Loan Zon Criminal Law 2016

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : ChanRobles Professional Review, Inc.
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POINTERS IN CRIMINAL LAW

2016 BAR EXAMINATIONS
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PART A: THE VELASCO CASES
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FRUSTRATED HOMICIDE
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Question: AQ, together with OQ had an encounter with B. The latter hacked AQ
and OQ. AQ found out that OQ was dead. B claimed that he tried to get away
with the AQ and OQ but the latter chased him and engaged him into a fight.
Seeing AQ was about to stab him, B grabbed a bolo and used it to strike at AQ,
injuring his left hand. AQs knife fell and when he bent to pick it up, B again
hacked at him with his bolo. What crimes did B commit?
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Answer: Homicide and Frustrated Homicide. The offender is said to have
performed all the acts of execution if the wound inflicted on the victim is mortal
and could cause the death of the victim without medical intervention or
attendance. (People v. Badriago)
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SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME
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Question: Aminola and Maitimbang were accused of the crime of robbery with
homicide for robbing one Nestor Gabuya of his personal properties and for
killing the latter with the use of an unlicensed firearm. The eyewitness Jesus
Oliva identified the two accused to have perpetrated the same. The RTC
convicted Maitimbang of the crime charged. Is the conviction for a special
complex crime proper?
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Answer. Yes. Essential for conviction of robbery with homicide is proof of a direct
relation, an intimate connection between the robbery and the killing, whether
the latter be prior or subsequent to the former or whether both crimes are
committed at the same time. (People v. Aminola)
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COMPLEX CRIME OF ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE
Question: One evening, Elarcosa and accused-appellant Orias, both members of

the CAFGU, requested Saturnina that supper be prepared for them. While
Segundina and Rosemarie were preparing in the kitchen, Elarcosa and Orias
fired their guns at Jose and Jorge Cruz. Segundina ran towards his son while
Rosemarie hid in the shrubs. Rosemarie heard her mother crying loudly and
after a series of gunshots, silence ensued. The following morning, Rosemarie
returned to their house where she found the dead bodies of her parents and her
brother. The amount of P40,000 and a certificate of registration of large cattle
were also gone. Elarcosa and Orias were thereafter charged with robbery with
multiple homicide. RTC convicted the accused of the offense as charged. The CA,
however, changed the conviction to multiple murder, ratiocinating that robbery
was not proved and that the killing was qualified by treachery. How many
crimes were committed? What are those crimes if any?
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Answer: Only Robbery with Homicide. In a complex crime, although two or more
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crimes are actually committed, they constitute only one crime in the eyes of the
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law, as well as in the conscience of the offender x x x when various victims expire
from separate shots, such acts constitute separate and distinct crimes. (People v.
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Elarcosa)
ATTENDING CIRCUMSTANCES
MINORITY AS A MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE
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Question: Musa et al. were charged with violating RA 9165 of the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. The Taguig police organized a
buy-bust operation upon a tip from an informant that Musa et. al. were selling
drugs. Monongan, a minor, accepted the marked money while Musa gave a
sachet of shabu to the poseur-buyer. The RTC found all of the accused guilty.
Citing Art. 62 of the RPC, it imposed the maximum penalty of life imprisonment.
The RTC also found that the offense was committed by an organized/syndicated
crime group and imposed a fine of P10 million. However, the RTC lowered the
penalty of Monongan who was only 17, a minor at the time of the commission of
the offense, to an indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of fourteen (14) years,
eight (8) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal, as minimum, to sixteen
(16) years of reclusion temporal, as maximum. CA affirmed the decision but
imposed upon Monongan the penalty of life imprisonment. Is the imposition of
penalty against accused Manongan correct?
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Answer: No. The privileged mitigating circumstance of minority can be
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appreciated in fixing the penalty that should be imposed in the prosecutions for
violations of the Dangerous Drugs Act. (People v. Musa)
MINORITY AS A MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE
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Question: Musa et al. were charged with violating RA 9165 of the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. The Taguig police organized a
buy-bust operation upon a tip from an informant that Musa et. al. were selling
drugs. Monongan, a minor, accepted the marked money while Musa gave a
sachet of shabu to the poseur-buyer. The RTC found all of the accused guilty.
Citing Art. 62 of the RPC, it imposed the maximum penalty of life imprisonment.
The RTC also found that the offense was committed by an organized/syndicated
crime group and imposed a fine of P10 million. However, the RTC lowered the
penalty of Monongan who was only 17, a minor at the time of the commission of
the offense, to an indeterminate penalty of imprisonment of fourteen (14) years,
eight (8) months and one (1) day of reclusion temporal, as minimum, to sixteen
(16) years of reclusion temporal, as maximum. CA affirmed the decision but
imposed upon Monongan the penalty of life imprisonment. Is the imposition of
penalty against accused Manongan correct?
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Answer: No. The privileged mitigating circumstance of minority can be
appreciated in fixing the penalty that should be imposed in the prosecutions for
violations of the Dangerous Drugs Act. (People v. Musa)
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CORROBORATING EVIDENCE
Question: Reynaldo Capalad was charged with violation of Secs. 5 and 11 of the
R.A. 9165. At the trial, the prosecution presented PO3 Fernando Moran, PO1
Jeffred Pacis, and PO1 Victor Manansala as witnesses. The defense, on the other
hand, presented the accused and his son, Reymel Capalad. After the trial, he
was convicted by the RTC of both charges. On appeal, he questioned the legality
of his arrest. He disputed the prosecution witnesses claim that an entrapment
operation took place. He also argued that the testimony of his son, Reymel,
should have been given more weight. The CA, however, still affirmed the lower
courts judgment. The accused contends before the Court among others that the
principle that a child is the best witness should have been applied to his case
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giving emphasis on his son's testimony corroborating his version of events.

Should the SC give credence to his allegations?
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Answer. No. Findings of the trial courts, which are factual in nature and which
involve the credibility of witnesses, are accorded respect when no glaring errors,
gross misapprehension of facts, or speculative, arbitrary, and unsupported
conclusions can be gathered from such findings. (People v. Capalad)
CONSPIRACY
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Question: Without uttering a word, Tomas drew a gun and shot Estrella twice,
while Gatchalian, without a gun, allegedly blocked the road, and Doctor
positioned himself at the back of Damiana and Angelina and poked a gun at
them. Estrella fell down but Tomas fired three more gunshots at the former
when she was already down on the ground. The RTC convicted the accused
Tomas, Doctor and Gatchalian of the offense of Murder and appreciated the
attendance of treachery and conspiracy. Is the conviction appreciating
conspiracy correct?
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Answer: No. Conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement
concerning the commission of a crime and decide to commit it. It may be proved
by direct or circumstantial evidence consisting of acts, words or conduct of the
alleged conspirators before, during and after the commission of the felony to
achieve a common design or purpose. (People v. Tomas)
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CONSPIRACY
Question Petitioners Yongco and Laojan, as security guards in the premises of

the City Engineers Office (CEO), and Tangian as garbage truck driver of the
City Government of Iligan were charged for allegedly stealing one unit
transmission of Tamaraw and l-beam of Nissan with a total value of P40, 000.00.
RTC held petitioners liable for qualified theft with the attending circumstance of
conspiracy.
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Tangian claimed that he should not be considered as a conspirator since he

merely innocently obeyed Laojans instructions on the assumption that the
latter was his superior. Yongco, in his defense, argued that Tangian and his two
other helpers asked for his assistance which he extended in good faith, in view of
Laojans statement earlier that day that the office garage has to be cleared.
Laojan, on the other hand, insisted that he cannot be considered as a
conspirator since he was not present at the time of taking, and that the mere
giving of a thumbs-up sign to Tangian when the latter delivered the materials to
the junk shop does not amount to conspiracy. Is there conspiracy?
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Answer: It is common design which is the essence of conspiracyconspirators
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may act separately or together in different manners but always leading to the
same unlawful result. The character and effect of conspiracy are not to be
adjudged by dismembering it and viewing its separate parts but only by looking
at it as a wholeacts done to give effect to conspiracy may be, in fact, wholly
innocent acts. (Yongco v. People).
UNLAWFUL AGGRESSION
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Question: The victim, Marlon, stood up and greeted the accused, who happened
to be his brother-in-law, "good evening." He stated that the accused kept quiet
and suddenly raised the right hand of Marlon and stabbed him by the armpit
with a knife that he was carrying. Marlon shouted because of the pain, which
caused the people in the neighborhood to come out.
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After his arrest, David Maningding pleaded not guilty of the murder charged
against him. The RTC convicted the accused. The RTC found that treachery
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attended the stabbing of the victim, being sudden and unexpected. Is the
altercation that ensued leading to the stabbing justified as self-defense?
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Answer: No. Unlawful aggression is defined as an actual physical assault, or at

least a threat to inflict real imminent injury, upon a person. In case of threat, it
must be offensive and strong, positively showing the wrongful intent to cause
injury. It presupposes actual, sudden, unexpected or imminent danger not
merely threatening and
TREACHERY
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Question: Two criminal informations were filed against Roel Ruel Sally for the
murder of Edwin Lucas and Jose Bersero. According to the prosecution witness
Roger Lara, he saw the accused hit the victims with a piece of pipe while
sleeping. The RTC found Sally guilty of murder. In his appeal to the CA, Sally
questioned the finding that treachery attended the killings, qualifying the crime
to murder, instead of homicide. He pointed out that the prosecution failed to
prove that an iron pipe was used in the killing of the victims as the weapon was
not retrieved or presented in evidence, nor was the medico-legal officer certain if
an iron pipe would cause the injuries suffered by the victims. However, the CA
upheld the decision of the RTC. Hence, this petition. Is the conviction to murder
and not homicide correct?
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Answer: Yes. The essence of treachery is the sudden and unexpected attack by
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the aggressor on unsuspecting victims, thereby ensuring its commission without

risk to the aggressor, and without the the slightest provocation on the part of the
victims. The kind of weapon used is immaterial. (People v. Sally)
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intimidating action. It is present only when the one attacked faces real and
immediate threat to ones life. (People v. Maningding)
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PROVOCATION AS A DEFENSE
Question: Brothers Nahom and Nemrod went to the house of Serafin to kill him
but he was not there. Upon being informed of this, Serafin went to Nahoms
house. Nemrod advised Serafin to go home, but he refused to leave. Instead,
Serafin attempted to hack Nemrod and tried to enter the gate of Nahoms house.
Thereafter, Nahom struck Serafin on the head with a bolo. Meanwhile, Nemrod
went to his brothers house to look for a bolo. After being hit, Serafin ran away.
Nemrod, however, pursued him, and hit him several times on the back and arm.
He eventually died from the wounds he sustained. The two brothers were
charged with homicide. Nemrod voluntarily surrendered to the authorities. The
trial court ruled that they were guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of
homicide. But for Nemrod a mitigating circumstance of sufficient provocation
and voluntary surrender was credited. However, he appealed to the CA and
ruled that he has failed to prove satisfactorily the elements of self defense and
that unlawful aggression did not exist. If you were the judge, will you appreciate
the mitigating circumstance of provocation?
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Answer: Yes. In order to determine the sufficiency of a provocation for the
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purpose of mitigating a crime, one must look into the act constituting the
provocation, the social standing of the person provoked, and the place and time
when the provocation is made. In the present case, a finding that the act of the
victim did not constitute unlawful aggression does not automatically negate the
attendant circumstance of sufficient provocation. (Gotis v. People)
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TREACHERY
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Question: Ramil while he was attending a wake with his brother Cristopher was
sitting nearby on a parked motorcycle talking to someone when Prince appeared
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from behind and started stabbing Ramil using a knife until he died. Prince was
charged with murder. Prince his assault resulted to the death of Ramil but he
argued that the offense was only homicide and not murder because there was no
treachery. RTC convicted Prince with murder which was later on affirmed by the
Court of Appeals. Prince argues that the attack was not from behind but frontal
thereby treachery was not present. Is there trachery?
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Answer: Yes. Treachery exists even if the attack is frontal if it is sudden and
unexpected, giving the victim no opportunity to repel it or defend himself, for

what is decisive in treachery is that the execution of the attack made it
impossible for the victim to defend himself or to retaliate. (People v. Francisco)
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TREACHERY AND PREMEDITATION
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Question: On July 1, 1996, accused Paling, accompanied by Vilbar, allegedly

killed Walter Nolasco in Roxas, Cotabato. When arraigned, they both pleaded
not guilty. One of the witnesses for the prosecution, Richard, said that he saw
Paling and Ernie stabbing Walter while Vilbar held him. After killing Walter,
the accused warned Richard not to speak about what he saw otherwise, they
would also kill him. The RTC convicted Paling and Vilbar of the crime of murder
with a qualifying circumstance of treachery and evident premeditation which
decision was affirmed by the CA. Is the RTC correct in convicting the accused for
murder?
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Answer: Yes. The aggravating circumstance of taking advantage of superior

strength is considered whenever there is notorious inequality of forces between
the victim and the aggressors that is plainly and obviously advantageous to the
aggressors and purposely selected or taken advantage of to facilitate the
commission of the crime. (People v. Paling)
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DEFENSE OF INSANITY
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Question: AAA is a 41-year old mentally retarded woman. Paul, an

acquaintance, raped AAA inside his bedroom. Before finally letting the crying
AAA go, however, Paul threatened her with death should she disclose to anybody
what had just happened between them. Psychiatric evaluation revealed that
AAA, although 42 years old at that time, had the mental capacity and
disposition of a nine or 10 year-old child. Accused-appellant maintains that the
trial court erred in giving full credence to and reliance on AAAs inculpatory
statements.
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In a bid to escape from criminal liability, accused-appellant invokes insanity. He

