Tuell and Fowler First Latin Book

A first book in Latin / by Hiram Tuell and Harold North Fowler.
Tuell, Hiram.
Boston : Benj. H. Sanborn Co., c1893.
http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044097058366
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A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN

BY
HIRAM TUELL, A.M.,

Late Principal of tue Milton (Mass.) High School
and
HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Ph.D.

v.ofe8sor in tub we8tern reserve university; formerly professor
of Latin in the Phillips Exeter Academy
ov
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aWa irdkv
BENJ. H. SANBORN
BOSTON, U.S.A.
& CO.
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Copyright,
1893,
By HTRAAf TUELL and HAROLD NORTH FOWLER.
Ncrfooot) JBreBB
J.
S. Cushing & Co. Berwick & Smith

Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
PREFACE.
The vocabulary of this book contains about
seven
hundred words, exclusive of proper names.
While words not found in

as material
Caesar1
been
have
for paradigms, illustrations,
and
used
sentences
familiar subjects, by far the greater part of the

vocabulary has been selected from the first four books
on
of the Gallic War.

Caesar uses
will
be
portion
mastered
six
found
Indeed, nearly every word which
or more
here
times
in
these
four
books
and they form so large a pro
of the text of
Caesar
that a pupil who has
the vocabulary of this book will find himself
familiar with eighty-five per cent of the words of the

Gallic War.
To ensure the acquisition of the vocabulary, every
word when first introduced is used in at least three
consecutive chapters;
and the small number of words
with special reference to

Csesar, subsequent examination shows that it is equally valuable
for those who are to read Nepos, as it contains about eighty per
cent of the words in the life of Themistocles, which may be taken
1
as a
While
the vocabulary
was
selected
fair representative of that author.
iii
PREFACE.
IV
has compelled their
frequent repetition in later
more
chapters.
The illustrative sentences which in all cases pre

cede the rules of syntax
contain, with few
exceptions,
only words already found in the exercises.

Each principle
successive
of syntax appears
in at least three
chapters when first introduced, and is after
wards frequently repeated.

The development of the verb is slow, and carefully
graded with reference to the difficulty of acquirement.
The
exercises
drill-exercises,
numerous,
the
on
forms
to be
designed
and contain no new
and are capable
will of the
are
words.
easy
They are
of indefinite expansion at
teacher.
The carefully graded reading lessons, beginning with

Chapter
XXX.,
contain the story of the first book of
the Gallic War, and so prepare the pupil to begin the
reading of Caesar at the
book,
with a proper
understanding of the previous narrative;
or at the first,
second
with such a knowledge of its contents

many of its difficulties.
as
to
remove
Few words are used which
have not already occurred in the exercises; and when

ever
new words
are
introduced,
their
translation
is
given in parenthesis.
The
illustrations
and
exercises
of Chapter
LXI.
(on indirect discourse) can be omitted without causing

inconvenience in the use of the rest of the book.
PREFACE.
The derivation and composition of words are treated
fully than is usual in
more
books
for beginners, in
the hope that a simple presentation of important
of these subjects may lighten the pupil's
parts
subsequent
labors.
The selections for sight reading at the end of the
book contain not only fables, but also passages adapted
Eutropius, giving
from
brief biography
of Julius
Caesar.
It
is expected
that the book will prove easier than
the ordinary first book, on account
of its small vocabu
lary and careful gradation, and will contribute far more

to the rapidity and pleasure of later progress
quence of the principle
in conse
which has guided the selection
of the words and the more thorough mastery of their

meanings.
We desire to acknowledge our indebtedness
to Henry
Snyder, A.M., Superintendent of the Schools of Jersey
City, who made valuable contributions

stages of the work, and to Professor
Leland Stanford
in the earlier
E. M. Pease, of
Junior University, editor-in-chief
this series, whose criticisms
of
and suggestions at every
stage have been very helpful.
HIRAM TUELL.
HAROLD N. FOWLER.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTBB
...
I. Introductory Matter
II. First Declension. Subject and Direct Object
III. First Declension (continued). Genitive with Nouns
IV. Present Indicative of Sum. , Agreement of Verbs .
PAG
1
11
12
V. Predicate Noun and Appositive

VI. Second Declension : Nouns in -us. Indirect Object .
VII. Second Declension : Nouns in -um. Adjectives in
14
VIII.
IX.
....
-us, -a, -um. Agreement of Adjectives

Second Declension : Nouns in -er and -ir. Imperfect
Indicative of Sum
Adjectives in -er. Future Indicative of Sum.
16
18
21
Dative of Possessor
Third Declension : Mute Stems
Third Declension: Mute Stems (continued). First
Conjugation : Present Indicative Active
Third Declension : Liquid Stems. First Conjuga
23
....
26
tion : Imperfect Indicative Active

XIII. Third Declension (continued) . First Conjugation :
Future Indicative Active. Ablative of Instrument
XIV. Third Declension : Stems in -i. First Conjugation :
Perfect Indicative Active. Perfect Indicative of
Sum. Ablative of Manner
XV. Third Declension: Stems in -i (continued). First
Conjugation : Pluperfect and Future-Perfect In
dicative Active. Pluperfect and Future-Perfect
Indicative of Sum. Ablative of Accompaniment .
XVI. Third Declension : Mixed Stems. Ablative of Time .
XVII. Third Declension. Rules for Gender
31
X.
XI.
XII.
vii
28
34
36
40
44
47
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Vlii
CHAPTER
XVIII.
XIX.
Adjectives of Three Terminations. First Conju

gation: Present Indicative Passive. Ablative
of Agent
Adjectives
gation
tive
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
50
of Two Terminations. First Conju

Imperfect Indicative Passive. Abla
of Cause
53
Adjectives of One Termination. First Conjuga

tion: Future Indicative Passive. Ablative of
Specification
First Conjugation
56
Perfect, Pluperfect, and FuturePerfect Indicative Passive. Descriptive Abla

:
tive
...
Comparison of Adjectives. Declension of Com

paratives. Ablative with Comparatives
Comparison of Adjectives (continued). Partitive
Genitive
XXIV. Irregular
XXV. Formation
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
62
65
of Difference
....
and Comparison of Adverbs

Fourth Declension. Second Conjugation: Pres
ent Indicative Active
Second Conjugation: Imperfect and Future Indica
tive Active. Dative with Adjectives
Second
59
Comparison (continued). Ablative of
Degree
XXVI.
PAOI
Conjugation
....
.....
68
71
73
75
Perfect, Pluperfect,
and
Future-Perfect Indicative Active
Second Conjugation: Present Indicative Passive.
Fifth Declension
79
Second Conjugation : Imperfect and Future In

dicative Passive. Nine Irregular Adjectives.
,
Reading Lesson
82
Second
Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect,

Future-Perfect Indicative Passive
77
and
85
Third Conjugation : Present Indicative Active.

Cardinal Numerals. Accusative of Extent.
Reading Lesson
Third Conjugation: Imperfect and Future Indica
tive Active. Ordinal Numerals
87
92
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE
CHAPTER
XXXIV. Third
XXXV.
Perfect, Pluperfect,
and
Future-Perfect Indicative Active.

Personal
and Reflexive Pronouns.

Reading Lesson .
:
Present
and
Imperfect Pass
Third Conjugation
ive.
XXXVI. Third
Conjugation
Possessive Pronouns
94
99
Future, Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future-Perfect Indicative Passive. Read
XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
XXXIX.
Conjugation
ing Lesson
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns (continued). Reading
Lesson
Fourth Conjugation :. Present Indicative Active.
Relative Pronouns
XL. Fourth
Conjugation
fect, Pluperfect,
Imperfect,
Lesson
XLI. Fourth
XLII.
XLIII.
XLIV.
XLV.
XL VI.
XL VII.
XLVIII.
XLIX.
L.
LI.
LII.
Conjugation
106
109
Future, Per
and Future-Perfect
Active. Interrogative
101
104
Indicative
Pronouns. Reading
112
Passive Voice. Indefinite
Pronouns
Infinitives of Sum : Infinitives of First and Sec
ond Conjugations. Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua) : Subject of the Infinitive.
115
Reading Lesson
Infinitives of Third and Fourth Conjugations.
118
Expressions of Place
Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation. Read
ing Lesson
122
Participles
Deponent Verbs. Reading Lesson
128
Possum. Infinitive not in Indirect Discourse .

Compounds of Sum. Dative with Compounds.
Reading Lesson
133
Dative with Intransitive Verbs

Fero and Compounds of Fero. Reading Lesson
.
.
.
Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, and Malo
138
Irregular Verbs Ko and Fio. Two Datives.

Reading Lesson
125
130
136
140
143
145
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER
LIU.
LIV.
LV.
LVI.
LVII.
LVIII.
LIX.
Derivation and Composition of Words

Subjunctive Mood. Sequence of Tenses. Indirect
148
Questions
First Conjugation : Subjunctive Active. Clauses of
Purpose (Final Clauses). Reading Lesson . .
First Conjugation : Subjunctive Passive. . Clauses
152
of Result (Consecutive Clauses)

Second C nj ligation : Subjunctive Mood. Purpose
and Result Clauses (continued). Reading Lesson
Imperative Constructions. Wishes
Third Conjugation: Subjunctive Active and Passive.
Conditional Sentences. Reading Lesson . .
158
155
160
163
106
LX. Fourth
LXI.
LXII.
LXIII.
LXIV.
LXV.
Conjugation : Subjunctive Active and Passive.

Clauses with Cum
Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs. Indirect Discourse.
Reading Lesson
Participles (Review). Ablative Absolute
Gerund and Gerundive. Reading Lesson
Supine. Expressions of Purpose
....
....
172
176
181
185
189
Periphrastic Conjugations. Dative of Agent. Read

ing Lesson
Selections for Sight-Reading

Declension of Nouns and Adjectives
193
199
205
Paradigms of Verbs
217
Vocabularies
241
Index
272
A First Book in Latin.

CHAPTER
I.
Introduction.
ALPHABET.
1.
The Latin alphabet has twenty-four letters : A, B, C,

D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V,1 X,
Y, Z. It is the same as the English, with the omission
of and W. The letter does duty for both and J.
2.
VOWELS.
(-),
short
i,
e,
(v), or
o,
and y.
w,
(-) ;
common
They are either
that
is,
The vowels are a,

long
sometimes
long and sometimes short.

All the long vowels will be marked in this book.
marked vowels are to be regarded as short.
3.
Un
CONSONANTS.
<
are
mutes.
g,
q,
are
mutes.
k
are
k, t,
c, d, b,
(p,
(
Mutes
The consonants may be classified as follows
mutes.
is
is
very much alike, and

In pronunciation the Romans made u and
in many hooks u
merely a
and V for U. In fact, V
printed for
however,
both
used.
u and are
consonant U. In this hook,
A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN.
Liquids
I, m, n,
r.
Spirants : /, i consonant, s, v ; s is also a sibilant.

Double consonants : x = cs or gs, z = ds.
H is only the sign of a rough breathing.
Pronunciation.
Note. Latin is now pronounced differently in different countries.
English-speaking people use either the Roman or the English method.
4.
ROMAN METHOD.
Vowels.
1.
a has the sound

e
has the sound
I has the sound

o
has the sound
u has the sound
in father.
in fete (like a in fate).

in machine.
in holy.
in
boot,
like u in French, or il in Ger

that is, half-way between the sounds of l and u, as given
y is rare.
man
It
of a
of e
of i
of o
of oo
was pronounced
above.
The short vowels have the same sound as the corre

sponding long ones, but require less time for utterance.
So a is like a in staff (pronounced broadly).
in met.
e is like e
i is
like i in pick,
o is like o in wholly,
u is like oo in book.
2.
Diphthongs.
ae
has the sound of ai
in aisle,
au has the sound of ow in Aoai.

ei (rare) has the sound of ei in eight,
eu (rare) has the sound of eu in feud,
oe
has the sound of oi in boil.
For ui, sometimes improperly called a diphthong,
see 4, 6.
INTRODUCTION.
Consonants.
3.
have
Consonants
English, but
generally
the
c has always the sound
g has always the sound

consonant has always the sound
t
has always the sound

ch has always the
4.
sound
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
as
in
many syllables
as
same
sounds
in can.
g in game,
y in yet.
in son or
t in tone.''
w in we.
s
yes.1
k.
Syllables.
In
Latin word there are
as
there are vowels and diphthongs : a-gri-co-la, farmer.

A single consonant between two vowels belongs in the
was
syllable with the following vowel : a-ma-bam,
loving.
Two or more consonants between two vowels belong

with the following vowel, if they can be pronounced
with it:3 co-gno-sco,
recognize; in-du-stri-a, diligence;
ne-gle-gen-ti-a,
highest;
carelessness;
pu-el-la,
girl;
Compound words
for-tis,
brave;
al-tis-si-mus,
dl-xit, he said.
are divided
into their component
parts, sub-it, under he goes.

The last syllable of a word is called the ultima, the
syllable before the last the penult, and the syllable before
the penult the antepenult*
2 Never like t in nation.
Never soft nor like sh.
* In other words, any combination of consonants that begins a Latin
word can begin a syllable.
* Ultima is the Latin word for last ; penult is shortened from paene
,
ultima, almost the last and antepenult means before the penult.
1
Quantity of Vowels.
5.
Note. In many instances the quantity of vowels can be learned

only by observation, but the following rules will prove useful.
vowel before another vowel or h is short: vl-a, road;
nl-Ml, nothing.
vowel before nd or nt is short.

Diphthongs, and vowels produced by contraction are
long:
nau-ta,
A vowel
sailor;
co-go
(for
coago),
collect.
before nf, ns, gm, gn, and consonant i, is long
confer,
cotopare; amans, loving; agmen, line of march;
gnosce,
recognize;
6.
cuius,
co
of whom.
Quantity of Syllables.
syllable is long by nature when it contains a long

vowel or a diphthong: ma-ter, mother; Oae-sar, Caesar.
A syllable is long by position when it contains a short
vowel followed by two or more consonants1 or x or z:
raen-tis,
of the mind;
dux, leader.
syllable is common when it contains a short vowel

followed by a mute with I or r: a-gri, fields.
After q, ng, and sometimes s, also in cui (from qui and
quis) and huic (from hie), u is pronounced together with
the preceding letter, as in the English queen.
It
has
no effect upon the quantity of the syllable in which or
after which it stands
ali-cui, to any one ; un-gui-nis, of

fat; quis, who (interrogative); qui, who (relative); conam accustomed.
sue-sco,
:
Observe that a long syllable does not necessarily contain a long

vowel. In mSnsa, table, the e is long; the word is therefore to be
In mentis, of the mind, the e is short, and the
pronounced main-sa.
word is pronounced min-tis. The letter h is not a consonant, and does
1
not affect the length of syllables.
INTRODUCTION.
7.
Accent.
Words of two syllables are accented on the penult:

pa'-ter, father; ma'-ter, mother.
Words of more than two syllables are accented on the
penult when that is long ; otherwise on the antepenult :
ca-pel'-la, a goat; e-pi'-stu-la, a letter; te'-ne-brae, darkness.
A few short words called enclitics are added to the end
of other words. The accent then falls upon the syllable
Ibis'ne, shall you go f
before the enclitic : ego'que, and
I;
5.
ENGLISH METHOD.
Latin is pronounced by the English method just

the words were English.
as
if
The rules for quantity and
accent are the same as in the Roman method, but the
rules for quantity are generally disregarded except in so

far as they affect the accent. In dividing words into
syllables those who adopt the English pronunciation
should observe the following rules :
1. A single consonant or a mute with I or r following
a penultimate or any unaccented vowel belongs with the
following vowel:
pa-ter,
father;
re-gi-na, queen; ma-tro-na,
matron.
single consonant belongs with any preceding

accented vowel, not penultimate, except u, but not when
e or i before another vowel follows: dom-i-nus, master;
but mo-ne-o,
advise.
3. In all other cases two or more consonants between
two vowels are separated: cor-pus, body; im-pro-bus, wicked.
2.
6.
PARTS OP SPEECH.
The kinds of words used in language are called parts of

They are the noun, the adjective, the pronoun,
speech.
the verb, and the particles, which include the adverb, the
preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection.

GENDER.
7.
The names of males, rivers, winds, and months are

masculine: Oaesar, Caesar; vir, man; Bhenus, Rhine;
Notus, South wind; Ianuarras, January.
The names of females, countries, towns, islands, and
trees are feminine: Iulia, Julia; fflia, daughter; Italia,
Italy ;
Boma,
Rome; Britannia, Britain;
populus,
poplar.
Indeclinable nouns are neuter : nihil, nothing.

Special rules will be given later.
8.
INFLECTION.
The relations between words are denoted in English

for the most part by means of prepositions and auxil
iaries or by the order of the words. When we say the
master of the house, the relation between master and
house is denoted by the preposition of; when we say the
dog bites the man, the relation between the dog, the act
of biting, and the man, is denoted by the order of the
words ; for if the order is reversed, the relations are also
love him, the forms of the words
reversed. When we say
In Latin the relations between
show the relations.
words are denoted almost exclusively by the forms of the

words themselves, the forms being different according
The changes in form
to the relations to be expressed.
which a word undergoes to denote different relations
constitute the Inflection of the word. The inflection of
nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, is called Declension;
the inflection of verbs is called Conjugation.
INTRODUCTION.
1.
Declension.
Declined
words have in Latin seven
native, Genitive, Dative, Accusative,
Locative.
The Nominative
is the case
cases
Nomi
Vocative, Ablative, and
of the
subject of the
sentence.
The Genitive is used to denote possession and some

other relations, and is most frequently to be rendered by
of in English.
The Dative is the case of the indirect object, and is
most frequently to be rendered by to or for.
The Accusative is the case of the direct object.
The Vocative is the case of the person addressed.
It has almost always the same form as the Nomi
native.
The Ablative expresses various relations to be ex

pressed in English by prepositions; as, from, with, by,
in, etc.
The Locative case denotes the place in which.
This
case exists only in names of towns and a few other words,
and has generally the same form as the Dative or
Ablative, sometimes that of the Genitive.
There are five ways of declining nouns ; hence there
are said to be five declensions.
Adjectives and pronouns are also declined, but with
different forms for different genders.
2.
Conjugation.
Latin
verbs have three moods, Indicative, Subjunctive,
Imperative ; also Infinitives, Participles, Gerund, Gerund

ive, and Supines.
The tenses of verbs in Latin are the same as in Eng

lish : Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect,
and Future Perfect.
There are in Latin, as in English, two voices, the
Active and the Passive.
9.
NUMBER.
In Latin,
in English, there are two numbers, Sin

Inflected words have in Latin dif
gular and Plural.
ferent forms for the two numbers.
as
CHAPTER II.
First or -Declension.
PARADIGM.
10.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.
O.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
mensa, a table.
mensae, of a table.
mensae, to or for a table.
mensam, table.
mensa, thou table.
mensa, from, by,
etc., a table.
with,
mensae, tables.
mensarum, of tables.
mensis, to or for tables.
mensas, tables.
mensae, ye. tables.
mensis, from, by, with, etc.,
tables.
1.
In
2.
What is the quantity of final a in the nominative
the above paradigm which cases are alike ?
singular ?
3. The cases are formed by adding endings to a com
mon part, called the stem.
This
4. In the first declension the stem ends in a.
FIRST OR a-DECLENSION.
final a of the stem is called the stem-vowel ' or charac

teristic.
5. The stem-vowel joined with the case-ending forms
the termination.
6. The stem is mensa, and may be found by dropping
the ending -rum of the genitive plural.
7. Make a table of terminations from the paradigm
above, and commit them to memory.
8. Gender. Nouns of the first declension are fem
inine unless they denote males.
11.
VOCABULARY.
Cornelia,
/., Cornelia.
domlna, -ae, /., mistress.
amat, he, she, or it loves.

amant. they love.
laudat, he, she, or it praises
Ifilla, -ae, /., Julia.
habet, he, she, or it has.

habent, they have.
narrat, he, she, or it tells.
-ae,
eplstula, -ae, /., letter.

tabula, -ae, /., story.
mensa, -ae, /..table.
pictfira, -ae, /., picture.

puella, -ae, /., girl.
regina, -ae, /., queen.
laudant, they praise.
narrant, they tell.

et, conj., and.
rusa. -ae, /., rose.
quid, what?
serva, -ae, /., female servant, slave.
Decline the nouns in the vocabulary like
12.
ILLUSTRATIVE
/
Regina Iuliam amat,
mensa.
SENTENCES.
i
1.
Iuliam regma amat, >- the queen loves Julia.
( Amat Iuliam regina. )
i Iulia amat rgginam,
\
'
2. Regmam amat Iulia, - Julia loves the queen.
( Amat regmam Iulia, )
-
The stem-vowel does not usually appear, and sometimes the caseending is lost.
1
10
Epistulas Iulia habet, )

> Julia has the letters.
4 Iulia epistulas habet,
( Habet epistulas Iulia, )
( Puella picturam habet, \
1 Picturam habet puella, > the girl has a picture.
( Picturam puella habet, )
,
3.
4.
is
it,
Notice in the above sentences that a, an, or the is used in the

but that there are no
translation whenever the sense requires
Notice, also, that the subject
in
corresponding Latin words.
the nominative, and the object in the accusative.
13. Rule. The
subject
a finite verb is in the
of
nominative.
14. Rule. The direct

15.
object is
in the accusative.
EXERCISES.
Puella fabulam narrat.
10.
2.
9.
8.
7.
5. 3.
6. 4.
1.
I.
Reglna puellas laudat.

