Matkaviestintäjärjestelmät: Syksy 2015

Matkaviestintjrjestelmt
521385S
Syksy 2015
Mobile Telecommunication Systems

521385S
Autumn 2015
Lecture I: Introduction
Prof. Marcos Katz
Telecommunication laboratory
Room: TS402
Tel: (08) 5537620
Email: marcos.katz@ee.oulu.fi
General Information
The goal of this course is to provide the basic understanding
of dimensioning and performance of mobile
communications systems.
The current mobile communications system standards as
well as the ones being developed are also studied, preparing
students to understand the structure, functionality and
dimensioning of these systems.
Learning outcomes: Upon completing the required
coursework, the student will be able to determine and fit the
values of the main parameters for modern mobile
telecommunication systems network planning. The course
gives skills to describe mobility management, adaptive
resource control and dynamic resource allocation in mobile
networks..
Course Material (1/2)

The course follows the next two
books:
Book 1
Mobile Communication
Systems.
Krzysztof Wesolowski
Publisher: Wiley
Chapters:
1, 2, 3, 5, 7 & 10
Course Material (2/2)

Book 2
LTE, The UMTS Long Term
Evolution. Edited by S, Sesia,
I. Toufik and M. Baker.
2nd Edition
Publisher: Wiley
Chapters: 1-7, 9-12, 14, 16, 18, &
22.
Lectures
On Mondays at 12-14 in TS127 during Autumn period.
On Wednesdays at 08-10 in TS127 during Autumn period.
In practice we start at 15 minutes past the official hour...
Exceptions in lecture hours will be announced at course

web pages, or via Optima system.
The material will be available in Optima system.
Lectures will be given in English.
Exercises
Supervisor: Heikki Karvonen
(heikki.karvonen@ee.oulu.fi )
Starting Date: 06.11.2015
Starting time: TS127 8:15
Contents:
Exercises related to basic concepts taught in the course
Additional information: Optima and Noppa.
Laboratory Work
Supervisor: Timo Kokkonen
(timo.kokkonen@ee.oulu.fi)
More information to be provided in November
Exam and Grading

Final exam will be organised later in Autumn and Spring.
Grading determined 100% according to exam.
The lab exercise must be passed before getting the marks

from the course.
Four wo hours of lectures in a week, 30 h in total, exercises,
16 h and simulation exercise 16 h.
Course Outline
Introduction
Concept and structures of modern mobile communications
systems.
Basics of radio network planning and capacity.
Mobility management.
Power control techniques
Resource allocation techniques

Examples of digital mobile telecommunication systems in
practice.
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INTRODUCTION
Brief History of
Communications
Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu
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Brief History of Communications

Early times
Telegraph Era
Early Radio
Radio Era
Early Mobile
Mobile (Cellular) Era
Short-Range Communications
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Early times (ancient times 1800)
Smoke signals
Visual communications
Drum communications
Acoustic communications
Light signals
Visual communications
Avian carriers (homing pigeons)

Physical communications (direct delivery
of written information)
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Hydraulic telegraph, created by Aeneas, approx.,
year 350 BC.
-Two similar water containers (clepsydras) were used as

transmitter and receiver
- Similar amount of water on both
- Alignement needed Synchronization mechanisms
used already almost 2500 yeas ago!!!
- Wooden stick with uniform divisions defining zones, one
fixed message in each zone
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Giant instruments used to send acoustic signals
by Alexander the Great.
- Stentorophonic tube/horn
- Range: up to 12 miles
- Used to broadcast orders to
the army forces
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Cryptography was already used on 7th century BC
Scytale cipher was by the Spartans and the ancient Greeks who
used it to transport battle information between generals.
Encryption: The scytale encryption system used two wooden rods
with equal radii, where the radius of the rod is the key.
A messenger winds a strip of leather around the rod, then he writes
the message going across the rod.
E.g., Secret message "Help me I am under attack
Message on the rod
Ciphered message: HENTEIDTLAEAPMRCMUAK after unwinding.

