CH 03 Matrices

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 123 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM
Matrices
syllabus ref
efer
erence
ence
Core topic:
Matrices and applications
In this cha
chapter
pter
3A
3B
3C
3D
Operations with matrices

Multiplying matrices
Powers of a matrix
Multiplicative inverse and
solving matrix equations
3E The transpose of a matrix
3F Applications of matrices
3G Dominance matrices
124
M a t h s Q u e s t M a t h s C Ye a r 1 1 f o r Q u e e n s l a n d
Introduction to matrices
Four towns are connected by roads as shown in the figure. There is one road connecting
A and B, two roads connecting A and C and so on. This information may be represented as shown in the table.
To
B
A
D
From
C
If the headings at the top and side of this display are removed, an array of numbers
only is left:
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
3
0
1
3
0
This array of numbers is called a matrix (plural, matrices).

The arrangement of numbers in matrices is an extension of our number system and,
as we will see, the rules that govern matrix calculations have many similarities with the
arithmetic of numbers. Matrices are particularly useful in solving complex problems in
linear programming.
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
The numbers in the matrix are called the elements of the matrix.
The matrix above is a 4 4 matrix as it has 4 rows and 4 columns. We say the order
of the matrix is 4 by 4.
The matrix
2 0
1 4 is a 3 2 matrix because it has 3 rows and 2 columns. Note the
1 2
square brackets used to enclose the array.

A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m n matrix. We say the order
of the matrix is m n. The dimensions of a matrix are always given as the number
of rows multiplied by the number of columns.
The elements of the matrix are referred to by the row and then by the column position. In the 3 2 matrix above, the row 1, column 1 element is 2, the row 3, column 1
element is 1 and the row 1, column 2 element is 0.
MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 125 Wednesday, November 12, 2003 11:17 AM
Chapter 3 Matrices
125
We often use capital letters as symbols for matrices. Thus we may write
A=
2 0
1 4
1 2
In general, the elements of a matrix A are referred to as ai j where i refers to the

row position and j refers to the column position.
a 11 a 12 a 13 a 14 a 1n
That is, A =
a 21 a 22 a 23 a 24 a 2n
a 31
.
.
.
a m1
a 32
.
.
.
a m2
a 33 a 34
.
.
.
.
.
.
a m3 a m4
...
...
...
a 3n , depending on the order of the matrix

.
.
.
a mn
where A is an m n matrix.
The row 1, column 1 element is a1 1.
The row 3, column 1 element is a3 1 and so on.
WORKED Example 1
For each of the following give the order of the matrix, if it exists, and where possible write
down the elements in row 2, column 1 and row 1, column 3.
2 5
A= 3 6
4 7
1 2 3
B=
1 2 3
THINK
1
C = 2
3
D=
WRITE
A has 3 rows of numbers and 2 columns

of numbers.
A is a 3 2 matrix.
B has 2 rows and 3 columns.
B is a 2 3 matrix.
C has 3 rows and 1 column.
C is a 3 1 matrix.
D is not a rectangular array of numbers

as it does not have all positions filled.
The row 2, column 1 element is the
number in the second row and the first
column.
The row 1, column 3 element is the
number in the first row and the third
column.
In A and C there is no row 1, column 3
element since there is no third column
in either matrix.
D is not a matrix.
5 0 2
6
Row 2,
column 1
element
Row 1,
column 3
element
Matrix
MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 126 Friday, October 12, 2001 4:09 PM
126
Operations with
matrices
Addition
The sports coordinator at Mathglen State
High School kept records of the number
of first, second and third ribbons awarded
to competitors in each house at the
swimming and athletics carnivals and
sports events.
The results were:

House
Swimming
House
1st
2nd
3rd
Hamilton
25
28
24
Leslie
38
30
Barnes
34
Cunningham
35
Athletics and sports

1st
2nd
3rd
Hamilton
35
35
27
35
Leslie
33
34
39
36
35
Barnes
30
33
36
38
38
Cunningham
34
34
30
To find the total number of first, second and third places for each house, the swimming,
athletics and sports results may be added. The elements in corresponding positions are
added to give the total number of first, second and third places for each house:
House
Hamilton
Leslie
Barnes
Cunningham
1st
2nd
3rd
25 + 35 = 60
38 + 33 = 71
34 + 30 = 64
35 + 34 = 69
28 + 35 = 63
30 + 34 = 64
36 + 33 = 69
38 + 34 = 72
24 + 27 = 51
35 + 39 = 74
35 + 36 = 71
38 + 30 = 68
60
Adding the elements for each event results in the following matrix: 71
64
69
63
64
69
72
51
74
71
68
Addition of matrices is performed by adding corresponding elements.
Subtraction
The subtraction of matrices is also performed by the usual rules of arithmetic on
corresponding elements of the matrices. It follows that:
Chapter 3 Matrices
127
1. Subtraction of matrices is performed by subtracting corresponding elements.

2. Addition and subtraction of matrices can be performed only if the matrices are
of the same order; that is, they have the same number of rows and columns.
Furthermore, addition of matrices is commutative. That is, for two matrices A and B of
the same order:
A+B=B+A
WORKED Example 2
If
A=
12
34
find, if possible:
a A+B
b AB
THINK
B=
14
23
C=
220
220
c B C.
WRITE
a A+B= 1 2 + 1 4
34
23
a Add the numbers in the corresponding

positions of each matrix.
= 26
57
b Subtract the numbers in the corresponding

positions of each matrix.
b AB= 1 2 1 4
34
23
= 0 2
1 1
c Subtraction cannot be performed since the order c B C cannot be calculated because B

of B is 2 2 and the order of C is 2 3.
and C are of different orders.
Multiplication by a scalar
Consider the matrix B = 1 4
23
To find 3B we could use repeated addition: 3B = B + B + B
= 14 + 14 + 14
23
23
23
= 3 12
6 9
3B could have been calculated more efficiently by multiplying each element of B by 3.
Thus 3B = 3 1 4 = 3 1
23
32
3 4 = 3 12
33
6 9
128
The number 3 in the term 3B is called a scalar because it is a constant. Terms such
as 3B refer to scalar multiplication of matrices.
When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, each element of the matrix is multiplied
by the scalar.
WORKED Example 3
If A =
a 2A
2 3
3 3
and B =
find:
4 1
3 2
b 5B
c 2A + 5B
d 4(A + B)
e 2(B A).
THINK
WRITE
a Multiply each element of A by 2.
2 = 2 2 3
4 1
= 4 6
8 2
b Multiply each element of B by 5.
5 = 5
=
c Add the two matrices found in parts a

and b.
3 3
3 2
15 15
15 10
c 2 + 5 = 4 6 + 15 15
8 2
15 10
= 19 9
7 8
Add A and B inside the brackets.
d 4( + ) = 4 2 3 + 3 3
4 1
3 2
=4 5 0
1 1
Multiply each element of the resulting

matrix by 4.
= 20 0
4 4
Subtract A from B (inside the brackets).
e 2( ) = 2 3 3 2 3
3 2
4 1
=2
Multiply each element of the resulting

matrix by 2.
1 6
7 3
2 12
14 6
Chapter 3 Matrices
129
There are some obvious but important features of scalar multiplication. If A and B
are matrices of the same order and a, b are real numbers, then:
1. aA + bA = (a + b)A
2. aA + aB = a(A + B)
3. (ab)A = a(bA)
Operations 1 and 2 are similar to the Distributive Law of Addition.
Operation 3 is similar to the Associative Law of Multiplication.
If aA = 0, then a = 0 or A is a zero matrix. A zero matrix is a matrix which has all
elements equal to zero.
Equality of matrices
This leads to an important principle about the equality of matrices.
Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order and all corresponding
elements are equal; that is, if A = a b and B = a b then A = B.
c d
c d
Simple matrix equations

