PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LAB MANNUAL

LINEAR CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

EE-111

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Experiments

Objectives

Experiment 1.

Introduction to Circuit Analysis Laboratory.

Experiment 2.

To study Resistors, Variable resistors and Ohms law.

Experiment 3.

To study Kirchhoffs Voltage Law and voltage divider rule.

Experiment 4.

To study Kirchhoffs Current Law and current divider rule.

Experiment 5.

To study and implement superposition theorem.

Experiment 6.

To study Nodal Theorem.

Experiment 7.

To study Mesh Theorem.

Experiment 8.

To study Thevenin Theorem.

Experiment 9.

To study Norton Theorem.

Experiment 10.

To Study Max Power Transfer Theorem.

Experiment 11.

To study Multi-Sim Software.

Experiment 12.

To study AC wave form and measurement of its parameters.

Experiment 13.

To study First order RL and RC circuits.

Experiment 14.

To study Charging and discharging of RC Circuit.

Experiment 15.

To study Charging and discharging of RL Circuit.

Experiment 16

a)

To study Second order Series RLC circuits.

b) To study Second order parallel RLC circuits.

Introduction to Circuit
Analysis Laboratory

Experiment 1
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with laboratory and its equipments.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator, Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Serial Number

Digital Multimeter
Oscilloscope and Probes
Function Generator and Probes
Power Supply

THEORY
Digital Multimeter:
It is used to measure Current, Voltage, Resistance, Capacitance and Inductance.
It is used to check Diode and Transistor.
Oscilloscope:
It is used to observe and calculate signal parameters of any input.
Function Generator:
It generates signals of various types, frequencies and amplitudes.
Power Supply:
It is used to supply DC Current and Voltage.

PROCEDURE
To get familiarize with DMM
To check resistance, connect black lead to common (COM) terminal and red lead
to the V terminal. Move selector to section. Connect the resistor to leads
and note the readings from LCD.
To check voltage, connect black lead to common (COM) terminal and red lead to
the V terminal. Move selector to V section. Connect the resistor to leads and
note the readings from LCD.
To check current, connect black lead to common (COM) terminal and red lead to
the 10A or CxmA terminal according to the current range. Move selector to A
section. Connect the resistor to leads and note the readings from LCD.
To get familiarize with Oscilloscope
Connect the one end of the Oscilloscope probe to any of the INPUT channels
and other to CAL .5V calibration terminal.
Select MODE and INT. TRG to the channel which is being used.
Adjust VOLTS/DIV and TIME/DIV to observe voltage and frequency of input
signal of calibration terminal.
To get familiarize with Function Generator
Connect one end of the probe to OUT(50) or OUT (TTL CMOS) terminal
and other to the oscilloscope.
Select function type form FUNCTION and frequency from RANGE (Hz)
to desire value and observe the output signal at Oscilloscope.
To get familiarize with Power Supply
Connect the probes of DMM with power supply unit to measure the
output voltage and current values.

OBSERVATIONS
Digital Multimeter
Resistance
Voltage
Current
Oscilloscope
Frequency
Amplitude
Function Generator
Function
Frequency
Power Supply
Voltage
Current

REMARKS
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Experiment 2

To study Resistors, Variable

Resistors and Ohms law.

Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with resistors, variable resistors and their applications as OHMs Law.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Variable Resistors, Digital Multimeter, Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Resistor
Variable Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Power Supply

THEORY
Resistor:
It is a current limiting passive element.When connected to a power supplyit
dissipates a certain amount of energy depending on the value of resistance.
Usually simple resistors are referred as fixed value resistors.
Variable Resistors:
The function of a variable resistor is same as that of a fixed resistor but the
value of its resistance can be varied. Regular variable resistor is a three terminal
device. Terminal 1 and 3 provide fixed resistance whereas terminal 2 in
combination with either of the terminals provide variable resistance.
It can also be used as potentiometer.

