1

DASAR-DASAR REKOMENDASI PUPUK

Bahan kajian MK Pupuk dann Pemupukan
Diabstraksikan oleh Prof Dr Ir SOEMARNO MS
Jurs Tanah FP UB September 2011

Kesuburan tanah harus dapat dikelola secara lebih efisien

dan ramah lingkungan kalau Indonesia masih ingin
mengatasi permasalahan produksi pangan. Strategi Pupuk
anorganik (buatan pabrik) dan perbaikan pengelolaan hara
tanah menjadi sangat penting untuk produksi pangan
tersebut, terutama dalam kaitannya dengan pupuk
sebagai sumber hara tanaman dan responsivitas kultivar
tanaman, misalnya padi dan jagung.
Ekonomi Pupuk dan Pemupukan
Pemupukan adalah tindakan memberikan tambahan
unsur-unsur hara pada komplek tanah, baik langsung
maupun tak langsung dapat menyumbangkan bahan
makanan pada tanaman. Tujuannya untuk memperbaiki
tingkat kesuburan tanah agar tanaman mendapatkan
nutrisi yang cukup untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan
kuantitas pertumbuhan tanaman. Tanaman memerlukan
pemupukan, jika : (1) Tanah miskin hara; (2) Pertumbuhan
tanaman
terhambat
walaupun
sudah
dilakukan
penyiangan dan ditemukan gejala kekurangan unsur hara;
(3) Pertumbuhan tanaman perlu dipercepat untuk
mengurangi resiko akibat persaingan dengan gulma; dan
(4) Ingin meningkatkan tambahan hasil per satuan luas
pada akhir daur.

Use
Useof
offertilizers
fertilizersisisan
anindex
indexof
ofthe
theuse
useof
of
modern
modernagricultural
agriculturalmethods
methods
Faktor
Faktorlain
lainyg
ygberpengaruh:
berpengaruh:
1.1.
Water
Watercontrol
control
2.2.
Seedbed
Seedbed
3.3.
Cultivar
Cultivar
4.4.
Date
Dateand
andrate
rateof
ofseeding
seeding
5.5.
Stand
Standof
ofpopulation
population
6.6.
Fertilizer
Fertilizerplacement
placement
7.7.
Cultivation
Cultivation
8.8.
Weed,
Weed,insect
insectand
anddisease
disease
9.9.
Harvesting
practices
Harvesting practices

Filosofi Rekomendasi Pupuk

Nilai ujitanah hanya merupakan ukuran bagi tingkat ketersediaan
unsur hara dalam tanah. mereka tidak secara langsung menyatakan
berapa banyak pupuk yang harus digunakan. Ini tergantung pada
jenis tanaman, tigkat hasil yang diinginkan dan manfaat ekonomisnya.
Dalam kondisi harga pupuk murah dibandingkan dengan harga
tanaman, dan kalau biaya pemupukan hanya merupakan sebagian
kecil dari biaya produksi, maaka ada beberapa rekomendasi pupuk
yang dapat dibuat, semuanya berdasarkan atas hasil uji tanah yang
sama. Kemungkinan-kemungkinan ini adalah:
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).

Menggunakan sedikit pupuk untuk mendapatkan hasil moneter

setinggi mungkin dari uang yang dibelanjakan untuk pupuk. Hal ini
sangat sesuai bagi petani miskin (area B dan D dalam gambar ).
Menggunakan dosis pupuk yang lebih tinggi yang diharapkan akan
menghasilkan manfaat setinggi-mungkin dari setiap hektar lahan.
Ini merupakan dosis optimum (area A dan C gambar ).
Menggunakan dosis pupuk yang lebih tinggi
lagi untuk
meningkatkan kandungan hara tanah yang dapat dimanfaatkan
bagi tanaman berikutnya.
Menggunakan pupuk untuk tanaman tertentu saja dalam sistem
rotasi.

Efisiensi Pupuk
Ada 12 hal yang harus diperhatikan untuk dapat melakukan
pemupukan secara efisien (News and Views, PPI PPIC, Januari
2006):
1. Mengukur jumlah hara yang tersedia dalam
tanah (Uji Tanah).
Soils can contain rich reserves of nutrients. Test
once every 2 to 3 years for stable nutrients like
phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). For mobile
nutrients like nitrogen (N),test for each crop, but
at just the right time. For corn in the Northeast,
the soil nitrate test is effective only if the sample
is taken pre-sidedress, when the corn is 6 to 12

2.