Servae dominam amant.
Domina servas laudat.
Puellae Iuliam laudant.
Cornelia et Iulia epi
stulas habent.
Domina raensam et picturam habet.
Puellae fabulas narrant.
Quid habet Cornelia?
Rosam habet.
II.
the girls.
10.
What have the girls
8.
6.
9.
7.
5.
3.
1.
2.
She praises the ser

Cornelia tells stories.
4. They praise the
The girls have roses.
vant.
Julia has
table
The girl has
letter.
queen.
The
The servant loves the mistress.
and pictures.
The servants love
queen praises Julia and Cornelia.
FIRST OR a-DECLENSION.
11
CHAPTER III.
First or a-Declension.
Continued.
Genitive with Nouns.
16.
1.
2.
3.
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
Puella bonam reginam amat,
the girl loves the good queen.

Regina bona servas habet, the good queen has servants.
Iulia servam Corneiiae laudat, Julia praises Cornelia's
servant (the servant
4.
of Cornelia).
Regina rosae picturam laudat, the
of
queen praises the picture
the rose.
Notice that the adjectives have the same terminations as

their nouns, and that the adjective1 may precede or follow its
noun. Notice, also, that Corneiiae limits servam, and does not
mean the same person ; that rosae limits picturam, and does
not mean the same thing ; and that Corneiiae and rosae are
in the genitive.
17. Rule. A noun limiting another noun and not

meaning
the same
person or thing is in
18.
the
genitive.
VOCABULARY.
agrlcola, -ae, m., farmer.

fila, -ae, /., wing.
columba, -ae, /., dove.
filia,2 -ae, /., daughter.

nauta, -ae, m., sailor.
poeta, -ae, m., poet.

alba, white.
bona, good.
fida, faithful, trusty.
longa, long.
patrla, -ae, /., native land.

1.
Notice
vocabulary.
the
gender
of each noun in the
above
See 10. 8.
The adjective when emphatic precedes its substantive, otherwise

it follows it. It more often precedes.
2 The dative and ablative plural of fllia is usually filiabus,
1
12
The adjective forms given above are to
2.
with feminine nouns, and are to
be
be used
declined like
Decline together bona puella, rosa alba, flda
3.
mSnsa.
serva.
EXERCISE.
19.
I.
only
Poeta bonam fabulam narrat. 2. Agricolae fidas

servas laudant. 3. Filia agricolae albam columbam habet.
4. Eeglna bonam puellam amat.
5. Filiae nautarum
6. Nautae longas fabulas narlongas epistulas habent.
1.
rant. 7. Columba albas alas habet. 8. Puella poetarum

fabulas laudat. 9. Domina Iuliae mensam longam habet.
10.
Nauta patriam amat.
II.
Poets tell good stories.

2. Cornelia loves the
3. The queen's daughter
good daughter of the sailor.
4. The faithful girl loves the good queen.
has pictures.
6. The
5. The poet praises the good girl's letter.
sailor tells a good story. 7. Julia has faithful servants.
9. She has a
8. What has the farmer's daughter ?
white rose. 10. He praises the poet's native land.
1.
CHAPTER IV.
Present Indicative of Sum.
Agreement
of
20. PRESENT INDICATIVE

SINGULAR.
First Person, sum,
Verbs.
OF THE VERB Sum.
/ am.
Second Person, es, thou art.

Third Person, est, he, she, or it is.
PLURAL.
sumus, we are.
estis, you are.
sunt, they are.
PRESENT INDICATIVE
OF Sum.
13
ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES.
21.
1.
Fuella rosas habet,
2.
Puellae rosas babent,
3.
Est bona,
4.
Sumus fidae,
she
the
girl
the
has roses.
girls have roses.
is good.
we are faithful.
Notice that the subjects in (3) and (4) are not expressed by
Notice, also, that
separate words, but by the form of the verbs.
the verbs have different forms for subjects of different persons
and numbers.
22. Rule. A finite verb agrees with its subject in

number and person.
23.
VOCABULARY.
aqua, -ae, /., water.

Britannia, -ae, /., Britain.
silva, -ae, /., forest, woods.
grata, welcome, pleasing.
laeta, glad, cheerful.
lata, broad.
24.
I.
magna, large.
parva, small.
sum, I am.
In (prep, with abl.), in, on.

sed, conj., but.
ubl,
adv., where?
EXERCISES.
Sumus laetae. 2. Estis bonae. 3. Silvae Britanniae sunt magnae. 4. Ubi est aqua? 5. Aqua est in
silva. 6. Fabulae poetarum sunt gratae. 7. Agricolae1
9. Es
mensa est lata. 8. Alae columbarum sunt albae.
2
fida. 10. Regina filiara parvam laudat. 11. Picturae
1.
sunt gratae.
in patria.
12.
Regina est in Britannia, sed filia est
The genitive when it is emphatic is put before the noun which it

limits.
2 The possessive pronouns his, her, its, and their, are often omitted
in Latin, and must be supplied in translating.
1
14
II.
1.
good.
4.
We are small. 3. Water is

You are faithful. 5. The sailor's letters are
am
glad.
2.
The native land of the queen is large.

7. (There)1 are broad forests in Britain.
8. The ser
vants love (their) good mistress.
9. The poet tells a
10. (There) are doves in the forests.
pleasing story.
11. What has the little girl?
12. She has a white
dove.
13. The farmer is in the woods.
welcome.
6.
CHAPTER V.
Predicate Noun; Appositive.
25.
1.
2.
3.
ILLUSTRATIVE
Puella est serva,
the
SENTENCES.
girl is a slave.
PoSta est agricola, the poet is a farmer.

Iulia est bona domina, Julia is a good mistress.
Notice that serva, agricola, and domina are in the predicate

and denote the same person as puella, poeta, and lulia. A noun
thus used is called a predicate noun.
26. Rule.
A predicate
noun agrees with the subject
in case.
27.
1.
2.
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
PoSta Iuliam filiam amat, the poet loves his daughter Julia.
PoSta servam Iuliae filiae laudat, the poet praises the ser
vant
of
his daughter
J Words in
Julia.
parenthesis are not to be expressed in Latin.
PREDICATE NOUN;
APPOSITIVE.
15
Notice that filiam denotes the same person as liiliam, and is

in the same case, but is not a predicate noun. Notice, also, that
flliae denotes the same person as luliae, and is in the same
Nouns thus used are called
case, but is not a predicate noun.
appositives.
28. Rule. The appositive

noun which it limits.
29.
30.
3.
in case with the
VOCABULARY.
aquila, -ae, /., eagle.

femina, -ae, /., woman.
Galba, -ae, m., Galba.
Graecia, -ae, /., Greece.
incola, -ae, m. andf., inhabitant,
insula, -ae, /., island.
I.
agrees
pecnnia, -ae, /., money, a sum

of money.
cara, dear.
multa, much ; pi.
vocat, he calls.
many.
vocant, they call.
EXERCISES.
Es cara filia.
Aquila est silvarum incola.

Graecia est poetarum patria. 4. Poeta filiam Corne1.
liam amat.
2.
Femina
puellas parvas vocat. 7. Britannia est magna Insula.
9. Nautae
8. Eeginae filia magnam pecuniam habet.
filiae sunt fidae servae. 10. Agricolae multas columbas
habent.
II.
11.
5.
Alae aquilarum sunt latae.
Ubi est agricola Galba
6.
2. She praises
The queen is a good woman.
(her) daughter Julia. 3. (There) are large forests in
(my) native land. 4. The little girl calls (her) doves.
6. Cor
5. The inhabitants of the island are sailors.
nelia's letters are welcome.
7. The wings of the dove
are long and white.
8.
(There) is good water on the
island. 9. I am a farmer, but you are a sailor. 10. The
1.
queen and (her) daughter
Julia
are glad.
16
CHAPTER VI.
Second or o-Declension
Indirect
31.
Nouns in -us.
Object.
PARADIGM.
servus, m. , slave.
y.
servus
servi
servo
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
PLURAL.
servi
SINGULAR.
servorum
servis
servos
servum
servi
serve
servo
1.
In
2.
The stem ends in
servis
the above paradigm, what cases are alike ?

-6
as, servS-.
The stem may be found by dropping the ending

,rum of the genitive plural, and changing o to 6.
4. Make a table of the terminations and commit them
3.
to memory.
5.
Gender. Nouns in -us of the second declension
are masculine.
ILLUSTRATIVE
32.
SENTENCES.
1.
Oalba filiae fabulam narrat, Galba
2.
Nautae agricolls fabulas narrant,
tells
a story
to
his
daughter.
the
the
sailors tell stories
to
farmers.
Notice that filiae is in the dative and depends upon narrat;

and that agricolls is in the dative and depends upon narrant.
Such datives are called indirect objects.
33. Rule.
The indirect object
of a verb is in
the
dative.
SECOND
34.
OR O-DECLENSIOET.
17
VOCABULARY.
amicus, -I, m., friend.
hortus, -I,
diligent ia, -ae, /., diligence.
servus, -i, m., servant,
dominiis, -i, m., master (of servants).

equus, -i, m., horse.
Titus, -i,
f ilius,
-i, m. , son.
Helvetius, -i, Helvetian
as a noun,
m., garden.
slave.
m., Titus.
dat, he gives.
dant, they give,
a Helvetian.
Each of the adjectives thus far introduced, when

used with masculine nouns, has a masculine form de
clined like servus.
For the feminine form, see 18.
1.
2.
Decline together bonus servus, hortus magnus, albus
equus.
35.
I.
EXERCISES.
Amlcus Galbae multos equos habet.

2. Equus
albus est in horto agricolae. 3. Titus filio equum album
dat. 4. Dominus bonos servos laudat.
5. Domini servls
fidis pecuniam dant. 6. Eeminae diligentiam servarum
laudant.
7. Eilius agricolae magnum hortum habet.
8. Femina amlco caro epistulam longam dat.
9. Nautae
sunt ainicl reginae.
10. Ubi, Tite, est equus agricolae
Galbae ? 11. In horto est agricolae Galbae equus.
II.
1.
The slave has a good horse. 2. The islands

of Greece are many. 3. He tells good stories to (his)
5. There are
friends.
4. They are friends of Titus.
many horses on the island. 6. The island is small, but
it has many inhabitants. 7. The slaves praise (their)
8. The poet is an inhabitant of
master's daughter.
Britain.
9. He gives water to (his) friend's horses.
10. Eagles have broad wings.
1.
18
CHAPTER VII.
Second or -Declension : Nouns in -urn
Adjectives in -us, -a, -um.
Agreement of Adjectives.
36.
PARADIGM.
bellum, n., war.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
2V.,
Ac,
V.
G.
D., Ab.
bellum
belli
bello
bella
bellorum
bellis
The stem ends in 6 ; as, bellS.

2. Gender. Nounc in -um are neuter.
3. Each adjective thus far introduced, when used
with a neuter noun, has a neuter form declined like
1.
bellum.
These adjectives are declined in full as follows
37.
PARADIGM.
Bonus,
good.
SINGULAR.
Neuter.
Maaculine.
Feminine.
N.
bonus
G.
boni
bona
bonae
bonum
boni
D.
bono
bonae
bonam
bona
bonum
bonum
bona
bono
Ac.
V.
Ab.
bonum
bone
bono
bono
SECOND
OR 0-DECLENSION.
19
PLURAL.
If.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
boni
bonorum
bonis
bonae
bona
bonarum
bonorum
bonos
bonis
bonas
bonis
bona
boni
bonae
bona
bonis
bonis
bonis
38.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ILLUSTRATIVE SENTENCES
Hortus est magnus.

Horti sunt magni.
5.
Mensa est magna.

Mensae sunt magnae
7.
Donum est magnum.

Dona sunt magna.
Laetum nautam amat.
Laetos nautas amant.
that each noun in the preceding sentences is lim

ited by an adjective, and that each adjective has the same
Notice especially
gender, number, and case as its noun.
laetum and laetos.
Observe
39. Rule. An adjective
agrees with its noun
in
gen
der, number, and case.
40.
VOCABULARY.
bellum, -i, re., war.

concilium,1 -i, n., meeting, council.
donum, -i, re., gift.
inlfiria, -ae, /., wrong.

uuntlus,1 -i, m., a messenger.
malus, -a, -um, bad.
Romanus, -a, -um, Roman
noun, a Roman.
eclat, he conceals.
e Slant, they conceal.
convocat, he calls to
gether.
convocant, they call to

gether.
;
as
culpat,
Nouns in -ius and -him generally contract

gular into i without changing the accent.
1
he blames.
culpant, they blame.

il of the genitive sin
20
Adjectives already used In the masculine or feminine
I.
laetus, -a, -um.

Iatus, -a, -um.
longus, -a, -um.
mfignus, -a, -um.
multus, -a, -um.
parvus, -a, -um.
albus, -a, -um.

bonus, -a, -um.
cams, -a, -um.
fidus, -a, -um.
gratus, -a, -um.
Helvetlus, -a, -um.
41.
EXERCISES.
Nautae laetl.
2. Nautae laeto.
3. Poetarum
4. In horto magno.
5. Nautam parvum.
bonorum.
8. Multorum agrico6. Equls albls.
7. Multi poetae.
larum.
9. Bono servo.
10. Agricolas multos.
1.
II.
1.
Malus
servus
in silva equum
domini celat.
Nuntius fidus concilium Romanorum convocat. 3. Ami4. Dominl iniurias servorum celant.
cls multa dona dat.
6. Alae colum5. Nauta agricolae gratum donum dat.
barum albarum sunt magnae. 7. Nuntius Romanorum
in concilio Helvetios culpat. 8. Incolae Britanniae re10. In
9. Bellum in Graecia est magnum.
glnam amant.
silva sunt magnae aquilae. 11. Ubi, amice, est equus
2.
nunti ?
III.
The messenger tells a long story to the Romans.

2. We are faithful servants.
3. The slave conceals (his)
4. He is a Roman messenger.
money in the garden.
5. The poet's little son is fond of stories.
6. (There)
are large roses in the garden.
7. Galba is a friend of
the Helvetians.
8. The farmer's son has a large horse.
10. He
9. The servant is calling (his) master's horses.
11. The diligence of
calls together (his) dear friends.
1.
the girls is great.
SECOND
OR O-DECLENSION.
21
CHAPTER VIII.
Second or o-Declension
Imperfect
42.
puer, m., boy.
Nouns in -er and *ir.
Indicative of the Verb Sum.
PARADIGMS.
ager,1 m., field.
vir, m., man.
SINGULAR.
puero
ager
agrt
agro
puerum
agrum
puer
puerS
ager
iV.
puer
<?.
pueri
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
agro
vir
viri
viro
virum
vir
vir5
PLURAL.
pueri
puerorum
agri
viri
agrorum
pueris
pueros
agris
agros
virorum
viris
viros
V.
pueri
agri
viri
Ab.
pueris
agris
viris
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
How do the terminations of nouns in -er and -ir

differ from those of nouns in -ms ?
See 31. 3.
2. What is the stem of puer ? of ager ?
1.
Decline together puer parvus, latus ager, vir fldus.

4. Gender. Nouns in -er and -ir of the second
declension are masculine.
3.
Most nouns in -er are declined like ager. The only one in this book
declined like puer is llberi (plural).
1
22
43.
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE OF THE VERB SUM.

PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
1.
eram,
2.
eras, you were.
3.
erat, he was.
44.
was.
eramus, we were.
eratis, you were.
erant, they were.
VOCABULARY.
ager, agri, m., field.

discipulus, -i, m., pupil.
Iiberi, -Brum, in., children.
magister, -tri, m., teacher.
Marcus, -I, m., Marcus.
puer, pueri, m., boy.
vir, viri, m., man.
peritus, -a, -um, skillful.

non, adv., not.
semper, adv., always.
EXFjRCrSES.
45.
Filius Titi erat non laetas. 2. Eram amicus fili '

4. Poeta Ro3. Eras semper fidus amicus.
magistrl.
I.
1.
manus dlligentiam agricolae periti laudat.
5.
Vir
equum
7. Aml
amici in agro habet.
6. Eramus discipuli fidi.
8. Roman! concilium
cus Galbae erat agricola peritus.
convocant et nuntium Helvetiorum culpant. 9. Helvetii
10. Magister bonos
feminas et liberos in silva celant.
11. RomanI iniurias Helvetiorum
pueros semper laudat.
culpant. 12. Marcus semper erat poetarum amicus.
II.
1.
Many were the wars of the Romans.
were good children.
2.
You
Galba was a welcome messenger.