We know that to solve an algebraic equation such as 2x + 5 = 11, we:
1. subtract 5 from both sides to obtain 2x = 11 5 which gives 2x = 6
2. then, divide both sides by 2 (or multiply by 1--2- ) to obtain x = 6 1--2- or x = 3.
Simple matrix equations which require the addition or subtraction of a matrix or
multiplication of a scalar can be solved in similar ways to those employed with
algebraic equations.
WORKED Example 4
Solve the following matrix equations.
a 5A =
50 35
15 20
b P+
32
69
=
15
2 4
c 2B
THINK
WRITE
a 5 =
To get A by itself multiply both

sides by 1--5- .
Simplify the matrix A.
1 2 3
34 7
=
20 1
2 6 5
50 35
15 20
1
--5
50 35
15 20
= 10 7
3 4
Continued over page
130
THINK
b
WRITE
To get P by itself subtract 3 2 from

15
both sides.
b P+ 3 2 = 6 9
2 4
15
P=
P =
Simplify the matrix P.
First get 2B by itself by adding

1 2 3 to both sides.
20 1
69 32
15
2 4
3 7
3 1
2B 1 2 3 = 3 4 7
2 6 5
20 1
3 4 7 + 1 2 3
2 6 5
20 1
2B =
Simplify the right-hand side.
Multiply both sides by
Simplify the matrix B.
1
--2
to get B by itself.
= 46 4
0 6 4
1
--2
46 4
0 6 4
= 2 3 2
0 3 2
remember
remember
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

An m n matrix has m rows and n columns.
The numbers in the matrix are called the elements of the matrix.
Elements are referred to by the row and column position. For example, ai j
refers to the i th row and the j th column of matrix A.
Addition of matrices is performed by adding corresponding elements.
Subtraction of matrices is performed by subtracting corresponding elements.
Addition and subtraction of matrices can be performed only if the matrices are
of the same order.
When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar, each element of the matrix is
multiplied by that scalar.
Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order and all corresponding
elements are equal.
131
Chapter 3 Matrices
3A
WORKED
Example
1 Using a table format, give the order of each of the following matrices and where
possible write down the row 2, column 1 and row 1, column 3 elements of each.
6
5 02
A = 5 2 , B = 5 , C = 1 8 10 20 , D = 4 4 4 , E = 1 1 8
84
444
7
0 5 3
2
WORKED
E xample
Operations
with
matrices
d CA
3 Using the matrices A, B and C from question 2 find:

a 2A
b 2A B
c 2A + 3B
d 3(A + B)
e 2A + 3B 4C
4 multiple choice
Use
1 23
A = 2 1 4 ,
6 30
B = 5 4 ,
1 3
C = 4 3 ,
27
D = 2 341
0 2 7 5
and
0 5 1
E = 2 3 9 to answer questions a to e.
6 4 2
a The order of D is:
A 32
B 42
C 24
D 33
b Which one of the following cannot be calculated?
A A+E
B B+C
C 4D
D A+B
c 2A + 3E is equal to:
3 16 7
A 2 3 30
30 17 6
17 2
0 2 13
12 7 2
4 15 2
C 6 3 8
9 7 2
E 22
E 6(E A)
2 16 3
D 2 7 35
30 18 6
2 19 3
2 7 35
30 18 6
10
01
32 7
5 9
d 3C 4B is equal to:
A
32 25
2 9
8 7
10 33
e The element e3 2 is equal to:

A 9
B 4
C 3
31 0
5 19
D 7
147
1 4 7
5 If C = 2 5 8 and D = 2 5 8 , calculate:
369
3 6 9
a C+D
b CD
c 2C
d 2C + D
E 1
e 2(C + D) f
HEET
SkillS
Example
Math
2 If A = 2 3 , B = 5 0 and C = 1 3 , calculate:
47
4 2
2 6
a A+B
b AB
c B+C
cad
WORKED
3.1
132
WORKED
Example
6 Solve the following matrix equations.

a 3P = 6 0
9 3
b Q+ 4 0 = 2 0
5 6
14
c 3M 2 0 3 = 1 0 0
2 3 2
4 6 1
2 2
0 4
6 6 N = 7 6
3 3
5 2
7 Explain why the following matrix equation has no solution.

2A +
48 = 513
2 5 2
4 0
8 Write down the matrix representing the following maps in the form:
Number of
routes to
Number
of routes
from
Use alphabetic order for the sequencing of rows and columns.
b
J
a
B
A
D
C
L
M
9 A mathematically inclined student has decided to keep a record of her test results in
matrix form. Her results so far are Maths B tests: 82%, 75% and 91%; Maths C tests:
54%, 68% and 82%.
Write these results in a 3 2 matrix.
10 Place the following sporting results in a suitable matrix format.
a Brisbane Lions 15 goals 14 behinds 104 points defeated Geelong 7 goals 10
behinds 52 points.
b Adelaide Crows have played 13 games for 7 wins, 5 draws and 1 loss; they have
scored 31 goals for and 18 against; their points score is 26. Fremantle have played
12 games for 444; their goals are 1715 and their points score is 16.
11 Adelaide Crows defeat Fremantle 4 goals to 1. Update the matrix in question 10b
(note that 3 points are awarded for a win and 0 for a loss).
12 Write down any 2 2 matrices called A, B and C. Check if the following are true.
a A+B=B+A
b (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
c AB=BA
d 2A + 2C = 2(A + C)
Chapter 3 Matrices
133
The sports results at Mathglen State High School were:
Position
House
1st
2nd
3rd
Hamilton
60
63
51
Leslie
71
64
74
Barnes
64
69
71
Cunningham
69
72
68
Position
Points
1st
2nd
3rd
5
3
1
5
To calculate the total points for each house, this matrix is multiplied by 3 since 5
points are awarded for first, 3 for second and 1 for third.
1
The result can be obtained using the following operations.
Hamilton:
Leslie:
Barnes:
Cunningham:
60 5 + 63 3 + 51 1 = 540
71 5 + 64 3 + 74 1 = 621
64 5 + 69 3 + 71 1 = 598
69 5 + 72 3 + 68 1 = 629
60
We can also write A B = C, where A = 71
64
69
63
64
69
72
51
540
5
74 , B =
621
3 and C =
71
598
1
68
629
The order of A is 4 3, B is 3 1 and C is 4 1.

Therefore, a 4 3 matrix multiplied by a 3 1 matrix gives a 4 1 matrix. Two
matrices can be multiplied only if the number of columns of the first matrix equals the
number of rows of the second matrix.
In general, if A is of order m n and B is of order n p then A B exists and its
order is m p. Such a matrix is said to be conformable where m n multiplied by
n p results in a matrix of order m p.
The order of AB should be established before multiplying.
The procedure for multiplying two 3 3 matrices is outlined below.
a 11 a 12 a 13
b 11 b 12 b 13
If A = a 21 a 22 a 23 and B = b 21 b 22 b 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
then
b 31 b 32 b 33
134
a 11 b 11 + a 12 b 21 + a 13 b 31
a 11 b 12 + a 12 b 22 + a 13 b 32
a 11 b 13 + a 12 b 23 + a 13 b 33
AB = a 21 b 11 + a 22 b 21 + a 23 b 31
a 21 b 12 + a 22 b 22 + a 23 b 32
a 21 b 13 + a 22 b 23 + a 23 b 33
a 31 b 11 + a 32 b 21 + a 33 b 31
a 31 b 12 + a 32 b 22 + a 33 b 32
a 31 b 13 + a 32 b 23 + a 33 b 33
The rows of the first matrix are multiplied by the columns of the second matrix.
The sum of the products of the elements of row 1 multiplied by column 1 results in the
row 1, column 1 element.
The sum of the products of the elements of row 3 multiplied by column 2 results in the
row 3, column 2 element.
WORKED Example 5
2 1
123
A =
, B = 0 4
456
5 3
a
b
c
d
Write down the order of the two matrices.