contends that the psychiatrist who examined him consistently testified that
there was a high possibility that he was suffering from schizo affective disorder
when the alleged rape incident happened. Rule on the invocation of defense of
insanity.
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Answer: Paul is sane. The moral and legal presumption is always in favor of
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soundness of mind; that freedom and intelligence constitute the normal

condition of a person. It is improper to assume the contrary. (People v. Alipio)
SELF-DEFENSE
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Question: Ruperto Arbalate and his sons Roel and Ramil Arbalate were charged
with murder for killing Selemen. Roel and Ramil were able to evade arrest and
remained at large. Hence, only Ruperto faced trial. During the arraignment,
Ruperto pleaded not guilty. In his defense, Ruperto invoked self-defense.
Moreover, he argued that there was no abuse of superior strength. Without clear
proof of this qualifying circumstance, Ruperto insisted that he must be convicted
of homicide only. Should self-defense be appreciated?
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Answer: No. To support a claim of self-defense, it is essential that the killing of

the victim be simultaneous with the attack on the accused, or at least both acts
succeeded each other without appreciable interval of time. (People v. Arbalate)
CLAIM OF SELF-DEFENSE
Question: Upon seeing Anabel Bautista and Reynaldo Juguilon, Manulit stood
up and successively shot Reynaldo at the back, resulting in the latters death. He
then tucked the gun in his waist, raised his hands, and shouted, O, wala akong
ginawang kasalanan at wala kayong nakita.
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In his defense, Manulit offered a story of self-defense. While he and his cousin,
Marvin, were drinking, victim Reynaldo barged in holding a gun with both his
hands. He appeared not to be his normal self with reddish eyes, as if high on
drugs.
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Despite his claim of self defense, RTC convicted him for murder. Is the
conviction proper despite allegations of self-defense?
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Answer: Yes. Unlawful aggression is an actual physical assault, or at least a
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threat to inflict real imminent injury, upon a person. In case of threat, it must be
offensive and strong, positively showing the wrongful intent to cause injury. It is
present only when the one attacked faces real and immediate threat to ones life.
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(People v. Manulit).
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For unlawful aggression to be present, there must be a real danger to life or

personal safety. There must be an actual, sudden, and unexpected attack or
imminent danger, and not merely a threatening or intimidating attitude. (People
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v. Satonero)
ALIBI AS A DEFENSE
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Question: Accused Juanito Apattad was charged in four separate informations

with the crime of rape against his 12-year old daughter. The child, AAA, testified
her father repeatedly raped her since 2001. The accused threatened to kill her if
she will report the incident to her mother and she eventually informed her of the
rape. A defense witness claimed that on the date of the incident, the accused
stayed in the formers house, which was only three kilometers away from the
house of the accused. The RTC found him guilty of three counts of rape. Is the
RTC correct?
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Answer. Yes. Alibi cannot prevail over the positive identification of the accused
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as the perpetrator of the crime. (People v. Apattad)

ALIBI AS A DEFENSE
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Question: SPO1 Loreto Nerpio held a childrens birthday party for his son at his
residence. Mario Salazar joined the drinking session and later on left the house
of Nerpio. Thereafter, Nelly Villanueva, who was then waiting for a friend, saw
Salazar walking along the street. Villanueva saw a man poked a gun at the right
side of Salazars neck, and fired it. He identified Nerpio as the malefactor.
Nerpio was charged with homicide but he said he was busy at his childs
birthday party when the crime happened. Rule on the defense of alibi raised by
the accused.
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Answer: It is a settled doctrine that for alibi to prosper, it is not enough to prove
that the accused was at some other place when the crime was committed; but the
defense must likewise demonstrate that the accused could not have been
physically present at the place of the crime, or in its immediate vicinity, during
its commission. (Nerpio v. People)
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PRINCIPAL BY INDUCEMENT
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Question: Accused Mayor Ambagan Jr. was charged and convicted by the
Sandiganbayan with two counts of homicide as principal by inducement. The
prosecution presented statements from two persons who was said to be directly
present during the shooting. The first witness (Bawalan) said that shooting
started after he heard the mayor said GE, IYAN PALA ANG GUSTO MO, MGA
KASAMA BANATAN NYO NA YAN. However, the second witness contradicts
this when he said that he instead pushed the mayor out of the road where the
shooting incident occurred and that he did not hear the mayor saying those
words which could have provoked and initiate the shooting of the victims.
Further, evidence provides that Rene Amparo (one of Mayor Ambagans men)
has negative paraffin test which would lead to the fact that it is not the Mayors
men who initiated the shooting but rather from the deceased Rey Santos. The
Sandiganbayan convicted Ambagan of the crime of double homicide. Aggrieved,
petitioner moved for reconsideration of the aforequoted ruling. Is the conviction
as principal by inducement correct?
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Answer: No. The conviction of a person as a principal by inducement requires (1)
that the inducement be made with the intention of procuring the commission of
the crime; and (2) that such inducement be the determining cause of the
commission by the material executor. (Ambagan Jr. v. People)
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COMPUTATION OF IMPOSABLE PENALTY

Question: Celestial was convicted of six counts of qualified theft through
falsification of commercial document. The issue of conviction has attained
finality after the failure of Celestials counsel to file her appellant brief. The
court now only delves on the issue of the imposition of proper penalty. How is the
penalty computed?
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Answer: Applying Article 70 of the RPC, such maximum period shall in no case
exceed forty years. Therefore, in spite of the six (6) penalties of forty (40) years of
reclusion perpetua, petitioner shall only suffer imprisonment for a period not
exceeding 40 years. (Celestial v. People)
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PRESCRIPTION OF A CRIME
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Question: By virtue of Administrative Order No. 13 issued by then President

Fidel V. Ramos creating a Presidential Ad-Hoc Fact-Finding Committee on
Behest Loans, a report dated January 4, 1993 identified the accounts of Resorts
Hotel Corporation (RHC) as behest in character. Later the Republic of the
Philippines, represented by the PCGG, filed an Affidavit-Complaint on January
6, 2003 with the Office of the Ombudsman, against respondent directors and
officers of RHC and the directors of DBP for violation of Sections 3(e) and 3 (g) of
Republic Act (RA) No. 3019 or the Anti- Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.
However the Ombudsman dismissed petitioners Affidavit - Complaint on
grounds of prescription. Hence, this petition. Has the crime prescribed?
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Answer: Yes. When date of the violation was committed be not known, then it
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shall begin to run from the discovery of said violation and the institution of
judicial proceedings for investigation and punishment.
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PRESUMPTION OF REGULARITY OF DISCHARGE OF DUTIES

Question: The prosecution alleged that four police officers, manning a legal
checkpoint, spotted a swerving vehicle, driven by Sydeco who was under the
influence of liquor. The police officers flagged the vehicle down and asked Sydeco
to alight from the vehicle for a body and vehicle search. He refused and insisted
on a plain view search only. By this remark, the policemen told him that he was
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drunk, boxed him, and poked a gun at his head. The officers pulled Sydeco out of
the vehicle and brought him to the hospital where they succeeded in securing a
medical certificate depicting Sydeco as positive of alcohol breath.
Sydeco was charged for violation of Section 56(f) of RA 4136 or the Land
Transportation Code and another for violation of Article 151 of the RPC. Sydeco
then filed a complaint-affidavit against the police officers. MeTC found Sydeco
guilty as charged. The RTC affirmed Sydecos conviction. This was affirmed by
the CA and upheld the presumption of regularity in the performance of duties by
the police officers. Is appreciation of the presumption of regularity correct?
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Answer: No. The presumption of regularity in the conduct of police duty is

disputable by contrary proof and which when challenged by the evidence cannot
be regarded as binding truth. The absence of conclusive proof being under the
influence of liquor while driving coupled with the forceful manner the police
yanked petitioner out of his vehicle argues against or at least cast doubt on the
finding of guilt for drunken driving and resisting arrest. (People v. Sydeco)
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BUY-BUST OPERATION, CHAIN OF CUSTODY
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Question: Acting upon confidential information, the District Anti-Illegal Drugs

(DAID) of Quezon City formed a team to conduct a buy-bust operation to
apprehend a certain Myrna who was allegedly conducting illegal drug
activities. According to the prosecution, the DAID recovered the marked 500peso bill used by the team from "Myrna," as well as two plastic sachets, at the
time of arrest of both "Myrna" and her companion, Saguera. "Myrna," who was
later identified as Nene Quiamanlon, and Samula, as well as the recovered
articles were brought to the station for proper investigation and disposition.
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RTC convicted Quiamanlon of violations of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

Act, specifically Sections 5 and 11 of Article II. Upon appeal, the CA affirmed the
ruling of the trial court. Quiamanlon claimed that the police officers who
conducted the buy-bust operation failed to observe the rules on chain of custody.
Quiamanlon insisted that any apprehending team having initial control of said
drugs and/or paraphernalia, should immediately after seizure or confiscation,
have the same physically inventoried and photographed in the presence of the
accused, if there be any, and or his representative, who shall be required to sign
the copies of the inventory and be given a copy thereof. Rule on the merits of
defense of violation of chain of custody.
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Answer: The IRR of RA 9165 readily reveals that the custodial chain rule is not
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to be rigorously applied, provided "the integrity and evidentiary value of the

seized items are properly preserved by the apprehending officer/team."
Moreover, the integrity of the evidence is presumed to be preserved, unless there
is a showing of bad faith, ill will, or proof that the evidence has been tampered
with. Evidently, the prosecution established the crucial link in the chain of
custody of the seized drugs. (People v. Quiamanlon)
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BUY-BUST OPERATION
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Question: A confidential informant reported to the Drug Enforcement Unit

(DEU) of Makati City that a certain "Vangie" was engaged in drug pushing
activities. Hence, a buy-bust operation was planned by the DEU. Vangie
arranged to meet at Starbucks Caf on Rockwell Drive, Makati City. SPO1
Fulleros acceded to her request and headed to the coffee shop. He gave Vangie
the boodle money after examining the plastic bags. Afterwards, he gave the prearranged signal to alert his team that the transaction had been consummated.
The back-up operatives arrived while he was introducing himself to Vangie as a
DEU operative. She was placed under arrest and later identified as Sobangee.
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RTC and CA found Sobangee guilty beyond reasonable doubt of having violated
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, for selling methylamphetamine
Sec. 5, Art. II of RA No. 9165 or the hydrochloride. Sobangee claimed that the
testimonies of the prosecution witnesses suffered from major inconsistencies,
such as: (1) the date the alleged informant came to the DEU office; (2) the time
the buy-bust team left the office to conduct its operation; (3) the place that the
team first went to before going to the buy-bust at Rockwell Center, Makati City;
(4) the location of the operatives during the buy-bust operation; (5) the site
where the illegal substances seized were marked; (6) the amount involved in the
buy-bust; (7) the officer who informed Sobangee of her constitutional rights; and
(8) the identity of the informant. Is the conviction correct?
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Answer. Yes. In order to successfully prosecute an accused for illegal sale of
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drugs, the prosecution must be able to prove the following elements: 1) Identity
of the buyer and seller, the object, and the consideration, 2) the delivery of the
thing sold and the payment for it. (People v. Sabongee)
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BUY-BUST OPERATION
Ch
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B
Question: An informant arrived at the District Anti-Illegal Drugs at the

Southern Police District, Fort Bonifacio, Taguig and reported that a certain
Paks was pushing shabu on P. Mariano St., Taguig. A team was dispatched to
conduct a buy-bust operation. PO2 Boiser and PO2 Lagos walked with the
informant to meet Paks. Paks, satisfied that PO2 Boise, was indeed a drug user,
agreed to sell P500.00 worth of shabu. He reached from his camouflage shorts a
plastic sachet and handed it to PO2 Boiser. After receiving the plastic sachet
from Paks, PO2 Boiser examined it under the light of a lamppost. Seeing the
pre-arranged signal acted out by PO2 Boiser, PO2 Lagos went to the scene and
introduced himself as a police officer to Paks. The buy-bust money was then
seized from Paks.
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RTC found Paks Vicente, Jr. guilty of the crime charged. On appeal, Vicente, Jr.
argued that Sec. 21 of the Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA
9165 were not complied with, since the buy-bust team failed to present a preoperation report and photographs of the seized items. With this argument, he
said that the seized items are now polluted evidence. As an appellate judge, will
you uphold the RTC ruling?
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Answer: Yes. Sec. 21 of RA 9165 need not be followed as an exact science. Non-
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compliance with Sec. 21 does not render an accuseds arrest illegal or the items
seized/confiscated from him inadmissible. It is not a serious flaw that can render
void the seizures and custody of drugs in a buy-bust operation. What is essential
is the preservation of the integrity and the evidentiary value of the seized items,
as the same would be utilized in the determination of the guilt or innocence of
the accused. (People v. Vicente)
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b
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BUY-BUST OPERATION
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Question: In a buy-bust operation conducted, the accused, Marlon Abetong, was

caught selling shabu to a police poseur buyer. The RTC rendered a decision
finding him guilty beyond reasonable doubt of a violation of Section 5, Article II
of R.A. 9165. The CA affirmed his conviction. The accused contended that the
prosecution failed to sufficiently prove that the integrity of the evidence was
preserved. Raising non-compliance with Sec. 21 of RA 9165, he argued, among
others: (1) that the markings on the items seized do not bear the date and time
of the confiscation, as required; (2) that about three days have passed since the
items were confiscated before they were brought to the crime laboratory; and (3)
that there was neither an inventory nor a photograph of the recovered plastic
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sachet. Was the prosecution able to establish the guilt of the accused based on
the allegation of violation of the chain of custody?
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Answer: No. In a buy-bust operation conducted, the accused, Marlon Abetong,