OHMs Law:
With the increase in voltage of a circuit its current also increases, keeping
the resistance constant.
=

Here;
V = Voltage across the resistor. (In Volts)
I = Current through the resistor. (In Amperes)
R = Resistance of the resistor. (In Ohms)
We can find the resistance using any of the following methods:
1. Color coding which gives the approximate value.
2. Direct measurement using DMM.
3. Using Ohms Law.

PROCEDURE
Part 1:
1. Take resistors of different values and find out their resistance with the help of color coding
by following method:
The first color band is the first digit of resistor value.
The second color band is the second digit of the resistor value.
The third color band describes the number of zeros present after two digits.
And the fourth color band describes the tolerance level of the resistor value.
2. Now take these resistors and measure their value with the help of DMM.
3. Find the percentage error between the calculated and DMM measured value.

Part 2:
1. Take variable resistors and measure their resistance on different rotation degrees of the
control knob with the help of DMM.
2. Now connect each of the variable resistors individually in the simple circuit.
3. Measure the voltage across resistor by placing DMM in parallel to resistor and measure
current following through the resistor by connect DMM in series with the resistor.
4. Calculate the resistance by applying OHMs Law.
5. Find out the percentage error between DMM measured and formulated value

OBSERVATIONS (Calculated)
Part 1
Resistor
no.
Color
Value
Color
Value
Color
Value

Band 1

Band 2

Band 3

C.C
Value

DMM
Value

%age
error

1
2
3

Resistor

Voltage

Current

Resistor R2

Voltage

Current

Resistor R3

Voltage

Current

OBSERVATIONS:
Part 2
Resistor no.
1

ICal

Imeas

%age error

2
3

GRAPHS:

REMARKS
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10

To study Kirchhoffs Voltage

Law and Voltage Divider Rule.

Experiment 3
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize basic circuit laws for voltage i.e. Kirchhoffs Voltage law, and Voltage
Divider Rule.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Digital Multimeter, Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Resistors
Power Supply
DMM

THEORY
Algebraic sum of all the voltages in a close loop is zero.
=0
=1

+5=0
+

11

Circuit element which absorbs energy is taken as positive and elements which
deliver energy to the circuit are taken as negative.
th

If circuit has N resistors in series with a source voltage , the n resistor will have a
voltage drop of:

++

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Make the circuit on bread board as given below.

Calculate voltage across each resistor by using voltage divider rule.
Measure the voltage across each resistor with the help of DMM.
Measure the percentage error of the calculated and measured value.
Verify KVL in the major and minor loop.

Vminloop

Major Loop
Minor
Loop

12

OBSERVATIONS
Component
Vs = 10 V

R ()

CalculatedVR (V)

Simulated
VR (V)

MeasuredVR(V)

%age
error

R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
Minor
Loop

KVL Verifying Equation: __________________________________________________

REMARKS
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13

To study Kirchhoffs Current

Law and Current Divider
Rule.

Experiment 4
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize basic circuit laws for current i.e. Kirchhoffs Current law and Current
Divider Rule

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Digital Multi-meter, Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Resistors
Power Supply
DMM

THEORY
Algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.
=0
=1

=1+32

14

A circuit cannot contain two different currents I1 and I2 in series, unless they are equal,
otherwise KCL will be violated.
th

If circuit has N conductors in parallel with a current source , the n conductor will
have a current of:
1

where

++

PROCEDURE
2.
3.
4.
5.

1. Make the circuit on bread board as given below.

Calculate current through each resistor by using current divider rule.
Measure the current through each resistor with the help of DMM.
Measure the percentage error of the calculated and measured value.
Verify KCL in the major and minor loop.

a
2

Major Loop
Minor
Loop

15

OBSERVATIONS

Calculated
Measured
%age error

KCL Verifying Equations at node a and b: _________________________________

REMARKS
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16

Experiment 5

To study and implement

Superposition Theorem.

Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with Superposition Theorem.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Bread Board, Power Supply, DMM

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Resistors
Bread Board
Power Supply
DMM

THEORY
The voltage and current responses in a network from two or more sources acting
simultaneously can be obtained as the sum of the responses from each source acting alone with
other sources deactivated. A deactivated current source is an open circuit. A deactivated voltage
source is short current.