Which of these products exist? i AB ii BA
Write down the order for the products which exist.
Calculate the products which exist.
THINK
WRITE
a A is a 2 3 matrix.
Matrix A has 2 rows and 3

columns.
2 Matrix B has 3 rows and 2
columns.
b i AB is the product of a 2 3
and a 3 2 matrix so it exists.
A and B are conformable.
ii BA is the product of a 3 2
and a 2 3 matrix so it also
exists.
c
i The product of AB is a 2 2
matrix.
ii The product of BA is a 3 3
matrix.
d
B is a 3 2 matrix.
b
i AB exists since a 2 3 matrix multiplied by a

3 2 matrix results in a 2 2 matrix.
ii BA exists since a 3 2 matrix multiplied by a
2 3 matrix results in a 3 3 matrix.
Multiply the rows of matrix d

A by the columns of matrix
B.
i AB is a 2 2 matrix.
ii BA is a 3 3 matrix.
2 1
i AB = 1 2 3 0 4
456
5 3
AB =
Simplify AB.
12 + 20 + 35
1 1 + 2 4 + 3 3
42 + 50 + 65
4 1 + 5 4 + 6 3
AB = 17 16
38 34
Chapter 3 Matrices
THINK
ii
WRITE
Multiply the rows of B by the

columns of A.
2 1
ii BA = 0 4 1 2 3
456
5 3
ii BA =
135
Simplify BA.
2 1 + 1 4 2 2 + 1 5 2 3 + 1 6
01+44
02+45 03+46
51+34
52+35 53+36
2 1 0
ii BA = 16 20 24
17 25 33
Note: In worked example 5, AB is a 2 2 matrix but BA is a 3 3 matrix. In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative.
That is, for two matrices A and B, AB BA.
For the product AB we say that A is post-multiplied by B and B is pre-multiplied by A.
The identity matrix

There is one circumstance in which matrix multiplication is commutative. Look at the
following example.
WORKED Example 6
If A =
2 3
10
and I =
, calculate AI and IA.
5 4
01
THINK
1
WRITE
A and I are both 2 2 matrices so both

the products AI and IA exist and are of
order 2 2.
A 2 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 2 matrix

results in a 2 2 matrix.
Find AI using the procedure for

multiplying matrices.
AI =
=
Find IA using the procedure for

multiplying matrices.
2 3 1 0
5 4 0 1
2 3
5 4
IA = 1 0 2 3
0 1 5 4
=
2 3
5 4
This example demonstrates the only case in which matrix multiplication is always commutative that is, when AI = IA = A. Here, I is called the multiplicative identity matrix.
136
The multiplicative identity matrix, I, acts in a similar fashion to the number 1 when
numbers are multiplied, where I is the multiplicative identity matrix).
An identity matrix can be defined only for square matrices; that is, for matrices of
order 1 1, 2 2, 3 3. The other feature of an identity matrix is that it has the
number 1 for all elements on the leading diagonal and 0 for all other elements.
Leading diagonal
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
AI = IA = A where A is a square matrix and I is the multiplicative identity matrix.

If A is not square (say it is 3 2), then A I = A means I would have to be a 2 2
matrix because a 3 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 2 matrix results in a 3 2 matrix.
But I A = A means that I would be a 3 3 matrix because a 3 3 matrix multiplied
by a 3 2 matrix results in a 3 2 matrix. However, I cannot be a 2 2 and a 3 3
matrix at the same time. Therefore I can be defined only for square matrices.
remember
remember
1. In general, if A is of order m n and B is of order n p then A B exists and

its order is m p; that is, A and B are conformable.
2. In general, for two matrices A and B, AB BA.
3. AI = IA = A where A is a square matrix and I is the multiplicative identity matrix.
3B
WORKED
Example
24
2
3
1
1
1 A =
,B =
, C = 6 8 , D = 2 4 , E = 2 3 1 , I = 1 0
4 5
10
0 4 2
01
01
a Write down the order of the six matrices.
b Which of the following products exist?
i AC
ii CA
iii DB
iv BD
vii IA
viii IB
ix EB
x E2
c Write down the order of the products which exist.
d Calculate those products which exist.
Mat
d
hca
Multiplying
matrices
v AE
xi A2
vi AI
xii EC
2 4 and N = 5 2 , calculate MN and NM.

04
1 3
b Is matrix multiplication commutative? That is, does MN = NM?
2 a If M =
WORKED
Example
3 A = 2 1 , B = 2 0 , C = 5 2 , D = 3 2 , I = 1 0 and O = 0 0
0 3
0 3
8 3
8 5
01
00
Calculate the following products.
a AB b AC c DO d DI e IB f BC g CD h CA i OI j ID
Chapter 3 Matrices
137
4 a Calculate the following products.

i
4 3 4 3
5 4 5 4
ii
2 3 8 3
5 8 5 2
iii
1 2 5 2
2 5 2 1
b What do you notice about all of the answers?

c What term could be given to these matrices?
5 multiple choice
Use the matrices below to answer questions a to d.
2 5
12 3
A = 3 2 , B = 2 2 4 , C = 1 3 , D = 2 0 2 , E = 5 2 , F = 3 2 4
01
1 36
1 3
0 4
4 1 3
a Which one of the following products does not exist?
A AD
B AB
C BC
D FC
E CE
b The order of the matrix BD is:
A 22
B 33
C 23
D 53
E 43
c Which one of the following products gives a matrix of order 2 2?
A BF
B AB
C DC
D BC
E FD
d Which one of the following represents the matrix CE:
20 17
A 1 8
8 12
5 11
B 8 11
4 12
5 8 4
C Does not D
11 11 12
exist.
20 1 8
17 8 12
6 The matrix below shows the number of wins, draws and losses for two soccer teams,
the Sharks and the Dolphins.
10 2 5
8 72
Thus the Sharks have 10 wins, 2 draws and 5 losses. If 3 points are awarded for a win,
1 for a draw and 0 for a loss:
a write down a 3 1 matrix for the points awarded
b use matrix multiplication to find the total points for the two teams.
7 In Australian Rules Football, 6 points are awarded for a goal and 1 point for a behind.
The scores in two games were:
Southport 1812 defeated Broadbeach 1415 and Lions 1014 defeated Eagles 916.
138
Work
ET
SHE
3.1
The first number is for goals scored and the second is for behinds.
a Write the results in a 4 2 matrix.
b Write down the 2 1 matrix for the points.
c Use matrix multiplication to find the total number of points scored by each team.
8 Two shops, A and B, are supplied with boxes of different brands of chocolates
Yummy, Scrummy and Creamy as shown in this table:
Yummy
Scrummy
Creamy
Shop A
20
20
10
Shop B
10
5
10
The cost of the boxes are Yummy $10, Scrummy $25 and Creamy $12.
a Write down the costs in a 3 1 matrix.
b Use matrix multiplication to find the total cost for each shop.
History of mathematics
O L G A TA U S S K Y- T O D D
( 3 0 Au g u s t 1 9 0 6 7 O c t o b e r 1 9 9 5 )
During her life
Mt Everest is finally climbed.
The Richter scale for measuring the strength of
earthquakes is devised.
Morse code is first used by the Titanic when it
sinks.
Gandhi struggles to free India from British Rule.
Olga Taussky-Todd worked in the fields of
matrix theory and number theory.
She was born in Olmtz, now part of the
Czech Republic, but when she was three the
family moved to Vienna and later to Linz.
Her father died early so it became difficult for
her to continue her studies. Her father, an
industrial chemist, had encouraged her
studies in mathematics.
Olga went to the University of Vienna
where she studied mathematics and
chemistry. She completed a doctorate in 1930
with research into algebraic number fields.
After completing her studies she was
employed at the university of Gttingen as an
assistant and worked with Helmut Ulm by
editing his book on number theory. By 1932
Olga had been promoted to the position of
tutor.
In 1935 Olga moved to Cambridge where
she undertook a research fellowship before
moving to London in 1937 to take up a

