUD LH GHILQLW FD R RUJDQL]D LH FRPSOH[ FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ RSHUD LXQL UD LRQDOH UHDOL]DWH GH FWUH R

DXWRULWDWH LHUDUKL]DW L SURFHGXUL L UHJXOL H[SOLFLWH &DGUXO WHRUHWLF SHQWUX DQDOL]D ELURFUD LHL D IRVW Sus

la

SXQFW GH VRFLRORJXO JHUPDQ 0D[ :HEHU FDUH D GHILQLW DFHVW WLS GH RUJDQL]D LH vQ WHUPHQLL FkWRUYD
FDUDFWHULVWLFL PDMRUH FH DOFWXLHVF vPSUHXQ XQ WLS LGHDO vQ UDSRUW FX FDUH SRW IL HYDOXDWH ELURFUD LLOH UHDOH

concrete.
Un tip ideal sau pur este XQ LQVWUXPHQW DQDOLWLF FH UHSUH]LQW QX R GHVFULHUH D YUHXQHL UHDOLW L HPSLULFH
FL R FRQVWUXF LH WHRUHWLF UHDOL]DW SULQ H[WUDJHUHD L DFFHQWXDUHD WUVWXULORU FHORU PDL FDUDFWHULVWLFH DOH XQXL

fenomen, elabornd astfel o imagine-HWDORQ D DFHVWXLD ID  GH FDUH SRW IL PVXUDWH UHDOLW LOH GH DFHODL JHQ
7LSXO LGHDO GH ELURFUD LH DUH DDGDU XUPWRDUHOH WUVWXUL FDUDFWHULVWLFH D GLYL]LXQH L VSHFLDOL]DUH D PXQFLL
E LHUDUKLH D DXWRULW LL F VLVWHP GH UHJXOL L QRUPH GH RUJDQL]DUH L IXQF LRQDUH

d) impersonalitate a

UHOD LLORU VRFLDOH vQ FDGUXO RUJDQL]D LHL H VIHU D FRPSHWHQ HORU FDOLILFDUH WHKQLF L FDULHU SUHFLV
GHWHUPLQDWH I HILFLHQ

 D DFWLYLW

LL Q UDSRUW FX DFHVW PRGHO FH DFFHQWXHD] WUVWXULOH SR]LWLYH IXQF LRQDOH

DOH ELURFUD LLORU FHUFHWWRULL DX UHPDUFDW H[LVWHQ D XQRU WUVWXUL QHJDWLYH FH SRW DOWHUD VHULRV IXQF LRQDOLWDWHD
RUJDQL]D LLORU ELURFUDWLFH QWUH SUREOHPHOH FH SRW DSUHD VH QXPU WHQVLXQLOH GLQWUH VWUXFWXUD IRUPDO
VWDELOLW SULQ UHJXODPHQWH RILFLDOH H[SOLFLWH L VWUXFWXUD LQIRUPDO UHOD LLOH GLUHFWH GLQWUH RDPHQL PDUFDWH

de simpatii sau antipatii, conflicte sau prietenii FH SRW LQIOXHQ D SR]LWLY VDX QHJDWLY UHDOL]ULOH DWHSWDWH DOH
RUJDQL]D LHL ULWXDOLVPXO UHVSHFWDUHD UHJXOLORU L SURFHGXULORU GHYLQH OD XQ PRPHQW GDW PDL LPSRUWDQW

dect problemele reale ce trebuie rezolvare); legea lui Parkinson, a risipei organizate (orice activitate tinde
V VH H[WLQG DVWIHO vQFkW V RFXSH WRW WLPSXO GLVSRQLELO SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD VD SULQFLSLXO OXL 3HWHU DO

proWHF LHL

FHORU LQFDSDELOL vQWU-R LHUDUKLH ILHFDUH IXQF LRQDU WLQGH V SURPRYH]H SkQ FkQG vL DWLQJH

SURSULXO QLYHO GH LQFRPSHWHQ

 OHJHD GH ILHU D ROLJDUKLHL IRUPXODW GH 5 0LFKHOV RULFH ELURFUD

V FRQFHQWUH]H SXWHUHD vQ PkLQLOH FkWRUYD

indivizi care-L

LH WLQGH

IRORVHVF SR]L LLOH GLQ RUJDQL]D LH SHQWUX

promovarea propriilor interese particulare).