was caught selling shabu to a police poseur buyer. The RTC rendered a decision
finding him guilty beyond reasonable doubt of a violation of Section 5, Article II
of R.A. 9165. The CA affirmed his conviction. The accused contended that the
prosecution failed to sufficiently prove that the integrity of the evidence was
preserved. Raising non-compliance with Sec. 21 of RA 9165, he argued, among
others: (1) that the markings on the items seized do not bear the date and time
of the confiscation, as required; (2) that about three days have passed since the
items were confiscated before they were brought to the crime laboratory; and (3)
that there was neither an inventory nor a photograph of the recovered plastic
sachet. He likewise hinged his appeal on the fact that Inspector Lorilla, who had
the only key to the evidence locker, did not testify during trial. (Peopl v.
Abetong)
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BUY-BUST OPERATION; ALIBI
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Question: The Taguig police formed a buy-bust team upon receipt of a report of
illegal activities of Pagkalinawan. He was arrested after sachets of shabu were
recovered from him. Pagkalinawan, interposed the defense of alibi. He said that
armed men barged into his house and pointed a gun at him. He was brought to
the police station when the police could not find any prohibited drugs.
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Pagkalinawan insists that what actually happened was an instigation and not a
buy-bust operation. Was there a valid entrapment in the form of buy-bust
operation?
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Answer: Yes. A police officer's act of soliciting drugs from the accused during a
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buy-bust operation or what is known as a decoy solicitation, is not prohibited by

law and does not render the buy-bust operation invalid. (People v.
Pagkalinawan)
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BUY-BUST OPERATION, CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Question: As a result of a buy-bust operation, Dela Cruz was charged with and
convicted of the crime of drug pushing. In his defense, the accused denied selling
shabu to PO2 Ibasco. In short, the accused used the defense of denial and alleged
a frame-up by the arresting officers. On appeal, he imputed material
irregularities on the chain of custody of the seized drugs. Rule on the
irregularities on the chain of custody raised by the accused.
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Answer: The prosecution must offer the testimony of key witnesses to establish a
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sufficiently complete chain of custody. The failure of the police to comply with
the procedure in the custody of the seized drugs raises doubt as to its origins and
also negates the operation of the presumption of regularity accorded to police
officers. (People v. Dela Cruz)
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TEST-BUY
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Question: SPO1 Dela Cruz was part of a team that conducted a test-buy on to
verify a report of Elizabeth engaging in illegal drug activities. When this was
confirmed, a buy-bust operation ensued. SPO1 Dela Cruz subsequently marked
the sachet that was sold to him as MDC-1 and the sachet found on the person of
Elizabeth as MDC-2. The chemistry report confirmed that the subject drugs
were positive for shabu. RTC convicted the accused.
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Elizabeth imputes grave doubts on whether SPO1 Dela Cruz observed the
requirements of RA 9165 on inventory and photographing of the illegal
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substance, arguing that said police officer did not state where and when he
marked the sachets of shabu. Will you uphold the conviction?
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Answer: I will uphold the RTC decision. Non-compliance with the provisions of
RA 9165 on the custody and disposition of dangerous drugs is not necessarily
fatal to the prosecutions case. The conviction can be sustained if there are other
independent evidence to establish the guilt of the accused. (People v. Marcelino).
BUY-BUST OPERATIONS
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Question: The Regional Special Operations Group IV (RSOG-IV) received a tip

about a group of drug traffickers led by Isidro Arguson operating in Cavite.
SPO2 Geronimo Pastrana, PO3 Ramos, and PO2 Emerson Balosbalos the
operation in front of the McDonalds branch in P. Ocampo St., Pasay City. The
sale was then consummated and PO3 Ramos gave his signal and arrested them.
The accused, by way of defense, alleged that she just finished her laundry when
she took her child to McDonalds when she saw a commotion. She then saw a
woman who alighted from a van and pointed at her to her companions and
boarded her inside the van causing her to lose hold of her child. The RTC and
the CA ruled against the accused. Hence, the case. Is the conviction proper?
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Answer: No. As embodied in Sec. 21(1), Art. II of RA 9165, i.e., the apprehending
officer/team having initial custody and control of the drug shall immediately
after seizure and confiscation, physically inventory and photograph the [drug] in
the presence of the accused or the person/s from whom such items were
confiscated and/or seized, or his/her representative or counsel, a representative
from the media and the Department of Justice (DOJ), and any elected public
official who shall be required to sign the copies of the inventory and be given a
copy thereof. (People v. Cervantes)
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CHAIN OF CUSTODY
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Question: Manuel Ressurreccion was convicted of illegal sale of shabu. On

appeal to the Supreme Court he broaches the view that SA Isidoros failure to
mark the confiscated shabu immediately after seizure creates a reasonable doubt
as to the drugs identity. Accused-appellant Resurreccion now points to the
failure of the buy-bust team to immediately mark the seized drugs as a cause to
doubt the identity of the shabu allegedly confiscated from him. Was there a
violation of the chain of custody rule?
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Answer: No. Jurisprudence tells us that the failure to immediately mark seized
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drugs will not automatically impair the integrity of chain of custody. It is

essential for the prosecution to introduce other evidence to establish the guilt of
the accused. (People v. Resureccion)
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CHAIN OF CUSTODY
Question: An informant tipped off the Drug Enforcement Unit of the Marikina
Police Station that wanted drug pusher Wifredo Loilo alias "Boy Bicol" was at
his Nipa hut hideout in San Mateo, Rizal. When the team reached the said Nipa
Hut, Dela Cruz was seen holding a shotgun but he later on dropped his shotgun
when a police officer pointed his firearm at him. The team entered the premises
and saw a plastic bag of shabu and drug paraphernalia. Dela Cruz was
subsequently arrested and was separately indicted for violation of RA 9165 and
for illegal possession of firearm. The RTC acquitted accused-appellant of illegal
possession of firearm and ammunition but convicted him of possession of
dangerous drugs. The accused-appellant filed a Notice of Appeal of the RTC
Decision on the ground that the prosecution his arrest was patently illegal and
the prosecution failed to establish the chain of custody of the illegal drug
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allegedly in his possession. The CA sustained accused-appellant's conviction.

Was the prosecution able to establish possession of illegal drugs?
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Answer: No. An accused can be held to be in constructive possession of illegal

drugs if it shown that they enjoy dominion and control over the premises where
these drugs were found. (People v. Dela Cruz)
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MALVERSATION OF PUBLIC FUNDS

Question: The COA Special Audit Report stated that there were anomalies in the
payment of salary differentials, allowances, and benefits, among others.
Pursuant to such findings, three informations were filed by the Ombudsman
against Munib Estino, then Acting Governor, and Ernesto Pescadera, the
Provincial Treasurer during Estinos stint. The said charges involve
malversation of public funds under Art. 217 of the Revised Penal Code and two
violations of Sec. 3 (e) of R.A. 3019. The Sandiganbayan, in the consolidated
criminal cases, convicted both Estino and Pescadera for violation of Section 3(e)
of R.A. 3019 for failure to pay the Representation and Transportation Allowance
(RATA) of the provincial government employees of Sulu but acquitted them as to
the other charge for the same violation. As to the charge of malversation of
public funds, the Sandiganbayan exonerated Estino but convicted Pescadera for
failure to remit the GSIS contributions of the provincial government employees.
Is the accused guilty of the crime charged?
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Answer: No. There is no proof that Pescadera misappropriated the said amount
for his personal use. While demand is not an element of the crime of
malversation, it is a requisite for the application of the presumption. Without
this presumption, the accused may still be proved guilty under Art. 217 based on
direct evidence of malversation. (Pescadera v. People)
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LIABILITY OF PRIVATE INDIVIDUAL UNDER ANTI-GRAFT AND

CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT
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Question: Petitioner Uyboco, a private individual, and his co-accused was found
guilty beyond reasonable doubt for violating Section 3(e) of Republic Act No.
3019, otherwise known as the Anti- Graft and Corrupt Practices Act by the
Sandiganbayan. Petitioner asserts that the Sandiganbayan erred in declaring
the existence of a conspiracy and in convicting him in the absence of proof
beyond reasonable doubt of such conspiracy. May Uyboco be held liable for
violation of RA 3019?
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Answer: Yes. Private persons, when acting in conspiracy with public officers,
may be indicted and, if found guilty, held liable for the pertinent offenses under
Section 3 of R.A. 3019. (Uyboco v. People)
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TREACHERY
Question: One evening, Estrella Doctor Casco along with her mother named
Damiana and two care- takers Liezl and Angelita, were walking home from
Damianas medical check-up when Estrellas cousins Tony Tomas and Benedicto
Doctor, together with Nestor Gatchalian, suddenly came out from the side of the
road. Without uttering a word, Tomas drew a gun and shot Estrella twice, while
Gatchalian, without a gun, allegedly blocked the road, and Doctor positioned
himself at the back of Damiana and Angelina and poked a gun at them. Estrella
fell down but Tomas fired three more gunshots at the former when she was
already down on the ground. After which, the three accused fled from the scene
of the crime. The RTC convicted the accused Tomas, Doctor and Gatchalian of
the offense of Murder and appreciated the attendance of treachery and
conspiracy which the CA affirmed with modification. Hence, this petition was
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filed. Is the CA correct in affirming the RTC decision appreciating the

aggravating circumstance of treachery?
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Answer: Yes. For alevosiato qualify the crime to murder, it must be shown that:
(1) the malefactor employed such means, method or manner of execution as to
ensure his or her safety from the defensive or retaliatory acts of the victim; and
(2) the said means, method and manner of execution were deliberately adopted.
Moreover, for treachery to be appreciated, it must be present and seen by the
witness right at the inception of the attack. (People v. Tomas)
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INCONSISTENCIES IN TESTIMONIES
Question: Anthony was charged with murder and frustrated murder. The trial
found him guilty of the offenses charged. On appeal, aside from reiterating his
alibi, he also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimonies of prosecution
witnesses. The CA found no merit in Anthonys contentions. In reviewing the
testimonies of the witnesses, the appellate court found no inconsistencies that
would question their credibility. Hence, this petition. Rule on accuseds
contentions of inconsistencies.
b
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Ch
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Answer: It is elementary that not all inconsistencies in the witnesses testimony

affect their credibility. Inconsistencies on minor details and collateral matters do
not affect the substance of their declaration, their veracity, or the weight of their
testimonies. (People v. Domingo)
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INCONSISTENCIES IN TESTIMONIES, POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION
Question: Richard Roda, an Assistant Manager of Nognog Videoke Restaurant in

Quezon City, noticed that Amodia, Marino, and Lo-oc, were beating Jaime. As a
result of the beating died. Roda went to Camp Karingal in Quezon City to report
what he had witnessed. The police then filed an investigation report which
became the basis for the filing of Information against Amodia et al. RTC ruled
that Amodia et al. were guilty of Murder. CA affirmed the RTC decision. CA
gave credence to the positive testimony of the prosecution eyewitness who, was
not actuated by improper motive to testify against accused-appellants. The CA,
moreover, held that the killing was qualified by the circumstance of abuse of
superior strength.
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Amodia et al. contends that conviction is anchored on the positive testimony of

the prosecution eyewitness which was full of inconsistencies. They allege that it
was unbelievable that a person who had witnessed a crime should simply go
home without immediately reporting the matter to the authorities. Were the
accused positively identified enough to convict them?
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Answer: Yes. Positive identification of the accused, when categorical and
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consistent and without any showing of ill-motive on the part of an eye witness
testifying on the matter, prevails over denial of [the] accused, which if not
substantiated by clear and convincing evidence, is negative and self serving
evidence undeserving of weight in law. (People v. Amodia)
DEFENSE OF ALIBI AND DENIAL
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Question: On November 20, 2001 in a forested area nearby the place and house
of the accused Didong and company, Didong hit with his piece of wood the nape
of Ahladdin (the victim who was also drunk at the time) then held by the hand
by Nante. When Nante released his hold, Didong again hit Ahladdin on the back
of the knees. After Boyet, Nante and Didong stabbed Ahladdin, Fred Gongon
shot him saying Siguraduhin niyo patay na yan. The following morning the
dead body of Ahladdin was discovered. Consequently, based on these established
facts Didong and company were charged of murder qualified by treachery. On
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this charge Didong merely provided the defense of alibi and denial. Was there
treachery?
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Answer: Yes. The essence of treachery is the sudden and unexpected attack by
the aggressors on unsuspecting victims, depriving the latter of any real chance
to defend themselves, thereby ensuring its commission without risk to the
aggressors, and without the slightest provocation on the victims part.
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RAPE AND DEFENSE OF ALIBI
Question: The accused was charged of the crime rape of certain AAA. The
prosecution presented the fact that the victim together with her friends, went to
a dance event but later on as she noticed that her friends were no longer at the
dance floor, she decided to go home to her grandmothers house when on her way
home, Alverio suddenly appeared and raped her. During the incident, Alverio
was armed with a knife which he used to poke the victim and threatened her
that he would kill her if she told anyone of what he has done. On the other hand,
the accused denied all the accusations against him with an alibi. The RTC
convicted Alverio which decision was affirmed by the CA. Was the conviction
correct?
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Ch
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Answer: Yes. In cases involving the prosecution for rape, corroboration of the
victims testimony is not a necessary condition to a conviction for rape where the
victims testimony is credible, or clear and convincing or sufficient to prove the
elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Alverio)
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STATUTORY RAPE
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B
Question: AAA, the private complainant, was 11 years old while Lindo was their
neighbor. While AAA was sleeping, Lindo took her away to a place near a creek.
He tried inserting his penis into her vagina but there was no complete
penetration. Not achieving full penile penetration, he then made her bend over,
and inserted his penis into her anus, causing her to cry out in pain. RTC found
him guilty of statutory rape under Art. 335 of the RPC in relation to R.A No.
7610. The CA affirmed the judgment and awarded exemplary damages. Was the
conviction correct?
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Answer: Yes. The mere introduction of the male organ in the labia majora of the
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victims genitalia consummates the crime; the mere touching of the labia by the
penis was held to be sufficient. (People v. Lindo)
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RAPE
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Question: AAA, then 15 years old, went to her grandmothers house upon
learning that her father and uncle were quarreling there. When she cried for
help, Elmer Barberos, a neighbor, went to her and told her that he would protect
her. Barberos brought AAA to his house and raped her. AAA was able to escape
by jumping out of the window when someone knocked at the door. Both the RTC
and CA convicted Barberos of the crime of rape. Is total penetration necessary to
commit rape?
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Answer: No. Full penile penetration of the penis into the vagina is not required
for the commission of rape, as mere penile entry into the labia of the pudendum
of the vagina, even without rupture or laceration of the hymen, is enough to
justify a conviction for rape. (People v. Barberos)
SWEETHEART THEORY IN RAPE
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Question: Cias was charged with the crime of rape. In his defense, he argued
that he and the victim had been carrying an illicit affair for about six months.
He alleged that in all their previous assignations, she submitted herself to him
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voluntarily and willingly on each occasion that they had sexual intercourse. Is
relationship a defense in the crime of rape?
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Answer: No. A love affair does not justify rape for a man does not have an
unbridled license to subject his beloved to his carnal desires against her will.
(People v. Cias)
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RAPE AND SWEETHEART THEORY