17

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the resistors and power supply to the bread board as shown in figure.
Now measure VL and IL with both supplies activated.
Deactivate V1 and measure VL and IL for the circuit.
Now deactivate V2 and measure VL and IL for the circuit.
Calculate percentage error between calculated and measured values.
Verify that
= + and

= +

OBSERVATIONS
Superposition Theorem
VL

VL

V L

IL

IL

IL

Theoretical
Experimental
%age error

REMARKS
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18

Experiment 6a, 6b

a.
b.

To study
Mesh Analysis
Nodal Analysis

Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize circuits nodal and mesh theorems.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Bread Board, DMM, Power supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Resistors
Bread Board
DMM
Power Supply

THEORY
Two techniques for circuit analysis based on systematic application of Kirchhoffs Current and
Voltage Laws are Nodal analysis and Mesh (Loop) analysis respectively. We will analyze each
of the two techniques as separate laboratory exercise.
Mesh Analysis:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Assign mesh / loop current to n meshes / loops.

Assign polarities to passive elements in each based on the direction of loop current.
Apply KVL and formulate equations for each mesh.
Solve the resulting n set of equations for unknown mesh currents.

Nodal Analysis:
i. Select a reference node and label the remaining unknown nodes.
ii. Apply KCL and formulate equations at each of the labeled nodes.
iii. Solve the resulting set of equations for unknown node voltages.

19

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Make the circuit on bread board as shown in the figure.

Calculate node voltages and mesh currents by formulas.
Measure the node voltages and mesh currents with the help of DMM.
Measure the percentage error between calculated and measure values.

OBSERVATIONS
Node Voltages
1

Theoretical
Experimental
%age error
Branch Currents
1

Theoretical
Experimental
%age error

20

REMARKS
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21

Experiment 7a, 7b

To study
a. Thevenins Theorem
b. Nortons Theorem

Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with Thevinin and Norton Theorem.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Resistors, Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item
Resistors
Digital Multimeter
Oscilloscope and Probes
Power Supply
Bread board

Serial Number

THEORY
Thevinins Theorem:
The two-terminal network can be replaced by a voltage source with the value equal the
open circuit voltage across its terminals, in series with a resistor with the value equal to
the equivalent resistance of the network.
Nortons Theorem:
The two-terminal network can be replaced by a current source with the value equal to the
short-circuit current at its terminal in parallel with a resistor with the value equal to the
equivalent resistance of the network. The equivalent resistance of a two-terminal network
is equal to the open circuit voltage divided by the short circuit current.

22

PROCEDURE
Thevinin Theorem:
In order to solve a circuit of Figure and find
the voltage between A and B, Thevinin
theorem is used. Thevinin technique is one
of the circuit simplification techniques and
is used for simplification of complex
circuits. Experiment should be performed by
using Multisim as well as the apparatus in
Circuit Analysis Lab.

Step1:
The supply voltage is short circuited as
shown in Circuit 1. Open the Resistor
between A and B in order to calculate the
resistance of the circuit between A and B. It
is RTh of the circuit.

Step 2
Now insert the supply voltage and calculate
the thevinin voltage VTh across A and B as
shown in Circuit 2. Measurements of RTh
and VTh should be performed by using both
multimeter and oscilloscope.

23

Step 3
Then the calculated VTh and RTh are used
with load Resistor RL3 in series and the
Voltage across the load resistor is calculated
as shown in circuit 3.
This circuit is called Thevinin equivalent
circuit.

Step 4
Results of Thevinin equivalent circuit are
verified by voltage measurement of actual
circuit.