6RFLRORJLD RUJDQL]D LLORU D WUHFXW vQ XOWLPHOH GHFHQLL GH OD DQDOL]D GH WLS FODVLF D RUJDQL]D LLORU FD

sisteme sociale vQ PDQLHUD LQL LDW GH :HEHU vQ FDUH DWHQ LD FGHD SH ULGLFDUHD QLYHOXOXL SHUIRUPDQ HL L GHFL
SH VWXGLXO PRGDOLW LORU GH RUJDQL]DUH D RUJDQL]D LLORU OD DQDOL]D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH RUJDQL]D LH L VRFLHWDWHD

14

JOREDO GLQ FDUH IDFH SDUWH $FHVW DO GRLOHD GRPHQLX DO VRFLRORJLHL RUJDQL]D LLORU D VFRV vQ HYLGHQ

R VHULH

vQWUHDJ GH HOHPHQWH DOH GLQDPLFLL RUJDQL]D LRQDOH FH QX SRW IL vQ HOHVH GHFkW GDF OXP vQ FRQVLGHUD LH
PHGLXO FRQWH[WXO H[WHUQ vQ FDUH DFWLYHD] RUJDQL]D LD

VIII. D,1$0,& 62&,$/, 0,&5, 62&,$/(

'DF SHQWUX SHULRDGH OXQJL GLQ LVWRULH WUDQVIRUPULOH VRFLDOH HUDX vQ JHQHUDO H[WUHP GH OHQWH L UHGXVH FD
DPSORDUH SXWHP VSXQH F HSRFD PRGHUQ HVWH R SHULRDG GHILQLW SULQ H[FHOHQ

SULQ SURFHVH GH VFKLPEDUH

VRFLDO QWUXFkW VFKLPEULOH VRFLDOH PDL DOHV FHOH UDSLGH DX HIHFWH PDMRUH DVXSUD YLH LL LQGLYL]LORU L
FRPXQLW LORU VRFLRORJLD GLQDPLFLL VRFLDOH GHYLQH XQ GRPHQLX H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQW vQ FDGUXO GLVFLSOLQHL
6FKLPEDUHD VRFLDO HVWH GHILQLW FD R PRGLILFDUH VDX WUDQVIRUPDUH VHPQLILFDWLY vQ WLPS D FRQGL LLORU

materiale sau non-PDWHULDOH

DOH VRFLHW LL 8Q DVHPHQHD FRQFHSW HVWH VXILFLHQW GH ODUJ GHILQLW SHQWUX D

FXSULQGH VFKLPEUL DOH QRUPHORU YDORULORU VWDWXVXULORU L UROXULORU VRFLDOH FD L VFKLPEUL WHKQRORJLFH VDX
DOH PHGLXOXL IL]LF DO VRFLHW LL 'HVLJXU QX RULFH VFKLPEDUH HVWH R VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO VRFLDOL]DUHD DUH GH
SLOG HIHFWH SURIXQGH DVXSUD YLH LL SHUVRQDOH D ILHFUXLD GLQWUH QRL GDU QX PRGLILF RUJDQL]DUHD
IXQGDPHQWDO D IDPLOLHL GHFL QX HVWH R VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO 3H GH DOW IDSWXO F vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ FRSLL
WLQG V ILH VRFLDOL]D L WRW PDL PXOW vQ LQVWLWX LL SXEOLFH JUGLQL H FROL VSUH GLIHUHQ

GH VRFLHW LOH

WUDGL LRQDOH vQ FDUH DFHVW SURFHV VH GHVIXUD DSURDSH H[FOXVLY vQ IDPLOLH UHSUH]LQW R VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO
LPSRUWDQW FH UHIOHFW XQ SURFHV PDL DPSOX GH GLQDPLF VRFLDO
$QDOL]D VFKLPEULL VRFLDOH DUH vQ YHGHUH vQWUHEUL UHIHULWRDUH OD GLPHQVLXQLOH SURFHVXOXL FH DQXPH VH
VFKLPE FkW GH UHSHGH vQ FH GLUHF LH L FkW GH PXOW $OWIHO VSXV VFKLPEDUHD SRDWH IL SULYLW vQ WHUPHQLL