teaching position. In London she met and
later married Jack Todd.
After the Second World War, the couple
moved to America where Olga began work on
the design of computers. In 1943, she moved
to the Ministry of Aircraft where she
conducted research into stability in matrices.
This work encouraged her to look in more
detail at matrix theory.
Olga was awarded the Austrian Cross of
Honour, which is Austrias highest award; in
1964, she was named woman of the year by
the Los Angeles Times. In 1970 she was
awarded the Ford Prize for her publication on
The Sums of Squares. In 1971 she was
named Professor Emeritus at CalTech.
Questions
1. What field of mathematics was Olgas
speciality?
2. What did Olga work on when she
moved to America?
3. What award did Olga receive from the
Austrian Government?
4. Where was Olga a professor?
Research
Find out about the uses of matrices,
especially in dynamic programming.
Chapter 3 Matrices
139
Powers of a matrix
A logical extension of matrix multiplication is using the power of a matrix, where
A1 = A
A2 = AA
A3 = A2A, and so on.
In general form, An = An 1A, where n is a positive integer.
But what dimension can matrix A have?
Matrix powers
Investigate powers of matrices by completing the following steps. (Remember to
use pronumerals for the elements of A, not constant values.)
1 a Let matrix A be any 3 2 matrix.
b Find A2.
c What do you notice?
b Find A2.
b Find A2.
c What do you notice?
4 a What general conclusion can you make concerning the order of a matrix
that is to be raised to a power?
b Justify your conclusion by referring to the dimensions of matrices involved
in a product.
From the above investigations we can conclude that A A must be conformable;
that is, the number of columns of the first factor in the product should be the same
as the number of rows in the second factor.
That is, A must be a square matrix where n n is multiplied by n n to get A2.
Hence powers of matrices are only defined for square matrices.
WORKED Example 7
If A =
1 3
, find:
1 2
a A2
b A3
THINK
WRITE
a Write the power as a product.
a A2 = A A
A2 =
1 3
1 2
1 3
1 2
A2 = 2 9
3 1
Continued over page
140
THINK
WRITE
b Write the power as the product of lesser

powers.
b A3 = A2A
A2 = 2 9
3 1
1 3
1 2
A2 = 11 12
4 7
remember
remember
1. The power, n, of matrix A, in general form, is An = An 1A, where n is a positive

integer.
2. Powers of matrices are only defined for square matrices; that is, A has to be a
square matrix to obtain An.
3C
1 If A = 2 1 , find:
0 0
7
2
a A
Powers of a matrix
WORKED
Example
b A3
A4
1 0 0
2 If A = 0 1 0 , find:
0 0 1
2
a A
b A3
An
1 0 0
3 If A = 2 3 0 , find:
0 1 1
2
a A
b A3
1 1 0
4 If A = 2 2 1 :
1 1 0
a find A2
b confirm that A2A = AA2
Chapter 3 Matrices
141
Applications of matrices
1 A garden supplier provides live plants for displays
in 5 penthouse patios, 7 office foyers, 3 banks and
4 hotels. The plants in each different type of display
are listed below.
The patio displays consist of 2 ferns, 1 camellia,
1 geranium and 2 hanging baskets.
The office foyer displays have 1 palm, 1 geranium,
3 hanging baskets and 2 indoor plants.
The bank displays have 1 palm, 3 camellias and
5 indoor plants.
The hotel displays have 2 palms, 3 ferns, 2 camellias,
2 hanging baskets and 5 indoor plants.
The wholesale cost of each plant bought by the supplier is:
ferns $22, palms $18, geraniums $8, camellias $15,
hanging baskets $12 and a variety of indoor plants that
cost $10 on average.
The supplier needs to be able to use this information to calculate costs of
displays, number of plants required and profits, but in this form, the information is
difficult to handle.
a Develop matrices to display the following information (labels outside the
matrices will help clarify the meaning of the elements):
iii the number of displays supplied to each type of venue
iii the number and variety of plants used in each display
iii the cost of each type of plant.
b Use matrix operations to determine the following:
iii the quantities of each plant needed to fill the orders
iii the suppliers total outlay to provide the displays
iii the charge for each type of display if the supplier adds 80% profit to the
(iii) cost.
2 A home builder advertised three
designs of Ownit Homes to entice
people to buy rather than rent their
home the Taps for $129 per week,
the Avalon for $169 per week and the
Torana for $198 per week. The weekly
payments were based on finance
available from a public finance company.
Ownit Homes received orders for 10 Taps homes, 8 Avalon homes and 12
Torana homes. The materials (given in units as stated in their building guide)
required for each home are listed below:
The Taps home requires 9 units of steel, 11 of timber, 6 of glass, 7 of paint and
20 of labour.
The Avalon home requires 12 units of steel, 14 of timber, 15 of glass, 12 of
paint and 25 of labour.
The Torana home requires 14 units of steel, 12 of timber, 12 of glass, 16 of
paint and 24 of labour.
142
To reduce costs all materials are purchased from one supplier. The prices per unit
are steel $550, timber $950, glass $850, paint $550 and labour is priced at $940 per
unit.
Use matrix methods to obtain the following information:
a the amount of money the bank would receive per week from the repayments on
these homes
b the total cost of raw materials for all the constructions.
3 A small bakery sells 5 main items:
sugar rolls, bread, cakes, pastry and buns.
The major ingredients (given in applicable
units) required to make one of each item
are listed below.
Sugar rolls (1 dozen) require 1 egg,
4 units of flour, 0.25 of sugar, 0.25 of
shortening and 1 of milk.
Bread (1 loaf) requires 3 units of flour,
0.25 of shortening.
Cake (1) requires 4 eggs, 3 units of
flour, 2 of sugar, 1 of shortening and 1 of milk.
Pastry (1) requires 1 egg, 1 unit of flour, 0.33 of shortening.
Buns ( 1 dozen) require 2 units of flour, 3 of sugar, 1 of shortening and 1 of milk.
Two suppliers (Supplier 1 and Supplier 2) provide quotes for the ingredients, given
as ordered pairs:
eggs (10, 12), flour (8, 10), sugar (10, 12), shortening (12, 15) and milk (12, 12).
For one office function the following orders were received:
15 dozen sugar rolls, 150 loaves of bread, 45 cakes, 65 pastries and 35 dozen buns.
a Represent all the above information in matrix form taking into account
ingredients, orders, suppliers quotes.
b Use these matrices to provide a list of the amounts of the ingredients required
to fill the orders for the function.
c Which supplier provides the cheapest total quote? What savings are made by
using this supplier?
d Provide a list of selling prices if a 90% markup on the cost prices is used to fix
the price.
e Calculate the total takings based on this information from part (d).
Multiplicative inverse and solving

matrix equations
In question 4 of exercise 3B, you should have found that the product of the matrices
was I. This means that one matrix is the multiplicative inverse of the other. We use the
symbol A1 for the multiplicative inverse of A.
If AA-1 = A-1A = I, then A1 is called the multiplicative inverse of A.
In working with numbers, a similar result would be 7 1--7- = 1 or 4--5- 5--4- = 1. Numbers
such as these are called reciprocals or multiplicative inverses of each other.
Chapter 3 Matrices
143
WORKED Example 8
If A =
41
3 1
and B =
, find AB and hence write down the multiplicative inverse
63
6 4
of A.
THINK
1
WRITE
AB will be a 2 2 matrix since A and B are both

2 2 matrices.
AB = 4 1 3 1
6 3 6 4
= 60
06
6 0 = 6 1 0 = 6I since 6 is a common factor

01
06
of each element.
AB = 6I
To produce I we need to multiply both sides by 1--6- .
A ( 1--6- B ) = I
So A1 = 1--6- B
=
Since A ( 1--6- B ) = I , the inverse of A is 1--6- B.