24

Norton Theorem:
o Use the same circuit of Figure 1 to calculate the Norton equivalent circuit.
o Find in the same way as for .
o Short circuit the load resistor by means of an ammeter as shown in circuit 4, and find the short
circuit current .
o Make a Norton equivalent circuit by using a current source of in parallel with and load
resistor.
o

Measure the Voltage across the load resistor

OBSERVATIONS
Thevinin Theorem:
Readings

VTh

RTh

VL

Theoretical
Simulation
Experimental
%Error (between simulation and
Experimental)
Norton Theorem:
Readings

ISC

RTh

VL

Theoretical
Simulation
Experimental
%Error (between simulation and
Experimental)

REMARKS
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Experiment 8

IIntroduction to Multi-Sim
Software

Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize Multi-Sim Software for simulating basics circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Computer, Multi-Sim Software

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Computer

THEORY
Multisim software is designed to provide a virtual circuit analysis lab to the user. It provides a
wide range if circuit components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, power
supplies function generators and a number of measuring instruments like digital multimeters
and oscilloscope. Thus, it a complete suite for an electrical engineering student to familiarized
with the basic circuit analysis principles and theorems.

PROCEDURE
1) Start the NI Multisim. 11 program in your computer.
2) At the top, go to the Place, and select the Component, place the required components from
here.
3) A component can be placed by Ctrl w command.
4) A component can be rotated by Ctrl r command.
5) Power supply can b selected by same procedure.
6) Measuring instrument can be placed from the tool bar present on right side of work bench.
7) After placing all the required components, join then with the help wire.
8) Play the simulation button and get the readings.
9) Simulate the given circuit in Multisim.

10

Circuit Diagram

OBSERVATIONS
Voltage
5V
10V
15V
10V

REMARKS

VRS

VRL

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To study AC Wave form and

Measurement of its Parameters

Experiment 9
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with AC wave form with the help of Function Generator and measurement of
its parameters

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Computer, Function Generator, Resistors and Oscilloscope

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Computer
Function Generator
Resistors
Oscilloscope
Bread Board

THEORY
Ac signals alter their polarity after a specific interval of time. One complete trip of a signal with
starting and ending at the same position is called one cycle. Time required to complete one cycle
is the time period. And number of cycles in one second is termed as frequency of the signal.
The device used to generate ac signals in Basic Circuit Analysis Lab is called Function
Generator. Square, triangular and sinusoidal wave signals are examined in this experiment.

PROCEDURE
Perform simulation of circuit shown in Figure 1.
Make a circuit with the help of resistors and wires on bread board as shown in Figure 1.
Select sinusoidal mode and set the frequency of 1 KHz and peak voltage of 5V on function
generator.
Measure the voltage between node A and B with the help of oscilloscope.
Now select the triangular and square wave modes and observe the waveforms on oscilloscope.
Compare the experimental results with simulation results.

Figure 1: Circuit Diagram

OBSERVATIONS

Multisim Results

Sinusoidal
wave
Triangular
wave
Square wave

Experimental Results

% Error

WAVEFORMS

REMARKS
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Maximum Power Transfer

Theorem

Experiment 10
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE

To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

To observer the effect of source and load resistance on efficiency

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Digital Multimeter, Resistors, Breadboard, Power Supply, Computer

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Serial Number

Digital Multimeter
Breadboard
Resistor Value(s)

Power Supply

THEORY
MPTT states that Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin resistance as seen from the load (R L = RTh). In many practical situations, a circuit is
designed to provide power to a load. There are applications in areas such as communications
where it is desirable to maximize the power delivered to a load. We now address the problem of
delivering the maximum power to a load when given a system with known internal losses. It
should be noted that this will result in significant internal losses greater than or equal to the
power delivered to the load.