Question: AAA was alone in her house and was taking a bath when she noticed
that the lights in the living room were turned off which she thought was done by
her live-in partner so she called his name. However, upon opening of the
bathroom door, she saw Rommel Belo who was holding a bread knife and said
"Sandali lang ito" and pushed her inside the bathroom. Belo kissed and touched
AAA's private parts while pointing the knife at AAA and eventually he was able
to insert his penis into her vagina. Belo, in his defense, claims that it was a
consensual sex and that AAA was his girlfriend. Further, he claims that the
absence of bruises and contusions on AAAs body, based on the medico- legal
report, negates the crime of rape. The RTC found Belo guilty of rape and was
affirmed by the CA. Is the conviction proper despite relationship with the
victim?
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Ch
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Answer: Yes. Sweetheart" theory, being an affirmative defense, must be
established by convincing evidence -- some documentary and/or other evidence

like mementos, love letters, notes, photographs and the like. (People v. Belo)
b
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RAPE and ACTS OF LASCIVIOUSNESS
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Question: Four separate informations for rape and one for acts of lasciviousness
were filed against Araojo. The latter tags AAAs account of the alleged rape
incidents, which, for the most part, consisted of the same details, as utterly
incredulous. If, as AAA alleged, she was raped, then the results of her medical
examinations would have yielded complete hymenal lacerations, considering
AAAs tender age and the manner of the sexual assault. Araojo theorizes that,
since AAA had been hired as a babysitter, it is possible that she was exposed to
various forms of exploitation. Is the victims testimony sufficient to warrant
conviction?
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Answer: Yes. The credibility of the victim is always the single most important
issue in prosecution for rape. Withal, in passing upon the credibility of
witnesses, the highest degree of respect must be accorded to the findings of the
trial court. (People v. Araojo)
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RAPE COMMITTED BY A FATHER
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Question: On three different dates, Martinez allegedly raped his 13-year old
daughter, AAA, who was mentally retarded. Martinez threatened to kill AAA if
she would reveal the incident to her mother. However, AAAs teacher noticed
that she appeared to be unusually weak. Aware of the fact that Martinez had
sired two children from AAAs elder sister, the teacher asked AAA if her father
had raped her, to which AAA answered in the affirmative. The teacher reported
the same to the DSWD, and BBB, her mother learned the rape incident.
Martinez was then charged with three counts of qualified rape. In his defense,
Martinez raised denial and alibi. RTC found Martinez guilty of three counts of
rape under Art. 365 of the RPC. Convinced of AAAs credibility, the CA affirmed
the RTC decision. Martinez argued that AAAs testimony is not credible for she
is mentally retarded. Is mental retardation a ground to discredit the credibility
of the testimony of the witness?
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Answer: No. Anyone who can perceive, and perceiving, can make known such
perception to others, may be a witness. Thus, mental retardation does not
disqualify a person from testifying. What is essential is the quality of perception,
and the manner in which this perception is made known to the court. (People v.
Martinez)
RAPE
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Question: Adelado Anguac is the common-law spouse of BBB, the mother of

AAA. Sometime in 1998 while sleeping with her siblings in a room in their
residence, AAA who was then 17 years old, found herself suddenly awakened by
Anguac who raped her. The sexual assault on AAA was repeated for five times.
AAA subsequently became pregnant. She disclosed the assaults to her Aunts.
Two separate informations were filed charging Anguac with rape and violation of
RA 7610. The RTC found Anguac guilty. CA affirmed the RTCs ruling but
treated the crime of rape charged in Criminal Case No. RTC 2757-I as a
violation of Sec. 5(b) of RA 7610 instead of Sec. 5(a) as found by the trial court.
Anguac on the other hand, questioned the sufficiency of the prosecutions
evidence. Was the CA correct in convicting the accused for Sec.5(b) rather Sec.
5(a) as found by the RTC?
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Ch
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Answer: Yes. The character of the crime is determined by the recital of the
ultimate facts and circumstances in the information. The testimonies of the
victim and the witnesses which buttressed her claim of the commission of the
crime proved beyond reasonable doubt the guilt of Anguac. (People v. Anguac)
STATUTORY RAPE
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Question: Cruz was charged with one count of rape committed against AAA, 9
years old. Upon arraignment Cruz pleaded not guilty. Medical examination
result showed that AAA had two (2) hymenal lacerations. For his part, Cruz
claimed that it was impossible for him to commit rape as he had been sexually
impotent since 1995. This was further corroborated by his wife by saying that
they seldom had sexual intercourse after 1995. In 2001, Cruz was diagnosed to
be suffering from erectile dysfunction.
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The RTC found Cruz guilty for the crime charged. On appeal, the CA affirmed
the ruling of RTC and ruled that his impotency was not proven with certainty
and that the medical finding of erectile dysfunction was based on an
examination more than three years after the rape occurred; thus, no categorical
conclusion could be made that Cruz was impotent when the rape was committed.
Was there rape despite defense of impotency?
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Answer: Yes. Impotency as a defense in rape cases must likewise be proved with
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certainty to overcome the presumption in favor of potency.

STATUTORY RAPE
Question: Ugos was charged with raping AAA, his 7-year old stepdaughter.
While they were looking for AAAs mother, Ugos brought AAA to a creek and
raped her. Ugos denied the allegations and stated that the victim fell while
looking for her mother because the road was dark and slippery. The RTC found
him guilty, which the CA affirmed. Ugos contends that the testimonies of AAA
and her mother reveal only the commission of acts of lasciviousness and not rape
since he only inserted his finger into her sex organ. Is the use of a finger
sufficient to commit the crime of rape?
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Answer: Yes. Rape can now be committed through sexual assault by inserting
"any instrument or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person."
(People v. Ugos)
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QUALIFIED THEFT
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Question: Respondent Amelio Tria (Tria) is a former branch manager of

Philippine National Banks (PNB) MWSS branch. MWSS opened an account in
PNB-MWSS. On April 22, 2004, PNB-MWSS received a letter from MWSS
instructing the bank to issue a managers check in the amount of P5, 200, 000.00
in favor of a certain Atty. Rodrigo Reyes. The employees of PNB, after
authentication and verification approved the request for the issuance of the
managers check. On April 26, 2004, Tria accompanied Atty. Reyes to PNB
Quezon City branch since PNB-MWSS had insufficient funds to pay the amount.
He told the employee of PNB QC that Atty. Reyes is their valued client. On
February 2, 2005, Zaida Pulida (Pulida), a MWSS employee handling the subject
bank account inquired to PNB about the P5, 200, 000.00 debited to the account.
Pulida notified PNB that MWSS did not apply for the issuance of the said
managers check. Furthermore, upon verification with the Integrated Bar of the
Philippines, it was confirmed that there was no Rodrigo Reyes included in its
roster. PNB conducted its own investigation and held Tria liable for qualified
theft. Tria denied the allegation and contended other bank employees should be
liable for the loss. Is Tria guilty of qualified theft?
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Answer: Yes. Theft is committed by any person who, with intent to gain, but
without violence against, or intimidation of persons nor force upon things, shall
take the personal property of another without the latters consent. If committed
with grave abuse of confidence, the crime of theft becomes qualified. (PNB v.
Tria)
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ESTAFA THROUGH FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENTS
Question: Petitioners were officers of the Municipality of Paracelis, Mountain

Province. They issued a Certificate of Inspection and Acceptance in relation to
the completion of a road construction in the said municipality. As a result, the
Government subsequently issued a check for PhP106,970 as payment for the
project. After COA investigation, petitioners were charged with Estafa thru
Falsification of Public Documents. It was alleged that petitioners made it appear
that they have personally inspected the construction project and thereafter
found the same to have been fully accomplished 100%, when in truth and in fact,
the work on the aforesaid project was not yet finished. Is the conviction correct?
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Answer: Yes. The elements of the crime of estafa under Art. 315, par. 2 of the
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RPC are: (1) the accused made false pretenses or fraudulent representations as
to his power, influence, qualifications, property, credit, agency, business, or
imaginary transactions; (2) such false pretenses or fraudulent representations
were made prior to or simultaneous with the commission of the fraud; (3) such
false pretenses or fraudulent representations constitute the very cause which
induced the offended party to part with his money or property; and (4) as a
result thereof, the offended party suffered damage. (Manangey v.
Sandiganbayan)
FALSIFICATION OF PUBLIC DOCUMENT
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Question: Atty. Rodolfo Pactolin was a former member of the Sangguniang

Panlalawigan of Misamis Occidental. Mayor Fuentes immediately approved and
granted the request for financial assistance for a sports activity. While the
Mayor attended a conference, Mario served as Officer-in Charge. Pactolin
borrowed Abastillas letter from the assistant treasurer and altered the same.
Afterwards, Pactolin filed a complaint against Mario with the Ombudsman,
alleging that Mario illegally disbursed public funds in connivance with the then
city accountant. Aggrieved, Mario instituted a criminal complaint against
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Pactolin before the Sandiganbayan. Pactolin was charged of falsification of

public document under Article 171(2) of the Revised Penal Code. Is Pactolin
guilty of falsification?
Answer: Yes. The settled rule is that in the absence of satisfactory explanation,
one found in possession of and who used a forged document is the forger and
therefore guilty of falsification. (Pactolin v. Sandiganbayan)
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ESTAFA under ART.315(b), RPC
Question: Spouses Erlinda and Eliseo Asejo went to the house of Vilma Castro to
borrow PhP 100,000 to be shown to the bank (show money) and make it appear
that the Asejos were financially liquid. The spouses went back to Castros house
where she received the amount and signed a Trust Undertaking. When the
obligation became due, Castro went to the spouses to demand payment but she
failed to collect the money. Spouses Asejo were charged with Estafa under Art.
315 (b). They were found guilty as charged by the RTC. The CA affirmed the
judgment but modified the penalty. Is formal demand required to convict the
accused?
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Answer: No. Demand under this kind of estafa [Art. 315 (b)] need not be formal
or written. It is sufficient that all the elements of the crime are proved by the
prosecution. (Asejo v. People)
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PART B: CONCEPTS, GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND LEADING CASES
I. Preliminaries
Q. What is the nature and scope of Criminal Law?
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A. (1) Generality will apply to people who commit any criminal act committed within the
territory of the Philippines and will generally deal with the characteristic of the person
accused of committing the crime;
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(2) Territoriality Philippines will have jurisdiction over crimes committed inside its
territory except as provided for in treaties and laws of preferential application and will
normally deal with the characteristic of the place where the crime was committed; and
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(3) Prospectivity based on Art.22 of RPC, the appreciation of the crime committed must
take into consideration the date of the passage of the law and give it retroactive effect (a) if it
is favorable to the accused; and (b) if the accused is not a habitual delinquent.
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Q. What provisions of the Bill of Rights are relevant to Criminal Law?

A. The Bill of Rights
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Sec. 1: due process and equal protection clause;
Sec. 2: right against illegal arrest, illegal search and seizure (in relation to
admission in evidence of extrajudicial admissions, warrantless arrest, warrantless
search and seizure and planted evidence);
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Sec. 3: privacy of communications (in relation to Wire Tapping Law);
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Sec. 4 freedom of religion (in relation to crime offending a religion);
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Sec. 6 liberty of abode (in relation to restraint of travel (issuance of Hold

Departure Order; illegal detention committed by a public officer or a private
individual);
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Sec.11 free access to courts (in relation to right to appropriate legal

representation);
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Sec. 12 (1) and (3) Miranda rights (in relation to extrajudicial confessions and
when one can become a state witness), (2) and (4) Rights while under detention (in
relation to Human Security Act of 2007 and Human Torture Act of 2009);
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Sec. 13 Right to bail (in relation to non-bailable offenses like Plunder, Rebellion,
etc. but pay attention to JPE v. Sandiganbayan decision which introduced a new
ground to grant bail which is not textually provided in the Constitution);
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Sec. 14 Presumption of innocence (in relation to degree of proof required to

convict);
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Sec. 15 The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus

Sec. 16 Right to speedy trial;
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Sec.16 Nature of penalty of imprisonment (in relation to imposition of penalties

under RPC, Probation Law, Indeterminate Sentence Law, Diversion and
Rehabilitation);
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Sec. 17 Nature fines and physical detention in case of conviction (in relation to
appreciation of attending circumstances in the commission of the crime,
suspension of death penalty);
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Sec. 17 non-imprisonment for debt or non-payment of a poll tax;

Sec. 18 prohibition against double jeopardy; and
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Sec. 22 prohibition against ex post fact law/ bill of attainder.