4. The man gives a horse to his son.
5. The Roman
farmers were not skillful.
6. The bad boys were in the
farmer's garden.
7. The letters of friends are always
8. You were a faithful pupil, but (your) friend
welcome.
Marcus was not faithful. 9. We were always good boys.
10. Good masters do not always have faithful servants.
11. Galba's horse is the gift of a friend.
3.
See footnote to 40.
ADJECTIVES IN -er.
23
CHAPTER IX.
Adjectives in -er.
Future Indicative of the Verb Sum ; Dative of Possessor.
4 6.
PARADIGMS.
Miser,
wretched.
SINGULAR.
N.
0.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
miser
misera
miserae
miserum
miserae
miseram
misera
misera
misero
miseri
misero
miserum
miser
misero
miseri
miserum
miserum
misero
PLURAL.
N~.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
miseri
miserorum
miserae
misera
miserarum
miserorum
miseris
miseris
miseros
miseri
miseris
miseras
miserae
misera
misera
miseris
miseris
miseris
Pulcher, beautiful.
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
N.
pulcher
pulchra
G.
pulchri
pulchro
pulchrum
pulcher
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchrum
pulchri
pulchro
pulchrum
pulchrum
pulchro
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
pulchrae
pulchram
pulchra
pulchra
24
PLURAL.
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ah.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
pulchri
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchros
pulchri
pu\chris
pulchrae
pulchra
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchra
pulchra
pulchris
pulchrarum
pulchris
pulchrfis
pulchrae
pulchris
that the masculine has the same peculiari

ties as substantives in -er. What are they ?
2. Most adjectives in -er of the second declension are
The only exceptions in this book
declined like pulcher.
1. Observe
are miser and llber.
Decline together miser servus, equus
niger.
47.
FUTURE INDICATIVE
SINGULAR.
1.
2.
3.
48.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ero, shall be.

eris, you will be.
erit, he will be.
OF THE VERB Sum.

PLURAL.
eriinus, we shall be.

eritls, you will be.
erunt, they will be.
Puer librum habet, the boy has a book.

Est puero liber, the boy has (there is to the boy) a book.
Titus equum habet, Titus has a horse.
Est Tito equus, Titus has (there is to Titus) a horse.
Notice the two ways of expressing possession.

The frm
with the dative and the verb sum should be used in the exercises,
unless the teacher prefer to have the sentence expressed in two
The dative thus used is called the dative of possessor.
ways.
1.
49. Rule.
The dative is used with sum to denote the
possessor, the thing possessed being the subject.
ADJECTIVES
50.
in
-er.
2b
VOCABULARY.
carrus, -i, m., cart.

niger, -gra, -gium, black.
frumentum, -1, n., grain.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, beauUber, -bri, m., book.
tiful.
defessus, -a, -um, tired.
delectat, he delights.
liber, -era, -erum, free.
delectant, they delight.
miser, -era, -erum, wretched, unhappy.
51.
I.
EXERCISES.
Es agricola, eris poeta.
1.
equum defessum celat.
3.
2.
Nuntius in silva
Filio agricolae
est carrus ma-
Filius agricolae carrum magnum habet.

frumentum non habet.
6. Viro est frumentum in
gnus.
7.
4.
Aqua erit in mensa servl.
8.
5.
Vir
carro.
EquI nuntiorum erunt

10. Vir filiae pulchrum
HelvetiT erant liberi.

librum dat. 11. Agrl et silvae semper poetam delectant.
12. Perltl magistri
diligentiam discipulorum laudant.
13. Eritis amici puerorum miserorum. 14. Marcus nigro
15. Erimus fidi discipuli.
equo frumentum dat.
defessi.
II.
9.
The boy has a beautiful

4. He calls
book.
3. He gives the boy a white dove.
5. Where are the
together the friends of the messenger.
master's books ? 6. The diligence of the boy delights
7. You will be faithful, and we
(his) faithful teacher.
shall be grateful.
8. There will be a meeting of teachers
in my friend's garden. 9. The slaves were unhappy.
11. The children
10. He always praises the faithful.1
1.
shall be tired.
2.
have many presents.

1
out
Plural adjectives are frequently used in Latin, as in English, with
When the substantive understood denotes persons,

the adjective should be in the masculine; but when the word things
can be understood, the adjective should be neuter.
Compare the English, "The land of the free, and the home of the
brave."
a substantive.
26
CHAPTER X.
Third Declension.
Mute Stems.
52.
PARADIGMS
princeps, m ,,
king.
chief.
Stem
rex, m.,
princip-
reg-
miles,
5)i.,
soldier.
milit-
caput,
re.,
head.
capit-
SINGULAR.
N., V.
rex
mlles
caput
regis
regi
regem
Ab.
^rincipe
rege
mllitis
mil itl
mllitem
mllite
capitis
Ac.
principle
principl
principem
milites
militum
militlbus
capita
G.
D.
princeps
capita
caput
capite
'
PLURAL.
N.,Ac.,V.
a.
D., Ab.
principes
principum
principlbus
reges
regum
regibus
In
capitum
capitibus
the third declension, the stem ends in a con

sonant or i.
2. Stems ending in a consonant, are classed according
to their final letter, as mute stems and liquid stems.1
3. To find the stem, drop the ending -um of the geni
tive plural.
4. Make a table of the case-endings from prlnceps.
5. Notice that the last vowel of the stem is sometimes
changed in the nominative.
1.
For sibilant stems,
see 61.
THIRD DECLENSION.
What happens when
precedes the ending s?
53.
27
(see iudex, -ids, in 53) or g

When t precedes the ending s?
VOCABULARY.
caput, -itis, n., head.

Index, -icis, to., judge.
miles, -itis, to., soldier.
rex, regis, ml, king.

cottidle, adv., daily,
pilum, -i, n., javelin.
saepe, adv., often.

vastat, he lays waste.
princeps, -ipis, to., chief.
vastant, they lay waste.
54.
I.
EXERCISES.
Miles multas belli fabulas puerls cottidie narrat.

2. Bella longa bonos viros non delectant.
3. Milites agros
agricolarum vastant. 4. Eex multos1 et fidos servos habet.
5. Iudici sunt multi et boni libri.
6. Eeges et prlncipes
saepe multos et pulchros equos habent. 7. Filius militis
erat peritus agricola. 8. Iudex puerls libros bonos dat.
9.
1.
Multi puerl fabulas militum
nigrl est parvum.
II.
11.
amant.
10.
Caput eqiu
Milites Romanl longa pila habent.
The horse has a large head.

2. The king's
soldiers lay waste the broad fields.
3. The judge's
son has many friends.' 4. The chiefs of the Helvetians
5. The teacher praises (his)
give grain to their friends.
faithful pupils. 6. The wretched slave will be free.
7. Good books do not always delight children.
8. The
soldier gives grain and water to (his) tired horses.
9. The soldier has a large black horse.
10. The farmer
has grain in (his) cart.
11. Good chiefs have faithful
soldiers.
1
1.
In Latin two adjectives limiting
connected by the conjunction et.
the same substantive are generally
28
CHAPTER XI.
Third Declension
Mute Stems.
Continued.
First Conjugation, Present Indicative Active.

tut.
Stem
voluptas, /.,
pes, m.,
pleasure.
foot.
voluptat-
ped-
castas, m. and
/.,
keeper.
ciistod-
SINGULAR.
N., V. voluptas
a. voluptatls
D.
Ac.
Ab.
voluptati
voluptatem
voluptate
pes
custos
custodis
custodv
pedis
pedl
pedem
pede
custodem
custode
PLURAL.
N.,Ac.,V.
G.
D.,Ab.
voluptates
pedes
voluptatum
voluptatibus
pedum
pedibus
custodes
custodum
custodibus
What happens when d or t precedes the nominative

ending s ?
56.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Principal Parts 1 of Amo.
PRES. IND.
PRES. INF.
PERF. IND.
amo, Hove; amare, to love; amavi,
/ loved;
SUPINE.2
amatum, to love.
These are called principal parts because, when these are known,
all forms of the verb may be readily found.
2 The supine is the same in form as the neuter of the perfect parti
1
ciple.
THIRD DECLENSION.
29
To find the present stem of a verb, drop the final

re of the present infinitive active.
2. Verbs are said to be of the first conjugation, when
the present stem ends in a ; i.e. when the present infini
tive active ends in are.
3. Give the principal parts of kudo, narro, voco, c6lo,
1.
culpo, delecto, vasto.

4.
Do, dare, deal, datum,
which resembles
first conjugation, has a short stem-vowel,

,57.
verb of the
a.
PARADIGM.
Present Indicative Active
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
amamus, we love.
amatls, you love.
love.1
amo,
amas, you love.
amat, he loves.
1.
2.
3.
of Arno.
amant, they love.
Make a table of the terminations
and commit them
to memory.
58.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
1.
Laudo, laudamus.
2.
Narras, narratis.
Puer
Agricola
3.
4. Celas, celamus.
5.
vocat, equum vocat.
7. Puellas culpamus.
servum culpat. 6. Milites culpas.
9. Pueros vocas.
10. Fidos
8. Aquam equls damus.
servos laudatis.
II.
tell, we tell. 2. You are praising, he does

praise. 3. We are calling, he is calling. 4. I conceal,
5.
He is calling, the master is
you are concealing.
1.
Also
1 do love, and
I am loving.
30
calling. 6. He calls together the chiefs. 7. He is call

8. It delights the poet.
ing together (his) friends.
9. We give gifts.
10. He does give gifts.
59.
VOCABULARY.
-itis,
comes,
m.
and f., com-
mi.
and/., guard,
panion.
custos, -odis,
keeper.
eques,
-itis, m., horseman; in
plural, cavalry.
lapis, -idis, m. , stone.
obses, -idis, m. andf., hostage,
pes, pedis, m., foot.
60.
I.
voluptas, -atis,/., pleasure.

liberS, -are, -avi, -Stum, set free.
paro, -are, -avi, -Stum, prepare.
paratus, -a, -um (perf. part, of
paro, used as adj.), prepared,
ready.
currit, he runs.
currant, they run.
in(prep.TOjAacc.),into,to,against.
EXERCISES.
1.
Equiti pulchrum
equum do.
2.
Amainus fldos
Rex milites defessos culpat.

4. Liberl
5. Libros comiprincipum Helvetiorum erant obsides.
tum celas.
6.
Comes nautae erat miser.
7. Iudicis
filium cottidie laudamus. 8. Multae sunt voluptates agriamicos.
3.
colae filiorum.
Caput equl est nigrum, sed pedes sunt

11. In agris
albl.
10. Fldi custodes non sunt regi.
12. Agros regis vastatis.
13. Equierant lapides multi.
tes equls frumentum parant. 14. Equus iudicis in hortum
15. Helvetii parati erant obsides dare.
currit.
II.
9.
Many (men) love pleasure. 2. The weary soldier

conceals (his) wrong. 3. The hostages of the Romans run
1.
The companions of kings are not

6. The
always good. 5. The soldier's javelin was long.
7. I often censure bad
cavalry set free the hostages.
pupils, and you always love the good. 8. The feet of
into the woods.
4.
THIRD DECLENSION.
31
the horsemen will be free. 9. The horsemen have grain

in carts. 10. We tell stories to the little children every
day.
CHAPTER XII.
Third Declension: Liquid Stems.
First Conjugation, Imperfect Indicative Active.
Jl.
PABADIGMS
consul, m.,
victor,
consul-
virgo, /.,
vulnus, n.,
virgin.
wound.
victor.
consul.
Stem
m.,
victor-
virgiu-
vulner- 1
8INGULAR.
N., V.
G.
D.
Ac.
consul
victor
virgo
vulnus
consulis
consul!
victoris
victori
victorem
virginis
virgin!
vulneiis
vulneri
virginem
vulnus
victore
virgine
vulnere
vulnera
vulnerum
vulneribus
consulem
cSnsule
Ab.
PLURAL.
Ac,
V.
consules
victores
virgines
G.
consulum
consulibus
victorum
victorious
virginum
virginibus
D., Ab.
62. In English, questions which
can be answered by
or no require no interrogative word. For the Latin

method of expressing such questions, see the following
yes
sentences
1
This was originally an
s stem, but * was changed to
r.
32
1.
2.
Fuerumne, Iulia, culpas ? Do you

Nonne servus est miser ? Is not
The slave is unhappy, is he not
3.
magister vocat?
Hum
master is not calling, is he
Is
blame the boy,

the
Julia ?
slave unhappy
f or,
?
the
master
calling?
or, The
The interrogative ne is an enclitic, always appended to the

emphatic word. See 4. and 7.
Nonne expects the answer yes; num expects the answer no;
ne does not indicate what answer is expected.
63.
PARADIGM.
Imperfect
Indicative Active of Amo.

PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
I was loving.1
1.
amabam,
2.
amSbas, you were loving.

amabat, he was loving.
3.
amabamus, we were loving.

amabatis, you were loving.
amabant, they were loving.
Inflect the imperfect indicative active of
laudo, narro,
voco, do, celo, culpo, paro, vasto.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
64.
I. 1. Culpabas, culpabatis. 2. Laudabam, laudabamus.
4. Parabam, parabat, parabant.
Celabat, celabant.
5. Puellas laudabat, cottidie laudat. 6. Nan-abas, puellae
narrabant.
7. Vocabam, vocabamus.
8. Dabat, dabas,
dabant. 9. Columbam liberabat. 10. Prlncipem culpamus.
3.
II.
1.
was blaming, we were blaming.
2.
He was
3. You were calling, he

praising, they were praising.
4. I was calling, we were calling.
was calling.
5. He
was giving, we were giving.
6. He was telling, the boy
is telling.
7.
I am preparing, I was
preparing.
are laying waste, he is laying waste.

the slaves.
10.
1
9.
I loved, I did love, I used
They
He was freeing
We were concealing the money.
Also
8.
to love.
THIRD DECLENSION.
65.
VOCABULARY.
clamor, -oris,
consul, -iilis,
m., shout, noise,
vulnus, -erls, n., wound.
m., consul.
orno, -are, -avi, -Stum,
corona, -a, /., crown, garland.

noiuen, -inis, .., name.
oppldum, -i, n., town.
soror, -oris, /., sister.
victor, -oris, m., conqueror,
victor.
vlrgo, -inis, /., maiden, virgin,
66.
I.
33
deck,
adorn.
mlttit, he sends.
mittunt, they send.
e,1
ex (prep, with abl.), from, out of.
ne,
->
nonne,
nuiu,
[.
signs
of questions.
EXERCISES.
Milites consulis ex oppido currunt.
Nonne
magister clamorem puerorum culpat ? 3. Victores Romanorum corona ornabat.
4. Nomen virginis erat Itilia.
6. Bonum regem et
5. Custodesne obsidum culpabas ?
iudicem laudabamus. 7. Celabatis, puerl, libros sororis.
8. ObsidI aquam dabam.
9. Servi principis agros parabant.
10. Nuin mlles vulnera celabat?
11. Consul ex
agris in oppidum milites multos mittit. 12. Liberos in
Britanniam obsides mittunt. 13. Nonne paratus eris victorem ornare ? 14. Consull voluptates non multae sunt.
1.
II.
2.
crown was adorning the head of the victor.

2. Do you praise the diligence of the pupils every day ?
3. The soldiers are sending (their) children out of the
town. 4. (My) sister's horse is black. 5. Galba runs
into the field and calls the horse. 6. Was not the
maiden's companion a Roman knight (eques)?
7. We
8. There were
were setting free the feet of the slaves.
9. The Roman consul is
many stones in the garden.
laying waste the towns and fields. 10. The shouts of
the pupils did not delight the master.
1
1.
6 is used before consonants,
ex before vowels and consonants.
84
CHAPTER XIII.
Third Declension.
Continued.
First Conjugation, Future Indicative Active; Ablative

of Instrument.
67.
PARADIGM.
Future Indicative Active of Amo.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
I shall
1.
amabo,
2.
amabis, you will love.

amabit, he will love.
3.
68.
I.
love.
amabimus, we shall love.

amSbitls, you will love.
amabunt, they will love.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
2. Ornabo, ornabimus.
Laudabit, laudabunt.
3. Narramus, narrabamus, narrabimus.
4. Vastat, vasta5. Celabas, celabis, celabunt.
bat, vastabit.
6. Vocabit,
7. Dabo, dabimus, dabunt.
8. Vocabitis,
ornabat, ornat.
9. Delectat, delectabit, delectabat.
vocabatis, vocatis.
10. Ornamus, ornabamus, ornabant.
1.
II.
I shall praise, we shall praise. 2. He is

telling, I shall tell. 3. We shall conceal,
1.
calling,
will
4. I shall set free, we shall set free, they will
conceal.
5. He will give, you will give, they will give.
set free.
6. We will call, it will delight, they will deck.
7. He is
8. He will
blaming, they were blaming, I shall blame.
9. He will
prepare, they will prepare, you will prepare.
10. We were praising,
tell, I was telling, they will tell.
he will call, you will tell.
he was
he
THIRD DECLENSION.
35
69.
Puella rosis caput ornat, the girl adorns her head with roses.
2. Foeta fabulis liberos delectat, the poet delights his children
1.
with stories.
3.
Lapide equitem vulaerat,
he
wounds
the
horseman
with
stone.
Observe that rosls, fabulis, and lapide are in the ablative case,
and that they show the instrument or means employed in doing
The ablative thus used is called the ablative
the act.
ment
or means.
70. Rule. Instrument or means is
of instru
expressed
by the
ablative without a preposition.
VOCABULARY.
71.
arbor, -oris,/.,
tree.
carmen, -inis, n., song, poem,

Caesar, -arls, m. , Caesar.
Gallia, -ae, /., Gaul.

Homerug, -I, m., Homer.
homo, -inis, m., man.
pater, patrls, m., father.
Graecus, -a, -um, Greek.
72.
I.
Graeci, -orum, m., the Greeks.

vulnero, -are, -Svi, -Stum,
wound.
porto, -are, -avi, -Stum, carry.
ad (prep, with ace), to, for,
near.
a,1
ab, (prep, with abl.), from,

by.
EXERCISES.
Homerum,
prmcipem Graecorum poetarum,

magistri et discipuli laudabant. 2. Multl liberl prlnci
3. Arbores multae
pal*- lalliae obsides erant Caesaris.
z atae regis hortum ornant. 4. Nonne miles pilo equi
tem vulnerabit?
5. Bonl pueri columbam
pulchram
1.
5 before consonants,
ab before vowels and h.
A FIRST BOOK IK LATIN.
36
6. Virgines patrem amant et

lapide non vulnerabunt.
laudant.
7. Carmina poetae multos homines delectant.
8. Bonos libros amabis, non celabis.
9. Custodibus pila
10. Eques in capite vulnus
dabimus, obsidibus aquam.
habet.
tafc.
Nuntius ab Helvetiis ad Caesarem dona porPuer librum ad sororem mittit. 13. Amlcls
11.
12.
voluptates multas pecunia parabat.
II.
1.
Men love (their) children,
and often praise
2. The victors will bring grain from the fields.

