Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Univariate Statistical
Analysis
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Null Hypothesis
Statement about the status quo.
We usually intend to reject this hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
Statement that indicates the opposite of the null
hypothesis.
Usually this is the hypothesis we hope to support
using sample data.
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p-value
Probability of observing the sample statistics if the
null hypothesis is true.
p-values are compared to significance levels to test
hypotheses.
Higher p-values equal more support for an hypothesis.
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EXHIBIT 21.1
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21-(#)
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3.165
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EXHIBIT 21.6
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A one-tailed test can be determined from a twotailed test result by taking half of the observed pvalue.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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Example 11.2
In recent years, a number of companies have been formed
that offer competition to AT&T in international calls.
All advertise that their rates are lower than AT&T's, and as
a result their bills will be lower. AT&T has responded by
arguing that for the average consumer there will be no
difference in billing.
Suppose that a statistics practitioner working for AT&T
determines that the mean and standard deviation of
monthly long-distance bills for all its residential customers
are $17.09 and $3.87, respectively.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example 11.2
He then takes a random sample of 100
customers and recalculates their last month's
bill using the rates quoted by a leading
competitor. The average bill is $17.55.
Assuming that the standard deviation of this
population is the same as for AT&T, can we
conclude at the 5% significance level that there
is a difference between AT&T's bills and those
of the leading competitor?
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example 11.2
IDENTIFY
H0: = 17.09
H1: 17.09
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Example 11.2
The rejection region is set up so we can reject the
null hypothesis when the test statistic is large or
when it is small.
stat is small
stat is large
IDENTIFY
Example 11.2
-1.984
1.984
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Example 11.2
COMPUTE
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Two-Tail Test
One-Tail Test
(right tail)
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Goodness-of-Fit (GOF)
A general term representing how well some
computed table or matrix of values matches
some population or predetermined table or
matrix of the same size.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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