Q. What are the elements of double jeopardy?
A. Double jeopardy only applies when: (1) a first jeopardy attached; (2) it has been validly
terminated; and (3) a second jeopardy is for the same offense as in the first. A first jeopardy
attaches only after the accused has been acquitted or convicted, or the case has been
dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent, by a competent court in a
valid indictment for which the accused has entered a valid plea during
arraignment. Saturnino C. Ocampo v. Hon. Ephrem S. Abando, et al, G.R. No. 176830,
February 11, 2014
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Q. What is the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine?
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A. The Constitution enshrines in the Bill of Rights the right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose. To give full protection to it, the Bill of Rights also ordains the
exclusionary principle that any evidence obtained in violation of said right is inadmissible for
any purpose in any proceeding. However, the interdiction against warrantless searches and
seizures is not absolute and that warrantless searches and seizures have long been deemed
permissible by jurisprudence in the following instances: (1) search of moving vehicles; (2)
seizure in plain view; (3) customs searches; (4) waiver or consented searches; (5) stop and
frisk situations (Terry search); and (6) search incidental to a lawful arrest. The last includes a
valid warrantless search and seizure pursuant to an equally warrantless arrest, for, while as a
rule, an arrest is considered legitimate if effected with a valid warrant of arrest, the Rules of
Court recognizes permissible warrantless arrest, to wit: (1) arrest in flagrante delicto; (2)
arrest effected in hot pursuit; and (3) arrest of escaped prisoners. People of the Philippines v.
Vicente Rom, G.R. No. 198452, February 19, 2014.
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Q. Is a hearing necessary to determine probable cause in the issuance of a warrant?
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A. No. Although the Constitution provides that probable cause shall be determined by the
judge after an examination under oath or an affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses,
the Supreme Court has ruled that a hearing is not necessary for the determination thereof. In
fact, the judges personal examination of the complainant and the witnesses is not mandatory
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and indispensable for determining the aptness of issuing a warrant of arrest. Saturnino C.
Ocampo v. Hon. Ephrem S. Abando, et al, G.R. No. 176830, February 11, 2014
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Q. What is the rule on the admission of extrajudicial confession to appreciate the element
of conspiracy?
A. The exception provided under Section 30, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court to the rule
allowing the admission of a conspirator requires the prior establishment of the conspiracy by
evidence other than the confession. The Supreme Court, however, has previously stressed
that mere association with the principals by direct participation, without more, does not
suffice. Relationship, association and companionship do not prove conspiracy. It must be
shown that the person concerned has performed an overt act in pursuance or furtherance of
the complicity. In fact, mere knowledge, acquiescence or approval of the act, without the
cooperation or approval to cooperate, is not sufficient to prove conspiracy. Gerry A.
Salapuddin v. The Court of Appeals, Gov. Jum Akbar, and Nor-Rhama J. Indanan, G.R. No.
184681, February 25, 2013.
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Q. Cite the distinction between mala en se and mala prohibitum.
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A. (1) mala en se by itself the act is inherently wrong (ex. killing another person)
while in mala prohibitum the act is merely prohibited by law (ex. smoking or jay
walking);
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(2) good faith is a defense in mala en se but not in mala prohibitum;

(3) stages of commission under Art.6 of RPC is considered in mala en se but not in mala
prohibitum;
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(4) degree of participation under Title II of RPC is considered in mala en se but not in
mala prohibitum;
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(5) in mala en se, modifying circumstances are considered in determining imposable

penalty but not mala prohibitum; and
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(6) in mala en se, generally, the crimes are punished under RPC while generally, crimes
considered mala prohibitum are punished under special penal law.
II. Circumstances Affecting the Appreciation of Commission of a Crime
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Attending circumstance in the commission of crimes: justifying, mitigating, exempting

and aggravating (generic and qualifying), alternative circumstances ; appreciation of
each circumstance will depend on the facts surrounding the criminal act as it would
affect the criminal liability and extent of liability of the accused. MEMORIZE
PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF THE RPC.
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Q. How will qualifying circumstance of treachery be appreciated?.
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A. There is treachery when the offender commits a crime against the person, employing
means, methods or forms in the execution thereof which tend directly and specially to insure
its execution, without risk to himself arising from the defense which the offended party might
make. People of the Philippines v. Wilfredo Gunda Alias Fred, G.R. No. 195525,
February 5, 2014.
Q. How is intent to kill establish in the crime of murder?
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A. The petitioners intent to kill was clearly established by the nature and number of wounds
sustained by their victims. Evidence to prove intent to kill in crimes against persons may
consist, among other things, of the means used by the malefactors; the conduct of the
malefactors before, at the time of, or immediately after the killing of the victim; and the
nature, location and number of wounds sustained by the victim. Rodolfo Guevarra and Joey
Guevarra v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 170462, February 5, 2014.
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Q. What is conspiracy?
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A. A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the
commission of a felony and decide to commit it. To determine conspiracy, there must be a
common design to commit a felony. While direct proof is not essential to establish
conspiracy as it may be inferred from the collective acts of the accused before, during and
after the commission of the crime which point to a joint purpose, design, concerted action,
and community of interests. People of the Philippines v. Javier Morilla y Avellano, G.R. No.
189833, February 5, 2014
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Q. Is proof of previous agreement necessary to establish conspiracy?

A. No. Conspiracy may be deduced from the mode, method, and manner in which the offense
was perpetrated; or inferred from the acts of the accused when those acts point to a joint
purpose and design, concerted action, and community of interests. Proof of a previous
agreement and decision to commit the crime is not essential, but the fact that the malefactors
acted in unison pursuant to the same objective suffices. People of the Philippines v. John
Alvin Pondivida, G.R. No. 188969, February 27, 2013
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Q. What are elements to establish self-defense?
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A. By invoking self-defense, the petitioners, in effect, admitted to the commission of the acts
for which they were charged, albeit under circumstances that, if proven, would have
exculpated them by invoking the following circumstances: (1) unlawful aggression on the
part of the victims; (2) reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel such
aggression; and (3) lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the persons resorting to selfdefense. Of all the burdens the petitioners carried, the most important of all is the element of
unlawful aggression. Rodolfo Guevarra and Joey Guevarra v. People of the Philippines, G.R.
No. 170462, February 5, 2014
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There can be no self-defense, whether complete or incomplete, unless the victim had
committed unlawful aggression against the person who resorted to self-defense. Simon A.
Flores v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 181354, February 27, 2013.
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Q. What is alibi?
A. Alibi is an inherently weak defense because it is easy to fabricate and highly unreliable.
To merit approbation, the accused must adduce clear and convincing evidence that he was in
a place other than the situs criminis at the time the crime was committed, such that it was
physically impossible for him to have been at the scene of the crime when it was committed.
Alibi cannot prevail over and is worthless in the face of the positive identification by a
credible witness that an accused perpetrated the crime. People of the Philippines v. Jonathan
Uto Veloso y Rama, G.R. No. 188849, February 13, 2013
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Q. When is alibi applicable as a defense?
A. It has been held that for the defense of alibi to prosper, the accused must prove the
following: (i) that he was present at another place at the time of the perpetration of the crime;
and (ii) that it was physically impossible for him to be at the scene of the crime during its
commission. People of the Philippines v. Aurelio Jastiva, G.R. No. 199268, February 12,
2014
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Q. What is the probative value of an affidavit if the affiant is not presented in court?
A. An affidavit is hearsay unless affiant presented in court. It is settled that while
affidavits may be considered as public documents if they are acknowledged before a notary
public (here, a public officer authorized to administer oaths), they are still classified as
hearsay evidence unless the affiants themselves are placed on the witness stand to testify
thereon and the adverse party is accorded the opportunity to cross-examine them. With the
prosecutions failure to present the affiant to affirm his statement should be treated as hearsay
and, thus, inadmissible to establish the truth or falsity of the relevant claims.
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Q. How is circumstantial evidence appreciated in establishing ones culpability?
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A. Circumstantial evidence consists of proof of collateral facts and circumstances from

which the main fact in issue may be inferred based on reason and common experience. It is
sufficient for conviction if: (a) there is more than one circumstance; (b) the facts from which
the inferences are derived are proven; and (c) the combination of all the circumstances is
such as to produce a conviction beyond reasonable doubt. Ricardo L. Atienza and Alfredo A.
Castro v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 188694, February 12, 2014
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Circumstantial evidence; when sufficient for conviction. Circumstantial evidence is defined

as that evidence that indirectly proves a fact in issue through an inference which the factfinder draws from the evidence established. It is sufficient for conviction if: [a] there is more
than one (1) circumstance; [b] the facts from which the inferences are derived are proven;
and [c] the combination of all the circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond
reasonable doubt. To uphold a conviction based on circumstantial evidence, it is essential
that the circumstantial evidence presented must constitute an unbroken chain which leads one
to a fair and reasonable conclusion pointing to the accused, to the exclusion of the others, as
the guilty person. The test to determine whether or not the circumstantial evidence on record
is sufficient to convict the accused is that the series of circumstances duly proved must be
consistent with each other and that each and every circumstance must be consistent with the
accusers guilt and inconsistent with the accusers innocence. People of the Philippines v.
P/Supt. Artemio E. Lamsen, et al, G.R. No. 198338, February 20, 2013.
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Minority as a Mitigating Circumstance. To establish minority ones Certificate of Birth may

be introduced as evidence.
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Article 68(2) of the Revised Penal Code provides that when the offender is a minor over 15
and under 18 years, the penalty next lower than that prescribed by law shall be imposed on
the accused but always in the proper period. The rationale of the law in extending such
leniency and compassion is that because of his age, the accused is presumed to have acted
with less discernment. This is regardless of the fact that his minority was not proved during
the trial and that his birth certificate was belatedly presented for our consideration, since to
rule accordingly will not adversely affect the rights of the state, the victim and his heirs. .
People v. Agacer et. al., January 7, 2013
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PLEASE MEMORIZE all attending circumstances BECAUSE YOU MIGHT BE

FACED WITH QUESTIONS WHICH WILL CALL FOR THE APPLICATION OF
THESE DISTINCTIONS IN COMPUTATION OF PENALTIES, ACTORS IN THE
COMMISSION OF CRIMES, STAGES OF THE COMMISSION OF THE CRIME,
APPRECIATION OF ATTENDING CIRCUMSTANCES AND AVAILMENT OF
PROBATION.
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III. Felonies and other related matters
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Classification of crimes; see your RPC on crimes against persons, national security,
committed by public officers etc. and those under Special Penal Laws; concept of
impossible crime and when one can be held liable for it;
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Stages of commission of a crime and actors involved: attempted, frustrated and

consummated; Principal, accomplice and accessory. Please note the stage and degree of
participation will determine the penalties; actors may also be multiple offenders and
may be covered under any of the following - recidivism, quasi-recidivism, habituality,
habitual delinquency( nature of crime, time element and nature of aggravating
circumstances are factors which are considered if the defendant is covered)
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Conspiracy; liability of conspirators. Assuming that the prosecution witnesses failed to

identify exactly who inflicted the fatal wounds on Joey during the commotion, Erwins
liability is not diminished since he and the others with him acted with concert in beating up
and ultimately killing Joey. Conspiracy makes all the assailants equally liable as coprincipals by direct participation. Since about 15 men, including accused Erwin, pounced on
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their one helpless victim, relentlessly bludgeoned him on the head, and stabbed him on the
stomach until he was dead; there is no question that the accused took advantage of their
superior strength. The Supreme Court thus affirmed the decision of the lower courts finding
accused Erwin guilty of murder. People of the Philippines v. Erwin Tamayo y Bautisa, G.R.
No. 196960, March 12, 2014.
Frustrated homicide; elements. The crime of frustrated homicide is committed when: (1) an
accused intended to kill his victim, as manifested by his use of a deadly weapon in his
assault; (2) the victim sustained fatal or mortal wound/s but did not die because of timely
medical assistance; and (3) none of the qualifying circumstance for murder under Article 248
of the Revised Penal Code is present. Rodolfo Guevarra and Joey Guevarra v. People of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 170462, February 5, 2014 Consummated homicide; elements. The
crime of homicide is committed when: (1) a person is killed; (2) the accused killed that
person without any justifying circumstance; (3) the accused had the intention to kill, which is
presumed; and (4) the killing was not attended by any of the qualifying circumstances of
murder, or by that of parricide or infanticide. Rodolfo Guevarra and Joey Guevarra v. People
of the Philippines, G.R. No. 170462, February 5, 2014
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Distinguish compound crime (when a single act constitutes two or more grave or less
felonies); complex crime proper (when an offense is a necessary means for committing
the other); composite crime (special complex crime composed of two or more crimes
that the law treats as single indivisible and unique offense for being the product of a
single criminal impulse); continued crime (3 elements must concur: plurality of acts
performed separately during a period of time; unity of criminal intent and purpose;
and unity of penal provision violated).
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IV. Penalties
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General principles; purpose why penalty is imposed; classification of penalties;