(them).
3. The shouts of the soldiers will not wound the horsemen
of Caesar. 4. The maiden has a crown of roses. 5. Bad
men are not good companions, are they ? 6. The horse's
feet are in the water.
7. The names of the pupils are in
the master's book.
8. You will give a book to (your)
9. Will you set
father, but a rose to (your) sister.
free the sister of the consul ?
10. The boy is ready to
carry a letter to (his) father.
CHAPTER XIV.
Third Declension
Stems in i.
First Conjugation, Perfect Indicative Active; Perfect

Indicative of Sum; Ablative of Manner.
73.
PARADIGMS.
ignis, m.,
fire.
Stem
Igni-
hostis, to. and/.,

enemy.
hosti-
caedes,
/,
slaughter.
caedi-
THIRD DECLENSION.
37
SINGULA R.
K.,
V.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
ignis
lgnis
Igni
hostis
host!
caedes
caedis
caedi
Ignem
igni, -e
hostem
haste
caede
host Is
caedem
PLURAL.
N., V.
G.
D., Ab.
Ac.
Ignes
hostes
caedes
Ignium
Ignibus
Ignes, -Is
h ostium
caedium
hostibus
hostes, -is
caedibus
caedes, -is
Most nouns in -is are declined like hostis, some like

Ignis ; but a few have only im in the accusative singular,
and only i in the ablative singular.
2. Whenever any of these nouns are introduced in this
book that are not declined like hostis, their peculiarities
1.
will
be given.
Nouns in -es, not increasing in the genitive (that

is, not having more syllables in the genitive than in the
nominative) are declined like caedes.
3.
74.
PARADIGMS.
Perfect Indicative Active of Amb.
SINGULAR.
amavi,
2.
amavisti
3.
amavi t.
I
II
f
{
<
loved.
have loved.
amavlmus,
you loved.
you have loved.
amavistis,
he loved.
a ma
he has loved.
or amavere,
vr
runt
we loved,
we have loved,
you loved,
you have loved.

( they loved.
they have loved.
38
Perfect Indicative of Sum.
^-
(I
IJ
c
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
fult
was.
'
have been.
you were.
Vou have been.
was'
he has been.
^e
(we
X we have been.
c
s'
were.
you were.
you have
been.
fuerunt f
they were.
or fuere,
they have been.
Notice that the perfect stem of amo is the present

stem + v. It may be found in any verb by dropping the
final i of the first person of the perfect indicative active.
2. Observe that the endings of the perfect are the
Make a table of them, and
same for both sum and amo.
1.
commit to memory.
75.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Portabit, portavit,
2. Paravi,
portaverunt.
3. Vocavisti, vocavistis, vocaparavimus, paraverunt.
4. Laudavi, laudavit, laudaverunt.
5. Laudas,
bitis.
7. De6. Liberavit, dedit, celavit.
laudabas, laudabis.
1.
vulnerabas,
8.
Vulnerabis,
disti, dedistis, culpavl.
vulneravit.
9. Vulneravi, vulneraverunt, vulneravistis.
10. Vastavit, paravit, convocavit.
II.
I was
carrying, you were calling, he will tell.

2. He has carried, you called, he concealed.
3.
have
given, you gave, it delighted. 4. I shall lay waste,
shall call, we shall tell. 5. He was carrying, he will
carry, he has carried. 6. He was concealing, he has con
7. He praised, he has blamed,
cealed, they concealed.
1.
they have called. 8. You were preparing, you will carry,

you will call. 9. They adorn, will adorn, have adorned.
10. He will wound, was wounding, is wounding.
THIRD DECLENSION.
76.
1.
39
Agricola frumentum cum diligentia in oppidum portabat,
the
farmer was carrying grain into
the
town
dili
with
gence.
2.
Agricola magna cum diligentia in oppidum frumentum

portabat,
into
3.
the
farmer with great diligence was carrying grain
the town.
Agricola magna diligentia in oppidum frumentum por

tabat,
into
farmer with great diligence was carrying grain
the
the town.
Observe that in the sentences cum diligentia, magna cum dili

gentia, and magna diligentia, show the manner of the act. The
ablative thus used is called the ablative of manner.
77. Rule. Manner is expressed by
the ablative
with
cum, or a limiting adjective, or with both.

Manner may.also, as in English, be expressed by an adverb.
78.
VOCABULARY.
-is,/., slaughter, murder,
caedes,
finis, -is,
m,., end ; pi., territory.

gladius, -i, m., sword.
hostis, -is, m. andf., enemy.
ignis, -is, m., fire.
mater, -tris, /., mother.
laboro, -are. -avi, -Stum, toil,
take.
facit, he makes.
faciunt, they make.
libenter, adv., gladly.
de (prep, with abl.), about, of,
from.
cum (prep, with abl.), with.
labor.
79.
I.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, seize,
EXERCISES.
Miles gladio hostem vulneravit.

2. Helvetii
nuntios de iniuriis ad Caesarem mittunt.
3. Victor finem
belli libenter facit.1 4. Caesar Igne et gladio fines hosti1.
Makes gladly, i.e. is glad to make.
40
um vastavit. 5. Agricolae magna cum dfligentia laboraverunt.

libenter
6. Nonne diligentiam dlscipulorum
'
laudavistl ?
7. Milites Caesaris magnam hostium eaedem
faciunt. 8. Graeci carmina Homerl laudabant. 9. Multa
10. Consul de Gallia fabuGalliae oppida occupabimus.
lam narrat. 11. Serva ad matrem multa dona portat a
domina. 12. Clamoribus magnis oppidum mllites occupaverunt.
II.
The boys run to the woods with a great shout.

2. Were the men of Britain large ?
3. The maiden
called her sister by name. 4. I have decked the head
of my mother with a garland of roses. 5. The poems of
Homer delighted the Greeks. 6. Mothers like to adorn2
their children. 7. The trees in my father's garden are
8. You will wound your companion with your
large.
sword.
9. The wounds of the soldier were many.
10. The boy labors diligently3 in the field every day.
1.
CHAPTER XV.
Third Declension : Stems in i.
Continued.
First Conjugation, Pluperfect and Future Perfect Indica

tive Active; Pluperfect and Future
of Sum; Ablative of
Accompaniment.
PARADIGMS.
80.
Stem
Perfect Indicative
mare, n.,
animal, n.,
sea.
animal.
animali-
mari-
See 3 and note 1.
Compare 3 and 6, above.
I.e. with diligence.
THIRD DECLENSION.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
mare
marla
marium
marlbus
N., Ac, V.
maris
mari
<?.
D., Ab.
41
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
animal
animalla
animalium
animalibus
animalis
animal!
Observe that the above nouns have
stems, and that
the nominative is the same as the stem, except that the

characteristic i has either been changed to e, as in mare,
or dropped, as in animal.
81.
PARADIGMS.
Indicative Active of Amo.
Pluperfect,
singular.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
amaveram,
had loved.
amaveras, you had loved.
amaverat, he had loved.
plural.
amaveramus,
we had loved.
amaveratis, you had loved.

amaverant, they had loved.
Future Perfect.
amavero,
shall have loved,
amaveris, you will have loved,
amaverit, he will have loved,
amaverimus, we shall have loved.

amaveritis, you will have loved.
amaverint,
they
will
have loved.
Indicative of Sum.
Pluperfect,
singular.
I had
1.
fueram",
2.
fueras, you had been.

fuerat, he had been.
3.
1.
2.
3.
been.
plural.
ramus, we had been.

fueratis, you had been.
fuerant, they had been.
fur.
Future Perfect.
fuero, shall have been.

fueris, you will have been.
fuerit, he will have been.
fuerimus, we shall have been.

fueritis, you will have been.
fuerlnt, they will have been.
42
82.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Fuimus, fueramus, fuerimus. 2. Celavi, culpavi,

vocavi, laboravl. 3. Vocaverat, vastaverat, paraverat.
4 Portavero, vastavero, occupavero.
5. Celaverasne?
paraverasne ? omaverasne ? 6. Celavistlne pecuniam ?
7. Liberaverat
obsides.
8. Frumentum
paraveratis.
11. Iti
9. Sororem culpaverat.
10. Pueros laudaverit.
dex militem liberavit.
12. Gladium hostis occupaverat.
1.
II.
will
2. He
he had prepared.
have blamed.
3.
labor,
They had wounded,
1.
have loved, they
was laboring,
will
will labor.
4.
have labored,
had
He calls, he was
shall have labored.
5.
calling, he will call. 6. He has called, he had called, he
will have called. 7. The soldier had carried a javelin.
8. We had called together the children.
9. The fire had
seized the town.
10. The gift will have delighted the
11. They were preparing to take the town.
boy.
labored,
83.
Caesar in agros Titum cum equitibus mittit, Ccesar sends

Titus with cavalry into the country-districts.
2. Galba cum patre in urbe laborat, Galba works with his
father in the city.
1.
Observe that equitibus denotes the persons by whom Titus is

accompanied, and patre the person by whom Galba is accom
The ablative thus used is called the ablative of accom
panied.
paniment.
84. Rule. Accompaniment is
expressed
by the abla
tive with cum.
In military
Caesar multis
legionibus in Galliam properat, Casar hastens into Gaul with
many legions.
phrases cum is often omitted
as,
THIRD DECLENSION.
85.
VOCABULARY.
animal, -alls, n., animal.

Bibracte, -is, n., Bibracte.
tinmen, -inis, ., river.
iter, itineris, ., march, route,
legio, -onis, /. , legion.
86.
I.
43
mare, -is, n., sea.

vectigal, -galls, n., tax.
tertius, -a, -urn, third.
pngno, -are, -avi, -Stum, fight.
propero, -are, -avi, -atum, hurry.
EXERCISES.
In
marl sunt animalia multa et magna. 2. Dederantne Helvetil Caesari vectigalia?

3. Caesar cum
tertia legione ad oppidum Bibracte properavit. 4. Hostes
a silvis ad flumen properaverunt.
magnls itineribus
5. Gladio et pilo, mTlites, cum Graecis pugnavistis.
6. In
carminibus Homerus fabulas de bello narravit.
7. Liberl
cum matre in pulchro horto fuerant. 8. Pulchrae arbores
multos homines delectant. 9. Consul cum multis militibus Igni et gladio fines hostium vastaverat. 10. Magna
fuerit caedes hostium.
II.
1.
The poet had carried his poems to (his) sister.

2.
Caesar makes a long march and takes the town
Bibracte. 3. The soldiers had fought with the enemy,
and had wounded many with (their) swords.
4. The
boys were glad to labor (were gladly laboring) with
(their) fathers in the fields. 5. The march to the river
had been long. 6. The taxes of the Greeks will be small.
7. Have sailors always been glad to tell stories about the
sea ?
8. The legions hasten to the river with the cav
alry, and put an end to the slaughter (make an end of
the slaughter).
9. The soldiers fought in the river.
10. Caesar will have laid waste the fields of the enemy
1.
with fire.
44
CHAPTER XVI.
Third Declension : Mixed
Stems.1
Ablative of Time.
87.
Stem
PARADIGMS.
nor, /.,
urbs,/.,
mons, m.,
night.
city.
mountain.
noet-
urb-
inont-
SINOULAR.
N., V.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ah.
nox:
urbs
noctis
nocti
urbls
urbi
urbem
noctem
nocte
mons
montis
monti
montem
monte
urbe
PLURAL.
N., V.
noctes
urbes
montes
a.
D., Ab.
Ac.
noctium
noctibus
noctes -is
urbiuin
urbibus
urbes -is
montlum
montibus
montes -is
Which class of nouns do these resemble in the singular ?

In the plural ?
Like
these words are declined
and -rs;
2.
Monosyllables
in
-s
1.
Most nouns in -ns
and -x preceded
by a
consonant.
These were originally consonant stems, as given above, but in the
plural they are declined like /' stems.
1
THIRD DECLENSION.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
88.
I.
45
Vocabam, celabo, paravi. 2. Portabis, dederas,

3. Properasne ad flumen?
4. Occupaoccupaveris.
5. Pugnabantne, delectatisne, occupabatisne oppidum?
bitne? 6. Homines liberavimus, laudabimus. 7. Virgo
rosls sororem ornabat, ornaverat.
8. Ubi mlles pilum
9. Quid puer ad matrem portaverit,
celabit, celabat?
1.
portavit?
II.
10.
Cum Gallis pugnaverit, pugnaverat.
We were calling, we shall hurry. 2. What were

you calling ? 3. Did not the master blame the slaves ?
4. He fought with a sword, will fight.
5. We shall fight
with the Greeks, hs will fight. 6. He loved (his) children,
had loved.
7. He will have praised the poem, you were
praising. 8. Fine (beautiful) trees adorn, were adorning
1.
The Greeks had paid (do), were paying

10. We will call, have called a council.
the garden.
taxes.
9.
89.
1.
Hieme in urbe Marcus laborat, in
2.
Legio nocte oppidum occupavit,
in
in
3.
the
the
the
winter Marcus works
city.
the
night.
Una hora in urbe ero, within an hour
legion seized
I shall
be
in
the
the
town
city.
Observe that hieme shows the time when Marcus works in the
city, nocte the time when the town was seized, and una hora the
time within which I shall reach the city.
90. Rule. Time
when,
or within which, is expressed
by the ablative without a preposition.

Time within which may also be expressed by in with the
ablative.
46
91.
VOCABULARY.
aestas, -atls,
/.,
summer.
annus, -I, m., year.

dux, duels, m., leader.
hlems, hiemis, /. , winter.
bora, -ae, /., hour.
mons, montis, m., mountain.
92.
I.
nox, noctis, /., night.

pax, pads, /., peace.
urbs, urbis, /., city.
vigilia, -ae, /., (part of the night)

watch.
EXERCISES.
Dux ex oppido ad flumen properaverat et cum

hostibus ptignaverat.
2. Tertia vigilia noctis Bibracte
3. Mater Galbae erit in urbe hieme, non
occupabamus.
4. De tertia vigilia legiones ex oppido properaaestate.
verunt.
5. Hum animalia Ignem amant ?
6. Flumina
in mare currunt. 7. Tertia hora Caesar magnam caedem
hostium facit. 8. Tertio anno belll consulibus vectigalia
1.
Graecl libenter cum consule pacem faciunt.

10. Erant multae arbores in montibus.
11. Milites
tertiae legionis gladiis et pilis pugnabant.
dederatis.
II.
9.
The leader of the soldiers makes peace with

2. The farmers labored cheerfully in the
the Helvetians.
3. The wearied soldiers had hastened by forced
summer.
marches into the territory of the enemy, and had taken
4. Winter
the town in the third watch of the night.
5. We had
on the mountain had not been agreeable.
6. The faith
fought at night with the Roman legions.
ful mother has called her tired children into the garden.
7. The men hastened to the sea in the third watch.
8. Man is an animal.
9. Galba did not seize the beauti
ful town, but laid waste the fields of the enemy. 10. The
soldiers are laying waste the fields with fire.
1.
THIRD DECLENSION.
47
CHAPTER XVII.
Third Declension.
Rules for Gender.
Make a complete table of the nominative endings of
nouns of the third declension.
93. Gender.
Nouns in -6, -or, -os, -er, and -es, increas

ing in the genitive, are masculine, except those in -do, -go,
and abstract and collective nouns in -id.
2. Nouns in -as, -es, not increasing in the genitive, -is,
1.
-e,
-y, -c,
-n,
-t,
Nouns in -a,
-I,
3.
-i,
-us (long), -do, -go, -id (abstract and collective),

lowing a consonant), -x, are feminine.
-s
(fol
-ar, -ur, -us (short),
are neuter.
There are many exceptions to these rules, and the learner
should notice each when he first meets it.
These rules are subordinate to the general rule for gender.
See 7.
94.
VOCABULARY.
explorator, -oris, to., scout.

litus, -oris, n., shore (of the
sea).
miis, moris, to., custom; pi.,

manners, character.
ordo, -inis, to., rank, row, order.
pains, -Bdis, /., marsh, swamp.

pedes, peditis, to. (pes, foot),
foot-soldier.
delibero, -are, -avi, -atiim,

consider, deliberate.
per (prep, with ace), through.
48
95.
I.
BXEECISES.
2. Caesar
Liberos et mfttres in palude celaverant.
cum hostium duce de pace deliberabat. 3. Hieme milites
Caesaris saepe pugnabant. 4. Milites tertiae legionis ad
5. Ntintii per hostium fiues in
litus properaverant.
urbem currunt.
6. Dux de tertia vigilia noctis ad montem exploratores mittit.
7. Magister discipulis de moribus Graecorum narrabat. 8. Explorator de tertia vigilia
9. Pedites
per ordines peditum ad flumen properavit.
tertia hora montem occupaverant. 10. Nocte in monte
multos ignes habent mllites.
1.
II.
The commander will consult with the consul

about the war. 2. The boys run through the woods to
the shore. 3. He often hurries into the city about nine
o'clock.1 4. They send the scouts in the night to the ter
ritory of the enemy. 5. The third legion had often
6. In the
fought with the Helvetians in the summer.
third year of the war we laid waste many towns and
cities. 7. They had carried grain into the marshes to
8. The taxes of the Helvetians were
(their) horses.
small.
9. The mother frequently
praises the good
manners of (her) children.
10. The commander cen
sures a foot-soldier of the third rank.
1.
96.
cohors, -tls, /., a cohort.
Ifis, inrls, n., right, law.
pars, partis, /., part.
tempus, -oris, n., time.
VOCABULARY.
decem,
ten.
numeral
adj.,
indecl.,
iuvo, -are, ifivi, latum, assist.

sto, stare, steti, statum, stand.
As the Romans divided the day into twelve hours, beginning at

sunrise, about nine o'clock would be equivalent to about the third how
1
THIRD DECLENSION.
97.
I.
49
EXERCISES.
1. Caesar
a litore ad urbem iter
facit et milites
iuvat.
2. Sunt in legione decem cohortes.
4. Servus per palu3. Pner in itinere comitem iuverat.
dem ad mare currit.
5. Arborum ordo in litore stabat.
7. De itire obsi6. Pacis temporibus bellum paramus.
dum in concilio deliberabimus. 8. Pater filio librum de
Graecorum moribus dedit. 9. Consul cum parte peditum
Britanniam occupabit.
10. Dux cum decem cohortibus
Graecos iuvabat.
frumento
II.
The scout was telling about the customs of the

Helvetians.
2. The horses were standing at (in) the
end of a marsh.
3. In the third watch the commander
sends a scout to the mountain.
4. Boys, do you like to
stand on the seashore in summer ? 5. Night puts an end
to the journey.
6. Caesar had aided the Helvetians with
grain. 7. In the third year of the war the Greeks make
8. They will consult about the
peace with the Romans.
rights of the victors. 9. At the seashore, winter is not a
1.
pleasant season (time of year), is it ? 10. We shall set

free a part of the hostages at nine o'clock.1
i
See 95.
II.
3.
50
CHAPTER XVIII.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
First Conjugation, Present Indicative Passive; Ablative
of
Agent.
'AKAU HjJH-S.
acer, sharp.
Stem
ficrlSINGULAR.
Masculine.
N.,V.
celer, swift.
celeri-
acer
G.
D.,Ab.
Ac. acrem
Feminine.
SINGULAR.
Neuter.
acris
Masculine
Feminine.
Neuter
acre
celer
celerls
celerls
celeri
celere
acre
celerem
celerem
celere
acris
acri
acrem
PLURAL.
PLURAL.
N., V. acres
a.
D.,Ab.
acres
acria
acrium
acribus
celeres
celeres
celerium1
celeria
celeribus
Ac. acres (-is) acres (-is) acria
celeres (-is) celeres (-is) celeria
These are called adjectives of three terminations,

because in the nominative singular there is a different
form for each gender. -'
2. What change in the stem is seen in the nominative ?
3. Decline together miles acer, domina acris, celer equus.
1.
99. Learn
the conjugation of the present indicative
passive of amo (p. 217).
Make a table of terminations,
Celerum is the usual genitive plural of celer.