duratei

SRDWH IL YRUED GHVSUH PRGLILFUL WHPSRUDUH VDX SHUPDQHQWH vQ VRFLHWDWH VWLOXULOH PRGD VXQW

VWUXFWXUL GH FRPSRUWDPHQW FH DIHFWHD] DQXPLWH VHJPHQWH VRFLDOH L LPSXQ PRGLILFUL GH VFXUW GXUDW 'LQ

punctul de vedere al

GLUHF LHL,

schimbarea poate s

VH SURGXF vQ VHQVXO GH]YROWULL L SURJUHVXOXL VDX

GLPSRWULY DL GHFOLQXOXL L GHFGHULL 'LQ SHUVSHFWLYD PULPLL L D LPSDFWXOXL VFKLPEULL YRUELP GH

VFKLPEUL SDU LDOH FH DIHFWHD] GRDU XQHOH VHJPHQWH DOH SRSXOD LHL L GRDU SH WHUPHQ VFXUW L GH VFKLPEUL
PDMRUH SUHFXP LQGXVWULDOL]DUHD FH DIHFWHD] vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH SHUPDQHQW L VHPQLILFDWLY 6FKLPEDUHD
VRFLDO FHD PDL UDGLFDO L FX FRQVHFLQ HOH FHOH PDL SURIXQGH HVWH UHYROX LD VRFLDO FH UHSUH]LQW R UXSWXU
FODU FX WUHFXWXO L R VFKLPEDUH vQ HOHPHQWHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH PRGXOXL GH YLD



5HYROX LLOH SRW IL

LQWHQ LRQDWH L YLROHQWH H[ UHYROX LLOH SROLWLFH GDU L JUDGXDOH H[ UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO L FKLDU SDU LDOH vQ
VHQVXO F DOWHUHD] GHFLVLY XQHOH DVSHFWH DOH VRFLHW LL GDU DOWHOH UPkQ QHVFKLPEDWH

Ritmul este de asemeni

R GLPHQVLXQH D VFKLPEULL VRFLDOH FH SRDWH IL OHQW VDX UDSLG FRQWLQX RUGRQDW VDX LQHJDO FX PRGLILFUL
GH ULWP 'HVLJXU VFKLPEULOH UDSLGH EUXWDOH DX FRQVHFLQ H GHVWUXFWXUDQWH vQWU-R PVXU PDL PDUH GHFkW
VFKLPEULOH OHQWH FRQWLQXH
'DWRULW JUDGXOXL DFFHQWXDW GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ

SH FDUH vO SUH]LQW VLVWHPXO VRFLDO VFKLPEDUHD XQXL

HOHPHQW DUH vQWRWGHDXQD FRQVHFLQ H L DVXSUD DOWRU HOHPHQWH VRFLDOH Q JHQHUDO VH FRQVLGHU F

elementele

dinamice majore diQ VRFLHWDWH VXQW SRSXOD LD PRGLILFULOH vQ FRPSR]L LD GLVWULEX LD L PULPHD SRSXOD LHL
RUJDQL]DUHD VRFLDO VFKLPEDUHD RUJDQL]D LLORU SROLWLFH HFRQRPLFH UHOLJLRDVH HWF PHGLXO vQFRQMXUWRU

(environment L WHKQRORJLD

15

'DWRULW LPSRUWDQ HL VDOH WHPD VFKLPEULL V-D EXFXUDW GH DWHQ LD VRFLRORJLORU FX FHOH PDL GLIHULWH
SHUVSHFWLYH WHRUHWLFH DVXSUD VRFLHW LL vQ JHQHUDO UH]XOWkQG DVWIHO FkWHYD PDUL WHRULL DVXSUD VFKLPEULL VRFLDOH
7HRULLOH HYROX LRQLVWH

(formulate de teoreticieni ca Auguste Comte, HHUEHUW 6SHQFHU L PDL UHFHQW *HUKDUG

/HQVNL HWF SRUQHVF GH OD FRQVWDWDUHD F XQHOH VRFLHW L VXQW VLPSOH LDU DOWHOH PXOW PDL FRPSOH[H L
VXJHUHD] F H[LVW R WHQGLQ

unHL

 JHQHUDO D VRFLHW

LORU GH D VH VFKLPED vQ PRG JUDGXDO GDU FRQVWDQW vQ GLUHF LD

PDL EXQH DGDSWUL L D VSRULULL FRPSOH[LW LL

Teoriile structural-IXQF LRQDOLVWH SXQ DFFHQWXO SH UHOD LLOH

GLQWUH GLIHULWHOH SU L DOH VRFLHW LL L SH QHYRLD GH LQWHJUDUH SHQWUX PHQ LQHUHD VRFLHW LL FRPSDUDW FX XQ
RUJDQLVP FH FDXW V-L PHQ LQ HFKLOLEUXO 3DUVRQV FHO PDL LQIOXHQW SURPRWRU DO WHRULHL FRQVLGHUD F QX
H[LVW R GLIHUHQ