duration and effect of penalties.
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Under Section 2, Rule 120 of the Rules of Court to have the judgment, if it was of
conviction, state: "(1) the legal qualification of the offense constituted by the acts committed
by the accused and the aggravating or mitigating circumstances which attended its
commission; (2) the participation of the accused in the offense, whether as principal,
accomplice, or accessory after the fact; (3) the penalty imposed upon the accused; and (4) the
civil liability or damages caused by his wrongful act or omission to be recovered from the
accused by the offended party, if there is any, unless the enforcement of the civil liability by
a separate civil action has been reserved or waived."
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A. Probation Law: nature and purpose of the law; when may defendant avail of
probation after conviction and no appeal is made during the period perfecting an
appeal; it is error on the part of the court to issue a Commitment Order on the same
day of promulgation because defendants right to appeal has not yet prescribed;
conversely, if defendant filed an appeal, he can no longer avail of probation and if
defendant files an application for probation, he can no longer appeal; individuals found
guilty of drug trafficking cannot avail of probation; probation also applies even if
penalty is only a fine; probation shall not exceed six years; consequences for violating
the terms of probation; when probation is deemed terminated.
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Probation; appeal and probation are mutually exclusive remedies. Aside from the goals of
according expediency and liberality to the accused, the rationale for the treatment of appeal
and probation as mutually exclusive remedies is that they rest on diametrically opposed legal
positions. An accused applying for probation is deemed to have accepted the judgment. The
application for probation is an admission of guilt on the part of an accused for the crime
which led to the judgment of conviction. This was the reason why the Probation Law was
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amended: precisely to put a stop to the practice of appealing from judgments of conviction
even if the sentence is probationable for the purpose of securing an acquittal and applying
for the probation only if the accused fails in his bid. Enrique Almero y Alcantara v. People of
the Philippines, et al, G.R. No. 188191, March 12, 2014.
PLEASE READ SEC. 9 OF THE PROBATION LAW AS TO WHO CANNOT AVAIL
OF THE BENEFITS OF PROBATION.
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B. Indeterminate Sentence Law (ISLaw): purposes of the law; where a special law
adopted penalties from RPC, ISLaw will apply just as it would in felonies. PLEASE
READ SEC.2 OF ISLaw WHEN BENEFITS OF ISLaw MAY NOT BE AVAILED OF
BY THE DEFENDANT. For example, a person convicted of plunder which is
punishable by life imprisonment cannot avail of ISLaw.
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Persons not eligible for Parole. People of the Philippines v. Wilfredo Gunda Alias
Fred,G.R. No. 195525, February 5, 2014. Under Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code,
the penalty for murder is reclusion perpetua to death. There being no other aggravating
circumstance other than the qualifying circumstance of treachery, the Court of Appeals
correctly held that the proper imposable penalty is reclusion perpetua, the lower of the two
indivisible penalties. It must be emphasized, however, that appellant is not eligible for parole
pursuant to Section 3 of R.A. 9346 which states that persons convicted of offenses punished
with reclusion perpetua, or whose sentence will be reduced to reclusion perpetua by reason
of this Act, shall not be eligible for parole under Act No. 4180, otherwise known as the
Indeterminate Sentence Law, as amended.
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C. Graduation of Penalty: graduation of penalties may be appreciated as follows stage

of execution: for frustrated, 1 degree; for attempted stage, 2 degrees except: for
frustrated homicide, parricide or murder, 1 to 2 degrees and for attempted homicide,
parricide or murder, 1 to 2 degrees; nature of execution as an accomplice, 1 degree
and as accessory, 2 degrees; privileged mitigating circumstance for minority, 1 degree
and incomplete justification or exemption(except accident), 1 or 2 degrees.
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Minority as mitigating circumstance. People v. Agacer et. al., January 7, 2013. The penalty
imposed upon Franklin, being a minor, must be accordingly modified. The penalty for
murder is reclusion perpetua to death. A degree lower is reclusion temporal. There being no
aggravating and ordinary mitigating circumstance, the penalty to be imposed on Franklin
should be reclusion temporal in its medium period, as maximum, which ranges from fourteen
(14) years, eight (8) months and one (1) day to seventeen (17) years and four (4) months.
Applying the Indeterminate Sentence Law, the penalty next lower in degree is prision mayor,
the medium period of which ranges from eight (8) years and one (1) day to ten (10) years.
Due to the seriousness of the crime and the manner it was committed, the penalty must be
imposed at its most severe range.
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Imposition of Two Indivisible Penalties: People v. Seraspe, January 9, 2013. Under Section
15, Article III, in relation to Section 20, Article IV, of the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, as
amended by R.A. No. 7659, the unauthorized sale of 200 grams or more of shabu or
methamphetamine hydrochloride is punishable by reclusion perpetua to death and a fine
ranging from five hundred thousand pesos to ten million pesos. The total weight of the shabu
confiscated in this case is 983.5 grams. Hence, the proper penalty should be reclusion
perpetua to death. But since the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death consists of two
indivisible penalties, appellant was correctly meted the lesser penalty of reclusion perpetua,
conformably with Article 63(2) of the Revised Penal Code which provides that when there
are no mitigating or aggravating circumstances in the commission of the deed, the lesser
penalty shall be applied.
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Reclusion Temporal to Reclusion Perpetua, not composed of three periods. Bacolod v.

People, July 15, 2013. It is imperative that the courts prescribe the proper penalties when
convicting the accused, and determine the civil liability to be imposed on the accused, unless
there has been a reservation of the action to recover civil liability or a waiver of its recovery.
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The information specifically alleged that the house burned by the accused was an inhabited
dwelling. Pursuant to Section 3(2) of Presidential Decree No. 1613 (Amending the Law on
Arson), the penalty to be imposed if the property burned is an inhabited house or dwelling is
from reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua. Not being composed of three periods,
however, such penalty should be divided into three equal portions of time, and each portion
forms one period of the penalty. Yet, reclusion perpetua, being an indivisible penalty,
immediately becomes the maximum period, leaving reclusion temporal to be divided into
two in order to fix the medium and minimum periods of the penalty. The three periods of the
prescribed penalty of reclusion temporal to reclusion perpetua are then as follows:
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Minimum period 12 years and 1 day to 16 years;

Medium period 16 years and 1 day to 20 years;
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Maximum period reclusion perpetua.

Accordingly, the maximum of the indeterminate penalty in this case should be within the
range of the medium period of the penalty, i.e., from 16 years and 1 day to 20 years, because
neither aggravating nor mitigating circumstance attended the commission of the crime; and
the minimum of the indeterminate sentence should be within the range of the penalty next
lower in degree to that prescribed for the crime, without regard to its periods.
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Graduating Death Penalty Death penalty is still the penalty to be reckoned with. With
the suspension of death penalty, the next imposable penalty shall apply.
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D. Three-fold and 40-year limitation rule: distinguish simultaneous service (ex.

imprisonment and fine) from successive rule (ex. where there is multiple penalties of
imprisonment); three-fold rule on maximum period of imprisonment; and 40-year
limitation rule.
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E. Subsidiary Imprisonment: when defendant shall be subjected to subsidiary

imprisonment after final conviction; imposition of civil liability
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F. Exemption from Criminal Liability under the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act:
Distinguish between Diversion and Rehabilitation; how it can be availed of;
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G. Modes and Extinction of Criminal Liability: 1. from the Executive Branch: acts of
clemency by the President; 2. from the Legislative Branch: amnesty; 3. Prescription of
crimes; 4. Prescription of penalties; and 5. pardon by offended party, where allowed.
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General Rule: In resolving the issue of prescription, the following must be considered,
namely: (1) the period of prescription for the offense charged; (2) the time when the period of
prescription starts to run; and (3) the time when the prescriptive period is interrupted.
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V. The following are matters which are likely to be asked under Special Penal Laws:
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1. R.A. 3019 Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act: A public officer may be charged
both under this law and a provision of the RPC ex. when a Mayor and the City
Treasurer connive to use public funds not for the purpose intended, they may also be
held for malversation of funds under the RPC; or when a Sheriff alters a date of
execution of a court order, he may also be charged with falsification of public
documents under the RPC; there is complex crime under R.A.3019 under both
circumstances; PLEASE NOTE THAT THERE IS A DISTICNTION IN
PRESCRIPTION OF CRIMES COMMITTED BY THE PUBLIC OFFICER UNDER
THE RPC AND R.A.3019; review the participation of private individuals and relatives
under this law.
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Elements of Corruption under Sec.4 (a) of R.A. 3019.. Disini v. Sandiganbayan. The
sufficiency of the allegations in the information charging the violation of Section 4(a) of R.A.
No. 3019 is similarly upheld. The elements of the offense under Section 4(a) of R.A. No.
3019 are: that the offender has family or close personal relation with a public official; that he
capitalizes or exploits or takes advantage of such family or close personal relation by directly
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or indirectly requesting or receiving any present, gift, material or pecuniary advantage from
any person having some business, transaction, application, request, or contract with the
government; that the public official with whom the offender has family or close personal
relation has to intervene in the business transaction, application, request, or contract with the
government.
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Direct Bribery and Indirect Bribery, Disini, ibid., The elements of corruption of public
officials under Article 212 of the Revised Penal Code are: that the offender makes offers or
promises, or gives gifts or presents to a public officer; and that the offers or promises are
made or the gifts or presents are given to a public officer under circumstances that will make
the public officer liable for direct bribery or indirect bribery.
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Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act; offenses under Section 3(e) of R.A. 3019. In a
catena of cases, the Supreme Court (SC) has held that there are two (2) ways by which a
public official violates section 3(e) of R.A. 3019 in the performance of his functions, namely:
(1) by causing undue injury to any party, including the Government; or (2) by giving any
private party any unwarranted benefit, advantage or preference. The accused may be charged
under either mode or under both. The disjunctive term or connotes that either act qualifies
as a violation of section 3(e) of R.A. 3019.In other words, the presence of one would suffice
for conviction. To be found guilty under the second mode, it suffices that the accused has
given unjustified favor or benefit to another, in the exercise of his official, administrative and
judicial functions. The element of damage is not required for violation of section 3(e) under
the second mode. Settled is the rule that private persons, when acting in conspiracy with
public officers, may be indicted and, if found guilty, held liable for the pertinent offenses
under section 3 of R.A. 3019. Considering that all the elements of the offense of violation of
section 3(e) were alleged in the second information, the SC found the same to be sufficient in
form and substance to sustain a conviction. Isabelo A. Braza v. The Honorable
Sandiganbayan (1st Division), G.R. No. 195032, February 20, 2013.
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Sandiganbayan; original and exclusive jurisdiction of the Sandiganbayan. The

Sandiganbayan has original exclusive jurisdiction over the claim against Asian Bank, for the
Supreme Court has ruled in Presidential Commission on Good Government v.
Sandiganbayan, that the Sandiganbayan has original and exclusive jurisdiction not only
over principal causes of action involving recovery of ill-gotten wealth, but also over all
incidents arising from, incidental to, or related to such cases. Metropolitan Bank and Trust
Company, as successor-in-interest of Asian Bank Corporation v. Hon. Edilberto G.
Sandoval, et al, G.R. No. 169677, February 18, 2013
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Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act; Section 3(g); private persons acting in conspiracy
with public officers may be indicted. The only question that needs to be settled in the present
petition is whether herein respondent, a private person, may be indicted for conspiracy in
violating Section 3(g) of R.A. 3019 even if the public officer, with whom he was alleged to
have conspired, has died prior to the filing of the Information. Respondent contends that by
reason of the death of Secretary Enrile, there is no public officer who was charged in the
Information and, as such, prosecution against respondent may not prosper. The Supreme
Court was not persuaded and it said that the only thing extinguished by the death of Secretary
Enrile is his criminal liability. His death did not extinguish the crime nor did it remove the
basis of the charge of conspiracy between him and private respondent. Stated differently, the
death of Secretary Enrile does not mean that there was no public officer who allegedly
violated Section 3(g) of R.A. 3019. People of the Philippines v. Henry T. Go, G.R. No.
168539, March 25, 2014.
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Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act; Section 3(g); private persons acting in conspiracy
with public officers may be indicted. The requirement before a private person may be
indicted for violation of Section 3(g) of R.A. 3019, among others, is that such private person
must be alleged to have acted in conspiracy with a public officer. The law, however, does not
require that such person must, in all instances, be indicted together with the public officer. If
circumstances exist where the public officer may no longer be charged in court, as in the
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present case where the public officer has already died, the private person may be indicted
alone. People of the Philippines v. Henry T. Go, G.R. No. 168539, March 25, 2014.
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R.A. 3019; Section 3(e); proof of the extent of damage is not essential. The third element of
the offense that the act of the accused caused undue injury to any party, including the
Government, or gave any private party unwarranted benefit, advantage or preference in the
discharge of the functions of the accused was established here. Proof of the extent of
damage is not essential, it being sufficient that the injury suffered or the benefit received is
perceived to be substantial enough and not merely negligible. Danilo O. Garcia and Joven
SD. Brizuela v. Sandiganbayan and People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 197204, March 26,
2014.
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Liability under Section 3(e) of R.A. 3019. Plameras v. People, September 4, 2013. The
following elements must concur to be liable under Section 3(e) of R.A. 3019:
1)
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The accused must be a public officer discharging administrative, judicial or official

functions;
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2)
He must have acted with manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable
negligence; and
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That his action caused undue injury to any party, including the government, or giving
any private party unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference in the discharge of his
functions.
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2. Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs of 2002 (R.A. 9165) Review of the concept of