- To this class belong only a few steins in -ri. Thcse are all (except
celer) declined like acer.
1
ADJECTIVES OF THREE TERMINATIONS.
51
Like amo conjugate the

and commit them to memory.
present indicative passive of voco, laudo, delecto, and vulnero.
100.
ILLUSTRATIVE
Reglna Iuliam amat,
1.
SENTENCES.
the,
queen loves
Julia.
Iulia a regma amatur, Julia is loved by the queen.

Titus ab amico amatur, Titus is loved by his friend.
2.
3.
Observe that the first and second sentences have the same
is
is,
meaning, but that the verb of the first is in the active voice,
and the verb of the second in the passive.
the person who does the
Observe that the agent that
act
expressed in the first by the nominative case, and in
the second by the ablative with a, and in the third by the
ablative with ab.
101. Rule. The agent with a passive verb is

by the ablative
102.
expressed
with a or ab.
EXERCISES
ON FORMS.
a
2.
5.
7.
a 9.
8. 6.
3.
4.
1.
I.
Vulneratur
milite.
Vocamur, culpamur.
Iuvantur
Liberat servum.
Vulneratur pilo.
A sorore lau
consule convocantur.
Cives
patre.
Frumentum ex
Palus arboribus celatur.
dator.
10. Saepe
pueris in hortum
agro ab agricola portatur.
vocaris.
II.
2.
7.
5.
6.
is
3.
1.
The
you are praised.
The girls are adorned
mother adorns (her) daughter.
seized by the general.
4. The town
by the mother.
The chil
The soldiers are wounded with stones.
The men are
dren are carried through the marsh.
We are blamed,
is
9.
8.
We are assisted by (our)

blamed by the judge.
The fields are devastated by the conquerors.
friends.
laid waste by fire.
10. The town
52
103.
VOCABULARY.
celeritas, -atis, /., quickness, rapidity, swiftness.
clvls, -is,
(like Ignis), citizen.

impera tor, -oris, m., commanderm.
in-chief, general.
fratris, m., brother.
legatus, -I, m., lieutenant, ambassador.
frater,
104.
I.
navls, -Is, /. (like ignis),

ship.
Seer, arris,
acre,
sharp,
active.
celer, celeris, celere, quick,

swift.
acenso, -are, -avi, -Stum,

accuse.
EXERCISES.
Acer consul malos cives accusat.

2. Legatus
magna celeritate in flnes hostium iter facit et oppidum
3. Frater imperatoris a civibus acctimagnum occupat.
satur. 4. Matres liberos rosis pulchrls ornant. 5. Urbs
tertia vigilia noctis a duce cohortium occupatur.
1.
Nautae decem navibus celeribus frumenta ad urbem

portant. 7. Milites, ab imperatore laudamur. 8. Legatus
cum imperatore de iure peditum deliberaverat.
9. Vir
a comite gladio vulneratur.
10. Celeri navl ab impera
toris fratre in Britanniam portatur epistula.
6.
II.
beautiful book is given to the pupil by the

master.
2. A great part of the city is concealed by the
mountain. 3. The lieutenants are summoned to a council
by the commander-in-chief. 4. In the summer of the
third year of the war, the general consulted with the citi
zens about peace. 5. Many large animals were standing
6. The active foot-soldiers by
on the shore of the sea.
forced marches hurry to the consul. 7. Swift ships are
given to Caesar by (his) friends. 8. In time of war women
often assisted the farmers in the fields. 9. The boys were
10. Soldiers,
standing in a row at the end of the marsh.
we
1.
will quickly (with quickness) prepare
to fight.
ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS.
63
CHAPTER XIX.
Adjectives of Two Terminations.1
First Conjugation,
Imperfect
Indicative Passive;
Ablative of Cause.
105.
PARADIGM.
brevls, short.
Stem
brevlPLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Masculine. Feminine.
N.,V.
brevls
Masculine.
breve
G.
brevls
D.,Ab.
brevi
Ac.
Neuter.
brevem
Feminine.
Neuter
brevia
breves
brevlum
brevlbus
breve
breves (-is)
brevla
106. Learn the conjugation of the imperfect indica

tive passive of amo. Make a table of terminations, and
commit them to memory.
107.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Pater filium iuvabat.
Filius
patre iuvabatur.
3. Princeps obsides liberaverat.
4. A Romanis
urbs vastabatur. 5. Accusabaris a civibus.
6. Gladils
ab hostibus (it) ptignatur.
7. Legati ab imperatore
8. Celabamur in silva a duce.
accusabantur.
9. Mater
10. Fabulae breves a
pueris fabulas breves narrabat.
matre narrabantur.
1.
This class includes all

and also the comparatives.
1
2.
stems, except those of three terminations,
54
II.
1.
was calling, thou wast called.
2.
We were
praising, you were praised. 3. You were blamed, he was

4. We were being assisted by (our) friends.
praised.
5. We were preparing war.
6. I was assisted by (my)
brother.
7. The sailors were hurrying to the sea with
shouts.
8. The women and children were concealed in
the swamps.
9. A part of the cohorts was concealed by
a row of trees.
10. In the night the city was seized.
108.
1.
ILLUSTRATIVE
Servi diligentia
by their master
2.
for
SENTENCE.
domino laudantur,
(because
the slaves
are praised
of) their diligence.
Militga defessi itinere erant,

(on account of) their march.
the
soldiers were weary with
Observe that diligentia shows the cause of the praising, and

itinere the cause of the weariness, and that they are in the abla
tive case.
109. Rule. Cause may
be expressed
by the ablative,
,usually without a preposition.

1
lO.
VOCABULARY.
castra, srum, n., camp.

multitndo, -iuis, /., (multus),
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, surpass, defeat.
multitude, great number.

brevis, -e, short.
fortis, -e, brave.
populus, -i, m., people.
virtus, -Otis,/., (vir), bravery,
gravis, -e, heavy.
omnia, -e, all.
virtue.
dolet, he is pained ; dolent, they are pained.
III.
I.
tur.
1.
2.
EXERCISES.
Pedites omnes virtute ab imperatore laudabanMilites tertiae legionis vulneribus multls dolent.
ADJECTIVES OF TWO TERMINATIONS.
55
peditum fortium magna cum celeritate

4. Lapides graves ad urbem navibus
hostes superabat.
5. Cives ad castra properabant et cum
portabautur.
6. Imperator more
imperatore de hire deliberabant.
populi RomanI Helvetiis iter non dat. 7. BrevI tempore
Caesar Helvetios superaverat. 8. Dux iniuriis Graecorum
a populo Romano accusabatur.
9. Gravi vulnere ad castra
a servo legatus portatur.
10. Nautae acres erant laetl
celeribus navibus.
3.
Multitudo
II.
The messenger was praised by the citizens for

his quickness. 2. The cohorts were aided by a large
number of brave cavalrymen.
3. The journey from a
part of Gaul to Britain is short. 4. The lieutenant with
all the cohorts hastened to the camp in the night.
5. Has a legion ten cohorts ?
6. Water was carried by
1.
The judge is pained

by the wrongs of (his) brother. 8. A part of the third
legion had defeated the Helvetians near the river. 9. The
soldiers were standing in the camp. 10. The camp of he
the women to the weary soldiers.
7.
enemy was seized through the valor of the third cohort.
A PIEST BOOK IN LATIN.
56
CHAPTER XX.
Adjectives of One Termination.1
First Conjugation, Future Indicative Passive; Ablative
of
112.
Specification.
PARADIGMS.
velox, swift.
potens, powerful.
potent-
Stem vSloc-
SINGOLAR.
JV".,
V.
G.
SINGULAR.
Neuter.
Masculine.
velox
D.
veloci
Ac. velScem
velSx
Ab.
veloci (-e)
potentem
velocla
Ac. veloces (-is)

1.
PLURAL.
potentgs
potentia
potentlum
poteutibus
veloclum
velScibus
D., Ab.
potens
potent! (-e)
PLURAL.
G.
Neuter.
potens
potentis
potent!
velocls
N.,V. veloces
Feminine.
velocla
potentes
(-is)
potentia
What nouns do these adjectives resemble in their
declension ?
2.
Why are they called adjectives of
3.
Decline together
eques
one termination ?
velox, velox equus, rex potens,
regina potens.
113. Learn the conjugation of the future indicative

Make a table of terminations, and
passive of amo.
commit them to memory.
1
This class includes all consonant stems except the comparatives.
ADJECTIVES OF ONE TERMINATION.

114.
I.
57
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Castra occupabantur, occupabuntur. 2. Vulnerabatis, vulnerabitis pilo. 3. Celeritas exploratorem iuvat,

iuvabit. 4. Explorator celeritate laudabatur, laudabitur.
6. Celeres naves
5. Ab amlcls iuvamur, iuvabimur.
7. Cum celeritate
parantur, parabuntur, parabantur.
1.
urbs occupabatur, occupabitur. 8. Accusabitur, accusa9. Virtus fortium virorum saepe

batur ab acrl legato.
laudatur. 10. Celer nuntius non culpabatur, culpabitur.
11. Superabamur, superabimur a Romanls.
II.
1.
We shall assist, you will be assisted.
The
The city
2.
3.
citizen will be assisted by (his) brother.
4. Sol
was being seized, it will be seized by the general.
5. In the
diers, you will be praised for (your) valor.
summer we hurry, we shall hurry to the shore.

were fighting, we shall fight with swords.
7.
6.
We
He is fight
8. You will
ing, he was fighting with a foot-soldier.
9. The citizens were being con
be called to the city.
10. Where
cealed, they will be concealed in the woods.
will the scout be concealed ?
115.
1.
Roman! Helvetioa virtute superabant,

passed
2.
the
the
Romans sur
Helvetians in valor.
Nomine fuit r5x,
he was
king in name.
Observe that virtute is used with superabant and defines its

application ; so also nomine defines the application of rex. The
ablative thus used answers the question in what respect, and is

called the ablative of specification.
116. Rule. The ablative of specification may
be
with a verb, noun, or adjective to define its application.
used
58
117.
VOCABULARY.
ars, artis, /., art.

hSmanltas, -atis, /., culture.
natSra, -ae, /., nature, character.
vis, vis, vl, vim, vi, /., force ;

pi. vires, virium, strength,
118.
I.
altus, -a, -um, high,
deep.
Idoneus, -a, -um, suitable, proper.

par, parls, equal.
potens, -entis, powerful.
velox, -ocis, swift.
que, conj., enclitic, and.
EXERCISES.
Helvetii a populo Romano virtute bumanitate2. BrevI tempore mllites acres oppique superabantur.
1.
dum nomine Bibracte occupant.

3. Imperator et legatus
sunt viribus pares. 4. EquI ducum viribus celeritateque
fuerunt pares. 5. Frater arte, bonls moribus soror laudabitur. 6. Miles a fratre humanitate, non virtute superabatur. 7. Itidex a clvibus multis et potentibus accusabitur.
8. Caesar multitudine velocium navium regem iuvabit.
9. Artem ducis, mllitum virtutem saepe laudamus. 10. Litus est altum et aestate ad castra natura idoneum.
II.
The Romans were surpassed by the enemy in

the large number of (their) men.
2. The mountain was
not suitable by nature for a large town. 3. The brother
of the active lieutenant was commander-in-chief in name.
4. The brave brothers are suffering on account of (their)
wounds.
5. All the lieutenants will be summoned to a
council in the third watch of the night. 6. The swift
cavalry will hurry from the camp at the proper time.
7. The third legion will be praised for (its) swiftness and
(its) valor. 8. The Greeks were surpassed by the Romans
in the arts of war. 9. The valor and culture of the Greeks
will be praised by all men. 10. The Romans were superior
to (their) enemies in the quickness of their ships.
1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
59
CHAPTER XXI.
First Conjugation.
Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Passive;
Descriptive Ablative.
119. Learn the conjugation of
the perfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect indicative passive of amB.

1. These tenses are formed by combining forms of the
verb sum with the perfect passive participle amatus, -a, -um.
They are, therefore, called compound tenses.
2. It will be observed that the neuter of the participle
amatus, -a, -um, is exactly like the supine given as one of
the principal parts of the verb.
3. The participle amatus, -a, -um, is declined like bonus,
-a, -um, and agrees with the subject of the verb in gender,
number, and case.
Like amo conjugate the perfect, pluperfect, and future
perfect indicative passive of laudo, voco, vulnero, and libero.
120.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
2. Custos
Servi liberati sunt, liberati erunt.
rulneratus erat, vulneratus est. 3. Gives convocatl erunt,
5. Vir4. Castra regis vastata erant.
convocatl erant.
tute a populo laudatus es. 6. Nocte in silva celati sumus.
8. Celeritate et vlri7. Delectamur, delectabimini urbe.
9. Regis patria ignl vastata est.
bus non superabatur.
11. Velox
10. A. potentibus clvibus rex accusatus erat.
1.
equus nuntio paratus est.
60
II.
1.
He is called, he was blamed, he will be praised.
He was called, he had been blamed, he will have been

praised. 3. Titus was consul in name. 4. The comman
2.
der-in-chief has been overcome.

5. The active horseman
had been wounded. 6. We shall surpass the Greeks in
culture. 7. The girls had been delighted with the poem.
8. Gaul had been seized by the enemy.
9. The javelins
have been carried to the town.
10. Did you carry the
11. We had been defeated in
javelins to the town?
12. He was
not surpassed
Britain.
in strength.
13. The town has been taken
by the lieutenant.
14. They were set free by the general,
15. The
field had been laid waste with fire.
16. They have
consulted with the chief.
121.
1.
ILLUSTRATIVE
Iulia est puella
magna,
SENTENCES.
diligentia, Julia is a girl of
great
diligence.
2.
Caesar erat magna virtute, Caesar was a (man) of great
3.
Pueros bonis moribus amo,
valor.
/ love boys of good character.
that magna diligentia modifies puella, that magna

virtute modifies Caesar, and that bonis moribus modifies pueros.
Observe, also, that these ablatives express a quality of the
substantives which they modify.
The ablative thus used is
called the ablative of quality, or the descriptive ablative.
The ablative alone cannot be used to express quality, but
must have an adjective in agreement with it, or a limiting
Observe
genitive.
122. Rule. The ablative with an adjective may

used to express quality.
be
FIRST CONJUGATION.
123.
VOCABULARY.
adulescens, -entls, m., youth,

Ariovistus, -I, m., Ariovistus.
Germanus, -a, -urn, German,
Germanus, -i, m., a German.
corpus, -oris, n., body.
magnitude, -lnis, /., size, magnitude.
oppOgno, -are, -avi, -atum,

attack, storm.
124.
I.
61
incredibllis,
-e, incredible.
lngens, -entls, huge, vast.

munitus, -a, -am, (perf part, of
infinio) , fortified.
primus, -a, -um, (sup. of prior),

first.
summus, -a, -um, (sup. of superus), very high, very great,

top of.
EXERCISES.
Germanl prlma vigilia castra natura et arte munfta oppugnaverunt.

2. Germanl erant ingenti magnitudine corporum et incredibili virttite.
3.
Equitum
multitudine et celeritate hostes a Komanis superatl sunt.
4. Adulescentem summa humanitate legatum in Britanniam mittit.
5. Oppidum summa vl oppugnatum est
1.
6. Dux fortis incredibili celeritate ad

prlma vigilia.
montem properaverat et castra tertiae legionis oppugnaverat.
7. Urbs potens bello fuerat.
8. Corona gravis
data erat reglnae.
9. Puella magna diligentia a patre
10. Imperator idoneo tempore oppi
saepe laudata est.
dum natura munitum opptlgnabit.
II.
1.
All
men have been pleased by the
skill of the
2. The general, (a man) of great

great poet Homer.
culture, is pained by the wounds of his soldiers. 3. The
4. Men
poet was a man of great diligence and culture.
of great valor have been called into camp.
5. The
Romans were surpassed by the Germans in stature (size
of bodies).
6. The scouts hastened
with incredible
swiftness to a high mountain. 7. In a short time all the
62
citizens will have been called into the city.

8. The
leaders of the cohorts are equal in stature and bravery.
9. The soldiers of Ariovistus, king of the Germans,
wounded the cavalry of Caesar with stones. 10. Suitable
gifts have been given to all the good servants.
CHAPTER XXII.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Declension
of Comparatives; Ablative with
125. Adjectives
have
degrees of comparison,
in Latin
as
Comparatives.
in English three
the positive, the comparative,
and the superlative.

Comparison may be regular or irregular.
126.
REGULAR COMPARISON.
POSITIVE.
carus (stem caro-),
dear.
COMPARATIVE.
carior,
carisslmus,
dearer.
brevis (stem brevi-),

short.
brevior,
velox (stem veloc-),

swift.
potens (stem potent-),
velocior,
powerful.
SUPERLATIVE.
dearest.
brevissimus,
shorter.
swifter.
potentior,
more powerful.
shortest.
velScissimus,
swiftest.
potentissimus,
most powerful.
Observe that the comparative is formed from the stem
of the positive by dropping the stem-vowel,
if
there is
OP ADJECTIVES.
COMPARISON
63
one, and adding -ior, and the superlative likewise by add
ing -issimus.1
Compare altns, longus, latus, laetus, gratus, peritus, fortis,
gravis.
Declension
127.
of
Comparatives.
PABADIGM.
carior, dearer.
Stem
carior.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
N., V.
Masculine.
carior
carius
carioris
cariSri
carius
cariorem
cariore or -i
G.
D
Ac.
Ab.
Feminine.
cariores
Neuter.
cariora
cariorum
cariSribus
cariores (-is)
cariora
cariSribus
All
All
comparatives are declined like carior.

2.
superlatives are declined like bonus,
3. The comparative must sometimes be translated by
too or rather, and the superlative by very.
1.
Bellum est longius, the war is rather long.

Bellum est longissimum, the war is very long.
128.
1.
Rex est potentior quam consul,
a king is more powerful
than a consul.
2.
RSx est potentior consule,
a king is more powerful than
a consul.
In what
case is consul
Why?
Some adjectives are not compared by adding terminations, but

by using magis, more, and maxime, most; as, idSneus, suitable;
magis idSneus, more suitable ; maxime idoneus, most suitable.
1
64
Observe that the sentences have the same meaning, and that
the ablative consule is used instead of quam consul.
129. Rule. The comparative is followed by
the
abla
tive when quam (than) is omitted.
This ablative can only
be used
instead of a nominative or
accusative.
130.
VOCABULARY.
(altus),
perturbs,
animus, -i, to., mind, spirit.