=
Inverse of a matrix
3
--6
1--6-
6--6-
4
--6
1
--2
1--6-
2
--3
Consider matrix A, a 2 2 matrix, such that A = a b . If a multiplicative inverse of A

c d
exists, then A A1 = I.
If A1 exists, let A1 = x y
u v
That is,
AA1 = I
LHS = a b
c d
x y
u v
LHS = ax + bu ay + bv
cx + du cy + dv
LHS = RHS
LHS = 1 0
0 1
144
Equating terms of the two matrices:

ax + bu = 1
[1]
cx + du = 0
[2]
ay + bv = 0
[3]
cy + dv = 1
[4]
Solving this system of simultaneous equations:
Use [1] and [2] to eliminate x by multiplying equation [1] by c and equation [2] by a.
acx + bcu = c
[5]
acx + adu = 0
[6]
Equation [6] minus equation [5] gives:
adu bcu = c
u(ad bc) = c
c
u = -----------------This will replace u in A1.
ad bc
Continue in a similar fashion to arrive at:
a
b
d
y = -----------------x = -----------------and
v = -----------------ad bc
ad bc
ad bc
d
-----------------ad
bc
Therefore A =
c
-----------------ad bc
1
1
= ------------------ d b
ad bc c a
b
-----------------ad bc
a
-----------------ad bc
where ad bc 0
If ad bc = 0 then this scalar is undefined, therefore A1 does not exist. That is, there is
no matrix that, when multiplied by A will yield I, the identity matrix. If A has no
inverse then it is said to be singular.
There is a relationship between A and A1 which is outlined below. If A is the matrix
a b , proceed as follows.
c d
1. Swap the elements on the main diagonal of A
on the other diagonal by 1
and multiply the elements
. This gives the matrix
d b .
c a
2. Find the product of A and this matrix:

a b
c d
d b = ad bc
0
c a
0
ad bc
1
3. This will equal I if we divide each element by (ad bc) (or multiply by ----------------------- ).
( ad bc )
These steps demonstrate a clear method for finding the multiplicative inverse of a
matrix.
Chapter 3 Matrices
145
1
a b
- d b .
is A 1 = ----------------ad
bc
c d
c a
The inverse of A =
The number (ad bc) is called the determinant of the matrix A and is written as
det A or |A|.
Note: Only square matrices have inverses.
We will be concerned only with the inverse of 2 2 matrices at this stage in this course.
WORKED Example 9
If C =
2 3
find C 1.
1 5
THINK
WRITE
1
C 1 = ------------------ d b
ad bc c a
Write the general form of C and the

general form of its inverse.
C= a b
c d
Swap the elements on the main

diagonal of C.
1
C 1 = ------------------------------------------- 5 3
( 2 5 ) ( 3 1 ) 1 2
1
= ----------------------- 5 3
10 ( 3 ) 1 2
5
2
Multiply the elements on the other
diagonal of C by 1.
3
1
3
1
C 1 = ------ 5 3
13 1 2
Write down the inverse of C.
We can check that CC 1 = I and C 1 C = I .

C1 is the multiplicative inverse of C if C C1 = I.
CC 1 =
1
-----13
2 3 5 3
1 5 1 2
1
-----13
13 0
0 13
= I
1
-----13
C 1 C =
=
1
-----13
5 3 2 3
1 2 1 5
13 0
0 13
= I
Singular matrices
Matrices for which the determinant equals 0 do not have an inverse, since
undefined. Such matrices are called singular matrices.
If det A = 0 then A is singular and an inverse does not exist.
1
--0
is
146
Further matrix equations

Matrix equations of the type AX = B may be solved by using the properties of
multiplicative inverses.
A matrix equation AX = B is similar to the equation 3x = 7. To solve this we would
divide both sides of the equation by 3 (or multiply by 1--3- ). To solve the matrix equation
we multiply both sides by A1. Since the order of multiplying matrices is important we
must be careful in which position we multiply by the inverse.
1. For AX = B
Pre-multiply by A1: A1AX = A1B
or
IX = A1B since A1A = I.
X = A1B since IX = X.
2. For XA = B
Post-multiply by A1: XAA1 = BA1
or
XI = BA1 since AA1 = I
X = BA1 since XI = X.
1. If AX = B, then X = A1B.
2. If XA = B, then X = BA1.
Note: A1 cannot be inserted between 2 matrices. It can either pre- or post-multiply A
on one side of a matrix equation.
WORKED Example 10
A =
25
12
and B =
2 1
03
Find X if:
a AX = B
THINK
a
b XA = B.
WRITE
A = 1 2 det A = 3 0 = 3
03
We require A1 so first calculate det A.
Write down A1.
A1 =
Write the equation.

Pre-multiply both sides of the equation
by A1.
Remember A1A = I and IX = X.
AX = B
3
4
5
6
Calculate the product of A1 and B.
1
--3
3 2
0 1
A1AX = A1B
X=
1
--3
3 2 2 5
0 1 2 1
1
--3
10 13
2 1
Chapter 3 Matrices
THINK
WRITE
b XA = B
Write the equation.
Post-multiply both sides of the equation

by A1.
Calculate the product of B and A1

using A1 which was found in part a.
147
X = BA1
1
--3
2 5 3 2
2 1 0 1
1
--3
61
6 5
In part a of worked example 10 both sides of the equation were pre-multiplied by A1;
in part b both sides were post-multiplied by A1. Remember that the matrix and its
inverse must be next to each other so that AA1 = I.
Fractional scalars should be left outside the matrix unless they give whole numbers
when multiplied by each element.
remember
remember
1. If AA1 = A1A = I, then A1 is called the multiplicative inverse of A.
1
2. The inverse of A = a b is A1 = ------------------ d b
ad bc c a
c d
The number (ad bc) is called the determinant of the matrix A and is written
as det A or | A |.
3. If det A = 0 then A is singular and an inverse does not exist.
4. (a) If AX = B, then X = A1B.
(b) If XA = B, then X = BA1.
WORKED
Example
1 If A =
4 1 and B = 1 1 , find AB and hence write down:

2 1
2 4
HEET
3.2
SkillS
3D
Multiplicative inverse and

solving matrix equations
a the inverse of A
b the inverse of B.
cad
Math
2 If M = 2 6 and N = 1 6 , find MN. Hence write down M 1 and N 1.

0 1
0 2
Inverse
matrices
148
3 Calculate the determinants of the following matrices.

a
A = 2 3
5 10
d D = 43
41
WORKED
Example
b B = 2 3
4 0
C = 2 6
0 1
E = 2 1
3 5
F = 2 1
6 4
4 Write down the inverses of each matrix in question 3.
5 multiple choice
Using the matrices below, select the correct answer in questions a to d.
P = 4 3 , Q = 2 3 and R = 8 6
2 1
1 0
4 2
a Det P is equal to:
A 10
B 2
1
b R
D 2
E 8
is equal to:
A 1--81
D ----40
C 10
2 6
4 8
2 6
4 8
1
--8
8 6
4 2
1
-----40
2 6
4 8
Det (PQ) is equal to:

A 30
B 10
C 10
1
-----40
86
4 2
E 20
D 30
d If QX = R, then X is equal to:

A 1--3D
1
--3
12 6
0 10
6 28
2 8
1
--3
E 1--3-
12 6
0 10
C 1--3-
12 6
0 10
6 28
2 8
6 Write down a 2 2 matrix which is singular.