Figure 1:Circuit used for MPTT

The Thevenin equivalent is useful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a
load. We assume that we can adjust the load resistance. If the entire circuit is replaced by its
Thevenin equivalent except for the load, as shown in Fig. 1, the power delivered to the load is

Figure 2: Graph illustrating MPTT

The power to the load versus the range of resistor values is provided in Fig. 2. Note in particular
that for values of load resistance less than the Thvenin value, the change is dramatic as it
approaches the peak value. However, for values greater than the Thvenin value, the drop is a
great deal more gradual. This is important because it tells you the following: If the load applied
is less than the Thvenin resistance, the power to the load will drop off rapidly as it gets smaller.
However, if the applied load is greater than the Thvenin resistance, the power to the load will
not drop off as rapidly as it increases.
The dc operating efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power delivered to the load (P L) to the power
delivered by the source (Ps). That is

Circuit Diagram:

4.201
k
1.58
v

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connect the components on the breadboard/Multisim as shown in circuit diagram

Keeping RS constant, measure VL and IL across each resistor
Put the observed values in table.
Calculate PL using PL=I2RL or PL=VL*IL
Draw a graph between RL and PL
Observe the Pair that has a maximum power.

OBSERVATIONS
Rth= ________
Measured Data
RL ()
VL (V)
IL (mA)
PL (mW)

GRAPH
Attached on next page.

REMARKS

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To study First Order RL and

RC circuits

Experiment 11
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To simulate the behaviors of RC and RL circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Computer, Multi-Sim Software

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Computer

THEORY
The two electrical components; capacitor and inductors both have different behaviors when attached to
the resistor. A capacitor is an electric component that is used to store charge as well as potential. An
Inductor on the other hand is used to store current.
A capacitor induces a lead in current with a lag in voltage when connected in an AC circuit.
An Inductor induces a lead in Voltage with a lag in current.

PROCEDURE
1. Open a new Multi-Sim Design window.
2. Place the battery, resistors, dependent sources and ground earth according to the schematic
diagram.
3. Join the circuit components by drawing lines to and from different circuit components.
4. Add Oscilloscope to the schematic to measure Lead and Lag in both RC and RL circuits.

OBSERVATIONS
Leading Parameter Lagging Parameter
RC
RL

REMARKS
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Charging and Discharging of

first order RC circuits.

Experiment 12
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiar with capacitors and to gain experience with first-order response of RC
circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Capacitor, Resistor, Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator,
Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Serial Number

Digital Multimeter
Oscilloscope and Probes
Function Generator and Probes
Power Supply

THEORY
Capacitor & Capacitance
Like resistors, capacitor values are also encoded on capacitors. Use the
table below to determine capacitor values from their codes or to determine codes
from the given value. Nano is represented with n and is 10-9.

The capacitor of code 154 has a value of 150 nano Farads of

0.15F
Time Constant of RC Circuits
Given an RC circuit shown below, the source voltage is Vs
and Vc represents voltage across capacitor.
Initially the capacitor is uncharged thus the voltage across the capacitor Vc varies
with time as

where is the time constant given by

When t = 0 the capacitor voltage is the initial voltage of zero, and for large t, the
capacitor voltage reaches Vf. At
,

The capacitor charges to Vf at

. The capacitor discharges in the same pattern and

is given as

PROCEDURE
hook
Function generator

50

black

red

oscilloscope

Alligator

CH1

1. Connect the function generator in series with a resistor and a

capacitor. Connect also the CH1 input of the oscilloscope to
measure the voltage from the generator. The circuit is shown
in the figure. Note that the black end of the cable from the
function generator is connected with the alligator end of the
cable to the oscilloscope
2. Select square wave with frequency of about 200Hz on the
function generator with amplitude half way between minimum
and maximum.
3. A square wave should appear on the oscilloscope screen. (If
not, press the autoset button.)

OBSERVATIONS

CHARGING

Vs

Vf

DISCHARGING

Vf

GRAPHS:
Graph between t on X-axis and Vc(t) on Y-axis through Oscilloscope

____Charging______ _____Discharging____

REMARKS
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Charging and Discharging of

first order RL circuits.

Experiment 13
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiar with inductor and to gain experience with first-order response of RL
circuits.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Capacitor, Resistor, Breadboard, Digital Multimeter, Oscilloscope, Function Generator,
Power Supply

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Serial Number

Digital Multimeter
Oscilloscope and Probes
Function Generator and Probes
Power Supply

THEORY
In this part we conduct a similar study of a circuit containing a resistor and an inductor, L. First consider
the circuit shown in Figure 7, below. The text shows that if we start with the battery connected to the LR
circuit, after a long time the current reaches a steady-state value, io = Vo/R .

