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10.1109/TPEL.2014.2384999, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics
I.
INTRODUCTION
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Inthispaper,thetermHybridAC/DCMicrogrid refers to
a microgrid which contains both AC/DC power sources and
AC/DC loads. Depending on how the sources and loads are
connected to the system and how the AC and DC buses are
configured, the structure of hybrid AC/DC microgrids can be
classified into AC-coupled, DC-coupled and AC-DC-coupled
microgrids. In AC-coupled hybrid microgrids, various DGs and
SEs are connected to the common AC bus through their
interfacing converters. In DC-coupled hybrid microgrids, DGs
and SEs are connected to the common DC bus, and an
Interfacing Converter (IFC) is used to link the DC and AC
buses. In AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrids, DGs and SEs are
connected to DC and AC buses, where these buses are linked
by Interlinking Converter (ILC). In this section, these microgrid
structures and their real world implement examples are
provided.
A. AC-Coupled Hybrid Microgrid
In an AC-coupled hybrid microgrid, shown in Fig. 1,
various DGs and SEs are connected to the common AC bus
through their interfacing converters. The SEs need bidirectional
converters to provide the bidirectional power flow capability.
In this structure, AC and DC loads are also connected to the
common bus (with or without power electronic converters).
This structure is commonly used when dominant generation
sources in the microgrid produce grid level AC voltages
directly (such as from diesel generator) or indirectly through
interfacing power converters.
In such an AC-coupled system, the control strategy and
power management scheme is mainly focused on power
generation/consumption balance and the AC bus
Fig. 1
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Fig. 2
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Fig. 3
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Fig. 4
Overview of power management strategies of the ACcoupled hybrid microgrid.
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Fig. 5
realized by the IFC between DC and AC bus here in the DCcoupled microgrid.
In stand-alone operation of a DC-coupled hybrid microgrid,
DC bus voltage and AC bus voltage and frequency should be
controlled simultaneously. For AC bus voltage and frequency
control, IFC works on AC link voltage control mode [38], [71]
and controls AC bus voltage and frequency. On the other hand,
the DC bus voltage can be controlled directly or indirectly. In
direct DC link voltage control, DGs and/or SEs regulate DC
link voltage on its reference value (with droop control for
example) [72]-[78].
In indirect DC link voltage control mode, power balancing
between demand and generation regulates DC link voltage [79].
In this operation mode, with the presence of parallel IFCs, it is
possible that some of the converters work on AC link voltage
control mode and the others control the DC link voltage and
balance the generation and demand powers.
In some structures of DC-coupled hybrid microgrids, SEs
are directly connected to DC bus. Typically, these SEs are
capacity-oriented storage devices such as battery. Since storage
elements fix the DC bus voltage, the power management of DC
bus is focused on the control of currents. The current and
power of DC bus can be controlled by access-oriented
storage [80]-[83], capacity-oriented storage [84], or other DGs,
which are connected to DC bus with interfacing converters.
C. AC-DC-Coupled Hybrid Microgrid
In AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrids, multiple DGs and
SEs are connected to AC and DC buses. Therefore, more
coordination between the DC and AC subsystems are
necessary. In these systems, the control strategies and power
management schemes need to consider the power balance and
voltage control in both DC subsystem and AC subsystem. An
overview of power management schemes of AC-DC-coupled
hybrid microgrid is shown in Fig. 6.
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Fig. 6
from
grid-connected
to
stand-alone
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Fig. 7
Overview of power management during transition between grid-connected and stand-alone operation modes.
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2) Transition
operation mode
from
stand-alone
to
grid-connected
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Fig. 8
Power balance scheme in DC-coupled grid-connected
wind/fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid microgrid.
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( + + ) to AC bus/grid (
). Moreover,
(a)
(b)
Operation
of
AC-DC-Coupled
Hybrid
(c)
Fig. 9
Droop slopes for two DGs; (a) P-f droop in AC subsystem,
(b) Q-V droop in AC subsystem, and (c) P-V droop in DC
subsystem.
figure,
is the maximum voltage of DC bus under no load
condition, , is the allowable minimum voltage of DC
bus, and ,1 and ,2 are the maximum real power of
DGs. With this droop control, different line impedances lead to
unequal dc source terminal voltages ( ,1 and ,2 in Fig.
9(c)), which cause error in active power sharing [6], [7]. This is
similar to the effects of line impedance to the reactive power
sharing in an AC system (see Fig. 9(b)) [40], [134].
2) Interlinking converter control strategy
The ILC is responsible to link AC and DC subsystem to
form AC-DC-coupled hybrid microgrid. Among various power
management schemes (see Fig. 6), autonomous control scheme
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..
0.5 ( + )
0.5 ( )
0.5 (, + , )
0.5 (, , )
Fig. 11
Control block diagram of one ILC in stand-alone operation mode with normalized droop method in both AC and DC buses.
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 14 Power converter control in grid voltage amplitude and
frequency support: (a) as a current source, (b) as a voltage
source.
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