Orgetorix, -igis, m., Orgetorix.
nobills.-e, of high birth, famous,
greatly.
altitudo,
-inis,
/.
height, depth.
noble.
ciroumdo, -are, -dedi, -datum,

(circum, around, and do), to
put around, surround.
131.
I.
-are, -avi, -atum,

throw into confusion, disturb
apud (prep, with ace.), among,

with, near.
ac (before consonants),
atque (before vowels and con
sonants), and.
quam, adv., than.
EXERCISES.
fuerunt potentiores civibus.

3. Apud
2. Iter ad altum montem est brevissimum.
4. Imperator forHelvetios nobilissiinus fuit Orgetorix.
tior erat mllite. 5. Flumeu est magna altitudine et ad
6. Oppidum natura munitum
magnas naves idoneum.
fltimine magna altitudine circumdatum est. 7. Ariovistus
et comes fuerunt pari magnitudine corporum. 8. Adusunt ingenti magnitudine
lescentes animo perturbati
9. Pacis artes
corporum et magna virtute Germanorum.
gratiores sunt belli artibus. 10. Imperator fuit summa
virtute atque humanitate.
II.
1.
Reges
semper
Peace is more pleasant than war. 2. Seas are

3. The Romans, by the
deeper and wider than rivers.
1.
COMPARISON
OF ADJECTIVES.
65
shortest route, and with incredible rapidity, had hurried

to the city and had surrounded (it) with soldiers.
4. Among the Germans, Ariovistus was the bravest and
5. The violence (vis) of the enemy
powerful.
greatly disturbs the minds of the women and children.
6. The javelin of the Eoman soldier was longer than his
sword. 7. The lieutenant makes a very long journey in
a severe (sharp) winter.
8. The cavalry are very swift
and very brave.
9. The town was attacked by a youth
of great valor. 10. The river is rather deep.
most
o>o
CHAPTER XXIII.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Partitive
132. Adjectives in
POSITIVE.
1.
miser (stem misero-),

wretched.
2.
celer (stem celeri-),

quick.
Continued.
Genitive.
-er.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
miserior, -ius,
miserrimus, -a, -um,
more wretched.
celerior, -ius,
quicker.
most wretched.
celerrlmus, -a, -um,

quickest.
Observe that the comparative of adjectives in -er is

formed regularly, but that the superlative is formed by
adding to the nominative singular masculine of the posi
tive, -rimus, -a, -um.
Compare liber, acer, pulcher.
bb
133. Six adjectives in -lis form the superlative by

adding -limus to the stem minus the stem-vowel.
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
facilis, easy.
difficilis, difficult.
similis, like.
facilior.
difficilior.
similior.
dissimillor.
gracilior.
humilior.
facillimus.
difficillimus.
simillimus.
dissimilllmus.
gracillimus.
humillimus.
dissimilis, unlike.
gracilis, slender.
humilis, low.
134.
1.
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
Equitum fortissimi in Galliam properabunt,
of the
the
bravest
cavalry will hurry into Gaul.
2.
Decern obsidum liberati sunt,
3.
Multi militum vulnerati
free.
ten
of
the
hostages were set
erant, many of the soldiers had
been
wounded.
Observe that each word limited by the genitive in the exam
ples denotes a part of the whole denoted by the genitive.
135. Rule.
of which a part is
136.
The partitive genitive denotes the whole

taken.
VOCABULARY.
locus, -l, m. (pi. loca, -orum,

n.), place.
mums, -I, m., wall.
nihil, n., indeclinable, nothing.
137.
I.
facilis, -e,
easy.
difflcilis, -e, difficult.
similis, -e, like, similar.
dissimilis, -e, unlike.
EXERCISES.
Carmina Homerl pulcherrima sunt omnium

Graecorum carminum. 2. Aestate in Britannia nox est
brevissima. 3. Mores fratris et sororis sunt dissimillimL
1.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
4.
Pueri liber est facillimus, virl difficillimus.
est gratius
sorores
quam multitude
sunt moribus
amicorum.
similliml.
7.
6.
67
5.
Nihil
Fratres
et
Dux Romanorum,
nobilis adulescens, summa (depth of) hieme oppidum

Germanorum oppugnavit.
8. Pars peditum in altissimo
muro stat et in hostes pila ac lapides mittit. 9. Brevissiino tempore legatus locum altissimo muro circumdat.
10. Germanis fuit nihil Mmanitatis.
11. Adulescentem
ingenti corporis magnitudine et summa virtute ad
Caesarem mittit.
II.
1.
Many books are very easy, many very difficult.
Among the Romans the most powerful were not

3. The horses of
always (men) of the noblest birth.
4. The farmer's black horse
Britain are very swift.
is swifter than the white (one).
5. Ariovistus was
wounded in the foot. 6. Around1 the consul there were
always young men of great culture and good character.
7. They attack on (ex) all sides2 with loud (great)
8. A part
shouts and throw the ranks into confusion.
of the soldiers of Orgetorix were attacked in a place
2.
9. The place was

very strongly fortified3 by nature.
10. In a very
surrounded with a wall of great height.
short time they will be attacked with incredible violence.
i apud.
pars.
Superlative of munltus.
68
CHAPTER XXIV.
Irregular Comparison. Continued.
Ablative of Difference.
138. Four adjectives with regular comparatives have

two irregular superlatives.
POSITIVE.
exterus,
outward.
Tnferus, low.
posterus,
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
exterior, outer or more
extremus and, extimus,

outermost or last.
outward.
inferior, lower.
posterior, later.
following.
8uperus,
upper.
superior, higher,
superior.
infimus and Imus, lowest.

postremus and postumus,
last.
supremus and summus,
top of, highest.
These adjectives are used mainly in the comparative

and superlative.
139. The following

POSITIVE.
bonus, good.
mains, bud.
magnus, great.
multus, much.
multi, many.
parvus, small.
senex, old.
are irregular throughout
COMPARATIVE.
melior, melius, better.
peior, peius, worse.
malor, maius, greater.
,
plus,1 more.
plures, plura, more.

minor, minus, smaller.
senior (maior natu),
older, elder.
iuvenis, young.
ifinior (minor natu),

younger.
SUPERLATIVE.
optimus, best.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
plurimus,
most.
plurimi, most.
minimus, smallest.
maximus natii,
oldest, eldest.
minimus natu,
youngest.
The neuter plus, nom. and ace., and the gen. plQris, are the only
forms used in the singular.
1
IRREGULAR
COMPARISON.
69
140. Some comparatives and superlatives

positive, but are apparently formed from
prepositions.
COMPARATIVE.
prae, pro (prep., before) .
prope (adv., near).
141.
1.
prior, former.
propior, nearer.
SUPERLATIVE.
primus, first.
proximus, nearest.
Pater capite maior est quam filius,

taller (larger by a head) than
2.
no
adverbs or
have
the
father is a head
the son.
Titus decern annis senior est quam frater, Titus
is ten
years older (older by ten years) than his brother.
3.
Arbor decern pedibus altior est quam murus,

ten feet higher (higher by ten feet) than the
An ablative like
capite,
annls, or pedibus,
the
tree is
wall.
with comparatives
and words of comparison, showing how much one thing differs

from another, is called an ablative of difference.
142. Rule. The
degree
of
difference is denoted
by
the ablative.
143.
Allobroges, -um,
VOCABULARY.
m., the
Allo-
broges.
Genava, -ae, /., Geneva.
Labienus, -i, m., Labienus.
lux, lBcis,/., light.

natu, m. (abl.of nStus), in age.
maior natu (greater in age),
older.
iuvenis, -e, young; as a noun,

a young man.
superus, -a, -um, upper.

exterus, -a, -um, outward, outer.
extremus, -a, -um, furthest,
extreme.
propior, -ius, nearer.

proximus, -a, -um,
nearest,
next.
prior, -ius, former.

senex, senis (to. only), old; as
a noun, an old man.
70
144.
EXERCISES.
I. 1. Iulia multls annis iunior quam

Filii optimorum patrum saepe pessiml sunt.
frater
est.
Malus
4. Labienus decem annis est
est Orgetorix, peior frater.
5. Extremum oppidum Allobrogum
minor natu Caesare.
2.
3.
Sorore Iulia est pede altior.

7. Summus
mons prlma luce a Labieno occupatus est.
8. Propior
puerorum Labieni fllius est. 9. Milites e loco superlore
in hostes pila mittunt. 10. Caesar priore aestate Bibracte
oppugnaverat. 11. Virtute atque humanitate Titus apud
12. Pax melior est quam bellum.
Graecos laudatus est.
est Genava.
II.
6.
The manners of the girls are better than (those)

2. Men very unlike are often friends.
of the boys.
3. Part of the soldiers were much disturbed in the night
by a great shouting. 4. Orgetorix surrounded the place
with a very high wall. 5. The poems of Homer are not
6. The first part of the journey was very
very difficult.
easy, (but) the last more difficult. 7. The mother and (her)
8. Is the valor of the sol
daughter are very unlike.
dier more pleasing than the diligence of the farmer ?
9.
1.
Nothing delights everybody (omnes).
older than his brother, and more

Helvetians.
10.
He was
famous among
the
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
71
CHAPTER XXV.
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs.
145.
1.
ADJECTIVES.
ADVERBS.
miser (stem misero-), wretched.

cams (stem care-), dear.
misere, wretchedly.
care, dearly.
Observe that adverbs from adjectives of the first and

second declension are formed by dropping the final vowel
of the stem and adding e.1
Form adverbs from gratus, laetus, pulcher.
2.
acrlter, sharply.
veloclter, swiftly.
acer (stem acri-), sharp.

velox (stem veloc-), swift.
potens (stem potent-), powerful.
potenter, powerfully.
that adverbs from adjectives of the third

declension are formed by adding to the stem -ter or -iter.
Stems ending in nt drop ( before the addition.
3. Sometimes the neuter accusative and sometimes
the ablative of the adjective is used as an adverb; as,
Observe
multnm, much; facile, easily;
146.
COMPARISON
POSITIVE.
primo,
first.
OF ADVERBS.
COMPARATIVE.
care, dearly.
celeriter, quickly.
carius.
celerius.
SUPERLATIVE.
carissime.
celerrime.
velociter, swiftly.
velocius.
velocissime.
Observe that in the comparative the adverb is the same

as
the neuter of the adjective, and that the superlative of

1
The adverbs from bonus and malus are formed irregularly,
bene, male.
72
the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjec

tive regularly
See 145. 1.
147.
VOCABULARY.
Belgae, -arum, m., the Belgians.

causa, -ae,
/., reason,
cause
abl. sing., for the sake of.

fuga, -ae, /., flight.
Callus, -i, m., a Gaul.
proeliura, -i, n., battle.
ventus, -i, m., wind.
148.
I.
pro, prep, with the abl., before,

in behalf of, for.
acrlter, adv., sharply.
celeriter, adv., quickly.
facile, adv., easily.
fortiter, adv., bravely.

graviter, adv., deeply.
velociter, adv., swiftly.
EXERCISES.
Venti magnitudine minus velociter currit ntin2. Graviter homines ex malis liberorum moribus
1.
tius.
dolent. 3. Locus altissimo mtiro munitus ab Allobrogibus
facile occupatus est. 4. Labienus ex castrls properavit
et prlma luce Genavam occupavit. 5. Proximo proelio
Helvetil in omnibus partibus superiores fuerunt. 6. Iuve'
nes sunt similes nomine, sed moribus dissimillimi.
7. Multls de causis Belgae sunt omnium Gallorum fortissiml.
8.
Caesar celeriter hostes in fugarn dat (puts).
Pro patria omnes acerrime fortissimeque pugnabunt.

10. Minor puerorum celerius currit quam maior.
9.
II.
The march was more difficult on account of a

high (magnus) wind. 2. All the Gauls fought bravely
for (their) native land. 3. All the higher places had been
seized by the Belgians. 4. He will hasten by forced (very
great) marches into the farthest territory (pl.) of the Bel
gians. 5. The Romans used to have longer swords than the
Germans. 6. The brothers were very unlike. 7. Julia is
8. Mothers are glad
a year younger than (her) brother.
1.
FOURTH DECLENSION.
73
to labor (gladly labor) for (their) children.

9. A horse
runs more swiftly than a man. 10. Nothing easily threw
Caesar's legions into confusion.
oMKo
CHAPTER XXVI.
Fourth or u-Declension.
Second Conjugation : Present Indicative Active.
141).
PARADIGMS.
exercitus, m., army.
Stem
exercitu-
cornu, n., horn.
cornu-
Stem
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.,V.
exercitus
exercitus
cornu
a.
D.
exercitus
exercituum
exercitibus
cornus
cornu
cornu
cornu
Ac.
exercitul (fi)
exercitum
exercitus
Ab.
exercitu
exercitibus
PLURAL.
cornua
cornuum
cornibus
cornua
cornibus
The stems of the fourth declension end in -u.

2. To find the stem, drop um of the genitive plural.
3. Make a table of terminations for both nouns.
4. Gender. Nouns of the fourth declension ending
in -ms are almost all masculine ; in -u, neuter.
1.
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
150. Learn the principal parts and present indicative

active of habeo (p. 220).
1. How do the terminations of the present tense differ
from those of
amo ?
74
What is the present stem ? See 56. 1.

3. Verbs of the second conjugation may be recognized
by the ending -ere of the present infinitive active.
2.
151.
VOCABULARY.
cornu, -us, ., horn, wing (of

an army).
exercitus, -us, to., army.
impetus, -us, m., attack, violence.
doleo, -ere, dotal, be pained,

[hold, consider.
habeo -ere, -ul, -Hum, have,
grieved.
moveS, -ere, movi,
uxor, -oris, /., wife.

cottidianus, -a, -um, daily.
dexter, -tra, -trum, right.
teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, hold.
terreo,
152.
-ere,
-ui,
territum,
frighten.
fere, adv.
I.
motum,
move.
almost.
EXERCISES.
Labienus exercitum in castris tenet, et hostium

dux dextrum cornu celeriter in superiorem locum movet.
2. Dextrum Allobrogum cornu ab hostibus superabatur.
4. Gai3. Britannia est fortissimorum virorum patria.
lorum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae et fere cottidianis
proelils cum Germanls pugnant. 5. Primo impetti Labi
enus exercitum hostium in fugam dat.
6. Ariovistus
7. Genava
Caesarem non pro amico sed pro hoste habet.
prlma luce a Caesare occupata est. 8. Iuvenes pro patria
1.
fortiter pugnabunt.
ex Helvetils habet.
9. Uxorem
10.
Properat in altiorem locum castra movere.
11.
Proxima nocte exercitum ex oppido movet et
prima luce dextrum Belgarum cornu acriter oppugnat.
II.
1.
High winds
do not easily frighten the sailors.
The year before1 the place had been surrounded by a

high wall. 3. The flight of the cavalry very much 2 dis-
2.
See 144.
I.
10.
very much = greatly.
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
75
turbs the mind of the commander-in-chief. 4. All the

young men march swiftly in the night against the army
of Labienus. 5. At daybreak they make a violent (sharp)
attack upon the right wing.
6. The horsemen make
almost daily attacks upon the army of Caesar.
7. He
quickly moves (his) camp from the territory of the
8. The
Allobroges into the territory of the Helvetians.
wrongs done to (wrongs of) the Roman people were
the cause of the war. 9. The general is deeply pained
by the flight of (his) army. 10. Labienus was ten years
older than (his) wife.
11. The cavalry sharply attack
a town in the most distant territories of the Gauls.
otoic
CHAPTER XXVII.
Imperfect and Future
indicative Active.
Second Conjugation:
Dative with Adjectives.
153. Learn the imperfect and future indicative active

of
habeo.
Compare the endings with those of the same tenses of

amo, and observe that they differ only in the final vowel
of the stem.
154.
1.
2.
Puella est cara matri, the girl is dear to her mother.

HelvEtii proximi erant G-ermanis, the Helvetians were
est to the
3.
Germans.
Oppidum est urbi simile, a
town is like a city.
near
A TIRST BOOK IN LATIN.
76
Observe that in each of these sentences the dative is depen

dent upon an adjective, and shows to what the quality denoted
by the adjective applies.
155. Rule. Many adjectives take a dative
to define
their application.
are chiefly adjectives of fitness,
friendliness, and their opposites.
These
likeness,
VOCABULARY.
156.
commeatus, -as, ., supplies.

copia, -ae, /., abundance ; in
pi., (military) forces.
manus, -us,/., hand, band.
memoria, -ae,/., memory.
portus, -fis, m., harbor, port.
potestas, -Stis, /., power,

Vergilius, -i, m., Virgil.
novus, -a, -um, new.
sinister, -tra, -truin, left.
video, -ere, vidi, visum, see;
pass., seem.
EXERCISES.
157.
I.
nearness,
Omnia oppida Belgarum in Caesaris potestate

fuerunt. 2. Carmina Vergili, poetae Romanl, carminibus
3. Locus castris
Homeri, poetae Graecl, similia sunt.
4. Caesar novos milites in castrls
natura est idoneus.
tenebit. 5. Sinistrum exercitus cornu ab hostibus superatum est. 6. Puella dextra manu librum, sinistra rosam
exercitui nihil fuit difficile.
tenebat.
7. Caesaris
1.
Prima luce multae naves longae in porta fuerunt.

initirias Helvetiorum
memoria tenebat.
9.
Caesar
Dux in summo monte copias hostium videbit.
10.
11. Copia commeatus ex Gallia celeriter portabatur.
8.
II.
The almost daily attacks of the Gauls frighten

2. The sailor's wife was
the recruits (new soldiers).
3. The
much disturbed by the violence of the wind.
1.
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
77
memory of wrongs is often the cause of war.