3.

4.

5.

in. tall. Be sure you understand whether your soil

test lab is including any N credits from previous
legume crops.
Serapan hara dan Panen tanaman.
Do you know how much P and K the last crop took
out of the soil? You can estimate it if you know
yield levels. Unless soils contain so much that you
dont worry about depleting fertility, what was
removed should likely be replaced.
Menetapkan sasaran hasil yang realistic
Being sure that nutrients are applied to meet the
target crop yield is critical to optimizing fertilizer
efficiency. However, over- or under-application is
going to result in reduced nutrient use efficiency
or lost yield or crop quality. Be sure yield goals
reflect past production history, appropriate for
each field.
Menggunakan semua sumber hara yang
tersedia.
Making sure that manures are applied in a
manner to minimize nutrient losses can be
challenging. Storage should protect against those
losses. Manure application shouldnt get in the
way of timely planting. Manures and other
organic materials should be directed to the soils
that need the organic matter most. Analysing the
material helps predict its nutrient credits to
ensure that fertilizers appropriately supplement
what is applied.
Menjaga keseimbangan hara yang sesuai.
When fertilizer prices rise, it is common to see
growers reduce the application of all nutrients
except N. For a soil with adequate supplies of P,
K, and sulfur (S), this can work in your favour.
However, if soil is low in any of these nutrients, it
may be better to lower the rates of all those
required to optimize crop yield and quality.
Remember, low levels of other nutrients will

6.

7.

8.

9.

prevent the full yield expression of applied

fertilizer N.
Mengelola pH tanah. Pengapuran tanah
masam mendatangkan banyak manfaat.
Among these are more effective N fixation in
legumes, and better availability and more
efficient use of P and K. Soils with a pH of less
than 5 to 6 are candidates for liming, depending
on the crop grown.
Mengelola tanaman untuk hasil ekonomis
yang maksimum
Anything that limits yield usually limits nutrient
use efficiency. Choosing the right genetics and
plant spacing, planting at the right time, and
managing soils for optimum structure are all
important. Ensuring that all field operations get
done on time requires a lot of attention to
logistics, but pays off with a better ratio of
nutrients harvested versus applied.
Waktu aplikasi pupuk.
Especially for N, the closer before plant uptake,
the better. In the Northeast, fallapplied N is
unreliable, and its often better to split the
application with some at planting and the largest
part when the corn is about 6 to 12 in. tall. In the
Northern Great Plains, N applied in the fall should
be in the ammonium form (urea or anhydrous
ammonia) and banded below the surface only
after the soil has cooled to below 10 degrees C
(50 degrees F). Applying all the crop N
requirement prior toor at planting is effective
in the Northern Great Plains.
Pelepasan hara pupuk secara terkendali.
You may not always be able to apply just before
plant uptake. Just after is too late. Many useful
products that delay conversion of N sources to
nitrate have entered the market. These include
inhibitors of urease or nitrification, or coatings

that slow the release of urea into solution. The

key is to find a product that releases N in the root
zone just before the plant needs it.
10. Penempatan pupuk pada posisi yang tepat
terhadap tanaman.
Phosphorus is particularly effective at invigorating
young seedlings when its placed in a band close
to the seed. The starter band should include N
and K as well if they are required. Higher rates
need to be moved further from the seed to avoid
damage from salt or ammonia ion effects.
11. Uji lapangan.
Recommendations are only as good as the
research relating to crop response. For important
nutrient
questions
that
your
local
recommendations cant answer, replicated strip
trials on your own farm may be the only solution.
12. Konsultasi dengan ahlinya.
Managing nutrients is complex and site-specific.
Certified Crop Advisers (CCAs) should be able to
balance not only the nutrients needed for a crop,
but all the many pieces of advice that farmers
encounter as well.
(sumber:
http://www.ipni.net/ppiweb/ppinews.nsf/0/1F8467
360DFAD3EB852570D90072E7A9/$FILE/Fertilizer
%20Efficiency.pdf)

Bagan filosofi penentuan dosis pupuk yang optimum

ekonomis:

Ada tiga hal yang harus dipertimbangakn dalam

mewujudkan efisiensi pemupukan, yaitu:
Berapa banyak unsure hara dari pupuk yang diserap
oleh tanaman?