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Telegraph Era
Mechanical semaphores ( 1800)
Electromechanical telegraphs (1750-1850)
Example:
Francisco Salva, Spain (1796)
44/22 wires over 50Km
Each wire for a given character
Initially servants hold the wires at the receiving end,
and electrical shocks indicated a given character being
sent.
A refined version used sparks to
indicate the received information
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Mechanical Semaphores: Developed by
Claude Chappe, circa 1800.
Semaphore with
three linked arms
Code for 92 characters
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a)
a) French semaphore
b) English semaphore
Code books were used to
encrypt the message to be
transmitted.
b)
Achieveble data rate:

2 bit/second (taking into
account encoding and
decoding time)
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Early Radio
J. C. Maxwell predicts existence of
electromagnetic (EM) waves (1867).
H. Hertz proves existence of EM waves (1887).
- First spark transmitter generates a spark
in a receiver several meters away.
E. Branly develops coherer for detecting radio waves

(1890).
G. Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraph to
English telegraph office (1896).
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Early Radio (cont.)
Marconi awarded patent for wireless telegraph (1897)
Marconi awarded English patent for tuned communication
1898
Wireless telegraphic connection between England and
France established 1898
First transoceanic communication: Marconi successfully
transmits radio signal across Atlantic Ocean from
Cornwall to Newfoundland (1901)
First bidirectional communication across Atlantic (1902)
Marconi awarded Nobel prize for physics (1909)
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Early Radio (cont.)
Marconis early transmitter (left) and

receiver (1897)
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Radio Era
First radio transmission of speech transmission by
Reginald Fessenden (1900)
First audio (speech & music) broadcast
transmission(1906)
Mobile receivers installed in police cars in Detroit
(1920s)
Mobile transmitters developed; radio equipment
occupied most of police car trunk (1930s)
Frequency modulation (FM) demonstrated by
Armstrong (1935)
Majority of police systems converted to FM (1940s)
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Early Mobile
First interconnection of mobile users to public
switched telephone network (PSTN) (1946)
FCC recognizes mobile radio as new class of
service (1949)
Number of mobile users ~ 50K (1940s)
Number of mobile users ~ 500K (1950s)
Number of mobile users ~ 1.4M (1960s)
Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS)
introduced; supports full-duplex, auto dial (1960s)
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Mobile Cellular Era
NTT/Japan deploys first cellular communication
system (1979)
NMT opened in Nordic countries (1981)
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
deployed in US in 900 MHz band: supports 666
duplex channels (1983)
Groupe Spcial Mobile defines European digital
cellular standard, GSM (1989)
US Digital Cellular phone system introduced
(1991)
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Mobile Cellular Era

1G: Mobile phones to the masses
for the first time!
Analog cellular communications
Voice-only
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Mobile Cellular Era (cont.)
2G: Digital cellular communications
GSM starts in Europe (1991)
IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA)
spread- spectrum digital cellular system deployed
in US (1993)
GSM system deployed in US, relabeled Global
System for Mobile Communications (1994)
Voice + basic data (14.4 Kbps)
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2.5G: Digital cellular communications
GSM + General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
(1997)
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up
to 115 kbit/s.
It can be used for services such as Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), and for
Internet communication services such as
email and World Wide Web access.
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EDGE: Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
(2003)
EDGE could provide data rates from 236 Kbps
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Generation of standards for mobile phones and
mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the
International Mobile Telecommunications-2000
(IMT-2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union
Application services include wide-area wireless
voice telephone, mobile Internet access, video calls
and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.
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The following standards are typically branded 3G:
1) The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily in
Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other regions
predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS
and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same
infrastructure:
- The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
- The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialized in 2009 and is only
offered in China.
- The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56 Mbit/s
in the DL in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the UL.
2) The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used
especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the IS-95
2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest
release EVDO Rev B offers peak
rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.
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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
Peak data rates: 14 Mbps (DL)
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High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an
amalgamation of two mobile telephony protocols, High
Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High
Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
-Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS):
E.g., mobile TV
- Peak data rates: 14 Mbps (DL), 5.75 Mbps (UL)
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Evolved HSPA = HSPA+
- Peak data rates: 28 Mbps (DL), 11 Mbps (UL)
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Definition: 4G is the fourth generation of cellular
wireless standards.
In 2009, the ITU-R organization specified the IMTAdvanced (International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting
peak speed requirements for 4G service at
- 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from
trains and cars)
- 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians
and stationary users)
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Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
Dynamically share and use the network resources to support more
simultaneous users per cell.
Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz
in the uplink (e.g.,1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than
67 MHz bandwidth).
System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25
bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.
Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
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Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Seen as a 4G predecessor (also 3.9G)
LTE does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced
requirements.
LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s
in DL and 50 Mbit/s in the UL if a 20 MHz channel is
used (more if MIMO (multiple-input-multiple-output)
technology is used.
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Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A)
LTE is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard (4G), formally
submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and
expected to be released in 2012.
The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the
ITU requirements.
LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a
new technology but rather an improvement on the existing LTE
network.
LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional spectrum
and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds.
Peak data rates: 1Gbit/s (DL) and 500 Mbit/s (UL)
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Short-range Communications
Typical operating ranges