7 C = 2 6 , D = 0 2
0 1
2 1
Find:
a C 1
b D1
CD
d (CD)1
e C 1D1
8 Explain why these matrices do not have an inverse.

a D = 21
42
b E = 2 4
5 10
14
F = 25
36
D1C 1
Chapter 3 Matrices
9 If A =
a AB
WORKED
Example
10
4 0 and B = 0 2 , find:
1 0
1 1
1
b (AB)
10 Let A = 2 3 , B = 5 5 , C = 0 1 . Find X if:

45
2 1
6 6
a AX = B
b XA = B
c XC = A
e ABX = C
f CX = C
g XB = I
11 A =
149
3 4 , B = 6 1 and X =
1 2
21
d AX = C
h A1BX = C
x .
y
Solve these matrix equations.

a
AX =
2
4
b BX = 15
7
12 Find the value of x and y by solving these matrix equations.
34
1 5
4 2
3 2
x
y
= 2
7
x
y
14
12
2 3
4 1
1 3
2 3
x
y
= 8
2
x
y
= 5
2
The transpose of a matrix

The transpose of matrix A is A, where A = a b and A = a c . The transpose of
c d
b d
a matrix is an interchange of rows and columns (row 1 becomes column 1 and so on).
Consider the following laws that apply to the transpose of matrices A and B:
1. (A) = A
2. (A + B) = A + B
3. (kA) = kA
4. (AB) = BA
5. AA is a symmetric matrix (i.e. A = A).
The proofs of these laws are given as problems in exercise 3E.
remember
remember
1. When required to prove a statement is true:
(a) do not assume it is true and use the statement in your proof
(b) work only one side of the statement at a time, not both together
(c) do not use actual constant values for the elements, use pronumerals only.
2. If you are asked to show a statement is true, you are expected to use actual
values as given.
ET
SHE
Work
3.1
150
3E
1 Prove that for any 2 2 matrix A, (A) = A.

2 Show that for A = 1 3 and B = 0 1 , (A + B) = A + B.
0 2
1 2
3 Show that for k = 2 and A = 3 1 , (kA) = kA.
0 1
4 Show that for A = 3 4 and B = 0 1 , (AB) = BA.
1 2
1 0
5 Show that for any 2 2 matrix, AA is symmetrical.
Application 1: Simultaneous equations
As we saw in questions 11 and 12 from exercise 3D, matrices may be used to solve
linear simultaneous equations. The pair of equations may be written in the form AX = B
x and B is
y
the matrix of the numbers on the right-hand side of the simultaneous equations.
A is called the coefficient matrix.
For example, the simultaneous equations:
ax + by = e
cx + dy = f
can be expressed as the matrix equation:
where A is the matrix of the coefficients of x and y in the equations, X =
a b
c d
x
y
e
f
which is of the form AX = B. Here a b is called the coefficient matrix,

c d
variable matrix and
e
f
the constant matrix.
As we have seen, this equation can be solved by using:

A1AX = A1B
X = A1B
x
y
the
Chapter 3 Matrices
WORKED Example 11
Solve 3x y = 16 and 2x + 5y = 5 by matrix methods.

THINK
WRITE
1
Write the simultaneous equations under

each other making sure the variables
are in corresponding positions.
Write the matrix equation.
3x y = 16
2x + 5y = 5
AX = B
3 1
2 5
x
y
= 16
5
Rearrange the equation in general form

so that X is the subject.
A1AX = A1B
IX = A1B
X = A1B
Calculate A1.
1
A1 = -----17
Multiply A1 by B.
1
X = -----17
1
= -----17
Write the answers in the form x = . . .

and y = . . .
Note: The solution should be verified
by substituting x = 5 and y = 1 into the
original equations.
5 1
2 3
5 1 16
2 3 5
85
17
x = 5
y
1
x = 5 and y = 1
Graphics Calculator tip! Solving matrix equations

Most graphics calculators provide a facility
for calculating inverses of matrices. To solve
the equations in worked example 11 using the
TI-83 graphics calculator, follow these steps.
1. Press MATRX .
2. Choose the EDIT menu, select [A] and
press ENTER .
3. Specify that [A] is a 2 2 matrix.
151
152
4. Let A be the first matrix in step 1 of worked example 11, and let B be the last
matrix. Insert each value into [A] by typing the number and then pressing ENTER .
5. Go back to MATRX and the EDIT menu
and enter the values for [B].
6. Use 2nd [QUIT] to return to the home
screen.
7. Press MATRX .
8. Choose the NAMES menu and select [A].
9. Press x1 to produce [A]1.
10. Press MATRX , select [B] from the NAMES menu.
11. Press ENTER to calculate [A]1[B]. You should find that x = 5 and y = 1 as
before.
In some cases a matrix may have elements

with a large number of decimal places. In such
cases you can scroll across a row using the
scroll key
.
The MATH menu provides a number of
matrix operations.
Use 1:det to find the determinant of a matrix
by pressing MATRX MATH 1 MATRX NAMES
[choose the matrix].
Use 5:identity to find the identity matrix by pressing MATRX MATH 5 and entering
a number. (For example, 3 will give the 3 3 identity matrix.)
Application 2: Summarising information

We have already seen how matrices may be used to summarise information such as
townroad connections. Information which can be summarised in tabular form may
also be presented as a matrix.
WORKED Example 12
In a large country town, there are three major supermarkets. Customers switch from one
to another due to advertising, better service, prices and for other reasons. A survey of 1000
customers has revealed the following information for the past month.
Best Buys started with 40% of the market; 90% of its customers remained loyal to Best
Buys but 5% changed to Great Groceries and 5% to Super Store.
Great Groceries started with a 36% market share; 85% remained loyal, 10%
transferred to Best Buys and 5% to Super Store.
Super Store started with 24% of the customers; it lost 15% to Best Buys and 5% to
great Groceries, but 80% remained.
Summarise the information in matrix form and calculate the new market shares.
Chapter 3 Matrices
WRITE
The information may be

summarised in a 3 3 matrix with
the rows representing retention
rates and gains and the columns
representing retention rates and
losses. This may be called a
transition matrix.
Row 1 shows that Best Buys
retains 90% of its customers,
gains 10% of Great Groceries
customers and gains 15% of
Super Stores customers.
Column 1 indicates that Best
Buys retains 90% of its
customers, loses 5% to Great
Groceries and loses 5% to Super
Store. Note that each column
totals 100%.
Write the initial market shares as
a 3 1 matrix. This information is
found as the market share at the
beginning of the month. Note:
The values total 1.
The new market share will be the
transition matrix, converted to
decimal numbers, multiplied by
the market share matrix.
Express the new market shares as
percentages. Check the values add
up to 100%.
Retention rates and losses

(%)
Best
Buys
Retention rates and gains
(%)
THINK
153
Best
Buys
Great
Super
Groceries Store
90
10
15
Great
5
Groceries
85
80
Super
Store
0.40
The initial market share matrix is 0.36
0.24
0.432
0.90 0.10 0.15 0.40
=
0.338
0.05 0.85 0.05 0.36
0.230
0.05 0.05 0.80 0.24
The new market shares are Best Buys 43.2%, Great
Groceries 33.8% and Super Store 23.0%.
remember
remember
1. Matrices may be used to solve simultaneous equations:
ax + by = e
cx + dy = f.
The pair of equations may be written in the form AX = B, where A = a b ,
c d
x and B = e .
y
f
2. Matrices can also be used to summarise information which is in table form and
solve related problems; however, care must be taken in setting up the matrices.
X=
154
3F
In the following exercise solve all problems manually then use a graphics calculator
wherever appropriate to check your solutions.
3.3
WORKED
Example
11
SkillS
HEET
Mat
d
hca
Matrices and
simultaneous
equations
1 Solve these simultaneous equations by matrix methods.