10

Berapa banyak tambahan hasil tanaman yang

diperoleh dari setiap unit tambahan serapan hara
tanaman?
Seberapa besar manfaat tanaman dari hara yang
tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh tanaman selama
musim tumbuhnya?

Ada lima macam indeks yang dapat digunakan untuk

menilai efisiensi penggunaan hara tanaman, yaitu:
(Sumber:
http://www.aarsb.com.my/AgroMgmt/OilPalm/FertMgmt/Fer
tEffi/FertEffi.html).

FAKTOR PRODUKTIVITAS
productivity (PFP)

(Partial

factor

Konsep PFP menjawab pertanyaan: Berapa banyak hasil

diproduksi untuk setiap kg hara pupuk (FN) yang
diaplikasikan?
PFPFN = kg bunch kg-1 fertilizer nutrient (FN) applied:
PFPFN = BY+FN / FN
where BY+FN is the bunch yield (kg ha-1) and FN is the
amount of fertilizer nutrient applied (kg ha-1).
Because BY at a given level of FN represents the sum of
yield without fertilizer inputs (BY0FN ) plus the increase in
yield from applied fertilizer (BY+FN),
PFPFN = (BY0 FN + BY+FN) / FN
or
PFPFN = (BY0 FN / FN) + (BY+FN / FN)
and by substitution with equation :

11

PFPFNFN = (BY0 FN / FN) + AEFN

where AE+FN is the agronomic efficiency of applied fertilizer
nutrients.
Equation shows that PFPFN can be increased by increasing
the uptake and use of indigenous soil-N resources
(measured as BY0FN) and increasing the efficiency of
applied fertilizer nutrient use (AEFN).
EFISIENSI AGRONOMIS (Agronomic efficiency (AE)
Konsep AE menjawab pertanyaan: Berapa banyak
tambahan hasil akibat pemupukan satu kg hara pupuk?
AEFN = kg bunch yield increase kg-1 FN applied (often-used
synonym: nutrient use efficiency):
AEFN = (BY+FN - BY0 FN) / FN
where BY+FN is the bunch yield in a treatment with fertilizer
nutrient application; BY0 FN is the bunch yield in a treatment
without fertilizer nutrient (FN) application; and FN is the
amount of fertilizer nutrient applied, all in kg ha-1.
AEFN represents the product of the efficiency of nutrient
recovery from applied nutrient sources (= recovery
efficiency, REFN) and the efficiency with which the plant
uses each unit of nutrient acquired (= physiological
efficiency, PEFN):
AEFN = PEFN x REFN (6)
Both REFN and PEFN thus contribute to AEFN, and each can
be improved by crop and soil management practices,
including
general
crop
management practices and those specific to nutrient

12

management, e.g. a more balanced N:P:K ratio

improved splitting and timing of nutrient applications.

or

Because AEFN = PEFN x REFN,

it is necessary to quantify the relative contribution of each
component to explain measured differences in agronomic
efficiency that result from different nutrient or crop
management strategies.

EFISIENSI SERAPAN HARA (Recovery efficiency (RE)

Konsep RE menjawab pertanyaan: Berapa banyak hara
pupuk yang diaplikasikan dapat diserap oleh tanaman?
REFN = kg fertilizer nutrient taken up kg -1 fertilizer nutrient
applied:
REFN = (UN+FN - UN0 FN) / FN
where UN+FN is the total palm uptake of fertilizer nutrient
measured in aboveground biomass in plots that receive
applied fertilizer nutrient at the rate of FN (kg ha -1); and
UN0 FN is the total nutrient uptake without the addition of
fertilizer nutrient.
REFN is obtained by the nutrient difference method based
on measured differences in plant nutrient uptake in
treatment plots with and without applied nutrient.
Recovery efficiency of applied nutrient is estimated more
accurately when two treatments with a small difference in
the application rate are compared:
REFN = (UNFN2 - UNFN1) / (FNFN2 - FNFN1)

13

where REFN is the recovery efficiency (kg nutrient uptake

kg-1 nutrient applied); UN is the total nutrient uptake in
bunches, fronds and trunk (kg ha -1); and FN is the amount
of fertilizer nutrient added (kg ha -1) in two different
nutrient treatments (FN2 and FN1) e.g. FN2 receiving a
larger nutrient rate than FN1.
REFN is affected by agronomic practises and rainfall.
EFISIENSI
FISIOLOGI
efficiency (PE)

