CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The chapter consists of readings, studies and literature that helped in the
conceptualization of this study.
Foreign Literature
Queueing Theory
Grocery Lines
Supermarket
Enterprises aim for the maximum profits with fixed cost. For todays market
competition, supermarket must satisfy the needs of the customer at the same time
making the best use of service sources. Along with the continuous development of
market economy, number of supermarket population increases in cities and towns.
Service quality is one of the standards of customer in selecting supermarkets. The
long queue waiting for check-out makes people to give up or go away instead of
waiting. Service quality is the key in winning the competition.

Customers Behavior

Passion, People and Principles

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The Psychology of Waiting Lines

post # 185 September 8, 2006 a Client Relations post

I just received an email suggesting I blog about waiting times in business. I suspect the author of
the email knows about my article The Psychology of Waiting Lines, written more than 20 years
ago. The topic here is not how to make the waiting time shorter, but how to make it more
acceptable or palatable to the person waiting.
In spite of its age, I still get lots of calls from reporters who want to do stories on this, and the
article is among my most frequently cited (for those who are counting). This is a great
opportunity to get you all involved. Ill give you the highlights of what I said back then, and you
can tell me what I missed or should add.
I had eight propositions about how people experience waiting and what businesses could do to
make a wait feel less onorous.

1) Occupied Time Feels Shorter Than Unoccupied Time.

In various restaurants, it is common practice to hand out menus for customers to peruse while
waiting in line. Apart from shortening the perception of time, this practice has the added benefit
of shortening the service time, since customers will be ready to order once they are seated, and
will not tie up table space making up their minds.
2) People Want to Get Started.

Ones anxiety level is much higher while waiting to be served than it is while being served,
even though the latter wait may be longer. There is a fear of being forgotten. (How many times
has the reader gone back to a maitre d to check that his or her name is still on the list?). Many
restaurant owners instruct their service staff to pass by the table as soon as the customers are
seated to say Ill be with you as soon as I can, after Ive looked after that table over there. In
essence, the signal is being sent: We have acknowledged your presence.
3) Anxiety Makes Waits Seem Longer.

Nearly everyone has had the experience of choosing a line at the supermarket or airport, and
stood there worrying that he had, indeed, chosen the wrong line. As one stands there trying to
decide whether to move, the anxiety level increases and the wait becomes intolerable. This
situation is covered by what is known as Erma Bombecks Law: The other line always moves
faster
4) Uncertain Waits Are Longer than Known, Finite Waits

Clients who arrive early for an appointment will sit contentedly until the scheduled time, even if
this is a significant amount of time in an absolute sense (say, thirty minutes). However, once the
appointment time is passed, even a short wait of, say, ten minutes, grows increasingly annoying.
The wait until the appointed time is finite; waiting beyond the point has no knowable limit.
5) Unexplained Waits Are Longer than Explained Waits

On a cold and snowy morning, when I telephone for a taxi, I begin with the expectation that my
wait will be longer than on a clear, summer day. Accordingly, I wait with a great deal more
patience because I understand the causes for the delay. Similarly, if a doctors receptionist
informs me that an emergency has taken place, I can wait with greater equanimity that if I do not
know what is going on. Airline pilots understand this principle well; on-board announcements
are filled with references to tardy baggage handlers, fog over landing strips, safety checks, and
air-traffic controllers clearance instructions. The explanation given may or may not exculpate
the service provider, but is it better than no explanation at all.
6) Unfair Waits Are Longer than Equitable Waits

In many waiting situations, there is no visible order to the waiting line. In situations such as
waiting for a subway train, the level of anxiety demonstrated is high, and the group waiting is
less a queue than a mob. Instead of being able to relax, each individual remains in a state of
nervousness about whether their priority in the line is being preserved. As already noted, agitated
waits seem longer than relaxed waits. It is for this reason that many service facilities have a
system of taking a number, whereby each customer is issued a number and served in strict

numerical order. In some facilities, the number currently being served is prominently displayed
so that customers can estimate the expected waiting times.
7) The More Valuable the Service, the Longer the Customer Will Wait

That perceived value affects tolerance or waits can be demonstrated by our common experience
in restaurants-we will accept a much longer waiting time at a haute cuisine facility than at a
greasy spoon. In universities, there is an old rule of thumb that if the teacher is delayed, You
wait ten minutes for an assistant professor, fifteen minutes for an associate professor, and twenty
minutes for a full professor. This illustrates well the principle that tolerance for waits depends
upon perceived value of service-perhaps with the emphasis on the perception.
8) Solo Waits Feel Longer than Group Waits

One of the remarkable syndromes to observe in waiting lines is to see individuals sitting or
standing next to each other without talking or otherwise interacting until an announcement of a
delay is made. Then the individuals suddenly turn to each other to express their exasperation,
wonder collectively what is happening, and console each other. What this illustrates is that there
is some form of comfort in group waiting rather than waiting alone.

Foreign Studies
Queueing Theory
Grocery Lines
SM Supermarket
Customers Behavior