a 2x 3y = 13 and x + 2y = 3
b 3x + y = 9 and 2x + 5y = 6
c x + 4y = 2 and x 5y = 0
d 6x + 7y = 0 and 4x 3y = 0
e 4x + y = 20 and x y = 0
f 3x 2y = 0 and x y = 1
2 Consider these two pairs of simultaneous equations:
i 3x 2 y = 4
ii 3x 2y = 6
6x 4y = 12
6x 4y = 12
a Show by algebraic means that the simultaneous equations in i have no solution.
b Show that the simultaneous equations in ii have an infinite number of solutions.
c Write the equations in matrix form and explain how these facts are related to the
determinant of the matrix of the coefficients.
d Draw, on two sets of axes, graphs of the two lines in each of i and ii.
e Explain how the graphs are related to parts a and b.
3 multiple choice
3 x 2y = 5
y + 2x = 8
Consider the simultaneous equations:

a The coefficient matrix is:
A
3 2
1 2
5
8
32
2 1
b The solution to the simultaneous equations is:

A x = 2, y = 3
B x = 3, y = 2
D x = 2, y = 2
E x = 4--3- , y = 7--3-
31
2 2
3 2
2 1
C x=
13
------ ,
4
y=
19
-----8
4 multiple choice
In an alternative Australian Rules Football game, a team gains x points for a goal and y
points for a behind. In one game Cairns obtained 66 points by scoring 10 goals and 8
behinds and Townsville obtained 70 points from 12 goals and 5 behinds.
a This information is represented by which of the following matrix equations?
A
8 10
5 12
8 5
10 12
x
y
= 66
70
x
y
= 66
70
b The value of x y is:

A 5
B 4
10 12
8 5
x
y
= 66
70
12 10
5 8
x
y
= 70
66
C 6
D 3
10 8
12 5
x
y
E 2
= 66
70
Chapter 3 Matrices
155
5 The sum of two numbers is 20 and their difference is 12. Find the numbers by setting
up simultaneous equations and solving by matrix methods.
6 In a factory, two types of components are processed on two separate machines. The
respective processing times on the first machine are 18 minutes and 21 minutes, while
for the second machine the times are 4 minutes and 42 minutes. How many of each
type of component, per machine, should be processed in an 8-hour shift so that both
machines are fully occupied and the output of each machine is the same?
Example
12
7 In a swimming competition, 5 points are awarded for first place, 3 for second, 2 for
third and 1 point for an unplaced result. The top competitors results were:
Name
No. of races
competed in
First
placings
Second
placings
Third
placings
Rania
Patricia
Anh
Mayssa
Rachel
Place the results and points in suitable matrices and use matrix multiplication to find
the highest points scorer.
8 Cyrils circus arrived in town last week and during the
week the number of adults, children and pensioners
attending the circus was recorded for the first five shows
(see table below).
Adults
Children
Pensioners
Monday
400
200
20
Tuesday
450
350
50
Wednesday
370
410
45
Thursday
290
380
70
Friday
420
530
65
The entry cost is $20 for adults, $6 for children and $5

for pensioners.
Set up the information in suitable matrices to find the total
takings for the first five shows.
ET
SHE
Work
WORKED
3.2
156
Matrix multiplication
using a graphics calculator
Worked example 12 may be solved using a graphics calculator as follows.
Enter the 3 3 transition matrix as matrix A:
1. Press MATRX , select EDIT and 1:[A].
2. Change the dimensions of A to 3 3 and
press ENTER .
3. Enter the values from worked example 12
as shown.
Enter the 3 1 market share matrix as matrix B:
4. Press MATRX , select EDIT and 2:[B].
5. Change the dimensions of B to 3 1 and
press ENTER .
6. Enter the values from worked example 12
as shown.
Now multiply matrices A and B:
7. Press 2nd [QUIT] to return to the home screen.
8. Press MATRX , select NAMES and 1:[A], and
press ENTER .
9. Press the key.
10. Press MATRX , select NAMES and 2:[B], and
press ENTER .
11. Press ENTER to perform the matrix multiplication.
Questions
Use a graphics calculator to find A B for each of the following:
133
1 A= 5 0 2 ,
B=
628
2.5
2 A = 9.2
6.6
3.7
2
0
3 A= 5
5
4
6.1
0.3 ,
0.7
4.6
3
1
3
1
4
0
1
9
1
4
9
2
5
B = 3.7 0.4 9.4

5.1 5.9 2.2
2
4
2
9
4
7
7
6 ,
6
4
3
5
B= 4
1
9
8
11
7
2
2
Chapter 3 Matrices
157
Dominance matrices
Have you ever wondered how tennis players are seeded or ranked? It obviously has
something to do with their performance against past opponents. In a knock-out competition, one loss and you are out of the competition. Only the winners continue to play.
Dominance matrices are often used to determine player rankings.
The investigation below will explain how matrices are used to establish the seedings
or rankings of players in round-robin situations where each player plays every other
player, thereby creating a more just system of ranking.
Dominance matrices another

application of matrices
Consider 4 players Alan, Brian, Carlo and Denis (A, B, C, D), who on past
performances have shown that A defeats D and B, D defeats B, C defeats A and D,
and B defeats C.
This situation can be represented on a digraph a network diagram that has
arrows on the edges, where A B indicates that A defeats B.
A
B
C
D
158
The information from the digraph can be converted into matrix form (a dominance
matrix) as below:
A
0
0
1
0
defeats
A
M=
B
C
D
B
1
0
0
1
C
0
1
0
0
D
1
0
1
0
where 1s are used to indicate defeats and 0s to indicate otherwise. Obviously A

cant defeat A so a 0 is used along the leading diagonal.
Notice also that:
(1) there are as many 1s as there are paths
(2) corresponding elements occur on either side of the leading diagonal. That is, if
A defeats B (1), then a 0 will be stored in the B defeats A element on the
opposite side of the leading diagonal.
When the elements of each of the rows are added they yield a dominance vector,
showing how many players each has defeated.
A
V= B
C
D
2
1
2
1
This result can be readily checked from the original digraph by counting the
number of arrows out of each node.
Note, from now on the row/column labels will be omitted.
It can be seen from this information that A, C and D would be ranked equally with
B last; this can be written as
A B

C D
We assume in most ranking situations that if A defeats B and B defeats C then A
will defeat C. This relationship is described as being transitive, where if variable
a < b and b < c, then a < c.
To distinguish between A, C and D we find M 2, which uses the transitive nature
of A defeating D and D defeating C; therefore, A can defeat C (in M 2).
0
M2 = 0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
M2 = 1
0
1
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
Chapter 3 Matrices
159
Notice the fact that A can defeat C is the m13 element of 1. This is referred to as a
second-order influence of A over C. But how great an importance should we give
this second-order influence? Should it be as significant as the original first-order
influence of M?
To answer this question find V2, the second-order dominance vector
3
V2 = 2
4
3
Accumulating the effects of the first- and second-order influence vectors will help
sort out the rankings. But should the second-order influence have the same weight
as the first-order?
Lets choose an arbitrary value of 0.5 for the weighting of the second-order of
influence vector; that is:
V = V1 + 0.5V2
2
= 1 + 0.5
2
1
3
2
4
3
3.5
= 2
4
2.5
This separates the players into the following ranking:
C, A, D, B.
Some combinations of results might need to go to the third-order of influence (M3)
using another arbitrary constant as a weighting device.
Some other combinations still may not provide a clear ranking order and the
players can only be separated by inspection of the original results.
160
3G
Dominance matrices
1 Three friends have noticed that when they played chess, Mair defeated Ann and Janine,
and Ann defeated Janine. Use dominance matrices to rank these players.
2 A round-robin volleyball match was arranged for house competitions where Barnes lost
to all but Cunningham, and Cunningham only won against Hamilton which defeated
Leslie. Leslie also won against Barnes.
If house points are to be allocated 20, 15, 10, 5 for the overall ranking, use dominance matrices to decide the allocation of the points.
3 Five schools are debating in a round-robin tournament the following table shows the
results.
Clifton
Warwick
Goondiwindi
Stanthorpe
Clifton
Warwick
Goondiwindi
Stanthorpe
Ipswich
Clifton lose against Warwick and Goondiwindi and so on.