TANAMAN

(Physiological

Konsep PE menjawab pertanyaan: Berapa banyak

tambahan hasil tanaman untuk setiap penambahan satu
kg hara yang diserap?
PEFN = kg bunch yield increase kg-1 fertilizer FN taken up:
PEFN = (BY+FN - BY0 FN) / (UN+FN - UN0 FN)
where BY+FN is the bunch yield in a treatment with fertilizer
nutrient (FN) application (kg ha-1); BY0 FN is the bunch yield
in a treatment without fertilizer nutrient (FN) application;
and UN is the total uptake of fertilizer nutrient (kg ha -1) in
the two treatments.
PEFN represents the ability of a plant to transform a given
amount of acquired fertilizer nutrient into economic yield
(oil or bunches) and largely depends on genotypic
characteristics such as the bunch index and internal
nutrient use efficiency, which is also affected by general
crop and nutrient management.
EFISIENSI INTERNAL (Internal efficiency (IE)
Indek IE menjawab pertanyaan:

14

How much yield is produced per kg fertilizer nutrient (FN)

taken up from both fertilizer and indigenous (soil) nutrient
sources?
IEFN = kg bunch kg-1 FN taken up:
IEFN = BY / UN
where BY is the bunch yield (kg ha -1), and UN is the total
uptake of fertilizer nutrient (kg ha-1).
This definition of IEFN includes FN taken up from indigenous
and fertilizer sources. IEFN largely depends on genotype,
harvest index, interactions with other nutrients and other
factors that affect flowering and bunch formation.

15

PUPUK DAN KETERSEDIAAN HARA TANAH

Aplikasi pupuk ke tanah dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan
ketersediaan hara dalam tanah, sehingga diharapkan akar tanaman
dapat menyerap lebih banyak hara dari dalam tanah. Bahan pupuk yang
diaplikasikan ke tanah akan mengalami serangkaian reaksi fisik, kimia
dan biologi; sehingga unsure hara yang dikandungnya secara bertahap
akan dilepaskan ke tanah dalam bentuk yang tersedia bagi akar
tanaman atau dapat diserap oleh akar tanaman. Perlu diketahui bahwa
perilaku hara pupuk dalam tanah sangat beragam, tergantung pada jenis
hara dan karakteristik tanah.
Nitrogen from urea can be lost to the atmosphere if
fertilizer urea remains on the soil surface for extended
periods of time during warm weather. The key to the
most efficient use of urea is to incorporate it into the soil
during a tillage operation. It may also be blended into the
soil with irrigation water. A rainfall of as little as 0.25
inches is sufficient to blend urea into the soil to a depth
at which ammonia losses will not occur.
Urea Losses to the Air
Urea breakdown begins as soon as it is applied to the soil.
If the soil is totally dry, no reaction happens. But with the
enzyme urease, plus any small amount of soil moisture,
urea normally hydrolizes and converts to ammonium and
carbon dioxide. This can occur in 2 to 4 days and
happens quicker on high pH soils. Unless it rains, urea
must be incorporated during this time to avoid ammonia
loss. Losses might be quite low in the spring if the soil
temperature is cold. The chemical reaction is as follows:
CO(NH2)2 + H2O + urease
(urea)

2NH3 +CO2

The problem is the NH3, because it's a gas, but if

incorporated the NH3, acts the same as incorporated
anhydrous ammonia. Also, half of 28% liquid N is urea
and the same thing happens with this half as with regular
urea

16

(http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/dc0636.html)
.

Sumber:
Larry
G.
Bundy.
MANAGING
UREA-CONTAINING
FERTILIZERS. Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin.

17

Laju hidrolisis urea dalam tanah lempung-debu pada tiga

macam temperatur.

Sumber:
Larry
G.
Bundy.
OVERCOMING
NITROGEN
VOLATILIZATION LOSSES. Department of Soil Science,
University of Wisconsin.

Kehilangan N akibat penguapan ammonia:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Urea and urea-containing fertilizers

Surface applications only
Tillage or rain in 2-3 days controls loss
Large losses are rare
Maximum loss = 20-30 % of N.