 PDMRU vQWUH SURFHVHOH FH VHUYHVF OD PHQ

OXL 'LIHULWHOH SU L DOH VRFLHW LL VH DIO vQWU-un

LQHUHD XQXL VLVWHP L FHOH FH VHUYHVF OD VFKLPEDUHD

echilibru dinamic, ajustndu-VH vQ SHUPDQHQ  SHQWUX D SVWUD

VWDELOLWDWHD DQVDPEOXOXL $FHVW HFKLOLEUX GLQDPLF HVWH FKLDU VFKLPEDUHD VRFLDO IXQF LRQDO GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD

structural-IXQF LRQDOLVPXOXL

7HRULD HYROX LRQLVW L FHD VWUXFWXUDO-IXQF LRQDOLVW VH VXSUDSXQ vQ DQXPite

FKHVWLXQL DPEHOH DILUPkQG F VRFLHW LOH GHYLQ PDL FRPSOH[H L PDL GLIHUHQ LDWH vQ WLPS FHHD FH GXFH OD R
VSRULUH D JUDGXOXL GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ

 L LQWHJUDUH GLQ VLVWHPXO VRFLDO L WRWRGDW OD XQ JUDG VSRULW GH DGDSWDUH

L IOH[LELOLWDWH D VLVWHPXOXL L D SU LORU VDOH FRQVWLWXWLYH

Teoriile conflictului

FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW L LQIOXHQW

UHSUH]HQWDQW ILLQG .DUO 0DU[ DILUP F VFKLPEDUHD HVWH R SDUWH LQWHJUDQW D YLH LL VRFLDOH D FUHL VXUV VH
DIO vQ FRPSHWL LD L FRQIOLFWXO GLQWUH IRU H RSXVH LDU ED]D XOWLP D DFHVWXL FRQIOLFW

LQH GH LQWHUHVHOH

HFRQRPLFH PDWHULDOH DOH JUXSXULORU DIODWH vQ FRPSHWL LH 3HQWUX 0DU[ FRQIOLFWXO GH FODV
GH LQ PLMORDFHOH GH SURGXF LH L FHL FH QX DX GHFkW SURSULD IRU

ntre cei care

 GH PXQF SH FDUH R YkQG FODVHL SURprietarilor

HVWH VXUVD FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW D VFKLPEULL VRFLDOH 7RWXL FRPSHWL LD SHQWUX UHVXUVH OLPLWDWH PDWHULDOH L
non-PDWHULDOH SRDWH V JHQHUH]H FRQIOLFW GHVFKLV L VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO VDX QX FHHD FH vQVHDPQ F WHRULLOH
FRQIOLFWXOXL FD L FHOHODOWH WHRULL DOH VFKLPEULL VRFLDOH QX H[SOLF SH GH-D vQWUHJXO GH FH VH SURGXF VFKLPEUL
DWXQFL FkQG L DFROR XQGH VH SURGXF 0DL GHJUDE DFHVWH WHRULL VXJHUHD] FRQGL LLOH FH SRW FRQWULEXL OD
SURGXFHUHD VFKLPEULL
8QHRUL VFKLPEDUHD VRFLDO HVWH UH]ultatul

comportamentelor colective sau al

PLFULORU VRFLDOH

WHQWDWLYH RUJDQL]DWH GH D VFKLPED VWUXFWXUD VDX LGHRORJLD VRFLDO FH VH GHVIRDU vQ DIDUD FDQDOHORU OHJLWLPH
VDX IRORVLQG DFHVWH FDQDOH vQ PRGDOLW L LQHGLWH 0LFDUHD HFRORJLVW PLFDUHD IHPLQLVW PLFULOH DQWLJOREDOLVWH VXQW H[HPSOH GH HIRUWXUL GH D VFKLPED RUGLQHD FXUHQW D VLVWHPXOXL VRFLDO 3ULQFLSDOHOH SUREOHPH
SH FDUH VRFLRORJLL DX FXWDW V OH H[SOLFH vQ OHJWXU FX PLFULOH VRFLDOH LQ GH PRWLYHOH FDX]HOH DSDUL LHL

acestora: de FH DSDU DVWIHO GH PLFUL VRFLDOH" GH FH RDPHQLL vL SUVHVF UROXULOH VRFLDOH FXUHQWH L vQFHDUF
V VFKLPEH OXPHD"
1HLO 6PHOVHU D HODERUDW R OLVW GH DVH FRQGL LL D FURU SUH]HQ