a Construct a dominance matrix of this information.
b Points are allocated in the ratio of 5:4:3:2:1 on the basis of these results. List the
points each school scores.
Chapter 3 Matrices
161
summary
A matrix (plural: matrices) is a collection of numbers arranged in rows and
columns.
An m n matrix has m rows and n columns.
The numbers in the matrix are called the elements of the matrix. Elements are
referred to by the row and column position.
Addition and subtraction of matrices is performed by adding or subtracting
elements in corresponding positions. These operations can be performed only if the
matrices have the same order.
Scalar multiplication of a matrix is performed by multiplying each element of the
matrix by a number. Thus kA means each element in matrix A is multiplied by the
number k.
Matrices are multiplied in the following way:
a 11 a 12 a 13
b 11 b 12 b 13
If A = a 21 a 22 a 23 and B = b 21 b 22 b 23
a 31 a 32 a 33
b 31 b 32 b 33
then
a 11 b 11 + a 12 b 21 + a 13 b 31
a 11 b 12 + a 12 b 22 + a 13 b 32
a 11 b 13 + a 12 b 23 + a 13 b 33
AB = a 21 b 11 + a 22 b 21 + a 23 b 31
a 21 b 12 + a 22 b 22 + a 23 b 32
a 21 b 13 + a 22 b 23 + a 23 b 33
a 31 b 11 + a 32 b 21 + a 33 b 31
a 31 b 12 + a 32 b 22 + a 33 b 32
a 31 b 13 + a 32 b 23 + a 33 b 33
The orders are related as follows:

(m n) (n p) = (m p).
Matrix multiplication is usually not commutative. That is, AB BA.
Powers of a matrix
The power, n, of matrix A, in general form, is An = An 1A, where n is a positive
integer.
Powers of matrices are only defined for square matrices; that is, A has to be a
square matrix to obtain An.
Multiplicative inverse and solving matrix equations

An identity matrix, I, is defined for square matrices such that AI = IA.
The multiplicative inverse of matrix A is A1 such that AA1 = A1A = I.
162
1
If A = a b , then A 1 = ------------------ d b .
ad bc c a
c d
The number ad bc is called the determinant of A and has the symbols det A or |A|.
If det A = 0, then A1 does not exist (A does not have an inverse) and A is said to be
singular.

The transpose of a matrix is an interchange of rows and columns.
The transpose of a matrix A is A where A = a b and A = a c .
c d
b d
Applications of matrices: solving simultaneous equations and

summarising information
Matrices may be used to solve simultaneous equations:
ax + by = e
cx + dy = f.
The pair of equations may be written in the form AX = B, where A = a b ,
c d
x
e
X=
and B =
.
y
f
Matrices can also be used to summarise information which is in table form and
solve related problems but care must be taken in setting up the matrices.
Dominance matrices can be used to determine player rankings in sports
competitions.
Chapter 3 Matrices
163
CHAPTER
review
1 multiple choice
The solution to
3A
2 0 2 A = 4 2 is given by A equals:
02
2 0
31
1 1
12 4
4 4
4 0
4 8
1 1
1 1
11
11
2 A is a 3 2 matrix, B is 2 2 and C is 3 2. Which of the following may be calculated?

a A+B
b A+C
c B+C
3A
3 multiple choice
3B
If A is a 3 2 matrix and B is 2 1, then the order of AB is:

A 22
B 32
C 31
D 13
E 21
4 multiple choice
3B
1
The product of 1 2 3 0 is:
4 5 6
1
4 10
4
10
1 0 3
4 0 6
14
1 0 3
0 0 0
4 0 6
5 Using the same matrices as in question 2, which of the following may be calculated?
a AB
b AC
c BA
d BC
e CA
f CB
g A + CB
h A + BC
i AB1.
3B
6 multiple choice
3D
The determinant of 2 0 is:

1 5
A 0
B 11
C 2
D 10
E 10
7 multiple choice
If AB = 4I then B1 is:
A 4A
B A
3D
C
1
--- A
4
1
--- B
4
E 4B
164
3D
8 multiple choice
Which of the following matrices is singular?
A
3D
1 0
0 1
1 0
0 1
9 multiple choice
If AX = B then X is given by:
A A1B
B BA1
3D
10 Find matrix A if A 0 1 = 6 6
2 1
0 6
3E
11 multiple choice
Using matrices, the solution to:
A (2, 3)
3D,E
B (3, 5)
4 2
6 3
B
C --A
4x y = 7
yx=2
C (3, 4)
4 2
2 1
10 2
5 0
D AB1
E IA1
D (1, 1)
E (5, 3)
is:
12 a Write down the inverse of 4 2

3 1
b Hence solve 3x + y = 14 and 4x 2y = 22.
Modelling and application
CHAPTER
test
yourself
A company has two plants manufacturing components for different models of car. The time
spent in hours per car is given in the following matrix.
Assembly Packaging Despatch
Standard model
25
1
0.5
Deluxe model
30
1.5
1
4-wheel drive
35
1.5
0.5
The wage rates ($ per hour) at the two sites are given by:
Plant 1
Plant 2
Assembly
16.50
16.00
Packaging
14.00
14.00
Despatch
13.50
13.00
a In the first matrix, write down the 2, 3
element and explain what it refers to.
b In the second matrix, write down the 2, 1
element and explain what it refers to.
c Write down the order of each matrix and the
order of the matrix found by multiplying the
first matrix by the second matrix.
d Find the product of the two matrices.
e Explain what the first row of the product
matrix represents.
f Explain what the first column of the product
matrix represents.
g Write down the cost of producing the Deluxe
model at:
i Plant 1
ii Plant 2.

CH 03 Matrices

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MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 123 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

Operations with matrices

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 124 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

This array of numbers is called a matrix (plural, matrices).

square brackets used to enclose the array.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 125 Wednesday, November 12, 2003 11:17 AM

In general, the elements of a matrix A are referred to as ai j where i refers to the

a 3n , depending on the order of the matrix

A has 3 rows of numbers and 2 columns

B has 2 rows and 3 columns.

C has 3 rows and 1 column.

D is not a rectangular array of numbers

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 126 Friday, October 12, 2001 4:09 PM

The results were:

Athletics and sports

Addition of matrices is performed by adding corresponding elements.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 127 Wednesday, November 12, 2003 11:18 AM

1. Subtraction of matrices is performed by subtracting corresponding elements.

a Add the numbers in the corresponding

b Subtract the numbers in the corresponding

c Subtraction cannot be performed since the order c B C cannot be calculated because B

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 128 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

a Multiply each element of A by 2.

b Multiply each element of B by 5.

c Add the two matrices found in parts a

Add A and B inside the brackets.

Multiply each element of the resulting

Subtract A from B (inside the brackets).

Multiply each element of the resulting

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 129 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

Simple matrix equations

To get A by itself multiply both

Simplify the matrix A.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 130 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

To get P by itself subtract 3 2 from

Simplify the matrix P.

First get 2B by itself by adding

Simplify the right-hand side.

Multiply both sides by

Simplify the matrix B.

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 131 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

Operations with matrices

3 Using the matrices A, B and C from question 2 find:

e The element e3 2 is equal to:

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 132 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

6 Solve the following matrix equations.

7 Explain why the following matrix equation has no solution.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 133 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

The order of A is 4 3, B is 3 1 and C is 4 1.

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 134 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

Write down the order of the two matrices.

Matrix A has 2 rows and 3

i AB exists since a 2 3 matrix multiplied by a

Multiply the rows of matrix d

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 135 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM

Multiply the rows of B by the

The identity matrix

A and I are both 2 2 matrices so both

A 2 2 matrix multiplied by a 2 2 matrix

Find AI using the procedure for

Find IA using the procedure for

MQ Maths C Yr 11 - 03 Page 136 Tuesday, October 9, 2001 4:04 PM