chain of custody as it relates to the evidence and eventual prosecution of the case (Sec.
21); no mitigating and aggravating circumstances will be appreciated under law
because mere possession or any other act under the law is considered mala prohibita but
knowledge must be established by the prosecution that the offender freely and consciously
possessed the dangerous drug without authority (animus possidendi).
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Dangerous Drugs Act; chain of custody rule. There are links that must be established in the
chain of custody in a buybust situation, namely: first, the seizure and marking, if
practicable, of the illegal drug recovered from the accused by the apprehending
officer; second, the turnover of the illegal drug seized by the apprehending officer to the
investigating officer; third, the turnover by the investigating officer of the illegal drug to the
forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and, fourth, the turnover and submission of the
marked illegal drug seized from the forensic chemist to the court. In this case, the
prosecution established clearly the integrity and evidentiary value of the
confiscated shabu. People of the Philippines v. Glenn Salvador y Balverde, et al, G.R. No.
190621, February 10, 2014.
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Exception to the chain of custody rule: People v. Romeo Ong et. al., July 3, 2013.
Prosecution should establish the following links in that chain of custody of the confiscated
item: first, the seizure and marking, if practicable, of the illegal drug recovered from the
accused by the apprehending officer; second, the turnover of the illegal drug seized by the
apprehending officer to the investigating officer; third, the turnover by the investigating
officer of the illegal drug to the forensic chemist for laboratory examination; and fourth, the
turnover and submission of the marked illegal drug seized from the forensic chemist to the
court.
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Still, jurisprudence has established a rare exception with respect to the first required link
immediate seizure and marking of the seized items in the presence of the accused and
othersnamely, that (a) there must be justifiable grounds for non-compliance with the
procedures; and (b) the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are properly
preserved.
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Dangerous Drugs Act; illegal possession of drugs; elements. With regard to the offense of
illegal possession of dangerous drugs, like shabu, the following elements must be proven: (1)
the accused is in possession of an item or object that is identified to be a prohibited drug; (2)
such possession is not authorized by law; and (3) the accused freely and consciously
possesses the said drug. People of the Philippines v. Vicente Rom, G.R. No. 198452,
February 19, 2014
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Dangerous Drugs Act; illegal sale of drugs; elements. In a successful prosecution for illegal
sale of dangerous drugs, like shabu, the following elements must be established: (1) the
identity of the buyer and the seller, the object, and the consideration; and (2) the delivery of
the thing sold and the payment therefor. Place. People of the Philippines v. Glenn Salvador y
Balverde, et al, G.R. No. 190621. February 10, 2014.
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Dangerous Drugs Act; transport defined. Transport as used under the Dangerous
Drugs Act means to carry or convey from one place to another. The very act of
transporting methamphetamine hydrochloride is malum prohibitum since it is punished as an
offense under a special law. The fact of transportation of the sacks containing dangerous
drugs need not be accompanied by proof of criminal intent, motive or knowledge. People of
the Philippines v. Javier Morilla y Avellano, G.R. No. 189833, February 5, 2014
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Dangerous Drugs Act; buy-bust operations; distinction between entrapment and

instigation. A buy-bust operation has been recognized in this jurisdiction as a legitimate form
of entrapment of the culprit. It is distinct from instigation, in that the accused who is
otherwise not predisposed to commit the crime is enticed or lured or talked into committing
the crime. While entrapment is legal, instigation is not. In entrapment, prior surveillance is
not necessary to render a buy-bust operation legitimate, especially when the buy-bust team is
accompanied to the target area by the informant. Also, the presentation of an informant as a
witness is not regarded as indispensable to the success of a prosecution of a drug-dealing
accused in view of the need to protect the informant from the retaliation of the culprit
arrested through his efforts. Only when the testimony of the informant is considered
absolutely essential in obtaining the conviction of the culprit should the need to protect his
security is disregarded. People of the Philippines v. Noel Bartolome y Bajo, G.R. No. 191726,
February 6, 2013.
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Dangerous Drugs Act; illegal sale of dangerous drugs; elements. To establish the crime of
illegal sale of shabu as defined and punished under section 5, Article II of R.A. 9165, the
prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt the following: (a) the identity of the buyer
and the seller, the identity of the object and the consideration of the sale; and (b) the delivery
of the thing sold and of the payment for the thing. The commission of the offense of illegal
sale of dangerous drugs, like shabu, requires simply the consummation of the selling
transaction, which happens at the moment the buyer receives the drug from the seller. In
short, the Prosecution must show that the transaction or sale actually took place, and present
in court the thing sold as evidence of the corpus delicti. People of the Philippines v. Arnold
Tapere y Polpol, G.R. No. 178065, February 20, 2013
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3. Anti-violence against Women and their Children Act of 2004 (R.A. 2562) Nature of
violence is not limited to physical but may cover economic and psychological acts.
Review S.C. ruling in People v. Genosa on battered woman syndrome which consists of
three phases: tension-building phase; acute battering incident and tranquil, loving or
non-violent phase. Battered woman syndrome is a valid defense that will exonerate a
woman from killing her spouse/partner.
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Dabalos v. RTC, Br. 59, Angeles City, January 7, 2013. The Court will not read into
Republic Act (RA) No. 9262 a provision that would render it toothless in the pursuit of the
declared policy of the State to protect women and children from violence and threats to their
personal safety and security. The law is broad in scope but specifies two limiting
qualifications for any act or series of acts to be considered as a crime of violence against
women through physical harm, namely: 1) it is committed against a woman or her child and
the woman is the offenders wife, former wife, or with whom he has or had sexual or dating
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relationship or with whom he has a common child; and 2) it results in or is likely to result in
physical harm or suffering. Notably, while it is required that the offender has or had a sexual
or dating relationship with the offended woman, for RA 9262 to be applicable, it is not
indispensable that the act of violence be a consequence of such relationship.
4. Bouncing Checks Law (B.P. 22): elements of the crime; an offender can be charged
both with estafa for each party offended and violation of B.P.22 for each count of
checks dishonored covered by the prohibition (ex. A pyramiding scam committed by
Zebra was uncovered which victimized 200 vendors for which 6 posted dated checks
were issued to each vendor to pay interest on their capital investment. Zebra shall be
held on 200 counts of estafa under the RPC and as many counts of violation of B.P. for
each check dishonored upon presentment.); relate situation with definition of continued
crime or delito continuado.
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Liability under B.P. 22. San Mateo v. People, March 6, 2013. To be liable for violation of
B.P. 22, the following essential elements must be present: (1) the making, drawing, and
issuance of any check to apply for account or for value; (2) the knowledge of the maker,
drawer, or issuer that at the time of issue he does not have sufficient funds in or credit with
the drawee bank for the payment of the check in full upon its presentment; and (3) the
subsequent dishonor of the check by the drawee bank for insufficiency of funds or credit or
dishonor for the same reason had not the drawer, without any valid cause, ordered the bank to
stop payment. Since there is insufficient proof that San Mateo actually received the notice of
dishonor, the presumption that she knew of the insufficiency of her funds cannot arise. For
this reason, the Court cannot convict her with moral certainty of violation of B.P. 22
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Estafa; syndicated estafa; elements. The elements of syndicated estafa are: (a) estafa or
other forms of swindling as defined in Article 315 and 316 of the Revised Penal Code is
committed; (b) the estafa or swindling is committed by a syndicate of five or more persons;
and (c) defraudation results in the misappropriation of moneys contributed by stockholders,
or members of rural banks, cooperatives, samahang nayon(s), or farmers associations or of
funds solicited by corporations/associations from the general public. Rafael H. Galvez and
Katherine L. Guy v. Asia United Bank/Asia United Bank v. Gilbert, et al./Gilbert Guy, et al v.
Asia Untied Bank ,G.R. Nos. 187919/G.R. No. 187979/G.R. No. 188030, February 20, 2013
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Effect of Acquittal on Civil Liability. Nissan Gallery-Ortigas v. Felipe, November 11,

2013.If acquittal is based on reasonable doubt, will not relieve the accused of the
corresponding civil liability.
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5. Anti- Fencing Law: Being a crime considered as malum prohibitum, mere possession
of a stolen good gives rise to prima facie presumption of violation of the Anti-Fencing
Law. A question involving sale of Ukay-ukay items might be asked.
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Elements of Fencing. Ong v. People, April 10, 2013. The essential elements of the crime of
fencing are as follows: (1) a crime of robbery or theft has been committed; (2) the accused,
who is not a principal or on accomplice in the commission of the crime of robbery or theft,
buys, receives, possesses, keeps, acquires, conceals, sells or disposes, or buys and sells, or in
any manner deals in any article, item, object or anything of value, which has been derived
from the proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft; (3) the accused knew or should have
known that the said article, item, object or anything of value has been derived from the
proceeds of the crime of robbery or theft; and (4) there is, on the part of one accused, intent
to gain for oneself or for another.hanr
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6. Illegal Possession of Firearms (P.D. 1866, as amended by R.A. No. 8294): elements of
the crime; differentiate criminal intent from intent to possess; how will a person be
treated if found to have possessed an illegal firearm in a COMELEC check point, will
he be charged for violation of the Omnibus Election Law or for illegal possession of
firearm, or both; review concept of absorption in criminal law and when it will and will
not apply.
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7. Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001: define suspicious transactions, covered

transactions, covered institution, and covered persons; knowledge of the culprits
identity is not essential; effect of freeze order (only the Court of Appeals may issue this
order)
8. Anti-Hazing Law: definition of hazing; requisites under Sec. 2 of the law; liability of
persons under Sec.4 of the law who may held principals and accomplices; Read the
Lenny Villa case and latest decision penned by Justice Mendoza on the fraternity
rumble inside the U.P. campus resulting to death of a U.P. student. See the dissenting
opinion of Justice Peralta.
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VI. Other possible matters which may be taken up in Criminal Law

1. On prescription of a crime: The reckoning date of crime if not known right after its
commission may be computed from the date of discovery. Example: If a crime was
committed 10 years from its commission on October 17, 1993 was only reported by an
eyewitness on October 17, 2003 and the culprit was arrested only on October 17, 2013,
prescription will be counted only from October 17, 2003 and not from October 17, 1993.
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2. On criminal liability: If Tiger borrowed a gun from Lion to kill Kangaroo but Tiger
did not use Lions gun but he instead stabbed Kangaroo. Will Tiger have any criminal
liability? If Tiger agreed with the plan of Lion, he can be held liable as an accomplice.
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3. Kidnapping: If A, B and C stopped at gunpoint a van carrying a well-known artist

with her driver and personal assistant inside the van and announced Kidnap ito.
They forcibly took over the van, hit the drivers head and left him along the road but
they took the personal assistant with them. They ordered the artist to call up her talent
manager to ask for a ransom of P5M. What crimes were committed by A, B and C
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(b) As to the personal assistant serious illegal detention
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(c) as to the driver- grave coercion and depending on injuries sustained, serious
or less serious physical injuries
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People v. Betty Salvador, April 10, 2013. In order for the accused to be convicted of
kidnapping and serious illegal detention under Article 267 of the Revised Penal Code, the
prosecution is burdened to prove beyond reasonable doubt all the elements of the crime,
namely: (1) the offender is a private individual; (2) he kidnaps or detains another, or in any
manner deprives the latter of his liberty; (3) the act of detention or kidnapping must be
illegal; and (4) in the commission of the offense any of the following circumstances is
present: (a) the kidnapping or detention lasts for more than three days; (b) it is committed by
simulating public authority; (c) serious physical injuries are inflicted upon the person
kidnapped or detained or threats to kill him are made; or (d) the person kidnapped and kept in
detained is a minor, the duration of his detention is immaterial. Likewise, if the victim is
kidnapped and illegally detained for the purpose of extorting ransom, the duration of his
detention is immaterial.
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People v. Nocum, April 1, 2013. Section 2 of RA 6539 defines carnapping as "the taking,
with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle belonging to another without the latter's consent, or by
means of violence against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things." The
crime of carnapping with homicide is punishable under Section 14 of the said law, as
amended by Section 20 of RA 7659. To prove the special complex crime of carnapping with
homicide, there must be proof not only of the essential elements of carnapping, but also that
it was the original criminal design of the culprit and the killing was perpetrated "in the course
of the commission of the carnapping or on the occasion thereof." Thus, the prosecution in
this case has the burden of proving that: (1) Mallari took the Toyota FX taxi; (2) his original
criminal design was carnapping; (3) he killed the driver, Medel; and (4) the killing was
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perpetrated "in the course of the commission of the carnapping or on the occasion
thereof."oblesvirtu
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4. Crimes covered under Art. 365 In cases of criminal negligence, courts may impose a
penalty without considering any mitigating or aggravating circumstances. Thus,
voluntary surrender will not be appreciated.
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Negligence; Medical negligence; four elements the plaintiff must prove by competent
evidence. An action upon medical negligence whether criminal, civil or administrative
calls for the plaintiff to prove by competent evidence each of the following four elements,
namely: (a) the duty owed by the physician to the patient, as created by the physician-patient
relationship, to act in accordance with the specific norms or standards established by his
profession; (b) the breach of the duty by the physicians failing to act in accordance with the
applicable standard of care; (3) the causation, i.e., there must be a reasonably close and
causal connection between the negligent act or omission and the resulting injury; and (4) the
damages suffered by the patient. Dr. Fernando P. Solidum v. People of the Philippines,
G.R. No. 192123, March 10, 2014
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Res ipsa loquitor; applicability in medical negligence cases. The applicability of the
doctrine of res ipsa loquitur in medical negligence cases was significantly and exhaustively
explained in Ramos v. Court of Appeals, where the Court saidMedical malpractice cases do
not escape the application of this doctrine. Thus, res ipsa loquitur has been applied when the
circumstances attendant upon the harm are themselves of such a character as to justify an
inference of negligence as the cause of that harm. The application of res ipsa loquitur in
medical negligence cases presents a question of law since it is a judicial function to
determine whether a certain set of circumstances does, as a matter of law, permit a given
inference. Resort to res ipsa loquitur is allowed because there is no other way, under usual
and ordinary conditions, by which the patient can obtain redress for injury suffered by him.
Dr. Fernando P. Solidum v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 192123, March 10, 2014
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5. Crime of Rape Complex crime of rape with homicide may result if after the
incident of rape, the victim was killed where there was no original intent to kill her.
Aggravating circumstances of dwelling, nocturnity disguise and if alcohol was used to
embolden the offender may be appreciated by the court in imposing the penalty.
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Rape; three guiding principles in rape prosecutions. The three guiding principles in rape
prosecutions are as follows: (1) an accusation of rape is easy to make, and difficult to prove,
but it is even more difficult to disprove; (2) bearing in mind the intrinsic nature of the crime,
the testimony of the complainant must be scrutinized with utmost care and caution; and (3)
the evidence of the prosecution must stand or fall on its own merits; and cannot draw strength
from the weakness of the defense. People of the Philippines v. Aurelio Jastiva, G.R. No.
199268, February 12, 2014.
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Rape; elements. The elements necessary to sustain a conviction for rape are: (1) the accused
had carnal knowledge of the victim; and (2) said act was accomplished (a) through the use of
force or intimidation, or (b) when the victim is deprived of reason or otherwise unconscious,
or (c) when the victim is under 12 years of age or is demented. People of the Philippines v.
Felimon Patentes y Zamora, G.R. No. 190178, February 12, 2014
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Rape; sweetheart theory. For the sweetheart theory to be believed when invoked by the
accused, convincing evidence to prove the existence of the supposed relationship must be
presented by the proponent of the theory. For the [sweetheart] theory to prosper, the
existence of the supposed relationship must be proven by convincing substantial evidence.
Failure to adduce such evidence renders his claim to be self-serving and of no probative
value. People of the Philippines v. Mervin Gahi, G.R. No. 202976, February 19, 2014.
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Rape; elements of statutory rape; carnal knowledge of a female without her consent is the
essence of statutory rape. The elements of statutory rape are that: (a) the victim is a female
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under 12 years or is demented; and (b) the offender has carnal knowledge of the victim.
Considering that the essence of statutory rape is carnal knowledge of a female without her
consent, neither the use of force, threat or intimidation on the female, nor the females
deprivation of reason or being otherwise unconscious, nor the employment on the female of
fraudulent machinations or grave abuse of authority is necessary to commit statutory
rape. People of the Philippines v. Tomas Teodoro y Angeles, G.R. No. 175876, February 20,
2013
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6. Distinguish the crime of unjust vexation and acts of lasciviousness