VLPXOWDQ DU JHQHUD DSDUL LD XQHL PLFUL

VRFLDOH  R VWUXFWXU VRFLDO IDYRUDELO DGLF XQD FDUH SH GH R SDUWH V ILH VXILFLHQW GH FRPSOH[ L
GLIHUHQ LDW SHQWUX FD LQWHUHVH GLYHUJHQWH V SRDW DSUHD L SH GH DOW SDUWH V QX ILH H[FHVLY GH DXWRULWDU
QHWROHUkQG GLYHUJHQ D GH RSLQLL  R FRQVWUkQJHUH VWUXFWXUDO FRQIOLFWH VDX WXOEXUUL VRFLDOH VLWXD LH
HFRQRPLF SURDVW VDX GLVFUHSDQ H vQ RUGLQHD VRFLDO GDU L R VFKLPEDUH EUXVF D XQXL DVSHFW DO VRFLHW LL

GH]DVWUH QDWXUDOH PLFUL GH SRSXOD LH HWF  DFRUG VRFLDO DVXSUD VXUVHL FDX]HL FRQVWUkQJHULL VRFLDOH L D
FDUDFWHUXOXL VX LQMXVW LOHJLWLP  XQ IDFWRU FDWDOL]DWRU XQ HYHQLPHQW FDUH V DGXF SUREOHPD vQ SULP SODQ
VDX V FODULILFH vQ HOHJHUHD XQHL VLWXD LL FD SUREOHPDWLF  PRELOL]DUH H QHYRLH QX GRDU GH DFRUGXO

16

RDPHQLORU FL L GH LPSOLFDUHD L DF LXQHD ORU GLUHFW  RSR]L LH LQHILFLHQW WRDWH PLFULOH VRFLDOH
JHQHUHD] RSR]L LH vQWUXFkW HOH FDXW V VFKLPEH VWUXFWXUD VRFLDO RSR]L LD SRDWH YHQL ILH GLQ SDUWHD
FRQGXFHULL VRFLHW LL ILH GLQ SDUWHD XQRU FRQWUDPLFUL LDU HIHFWHOH HL SRW IL GH VWRSDUH VDX GLPSRWULY GH
LQWHQVLILFDUH D PLFULL VRFLDOH
/LPLWHOH WHRULHL OXL 6PHOVHU QX OPXUHWH FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH RDPHQL GHILQHVF R VLWXD LH FRQVWUkQJWRDUH
FD ILLQG LQMXVW L QLFL UD LXQLOH FH GXF OD XQ PRPHQW GDW OD PRELOL]DUHD LQGLYL]LORU DX IRVW H[DPLQDWH L V-a
vQFHUFDW GHSLUHD ORU SULQ GRX WHRULL WHRULD GHSULYULL UHODWLYH FRQIRUP FUHLD GHSULYDUHD FRQGXFH OD
PLFUL VRFLDOH GRDU DWXQFL FkQG HVWH SHUFHSXW GUHSW LOHJLWLP L QX vQ RULFH VLWXD LH 3ULQ XUPDUH vQ VRFLHWDWH