4. The
leader will be deeply pained by the flight of (his) forces.
5. The general will easily procure supplies suitable for
all (his) army. 6. The Gauls fought bravely in defence
7. He will quickly move (his)
of (their) native land.
The young man will see many

ships in the harbors of Britain. 9. He has in the town
a great abundance of grain.
10. At daybreak the Bel
gians violently attack (make an attack violently against)
the left wing.
camp to a higher place.
8.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Second Conjugation
Perfect, Pluperfect, and

Future Perfect Indicative Active.
:
158. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect

indicative active of
habeo,
What is the perfect stem of

159.
I.
habeo ?
See 74. 1.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Orgetorlx commeatum habebat, habebit.

2. Clamore equum terrebit, terruit.
3. Labienum dextra manu,
sinistra Titum tenebat. 4. Liberos et uxores Germanorum explorator videbit, viderat. 5. Castra minora vide6. Nihil iuvenes terrebit, terruit.
mus, vidimus.
7. Ubi
equitem celerem vidistT, videras ? 8. Summum montem
9. Iniurias memoria,
prlma luce tenebimus, tenebamus.
10. Fuga equitum peditum animos
tenuerat, tenuerit.
1.
perturbabat.
78
II.
We have supplies in the town. 2. The legion

had a camp on the top of the mountain.
3. You will
4. The high wind was fright
have a supply of grain.
1.
ening the girls. 5. Where did you see a camp ? 6. Was

Dumnorix in Caesar's power ? 7. They will see a large
number of men. 8. They were moving (their) children
from the city.
9. They moved (their) wives into the
city. 10. The Belgians bravely attacked the camp.
VOCABULARY.
160.
-inis,
agmen,
re.,
troops (in motion)
column,
;
no vis-
agmen, the rear ;

primum agmen, the van.
centurio, -onis, m., centurion.
Dumnorix, -igls, m., Dumnorix.
occasus, -iis, m., a setting.
Rhenus, -i, m., the Rhine.
sol, soils, in., sun.
inferus, -a, -um, low.
propter ,(prep. with ace), on
simum
contineo,
-ui, -tentum,
(cum and teneo), to hold
-ere,
together, restrain, hem in.
pertineo, -ere, -ui, (per and

teneo), to hold through,
extend.
prohlbeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, (pro

and habeo), to hold off, hinder from, check.
sustinco, -ere, -ui, tentum, (sub
and teneo), to hold under,
withstand, endure,
account of.
161.
I.
EXERCISES.
Caesar omnes copias in castrls continuit.

2. Dextrum cornu Belgarum impetus exercitus RomanI
facile sustinuerat. 3. Occasu solis ad concilium centuriones omnium ordinum convocati sunt. 4. Belgae ab ex
tremis Galliae finibus ad Inferiorem partem fluminis
Rhenl pertinebant.
5. Clamor militum novissimum
6. Iudicis uxor sinistra
agmen Belgarum terruerat.
7. Propter magnitudinem
manu carmina Vergili tenuit.
venti omnes fere naves in portti tenueramus.
8. Vidi
1.
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
79
copiam navium longarum in portti ?

9. Equitibus copias Dumnorigis commeatu prohibuimus.
10. Imperator ad locum castrls natura idoneura exercitum
11. Habuistlne
moverit.
Dumnorigem in potestate ?
12. Prlmum agmen ab hora tertia ad solis occasum
impetus hostium sustinuit.
stlne
II.
magnam
The right wing was lower than the left.

2. Dumnorix was not pleasing to Caesar.
3. He will
hold in memory the wrongs of (his) country. 4. We
hastened with almost all (our) forces to the river and
checked the van of the enemy. 5. The Belgians fought (in)
almost daily battles with the Germans. 6. He kept the
legion in camp on account of the wounds of the centurions.
1.
easily hindered the Helvetians from (their)

8. There had been a very large supply of grain
journey.
in the town. 9. We had seen a harbor suitable for warvessels.
10. Boys, did the territory of the Belgians extend
to the river Khine ?
7. Caesar
CHAPTER XXIX.
Second Conjugation
Present Indicative Passive.
Fifth or e-Declension.
162. Learn the present indicative passive of habeo.
1. Compare the endings with the corresponding end
ings of amo.
2.
of
Like
habeo
terreo, nioveo,
conjugate the present indicative passive

and video,
80
PARADIGM.
83.
dies, day.
Stem die-
PLURAL.
SINGULAR
dies
diel
diei
dies
dierum
diebus
res
res
rerum
rebus
diem
die
dies
rei
rel
rem
diebus
re
rebus
SINGULAR.
\, V.
Q.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
res, thing.
Stem rePLURAL.
res
How are the stems of these nouns found ?

2. Make a table of the terminations.
3. Dies and rSs are the only nouns of this declension
which have all the cases of both numbers.
The others
are wanting in the plural wholly or in part.
4. Gender. Nouns of the fifth declension are femi
nine, except dies, which is usually masculine in the sin
gular, always masculine in the plural.
1.
164.
VOCABULARY.
acies, -ei,/., line of battle.

dies, -ei, m., day.
Divitiacus, -i, m., Divitiacus.
fides, -ei, /., confidence,
res,
posterns, -a, -um, following,

after.
expugnd,
-are, -Svl, -Stum,
take by storm,
incito, -are, -avi, -Stum, urge
-ei,/., thing, affair.
pauci, -ae, -a, few.

pedester, -trls, -tre, of infantry,
on, arouse, incite.

valeo, -ere, valui, be strong.
on foot.
165.
I.
1.
tinetur.
EXERCISES.
Postero die exercitus in castrls a Caesare con2. Divitiaco ' Caesar maximam fidem habebat.
1
Dative.
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
81
Vergilius
optimus poetarum Romanorum habetur.

4. Impetus hostium a tertia acie sustinetur.
5. Multae
res populum Romanum ad bellum incitabant.
6. Romanl
pedestribus copiis plurimum valebant. 7. Oppidum etl
nattira loci et manu intinltum paucls diebus expugnatum
est.
8. Memoria priorum proeliorum centuriones delectabat.
9. Helvetii flumine Rheno latissimo
atque
altissimo continentur.
10. Occasu solis a civibus in
summo monte novissimum agmen videtur.
11. Commeattis3 causa in fines Allobrogum exercitus properavit.
12. Pedites ex lnferiore loco pila in copias hostium
mittunt.
3.
II.
harbor suitable for war-vessels is seen by

the scout. 2. The infantry are kept from the territories
of the Belgians by an attack of the cavalry. 3. Slaves
are in the power of (their) masters.
4. Is the pupil's
book held in the left hand ? 5. We soldiers are kept in
camp on account of (our) wounds. 6. In the next summer
7. The
the Gauls were aroused to war by a few chiefs.
territory of the Belgians extends to the river Rhine.
9. Not
8. A day is longer in summer than in winter.
all things are difficult. 10. The king is strong in the
great number of (his) cavalry. 11. The line of battle
was very long. 12. The town had been taken by storm
have the greatest
in the first part of3 the summer. 13.
1.
confidence in (my) father.4

i Et
. . . et, both . . . and.

The ablative causa, for the sake of, is used with the genitive,
which regularly precedes it.
8 For
first part of use primus agreeing with the word for summer.
1 See I. 2, note.
2
82
CHAPTER XXX.
Imperfect and Future Indic
ative Passive.
Second Conjugation
Nine Irregular Adjectives.

166. Learn the imperfect and future indicative pas
sive of habeo.
Like
conjugate the imperfect and future indic

ative passive of moves, teneo, and video.
habeo
167. The following adjectives, regular in the plural,

end in -ius in the genitive singular, and in -I in the dative
singular.
alius, other.
nullus, no, none.
solus, alone.
168.
alter, the other

neuter, neither
totus, whole.
ullus, any.
unus, one.
uter, which
(of two).
(of two).
(of two).
PARADIGMS.
alius, other.
Stem alio-, alia-
Onus, one.
Stem
uno-, una-
SINGULAH.
G.
alius
allus
D.
alii
N.
Ac.
Ah.
alium
alio
alia
allus
alii
aliam
alia
Neuter.
aliud
allus
alii
aliud
alio
funis
fiiilus
fmi
mm in
uno
una
finius
fmi
finani
una
Neuter.
finiiin
untus
fini
finum
uno
Alius has d, not m, in the neuter nominative and accusa

For allus (gen.) alterius is usual.
tive singular.
SECOND
169.
CONJUGATION.
VOCABULARY.
civitas, -atis,/., state.
Inra,
-ae, m., the
Jura (moan-
tains).
latitudo,-inis,/.,(latus), width,
Rhodanus, -1, m., the Rhone.
alius, -a, -ud, other.
1 70.
I.
83
1.
alter, -era, -erum, other (of two).

solus, -a, -um, alone, only.
totus, -a, -um, whole, entire.
unus, -a, -um, one.
timet, -ere, -uT, to fear.
undique, adv., on all sides.
EXERCISES.
Undique loci natura Helvetil continebantur
una ex parte, fiumine Rhodano latissimo ; altera ex parte,

monte Iura altissimo.
2. Divitiacus solus ex omni clvitate Germanls liberos obsides non dedit.
3. Propter
magnitudinem sil varum et latitudinem fluminum iter"
timebat. 4. Multae res Orgetorigem ad aliud proelium
incitabant.
5. Pauels diebus oppidum ab hostibus tenebitur. 6. Alil alia re ' valent. 7. Centuriones soli postero
die in concilium a Caesare convocati sunt.
8. Pedestria
itinera a nautls habebantur difficillima.
9. Acies Romontem pertinebat.
mana a flumine
ad infimum2
10.
Facile erit commeatti hostes prohibere.
tor centurionibus 8 maximam fidem habebat.

agmen uno tempore videbitur.
II.
Impera12. Totum
11.
1. On account of the height of the wall,
he did
not take the town by storm.

2. The attacks of the
3. The
enemy were bravely endured by the whole line.
cavalry make a violent (deer) attack on the Roman
column. 4. He has great confidence in the whole army.3
5. Some centurions were wounded on one day, others on
another. 6. The camp will be moved to a higher place
1
2
Others in another thing ; i.e. Some

Lowest, lowest part of, base of.
in one thing, others in another.

s
See 165.
1. 2.
84
in a few days.
7.
In
one hand he held a book, in the
other a stone. 8. Caesar with the third legion alone will

9. The town is hemmed in on all
storm the town.
10. A place is being pre
sides by very high mountains.
pared for another band of Germans. 11. The whole
state feared the name of Ariovistus.
171.
HEADING LESSON.
Note. In the reading lessons, all words not previously given in

This does not
the special vocabularies are translated in parentheses.
apply to numerals, which must be sought in Chapters XXXII. and
XXXIII.
[Caesar, Gallic War, Book I. 1-4.]
Unius partis Belgae

Galliae omnis sunt partes tres.
sunt incolae, alterius Aquitanl (Aquitanians), tertiae
GalloCeltae (Celts).
Romanl Celtas Gallos vocabant.
rum omnium fortissiml erant Belgae. Belgae saepe cum
Germanis pugnabant. Belgae et Helvetil proximl erant
Germanls. Helvetil fere cottidianis proelils cum Germa
nis pugnabant.
Belgae continebantur marl, Rheno flumine, Matrona (Mame) et Sequana (Seine) fluminibus.
Galli finibus Belgarum, Rheno et Rhodano fluminibus,
Garumna (Garonne) flumine, marl continebantur. Aqui
tanl a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos (Pyrenees) montes
et mare pertinebant.
Apud Helvetios nobilissimus fuit
Helvetil undique loci natura continebantur.
Orgetorix.
In aliam partem Galliae iter facere (to make) parabant.
Orgetorigem legatum ad alios Gallos miserunt (they sent).
In itinere Casticum (Casticus, a man's name) Sequanum
(a Sequanian) et Dumnorigem Aeduum (an Aeduan)
amicos facit. Dumnorlgi filiam dat uxorem. Orgetorigi1
1
See 48 and 49,
SECOND CONJUGATION.
85
in animo erat regnum (royal power) occupare in Helvetiis.

Casticus et Dumnorlx Orgetorlgein iuvabant. Res Helve
tiis narrata est et Orgetorlx accusatus est. Servos et
amicus convocavit.
Per amicos et servos liberatus est,
sed paucis- diebus post (afterward) mortuus est (he died).
CHAPTER XXXI.
Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future-Perfect Indicative Passive.
Second Conjugation:
172.
Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future-perfect
indicative passive of habeo.

For explanation in regard to these tenses, see 119. 1,
2, and 3.
173.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
2. Titus
Corpore ac animo centurio valebat.
3. Postero die castra
corpore plus valet quam animo.
moventur, movebuntur. 4. Castra celeriter mota sunt,
mota erant.
5. Pauci equitum ab exploratore visi sunt,
vlsl erant. 6. Obsides in potestate Caesaris tenebantur,
tenebuntur.
itineris
7. Alii hostes, alil longitudinem
8. A custode videberis, vlsus eras.
timebant, timuerant.
9. Pluminibus continebimur, continemur.
10. Legiones
in castrls continebantur, contentae sunt.
II.
1.
1.
The line of battle was extending, it will extend
to the foot of (Infimus) the mountain. 2. The attack had

been sustained, it will be sustained. 3. Dumnorix alone
86
will
kept, he has been kept in Caesar's power. 4. You

had been seen, you have been seen by the soldier's wife.
5. We shall be seen, we shall have been seen in the
city in a few days. 6. The judge is feared, he will be
feared by the bad only. 7. The cavalry had been kept
from the Rhone.
8. The state was incited, it will be
incited to war by the slaughter of the citizens. 9. The
town had been taken by storm the year before.
10. We
will attack, we were attacking the left wing.
be
VOCABULARY.
174.
-atis, /., influence,
auctoritas,
authority.
Bellovaci, -drum,
m., the
Bel-
duo, two.
noster, -tra, -trum, our.
obtlneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum,
lovaci.
hold.
Casticus, -I, m. , Casticus.
compleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, fill,
provincla, -ae, /., province.
cover.
regnum, -I, n., kingdom, royal
inter (prep, with ace), between,
power.
among.
Sequanus, -l, in., a Sequanian.
175.
I.
omnino, adv., altogether, in all.
EXERCISES.
Helvetiis erant omnlno itinera duo; unum per

Sequanos inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum ;
alterum per provinciam nostram. 2. Regnum in clvitate
Sequanorum a Castici patre obtentum est. 3. Totus mons
1.
a Caesare completus est hominibus.
Orgetorlgis aucto
ritas inter Helvetios non parva erat. 5. Pedestrfis copias
solas SequanI timebant.
6. Alil in aliam partem equos
incitabant. 7. Plurimum inter Belgas Bellovacorum auc
toritas
et1
4.
virtute et hominum multitudine valebat.
i Et
. . .
et,
both
. . .
and.
8.
Cae-
THIRD CONJUGATION.
87
sar tertiae legionis militibus summam fidem habsbat.

9. Rhodanus fltimen est inter fines Helvetiorum
et
10. Postero die nostra acies superiorem
Allobrogum.
locum obtinuit.
II.
The young man had few friends, the old man

many. 2. Our soldiers quickly took the town by storm.
3. Orgetorix did not seize the royal power in the Helve
tian state. 4. The whole camp had been filled with the
5. There was only one legion in Gaul.
6. The
enemy.
sons will be praised by (their) fathers for (their) diligence.
7. Have you seen many large rivers ?
8. Caesar had con
fidence in the third legion only.
9. The town was
bounded on one side by a stream of great width, on the
other by a high mountain. 10. The judge is a man of
great influence among our citizens.
1.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Third Conjugation:
Present Indicative Active.
Cardinal Numbers; Accusative of Extent.

176. Learn from the vocabulary the principal parts
of dfloo. What is the present stem? See 56. 1.
Verbs of the third conjugation may be recognized by
the ending -ere of the present infinitive active.
177. Learn the present indicative
(p. 223).
active of dtico
88
Notice that the stem-vowel e is lost before -6, becomes

before -nt, and i before other endings.
178.
CARDINAL NUMERALS.
unus, una, unum

2. duo, duae, duo
3. tres, tria
30.
triginta
40.
quadraginta
50.
4. quattuor
60.
qulnquaginta
sexaginta
1.
6.
qulnque
sex
7.
septem
8.
octo
novem
decem
6.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
undecim
duodecim
tredecim
16.
quattuordecim
quindecim
16.
sedecim
17.
septendecim
18.
duodevlgintl
19.
undevigintl
14.
(octOdecim)
(novendecim)
viginti
viginti unus or unus et
viginti
22. viginti duo or duo et viginti
20.
21.
28. duodetrlginta
29.
septuaginta
80. octOginta
90. nonaginta
100. centum
101. centum unus or centum
et unus
102. centum duo or centum
et duo
200. ducenti, -ae, -a
300. trecentl, -ae, -a
70.
-ae, -a
600. quingenti, -ae, -a
600. sescentl, -ae, -a
700. septingenti, -ae, -a
400. quadringenti,
800. octingenti, -ae, -a

900. nSngentl, -ae, -a
1000. mllle
mllia
10,000. decem milia
100,000. centum milia
2000. duo
undetriginta
179.
DECLENSION
OP CARDINALS.
Cardinal numerals are indeclinable except unus, duo,

tres, the hundreds from ducenti to nBngentl inclusive, and
milia, the plural of mille.
For the declension of unus
see 168.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Duo and tres are thus declined
180.
89
PARADIGMS.
duo, two.
2V.
tres, three.
Masculine.
Feminine.
duo
duae
duo
tres
tres
duarum
duabus
duorum
duobus
triuni
trlum
tribus
tribus
duas
duo
tres
tres
tribus
tria
duabus
duobus
tribus
tribus
tribus
duorum
D. duobus
Ac. duos, duo
Ab. duobus
O.
1.
Neuter.
tria
tiiiim
The hundreds, ducentl to nongentl, are declined like
the plural of bonus.
In
the singular mille is generally an adjective, but

the plural milia is always a noun of the neuter gender,
declined like the neuter plural of tres, and is followed by
the partrtive genitive; as, mille milites, a thousand soldiers;
but tria mllia militum, three thousand soldiers (three thou
2.
sands
of soldiers).
181.
1.
Caesar
paucos dies in oppido exercitum continSbat,
Ccesar kept his army in
the town
for a few
days.
2.
Legiones multos annos in Gallia fuerant,
3.
Gaul.
Flumen est pedes trSs altum, the river is three feet deep.
Puer sescentos passus currit, the boy runs six hundred paces.
the
legions had
been many years in
4.
Observe that dies and annos denote duration of time, and are
They answer the question, How long*

Observe, also, that pedes and passus denote extent of space, and
are iu the accusative.
They answer the question, How far*
in the accusative
case.
90
1
82. Rule. Duration of time and
expressed
of space
are
by the accusative.
VOCABULARY.
183.
longltSdo, -inls, /. , length.

passus, -fis, m., a pace.
quot, indeclinable adj.,
how
many.
tres, tria, three.

quattuor, four.
quinqiie, five.
sex, six.
run.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, do ;

bellum gerere, carry on war.
mltto, -ere, misi, missum,
sexaginta, sixty.
184.
octoginta, eighty.
centum, one hundred.
ducenti, -ae, -a, two hundred,
trecenti, -ae, -a, three hundred,
iuille, one thousand.

curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum,
viginti, twenty.
quadraginta, forty.
I.
extent
send.
EXERCISES.
Mensa erat tres pedes longa, et duos pedes lata.