Faktor pemicu kehilangan Ammonia

1. No rain or irrigation after application
2. Crop residue on the soil surface
3. High temperatures
4. High soil pH
5. Low clay & organic matter (low CEC)
6. Initially moist soil followed by drying.

18

Fosfat dalam tanah

P-tanah mempunyai kelarutan yang rendah, sehingga
tidak mudah tersedia untuk diserap oleh akar tanaman.
Pergerakan
P-tanah
sangat
terbatas,
sehingga
penempatan pupuk P di tanah sangat kritis untuk
mencapai efisiensi serapan yang tinggi. Aplikasi pupuk P
secara
band
terbukti
sangat
efektif
karena
meminimumkan kontak permukaan anion fosfat dengan
partikel yang dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kelarutan
fosfat.

Keseimbangan fosfat dalam tanah (Sumber:

http://www.extension.org/pages/9873/phosphorus-p)

19

20

Pengapuran meningkatkan ketersediaan P dalam tanah

The relationship between lime equivalent and STPC needed to have a soil solution-P
concentration of 0.1 ppm. This relationship indicates that the STPC should increase 1.4
ppm for each percent the lime equivalent increases. The one soil requiring a STPC of 50
ppm for 19.5% lime was a recently exposed subsoil, while the other anomaly was for the
Millville soil containing dolomite, which behaved like a soil containing 5-7 % lime.

21

KETERSEDIAAN HARA DALAM TANAH DAN HASIL TANAMAN

JAGUNG

KEDELAI

Yield of Corn and Soybeans as Influenced by NaHC0 3 - Extractable P

Levels Average of 1993 and 1994. Source: Lauzon, J. D. and M. H.
Miller. Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph.
Note: Proportion of variation in yield accounted for by soil test (R2) for
corn
=
0.77,
for
soybeans
=
0.10.
(http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/97-005.htm).

22

Ketersediaan hara dalam tanah dan serapan hara tanaman

Phosphorus uptake by Stephens winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at

different growth stages grown under field conditions. At early plant
development, P uptake on the high lime plots was less than the low lime plots
at similar STPC concentrations (A). Differences disappeared at soft dough but
maturity differences persisted. Lime differences disappeared when uptake was
plotted against soil solution-P concentrations (B). (Sumber:
http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/53680000/presentations/dtw/2003
wnmsaltlake/poster.htm)

23

KANDUNGAN HARA DAN HASIL TANAMAN

Relationship between relative corn yield response to P

fertilization and soil P measured with two versions of the
Mehlich-3 soil P test.

Hubungan antara kandungan P-tanah dengan hasil tanaman

(Sumber: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/node/1925/print)

24

Interpretasi hasil uji tanah untuk P dan K (Metode ekstraksi Bray-P1, Olsen, Mehlich-3,
Mehlich-3 ICP; dan untuk K dengan metode ekstrak Ammonium acetate dan Mehlich-3
(dengan kedalaman sampel tanah 6 - 7-inch).
Phosphorus

Relative
Level

Potassium

All other
crops
Subsoil P

Wheat,
Alfalfa

Low

All crops
Subsoil K

High

Low

High

Ammonium acetate or
Mehlich-3

Bray-1 or Mehlich-3
ppm
Very Low

0-15

0-8

0-5

0-90

0-70

Low

16-20

9-15

6-10

91-130

71-110

Optimum

21-25

1520

1115

131-170

111-150

High

26-30

2130

1620

171-200

151-180

31+

31+

21+

201+

181+

Very High

Olsen
Very Low

0-10

0-5

0-3

Low

11-14

6-10

4-7

Optimum

15-17

1114

8-11

High

18-20

1520

1215

21+

21+

16+

Very High

Mehlich-3 ICP
Very Low

0-20

0-15

0-10

25

Low

21-30

1625

1120

Optimum

31-40

2635

2130

High

41-50

3645

3140

(Sumber: http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/node/1925/print)

Metode Korelasi dan Regresi:

Dosis Pupuk dan Hasil Tanaman
Agar supaya reomendasi pupuk dapat diandalkan, maka
harus didasarkan pada hasil-hasil percobaan minimal dua atau
tiga musim. Kerja korelasi yang dijelaskan di atas akan sama
untuk
setiap
musim
dan grafik
interpretasi musiman
menyediakan sarana
yang sangat
berguna
untuk
membandingkan tahun-tahun dan untuk memahami fluktuasi
musiman efek faktor pertumbuhan yang penting serta mengkaji
kurva-kurva interpretasi.
Hasil-hasil tahunan ini digabungkan
untuk memberikan rataan yang merupakan penduga terbaik bagi
peramalan respon.