avem de-D

IDFH vQWRWGHDXQD FX FRQGL LL GH GHSULYDUH

n raport cu alte perioade de timp ori cu alte grupuri

VRFLDOH L QX FX R GHSULYDUH DEVROXW GH XQGH UH]XOW F HVHQ LDO vQ GHFODQDUHD PLFULORU VRFLDOH VXQW
DWHSWULOH RDPHQLORU ID

 GH XQ FRQWH[W VRFLDO FRQFUHW L WHRULD PRELOL]ULL FRQIRUP FUHLD HVHQ

LDO SHQWUX

IRUPDUHD XQHL PLFUL VRFLDOH HVWH H[LVWHQ D XQRU JUXSXUL RUJDQL]DWH FDSDELOH V DF LRQH]H RPRJHQ L VROLGDU
FD L D XQHL FDQWLW L GH UHVXUVH GLVSRQLELOH
7HRULLOH DPLQWLWH GLVFXW FRQGL LLOH GH DSDUL LH L FRDJXODUH D PLFULORU VRFLDOH Q FHHD FH SULYHWH
UHXLWD DF LXQLORU PLFULORU VRFLDOH VH FRQVLGHU F IDFWRULL GHFLVLYL LQ GH D PVXUD vQ FDUH VROLFLWULOH
PLFULL VXQW FRQYHUJHQWH FX YDORULOH VRFLHW LL vQ DQVDPEOX E VXSRUWXO DOWRU JUXSXUL VDX RUJDQL]D LL FH DX
LQIOXHQ

VRFLDO RUL FDUH DX IRVW FRQYLQVH F VROLFLWULOH PLFULL VRFLDOH OH YRU DGXFH L ORU EHQHILFLL F

FDSDFLWDWHD GH D H[HUFLWD SUHVLXQH GLUHFW DVXSUD IDFWRULORU UVSXQ]WRUL IU D SUHMXGLFLD JUXSUL QHLPSOicate;
G SUHFL]LH L FRHUHQ

vQ IRUPXODUHD FHUHULORU FDUH QX WUHEXLH GHFL V ILH YDJL RUL DPELJXH H FDUDFWHU

IOH[LELO QHJRFLDELO QX DEVROXW DO FHUHULORU I DGRSWDUHD GH WHKQLFL GH DF LXQH LQHGLWH vQ UDSRUW FX FDUH
DXWRULW LOH QX DX H[SHULHQ



J SUH]HQ D XQRU JUXSUL QHXWUH FDSDELOH V PHGLH]H vQWUH SU L K PULPHD

PLFULL VXILFLHQW SHQWUX D SHUPLWH RUJDQL]DUHD GDU QX H[FHVLY SHQWUX D QX IL SHUFHSXW FD R DPHQLQ DUH
VHULRDV OD DGUHVD DXWRULW LL JUXSXOXL GRPLQDQW 7HQWDWLYHOH GH FRQWURO D PLFULORU VRFLDOH GH FWUH LQVWLWX LLOH
VWDWXOXL VH ED]HD] L HOH SH WHRULLOH VRFLRORJLFH vQWUH FDUH WHRULD PRELOL]ULL RIHU XQ VHW FODU GH UHJXOL GH
DF LXQH ED]DWH SH OLPLWDUHD PRELOL]ULL L GLPLQXDUHD VROLGDULW LL SODVDUHD GH LQIRUPDWRUL L WRWRGDW ODQVDUHD
GH ]YRQXUL FX SULYLUH OD H[LVWHQ D LQIRUPDWRULORU vQ PLFDUH GLVFUHGLWDUHD OLGHULORU REVWUXF LRQDUHD
FRPXQLFD LHL vQWUH FDSLL PLFULL FUHDUHD GH IDOVH SUREOHPH vQ LQWHULRUXO PLFULL HWF

17

BIBLIOGRAFIE:
Bilton, T.; Bonnett, K.; Jones, P.; Skiner, D.; Stanworth, M.; Webster, A. 1996, Introductory Sociology,
Third Edition, MACMILLAN PRESS, London.
Brinkerhoff, David B.; White, Lynn K. 1985, Sociology, West Publishing Company, St. Paul, New York,
Los Angeles, San Francisco.
Giddens, Anthony 1993 (1989), Sociology, second edition, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Hodges Persell, Caroline 1990, Understanding Society. An Introduction to Sociology, Third Edition, Harper
&Row Publishers, New York.
Levine, Donald 1995, Visions of the Sociological Tradition, The University of Chicago Pres, Chicago and
London.
Light, Donald Jr.; Keller, Suzanne 1985, Sociology, Fourth Edition, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
0LKLOHVFX ,RDQ  6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO &RQFHSWH IXQGDPHQWDOH L VWXGLL GH FD],

Ed

8QLYHUVLW LL GLQ

%XFXUHWL
=DPILU &WOLQ 9OVFHDQX /D]U FRRUG  'LF LRQDU GH 6RFLRORJLH (G %DEHO %XFXUHWL

18