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Table 2
Table 1
Evolution of cellular communications

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Cellular generations and data rates
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Data rates: past, present and future
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Evolution to 4G
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Evolution of Cellular Devices
1970s 5 Kg
1980s 3 Kg
1990s 200-400 g
2000s
200-300 g
1980s 1 Kg
2010s 100-200 g
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From brick phones to smart phones: Evolution
in the last 25 years (1985-2010)
47
Current Trends (1/5)

2010:
3x increase of global mobile data traffic

Video traffic 50% of overall mobile traffic
Connection throughputs doubled
94M laptops and 3M tablets connected to mobile networks,
each generating 22x and 5x more traffic than smartphones, respectively
2011:
Number of phones exceeded worlds population in May
Today: 6.92 billion devices (81% mobile, 19% fixed)
1.8 billon devices expected to be sold in 2011
48

2015:
One mobile phone per capita,

26x data traffic 2010,
10x data rate 2010,
2/3 overall traffic will be video
2020:
7 trillion wireless devices serving 7 billion people,
according to Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)
Short-range communications will be the dominant access
technology, when measured by the number of wireless
connections (in mobile devices, computers, office and
home appliances, cars)
49

Two main network components:
Wide Area Networks: the mobile path
Broadcast networks,
Wireless wide area networks (e.g., cellular)
Wireless metropolitan area networks
Local Area Networks: the wireless path
Short-range networks (WLAN, WPAN, WBAN, WSN,
RFID, NFC, etc.)
Component networks are highly complementary
Wide-area, centralized architecture, licensed
spectrum.
Local-area, distributed (ad hoc) architecture, license
exempt spectrum.
50

Our planet is covered by a very dense grid of nodes providing
wireless connectivity. The grid is characterized by
Multiplicity / Heterogeneity / Diversity
Wireless/Mobile networks
Devices
Traffic/Contents
Services
A given communication-enabled node (e.g., mobile device, car, etc.)

will be always surrounded by a significant number of other nodes.
There exists a potential cluster to cooperate with.
Huge demands for increased

Traffic / Throughput / Bandwidth
Network capacity
Energy and spectral efficiency
51

Cooperation and cognition are key fundamental principles
for future wireless networks.
Cooperative principles emerging across several segments
Cooperation could be
a) Embedded in the system, e.g., distributed
coding/diversity/antennas, network coding, etc.
b) Visible to the user (clear predisposition to cooperate aiming
at common and self benefits)
Cognition brings awareness on the surrounding wireless

ecosystems
a) Highly heterogeneous wireless networks
b) Many distributed resources are scarce

521385S
- End of introductory chapter
Thank You!
marcos.katz@ee.oulu.fi

Matkaviestintäjärjestelmät: Syksy 2015

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Matkaviestintjrjestelmt

Mobile Telecommunication Systems

Course Material (1/2)

Course Material (2/2)

Exceptions in lecture hours will be announced at course

Additional information: Optima and Noppa.

More information to be provided in November

Exam and Grading

The lab exercise must be passed before getting the marks

Resource allocation techniques

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Avian carriers (homing pigeons)

Brief History of Communications

-Two similar water containers (clepsydras) were used as

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Ciphered message: HENTEIDTLAEAPMRCMUAK after unwinding.

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Achieveble data rate:

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

E. Branly develops coherer for detecting radio waves

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Marconis early transmitter (left) and

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Mobile Cellular Era

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

2.75G: Digital cellular communications

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

3G: Digital cellular communications

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Mobile Cellular Era (cont.)

Peak data rates: 14 Mbps (DL)

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

3.75G: Digital cellular communications

Brief History of Communications

Mobile Cellular Era (cont.)

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Scalable channel bandwidth 520 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

Brief History of Communications

Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu

Brief History of Communications

Brief History of Communications

Typical operating ranges