26

Respon tanaman, kg/ha

R1
0

R2

R3

R4

1
2
3
4
Dosis pupuk
Kurva respon hasil tanaman terhadap pemupukan.

27

Respon tanaman, kg/ha

*
*
*

*
*

*
*

*
*
*

*
*

garis biaya
*

*
*

RENDAH
MEDIUM
2
4
6
8
10
12
Nilai uji tanah

14

TINGGI
16 18

Pengelompokkan respons tanaman terhadap pemupukan menurut

nilai uji tanahnya.

28

Respon tanaman, kg/ha

300
Uji tanah rendah
250
200
Uji tanah medium
150
100
Uji tanah rendah
50

garis biaya
0

Kode dosis pupuk

Hubungan antara dosis pupuk dengan respon tanaman. Grafik
interpretasi respon tanaman untuk rekomendasi pupuk.

Kalau gabungan grafik interpretasi telah tersedia, maka

dasar rekomendasi pupuk untuk suatu wilayah mudah dapat
disusun. Proses ini didemonstrasikan seperti dalam gambar .
Untuk rekomendasi pupuk bagi tanah-tanah yang nilai ujitanahnya
sangat rendah maka digunakan
kurva respon hasil yang
tertinggi.
Pada kurve ini titik yang diberi tanda panah
menyatakan dosis pupuk optimum. Tidak ada rekomendasi pupuk

29

di atas titik ini. Dosis pupuk yang lebih rendah dibolehkan dan
mereka akan menghasilkan benefit yang lebih rendah setiap
hektar namun mempunyai B/C rasio yang lebih tinggi. Atas dasar
ini maka dipilih dua area A dan B dalam grafik, dimana A
menyatakan area dengan profit per hektar tertinggi, dan B
menyatakan area dengan biaya pupuk lebih rendah dan B/C rasio
meningkat. Titik-titik pusat dari dua area ini (tidak digambarkan)
menyatakan dosis pupuk untuk tanah-tanah miskin hara yang
dianjurkan kepada petani yang bertujuan mencapai profit tertinggi
(A), dan bagi petani yang ingin mencapai manfaat moneter
tertinggi (B).
Rekomendasi untuk tanah-tanah yang nilai ujitanahnya
medium adalah yang dinyatakan oleh titik pusat dari area C dan D
dalam grafik. Untuk tanah-tanah yang kaya hara tidak dianjurkan
untuk melakukan pemupukan menurut grafik ini.

30

BAHAN BACAAN

Dahal, R.C. 1977. Soil organic phosphorus. Advances in Agronomy.

Volume 28, 83-117.
Goh K.J., Rolf Hrdter and Thomas F. (2003) Fertilizing for
maximum return. In: Thomas Fairhurst and Rolf
Hardter (eds). Oil palm: Management for large and
sustainable yields. Potash & Phosphate Institute and
International Potash Institute: 279-306
Leytem, A.B. and D.T. Westermann. 2003. Phosphate sorption by Pacific
Northwest calcareous soils. Soil Sci. (Accepted for publication).
McLaren, R.G. and K.C. Cameron. 1990. Soil Science, an introduction to
the properties and management of New Zealand soils.
Murphy, J. and J.P. Riley. 1962. A modified single solution method for
determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chim. Acta
27:31-36.
Olsen, S.R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe and L.A. Dean. 1954. Extraction of
available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium
bicarbonate. USDA Circ. 939. U.S. Gov. Print. Office.
Washington, DC. 19 p.
Syers, J.K. and I.S. Cornforth. 1983. Chemistry of Soil Fertility. Read at
the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry Annual Conference,
Hamilton.
Westermann, D.T. 1987. Lime effects on P availability. Proc. 38th Annual
N.W. Fertilizer Conference, Pasco, WA, July 14-16, 1987. p. 7985.
Westermann, D.T. 1992. Lime effects on phosphorus availability in a
calcareous soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 56:489-494.