7. Distinguish robbery, theft and qualified theft as general rule, when crime of this
nature is committed, intent to gain is an essential element; the same principle applies in
carnapping (Anti- Carnapping Act of 1972, as amended)
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Elements of Qualified Theft: Zapanta v. People, March 20, 2013. The elements of qualified
theft, punishable under Article 310 in relation to Articles 308 and 309 of the Revised Penal
Code (RPC), are: (a) the taking of personal property; (b) the said property belongs to another;
(c) the said taking be done with intent to gain; (d) it be done without the owner's consent; (e)
it be accomplished without the use of violence or intimidation against persons, nor of force
upon things; and (f) it be done under any of the circumstances enumerated in Article 310 of
the RPC, i.e., with grave abuse of confidence.
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Homicide on occasion of robbery, victim is immaterial. People v. Welvin Diu, et al., April 3,
2013. When homicide is committed by reason or on the occasion of robbery, all those
who took part as principals in the robbery would also be held liable as principals of the
single and indivisible felony of robbery with homicide although they did not actually take
part in the killing, unless it clearly appears that they endeavored to prevent the same.
If a robber tries to prevent the commission of homicide after the commission of the robbery,
he is guilty only of robbery and not of robbery with homicide. All those who conspire to
commit robbery with homicide are guilty as principals of such crime, although not all
profited and gained from the robbery. One who joins a criminal conspiracy adopts the
criminal designs of his co-conspirators and can no longer repudiate the conspiracy once it has
materialized.
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Homicide is said to have been committed by reason or on the occasion of robbery if, for
instance, it was committed to (a) facilitate the robbery or the escape of the culprit; (b) to
preserve the possession by the culprit of the loot; (c) to prevent discovery of the commission
of the robbery; or, (d) to eliminate witnesses in the commission of the crime. As long as there
is a nexus between the robbery and the homicide, the latter crime may be committed in a
place other than the situs of the robbery.
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8. Distinguish libel, internet libel and oral defamation malice is an essential element in
libel and under Art. 361, RPC proof of truth shall be admissible only if the same
imputes a crime or is made against a public officer with respect to facts
related/published.
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Jose Jesus M. Disini Jr., et al v. The Secretary of Justice, et al, G.R. No. 203335, February
11, 2014: The elements of libel are: (a) the allegation of a discreditable act or condition
concerning another; (b) publication of the charge; (c) identity of the person defamed; and (d)
existence of malice. There is actual malice or malice in fact when the offender makes the
defamatory statement with the knowledge that it is false or with reckless disregard of whether
it was false or not. The reckless disregard standard used here requires a high degree of
awareness of probable falsity.
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Jose Jesus M. Disini Jr., et al v. The Secretary of Justice, et al, G.R. No. 203335, February
11, 2014.
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Cyberlibel is actually not a new crime since Article 353, in relation to Article 355 of the
Penal Code, already punishes it. In effect, Section 4(c) (4) of R.A. 10175 or the Cybercrime
Prevention Act of 2012 merely affirms that online defamation constitutes similar means for
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committing libel. But the Supreme Courts acquiescence goes only insofar as the cybercrime
law penalizes only the author of the libelous statement or article.
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9. Distinction between crime of rebellion and that of sedition who may liable; elements
of each crime; can crime be considered as complex with robbery, complex with
homicide, complex with damage to property?
Saturnino C. Ocampo v. Hon. Ephrem S. Abando, et al, G.R. No. 176830, February 11, 2014.
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Under the political offense doctrine, common crimes, perpetrated in furtherance of a

political offense, are divested of their character as common offenses and assume the
political complexion of the main crime of which they are mere ingredients, and,
consequently, cannot be punished separately from the principal offense, or complexed with
the same, to justify the imposition of a graver penalty. Thus, when a killing is committed in
furtherance of rebellion, the killing is not homicide or murder but the killing assumes the
political complexion of rebellion as its mere ingredient and must be prosecuted and punished
as rebellion alone
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10. Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003 (R.A. 9208) ; Anti-Child Pornography Act
of 2009 (R.A.9775), Special Protection of Children against Child Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act (R.A. 7610, as amended) acts punishable and who are liable;
In case of aliens, violating R.A. 9775, may they be subjected to both deportation
proceedings and a criminal action? YES; Read the conviction of Judge Adoracion
Angeles judge was not suspended from judicial duties while conviction was pending
appeal; issuance of Protection Order even at the barangay level
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Balois Alberto et. al. v. C.A. et. al. As held in People v. Pangilinan: [I]f the victim is 12
years or older, the offender should be charged with either sexual abuse under Section 5(b) of
RA 7610 or rape under Article 266-A (except paragraph 1[d]) of the Revised Penal Code.
However, the offender cannot be accused of both crimes for the same act because his
right against double jeopardy will be prejudiced. A person cannot be subjected twice to
criminal liability for a single criminal act. Likewise, rape cannot be complexed with a
violation of Section 5(b) of RA 7610. Under Section 48 of the Revised Penal Code (on
complex crimes), a felony under the Revised Penal Code (such as rape) cannot be complexed
with an offense penalized by a special law.
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Cabalo v. People, June 10, 2013. Section 5(b), Article III of RA 7610 pertinently reads:
SEC. 5. Child Prostitution and Other Sexual Abuse. - Children, whether male or female, who
for money, profit, or any other consideration or due to the coercion or influence of any
adult, syndicate or group, indulge in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, are deemed to
be children exploited in prostitution and other sexual abuse. As determined in the case of
Olivarez v. CA (Olivarez), the elements of the foregoing offense are the following: (a) The
accused commits the act of sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct; (b) The said act is
performed with a child exploited in prostitution or subjected to other sexual abuse; and (c)
The child, whether male or female, is below 18 years of age.
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Murder; elements. To hold the accused liable for murder, the prosecution must prove that: (1)
a person was killed; (2) the accused killed him; (3) the killing was attended by any of the
qualifying circumstances mentioned in Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code; and (4) the
killing is neither parricide nor infanticide. People of the Philippines v. Mark Joseph R.
Zapuiz, G.R. No. 199713, February 20, 2013.
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Homicide; intent to kill. The intent to kill, as an essential element of homicide at whatever
stage, may be before or simultaneous with the infliction of injuries. The evidence to prove
intent to kill may consist of, inter alia, the means used; the nature, location and number of
wounds sustained by the victim; and the conduct of the malefactors before, at the time of, or
immediately after the killing of the victim. Accuseds intent to kill was simultaneous with the
infliction of injuries. Using a gun, he shot the victim in the chest. Despite a bloodied right
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upper torso, the latter still managed to run towards his house to ask for help. Nonetheless,
accused continued to shoot at the victim three more times, albeit unsuccessfully. These belie
the absence of petitioners intent to kill the victim. Edmundo Escamilla y Jugo v. People of
the Philippines, G.R. No. 188551, February 27, 2013.
12. Illegal Use of Alias
Illegal use of aliases. A person who uses various names and such contained his true names,
albeit at times joined with an erroneous middle or second name, or a misspelled family name
in one instance is not guilty of violating the Anti-Alias Law when he was not also shown to
have used the names for unscrupulous purposes, or to deceive or confuse the public. The
Court that the dismissal of the charge against him was justified in fact and in law. Revelina
Limson v. Eugenio Juan Gonzalez, G.R. No. 162205, March 31, 2014.
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13. Bigamy (Both decisions were penned by Justice Peralta)

Capili v. People, July 3, 2013. The elements of the crime of bigamy, therefore, are: (1) the
offender has been legally married; (2) the marriage has not been legally dissolved or, in case
his or her spouse is absent, the absent spouse could not yet be presumed dead according to
the Civil Code; (3) that he contracts a second or subsequent marriage; and (4) that the second
or subsequent marriage has all the essential requisites for validity. Jurisprudence is replete
with cases holding that the accused may still be charged with the crime of bigamy, even if
there is a subsequent declaration of the nullity of the second marriage, so long as the first
marriage was still subsisting when the second marriage was celebrated.
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People v. Odtuhan, July 17, 2013. The Family Code has settled once and for all the
conflicting jurisprudence on the matter. A declaration of the absolute nullity of a marriage is
now explicitly required either as a cause of action or a ground for defense. It has been held
in a number of cases that a judicial declaration of nullity is required before a valid subsequent
marriage can be contracted; or else, what transpires is a bigamous marriage, reprehensible
and immoral.
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What makes a person criminally liable for bigamy is when he contracts a second or
subsequent marriage during the subsistence of a valid marriage. Parties to the marriage
should not be permitted to judge for themselves its nullity, for the same must be submitted to
the judgment of competent courts and only when the nullity of the marriage is so declared
can it be held as void, and so long as there is no such declaration, the presumption is that the
marriage exists. Therefore, he who contracts a second marriage before the judicial
declaration of nullity of the first marriage assumes the risk of being prosecuted for bigamy.
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14. On computation of penalties It is important to relate the felony committed with

the corresponding penalty prescribed for such felony, then consider the attending
circumstances which may shorten or lengthen the service sentence and if ISLaw applies,
then the corresponding adjustments will have to be made.
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Loan Zon Criminal Law 2016

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ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : ChanRobles Professional Review, Inc.

POINTERS IN CRIMINAL LAW

PART A: THE VELASCO CASES

Answer: Homicide and Frustrated Homicide. The offender is said to have

SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIME

COMPLEX CRIME OF ROBBERY WITH HOMICIDE

Question: One evening, Elarcosa and accused-appellant Orias, both members of

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Question: Musa et al. were charged with violating RA 9165 of the

Answer: No. The privileged mitigating circumstance of minority can be

MINORITY AS A MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE

Question: Musa et al. were charged with violating RA 9165 of the

Answer: No. The privileged mitigating circumstance of minority can be

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giving emphasis on his son's testimony corroborating his version of events.

Question Petitioners Yongco and Laojan, as security guards in the premises of

Tangian claimed that he should not be considered as a conspirator since he

Answer: It is common design which is the essence of conspiracyconspirators

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Answer: No. Unlawful aggression is defined as an actual physical assault, or at

the aggressor on unsuspecting victims, thereby ensuring its commission without

Answer: Yes. In order to determine the sufficiency of a provocation for the

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unexpected, giving the victim no opportunity to repel it or defend himself, for

TREACHERY AND PREMEDITATION

Question: On July 1, 1996, accused Paling, accompanied by Vilbar, allegedly

Answer: Yes. The aggravating circumstance of taking advantage of superior

Question: AAA is a 41-year old mentally retarded woman. Paul, an

In a bid to escape from criminal liability, accused-appellant invokes insanity. He

soundness of mind; that freedom and intelligence constitute the normal

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Answer: No. To support a claim of self-defense, it is essential that the killing of

Answer: Yes. Unlawful aggression is an actual physical assault, or at least a

For unlawful aggression to be present, there must be a real danger to life or

Question: Accused Juanito Apattad was charged in four separate informations

as the perpetrator of the crime. (People v. Apattad)

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Answer: No. The conviction of a person as a principal by inducement requires (1)

COMPUTATION OF IMPOSABLE PENALTY

Question: By virtue of Administrative Order No. 13 issued by then President

PRESUMPTION OF REGULARITY OF DISCHARGE OF DUTIES

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Answer: No. The presumption of regularity in the conduct of police duty is

BUY-BUST OPERATION, CHAIN OF CUSTODY

Question: Acting upon confidential information, the District Anti-Illegal Drugs

RTC convicted Quiamanlon of violations of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs

to be rigorously applied, provided "the integrity and evidentiary value of the

Question: A confidential informant reported to the Drug Enforcement Unit

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Answer. Yes. In order to successfully prosecute an accused for illegal sale of

Question: An informant arrived at the District Anti-Illegal Drugs at the

Question: In a buy-bust operation conducted, the accused, Marlon Abetong, was

ChanRobles Internet Bar Review : ChanRobles Professional Review, Inc.

Answer: No. In a buy-bust operation conducted, the accused, Marlon Abetong,

BUY-BUST OPERATION; ALIBI

buy-bust operation or what is known as a decoy solicitation, is not prohibited by

BUY-BUST OPERATION, CHAIN OF CUSTODY

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Question: The Regional Special Operations Group IV (RSOG-IV) received a tip

Question: Manuel Ressurreccion was convicted of illegal sale of shabu. On

drugs will not automatically impair the integrity of chain of custody. It is

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allegedly in his possession. The CA sustained accused-appellant's conviction.

Answer: No. An accused can be held to be in constructive possession of illegal