R
V0

If we call t = 0 the time when we suddenly throw the switch to remove the battery, allowing current to
flow to ground. The current changes with time according to the equation
i(t) = ioe(R/L)t
If at a new t = 0 we throw the switch so the battery is connected, the current increases according to the
equation
i(t) = io(1 e(R/L)t)
The time constant for both equations is L/R and
=t=
We can find the current by measuring the voltage across the resistor and using the relationship i`= V/R.

PROCEDURE
Red

L = 25 mH

Red

R = 1 k
Function Generator

Black

Black

Oscilloscope

1. With initial values R= 1k and L = 25mH, set the oscilloscope to view one period of exponential
growth and decay. Again, make sure that f is low enough for the current to reach its final values, io
and 0. Start with f = 5 kHz. Sketch the pattern.
2. Measure the half-life. From this value, compute the time constant t.
3. Measure the value of R and the dc resistance of the inductor with an ohmmeter. Finally add the
internal resistance of the square-wave generator to obtain the total resistance. Compute the value of
L/R from the components and compare with t found from the indirect measurement above.
4. Try different values of T. In particular, sketch the waveform when t is much larger than the period T
of the square wave and when it is much smaller.

OBSERVATIONS
CHARGING
Vs

Vf

DISCHARGING
Vf

GRAPHS:
Graph between t on X-axis and vL(t)on Y-axis Through Oscilloscope

____________Charging_______

_____Discharging_________

REMARKS
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To study Second Order Series

RLC Circuits

Experiment 14
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with the Second Order Series Circuit: RLC Circuit.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Computer, Resistors, Capacitor, Inductor, Function generator, Oscilloscope,

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Computer
Ocilloscope
Function generator
Bread board
Resistor
Inductor
Capacitor

THEORY
nd

In order to analyze the response of 2 order circuits and phasor diagram, an RLC series circuit
is studied.

PROCEDURE
Make the RLC series circuit as shown in figure.
Resistor of 1K, capacitor of 3F and inductor of 2mH is selected for the circuit. Ac signal of
4Vrms is set at the frequency of 60Hz on function generator.
Connect the channel 1 probe of oscilloscope to the resistance and measure the voltage across the
capacitor. Also measure the voltage across load.

Determine the phase difference between VR and VL by connecting the channel 2 of the
oscilloscope across the inductor.
Observe the waveforms and phasor diagrams.
Verify the results of both simulation and experiment by theoretical calculations.

Figure1: Circuit Diagram

OBSERVATIONS
Frequency
Theoretical
Simulation
Experimental
Error:

Diagrams:

VR

VL

VC

Angle

REMARKS
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To study Second Order

Parallel RLC Circuits

Experiment 15
Name:________________________

Date:_________________________

Roll no:_______________________

Instructor:_____________________

OBJECTIVE
To get familiarize with Second order parallel RLC circuit.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Computer, Multi-Sim Software

EQUIPMENT USED
Item

Value / Serial Number

Computer

THEORY
A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential equation. It consists of
resistors and the equivalent of two energy storage elements. Typical examples of second-order
circuits are RLC circuits, in which the three kinds of passive elements are present. RLC circuits

are practically used as tuners in RADIO circuits as well as other tuners.

PROCEDURE
1. Open a new Multi-Sim Design window.
2. Place the battery, resistors, dependent sources and ground earth according to the
schematic diagram.
3. Join the circuit components by drawing lines to and from different circuit components.
4. Add Oscilloscope to the schematic to measure Lead and Lag in both RC and RL circuits.

OBSERVATIONS

Varying
Parameters

Leading Parameter

Current

10mH
Inductor

5mH
1mH
22nF

Capacitor

1uF
4uF

REMARKS
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