2. Fines Helvetiorum in longitudinem
milia passuum
centum et octoginta pertinebant. 3. Belgae cum Germanls multos annos bellum gerunt.1
4. Nostri2 multas
horas cum hostibus pugnabant.
5. Quot dies habet
6. E proannus ? Trecentos et sexaginta qulnque.
vincia in flnes Allobrogum qulnque legiones legatus mittit. 7. Quot equites erant in castris ? Equitum milia
erant omnino sex. 8. Labienus totum diem iter facit,
et occasu solis oppidum milia passuum sex a Belgls occu10. Di9. Arbor in horto sexaginta pedes alta est.
pat.
vitiacus nostra memoria regnum magnae partis Galliae
obtinuit. 11. Legatus cum sola prlma legione provinciam
obtinebit.
1.
English, have
been, etc.
See $1, foot-note.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
II.
91
The forest is six miles long and four miles

wide. 2. There were in the two armies forty-five thou
sand men. 3. How many hours were there in a day
1.
among the Romans ?
4. One seized the royal

Twelve.
power in one state, another in another. 5. The route
between the river Rhone and the Jura mountains was
difficult.
6. The influence of Dumnorix among the Hel
vetians was greater than (that) of Divitiacus. 7. Caesar
held one mountain, the enemy the other. 8. The towns
of the Sequanians were filled with our men. 9. How
10. The army
many miles does the city extend?
marches forty miles in two days.
185.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, Book
1.
5-9.]
Helvetiis in animo erat per provinciam Romanam iter

Frtimentum et multas alias res in
facere (to make).
Duo omnlno itinera erant :
itinere portare parabant.
fin inn difficile, per Sequanorum fines, inter montem Iuram
et flumen Rhodanum, alterum per provinciam Romanam,
multo facilius.
Allobroges a Romanls superatl erant.
Extremum oppidum Allobrogum erat proximumque Helvetiorum finibus Genava.
Caesar summa celeritate ad
Genavam legionem ducit. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem
mittunt nobilissimos clvitatis.
Caesar Helvetiis iter per
provinciam non dat, sed legione aliisque militibus ad
montem Iuram mllia passuum decem novem murum in
altitudinem pedum sedecim ducit, et Helvetios itinere
Helvetii altera via (road) per Sequanos iter
prohibet.
facere volebant (wished) sed SequanI iter non dabant.
Ad Dumnorlgem Aeduum legatos mittunt Helvetii.
92
Dumnorix apud Sequanos plurimum valebat auctoritate

et Helvetiis propter uxorem amicus erat.
Sequani Dumnorigis auctoritate motl (moved) Helvetiis per fines iter
dant.
oXKo
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Third Conjugation:
Imperfect and Future

Indicative Active.
Ordinal Numerals.
186. Learn the imperfect and future indicative active

of
duco.
Observe that the endings of the imperfect are the same

as those of the first and second conjugations, while those
of the future are different.
Write a table of future endings for the third conjuga
tion, active voice, and commit to memory.
187.
ORDINAL NUMERALS.
1st. primus
11th.
secundus
3d. tertius
12th. duodecimus
2d.
4th. quartus
5th.
6th.
quintus
sextus
Septimus
8th. octavus
7th.
9th.
10th.
nSnus
decimus
undecimus
13th. tertius decimus
quartus decimus
15th. qulntus decimus
14th.
sextus decimus
17th. septimus decimus
16th.
duodevlcesimus
19th. undevlcesimus
20th. vicesimus
18th.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
21st.
vlcesimus primus or Onus

et vlcesimus
sexagesimus
70th. septuagesimus
60th.
duodetricesimus
29th. undetricesimus
30th. tricesimus
80th.
28th.
90th. nOnageshnus
centfeimus
ducentesimus
1000th. mllleslmus
quadragesimus
50th. qulnquagesimus
200th.
Ordinal numerals are declined like
adventus,
bonus.
VOCABULARY.
-us,
m.,
arrival,
Hannibal, -alls, m., Hannibal.

Italia, -ae, /., Italy.
manipulus, -l, m. , a maniple.
certus, -a, -urn, certain.
Gallicus, -a, -urn, Gallic, of
Gaul.
dSco, -ere, dnxi, ductum, lead.
189.
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, gather,

read.
approach.
I.
octogesimus
100th.
40th.
188.
93
scribo, -ere, scrips!, scriptum,

write.
quartus, -a, -um, fourth.

quintus, -a, -um, fifth.
sextus, -a, -um, sixth.
declmus, -a, -um, tenth.
vlcesimus, -a, -um, twentieth.
EXERCISES.
Pueri sextum de Bello Gallico librum legebant.

2. Uxorem de adventu filiarum trium certiorem1 facit.
4. Duabus
3. Vlcesimus aciei miles pilo vulneratus est.
lioris decem milia passuum ntintius curret. 5. A provincia in flnes Belgarum viginti diebus exercitum ducit.
6. Quinto belli anno urbs a Romanls
expugnata est.
1.
Cohors decima pars legionis Romanae, manipulus

tertia pars cohortis erat. 8. Peditum milia sex et equi9. Scribetum milia quattuor in proelio ptignaverunt.
10. Hanni
tisne, pueri, epistulas ad patres ? Scribemus.
bal magnum exercitum in Italiam ducit et multls proelils
7.
i CertiSrem facit,
makes more certain, i.e. informs.
94
Romanos superat.
pars noctis erat.
annos
reges
11.
Vigilia apud Romanos quarta
Ducentos quadraginta quattuor

13. In
Romanorum regnum obtinebant.
12.
portu erant trecentae octoginta naves.
II.
We shall write many letters from the city to

(our) friends. 2. A friend of the Roman people had for
many years held the royal power among the Sequanians.
3. How many legions were (there) in our province ?
4. (There) were in all in the state of the Belgians three
legions and four cohorts. 5. We were reading about the
arrival of Hannibal in Gaul. 6. The town was filled
with cavalry and foot-soldiers. 7. Through the influence
of Orgetorix, the Gauls were carrying on war with the
Germans. 8. Our state extends in length two hundred
miles, and in breadth one hundred. 9. On the fifth day
1.
On the four
teenth day the general will lead from Italy six cohorts of
the second legion.
at sunset he takes the town by storm.
10.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Third Conjugation : Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future-Perfect Indicative Active.
Personal and Reflexive
Pronouns.
190. Learn the perfect, pluperfect, and future-perfect

tenses of the indicative active of duco. Compare the end
ings with those of the same tenses of amo and habeo.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
191.
I.
95
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
1.
Multos annos Hannibal cum Romanls bellum
Quot epistulas uno anno scribis,

scrlpsistl ? 3. Quattuor libros de Bello Gallico legemus,
legimus. 4. Equos sexaginta in castra mittemus, mlsimus.
5. Centurio manipulum dticebat, duxerat.
6. Ntintius uno die vlgintl milia passuum curret; cucurrit.
7. Pedites pila celeriter mittent, miserint.
8. Nautae
frumento naves complent, compleverunt. 9. Regnum in
Sequanls a Romanorum amico obtinebitur, obtinebatur.
10. In provinciam copias legatus ducet, ducebat, duxit.
gerebat,
II.
2.
gesserat.
Our pupils have read, they will read

2.
have written to (my) father,
good books.
1.
many-
shall
write. 3. Three hundred men were wounded, they had
been wounded in the first battle. 4. How many books
did you write, how many had you written ?
5. The
soldier will send many presents to (his) son, he has
sent many.
6.
will lead the horse to the general.
7. On the fifth day the general was wounded, on the
8. The boys will run,
sixth the camp was stormed.
will send (my)
9.
they were running very swiftly.
children to Italy, I have sent (them).
10. The ships
will be filled, they had been filled with men.
Personal Pronouns.
192.
PARADIGMS.
singular.
JV. ego,
G.
First
I.
inei, of me.
D. mini (mi), to, for
me.
Person.
plural.
nos, we.
nostrum or nostri, of us.
nobis, to, for us.
96
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Ac. me, me.

Ab. me, from, by, with, etc., me.
nos, us.
nobis, from, by, with, etc., us.
Second Person.
N. , V. tn, (thou) you.
tul, o/ (ftee) you.

D. tibi, to, for (thee) you.
(r.
Ac. te, (thee) you.

Ab. te, from,
by,
with,
etc.,
vos, yo.
vestrum or vestri, of you.
vobls, to, for you.
vos, you.
\obia,from, by, with,
etc., you.
Third Person.
Reflexive.
N.
G. &ui,ofhim(self),her(self),
it (self ).
D. sibl, to, for him(self), etc.
Ac. se, sese, him(self), etc.
Ab. se, sese, from, by, with,
etc.,
him(self).
sui, ofthem(selves).
sibi,
for them(selves).
se, sese, them(selves).
se, sese, from, by, with, etc.,
to,
them(selves).
The reflexive regularly refers to the subject of the

sentence ; as, Ifilia se culpat, Julia blames herself.
The
place of the reflexive of the first and second person is
supplied by the personal pronouns ego, tu, nos, vos ; as, Ego
blame myself; tu te culpas, you blame yourself.
me culpo,
2. The forms nostrum and vestrum are used chiefly as
1.
see 208.
1.
it,
partitive genitives. See 135.

3. There are in Latin no special forms for the per
sonal pronouns he, she,
and they.
For the substitutes
7)
4.
is
4.
When used with personal and reflexive pronouns,

the preposition cum
enclitic (see
as, mecum,
So also with relative pronouns
secum,
vobiscum.
as,
quocum, quacum, quibuscum.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
VOCABULARY.
193.
Cicero, -onis, m., Cicero.

tempestas, -atls,/., storm, temego, I.
tu, thou.
sul, of himself, herself, itself.

lam, adv., now, already.
194.
adversus, -a, -um, unfavorable,

adverse; adversae res, adversity.
pest, weather.
I.
97
secundus, -a, -um, favorable,

secundae res, prosperity.
ago, -ere, egi, actum, drive, do,
act.
EXERCISES.
Ego tertia diel hora epistulam scrlbebam, tu

carmina Homerl legebas. 2. Iulia se semper laudat, sed
me semper culpat.
3. Quot annos habet Cornelia?
4. Legerat quattuor de Bello
Qulnque annos habet.
Gallico libros. 5. Silva sex milia passuum in latitudinem
1.
pertinet. 6. Nomina multorum poetarum sunt cara nobls.

7. Adversa tempestas in litus nos egerat.
8. Nuntius de
fuga Hannibalis fuit certus. 9. Multae naves longae prop
ter tempestatem in nostrum portum cucurrerant.
10. In
11. Tibi dabo duos
rebus secundis omnes amicos habent.
12. Pauci
pulcherrimos libros.
Quid tu mihi dabis ?
nostrorum1 impetum equitum sustinuerunt.
13. Ducem
vobiscum nil 1 ia passuum decem mittemus. 14. Hannibal
iam multas Italiae civitates expugnaverat.
15. Res
adversae saepe fortium animos terrent.
II.
The garden extends two hundred feet in length

and one hundred in breadth. 2. He leads two maniples
of the second cohort to the top of the mountain. 3. How
many books do you read in a year ? 4. You will read
with me the first book of the Gallic War. 5. I shall read
1.
Our (men)
98
a good book, but you will write a letter to (your) mother.

' me of the arrival of
6. He informs
(my) father. 7. There
was a river between the Romans and the camp of Hanni
bal.
8. On the fourteenth day we saw a wide river, and
on the twentieth
a very high mountain.
9.
am the
fifth, you are the sixth. 10. Nothing is dearer to me

than (my) country. 11. The tempest will drive many
ships into the harbor.
195.
READING LESSON.
1.
10-12.]
Helvetiis in animo erat per agrum Sequanorum et

Aeduorum iter in Santonum (the Santones) fines facere.
Santones proximi erant provinciae Romanae.
Caesar ex
Italia quinque legiones in Galliam duxit. In itinere cum
montium incolis pugnabat. Caesaris adventti Helvetii
iam per Sequanorum fines in Aeduorum agros copias
duxerant et Aeduorum agros vastabant. Aedul et alii
Romanorum amlci ad Caesarem legatos miserunt. Caesar
Aeduos iuvare et Helvetios superare voluit (wished).
Flumen est Arar (the Sadne) quod (which) per fines
Aeduorum et Sequanorum in Rhodanum lnfluit (flows).
Helvetii tres iam partes copiarum trans (across) Ararim flumen duxerant, quartam fere partem non traduxerant (had led across).
Omnis civitatis Helvetiorum
quattuor partes erant. Caesar in quartam Helvetiorum
partem impetum facit. Multl occlsl sunt (were killed);
reliqul (the rest) fugae
sB
mandaverunt (gave up).
i Cf. 189.
1. 2.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
99
CHAPTER XXXV.
Third Conjugation
Present and Imperfect

Passive.
:
Possessive Pronouns.
196. Learn the present and imperfect indicative pas

sive of ducS,
197. From the personal pronouns are formed the
possessive pronouns.
meus, -a, -um, my.
tuus, -a, -um, thy.

vester, -tra, -trum, your.

suus, -a, -um, his, her, their.
These are adjectives in construction and they are

declined as regular adjectives of the first and second
declension, except that the vocative singular masculine
of meus is usually ml, sometimes meus.
2. Suns, like the personal pronoun from which it is
1.
formed, is reflexive.
3. Possession is denoted by the possessive
not by the genitive of the personal pronouns.
matrem amat, the boy loves his mother.
198.
pronouns,
Puer suam
VOCABULARY.
ripa, -ae, /., bank.
divide, -ere, dlvisi, dl visum,
vicus, -i, m., village.

meus, -a, -um, my.
tuus, -a, -um, thy, your.
vester, -tra, -trum, your.
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their,
divide, separate.
exspecto, -are, -ivi,
-Stum,
wait for, expect.

incolo, -ere, -colui, live in, inhabit (with ace).
ante (prep, with ace), before.
A FIRST
100
199.
I.
BOOK
IN LATIN.
EXERCISES.
1.
Milites novl in cohortes dlviduntur.1
2.
Explo-
rator de omnibus rebus Caesarem cottidie certiorem facit.

3. Ante adventum vestrum, amld, qulntum de Bello
Gallico librum legebam. 4. Bebus in adversis paucl, in secundis multi hominibus amlci sunt.
5. Prlmam lucem in
6. Unam partem Galliae inrlpa fltiminis exspectabam.
colunt Belgae, aliam Galli. 7. Te et amlcum tuum in vicO
Duos nuntios ad Hannibalem iam miserat.
10. Sum9. Epistula tua, ml fili,2 multum me delectavit.
mam suorum3 virtutem Caesar laudat.
11. Cicero ad amicos multas epistulas scrlpsit.
12. Bellum cum multis
clvitatibiis ab Hannibale gerebatur.
13. Navis nostra
exspectabit.
8.
in portum tempestate agebatur.
II.
The Allobroges used to live near the Boman

2. Your4 letter, brother, was very welcome
province.
to me.
3. A watch was the fourth part of a night.
4. The messenger informs Orgetorix of the arrival of
5. The boy sees himself in the water.
Caesar in Gaul.
1.
The tenth legion was being led through our province.

7. We were reading with pleasure the poems of Vir
gil. 8. He was writing a letter to his sister before my
arrival.
9. Our forces were being quickly led into the
have few books ; you
territory of the Sequanians. 10.
have many.
11. We shall often be reading the fourth,
fifth, and sixth hours of the day. 12. Our field is being
divided by a wall into two parts.
6.
2 Vocative.
Are being divided.
8 The possessive
pronouns are used frequently agreeing with an
omitted noun.
Cf. 194. 1. 12.
4 From this point the possessive pronouns
in the English exercises
in
need
not
be
They
will not be
expressed in Latin unless
parenthesis.
emphatic or unless the sense would be doubtful without them.
1
THIRD CONJUGATION.
101
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Third Conjugation:
Future, Perfect, Pluperfect,

and Future-Perfect Indicative Passive.
200. Learn the future, perfect, pluperfect, and futureperfect indicative passive of duco.
Observe that the last three tenses do not differ in form
from the same tenses of the first and second conjugations.
201.
I.
3.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Dlviditur, dlvlsum est.

Mittitur, mittetur, mittuntur.
1.
2.
Scrlbunt, scribebant.
Agitur, agebatur.
Urbs in sex partes divi4.
Legunt, legent, legerunt. 6.

detur.
7. Carmina scribentur.
8. Ab amico epistula
missa est. 9. Navis in litus acta est. 10. In ripa Rho11. Liber ab omnibus legetur.
danl vos exspectabamus.
12. Milia passuum duo eucurrimus.
13. In vlco pueri
14. Paucis
diebus in urbem mittentur.
visl sunt.
15. Totum diem in castrls contentl eramus.
5.
II. 1.
It will
We shall
have been separated.

2.
be driven, it was being driven.
3. We were
standing, we had stood. 4. They will be led, they were
being led. 5. We shall be kept, they were kept. 6. They
7. We will wait for your
had been separated by a wall.
8. The ship was driven from the shore by the
coming.
storm.
9. The field will be divided into two parts.
10. The poem has been read by my sister.
11. The
12. We shall stand on
troops will be led into Gaul.
the bank of the river.
be separated, we
102
202.
VOCABULARY.
-I-
deduco, -ere, -duxT, -ductum,

duco, lead from,) lead
(de
away, withdraw (with dir.
obj.).
dlscedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,

withdraw (= go away).
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum,
remain.
[seek.
peto, -ere, -Ivi or -li, -itum, ask,
203.
postulo, -are, -SvT, -Stum, demand.
hiberna, -orum, n., winter quarlabor, -oris, m., labor.

[ters.
mulier, -erls, /., woman.
regio, -onis, /., district, region.
salus, -iltis, /., safety.
inaturus, -a, -um, ripe.
mature, adv., early.
EXERCISES.
8.
6.
7.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
I.
Puerl mulieresque ex muro pacem a Romanls

petierunt.
Apud Romanos dies in duodecim horas, nox
in quattuor vigilias dlvlsa erat.
Caesar maturius quam
tempus anni postulabat in hiberna exercitum deduxit.
Ante hiemem exercitus noster in hiberna deductus
erit.
Paucos dies amlci mei ia urbe manebunt.
Dies nobis ad laborem datur.
Pauei hostium fuga
salutem sibi petierunt.
Legatus exercitum in aliam
'
9.
Viginti diebus ante frumentum

regionem deduxerat.
in meo agro non fuit maturum. 10. Bonus clvis sua
salute patriam cariorem habebit.
11". Copiae prlma luce
rlpa Rhodani discesserunt. 12. Gravissimum laborem
propter liberos suos saepe sustinent mulieres. 13. Llberos obsides a Gallis postulavit Ariovistus.
II.
is
Before by twenty days
5.
3.
2.
1.
Our city
divided into ten wards (regio).
Our affairs are dear to us, yours to you.
Your
4. A swift mes
prosperity will always delight me.
senger had been sent by the shortest route to the winter
Storms kept us in the village
quarters of Labienus.
twenty days ago.
Ante is an adverb here.
THIBD CONJUGATION.
103
6. My son often asks me for money.1

many days.
7. Did Germans nse to live on the island of Britain?
8. I had already waited for you two hours.
9. We re
mained in port on account of the violence of the storm.
10. The ship was driven swiftly through the water.
You were friendly2 to us in adversity.

12. The
young man had withdrawn from the army on account of
11.
a wound.
204.
READING LESSON.
1.
13-18.]
Unam partem Helvetiorum Caesar iam superaverat.

COpias suas celeriter trans (across) Ararim (acc. of Arar)
duxit contra (against) alias tres partes. Helvetii ad Caesarem legatos miserunt. Princeps legatorum, Divico (Divico,
a man's name), cum Caesare egit (treated, i.e. talked) :
"Pacem petimus a te. Si (if) pacem facies (will make),
ibimus (will go) in earn (that) partem atque ibi (there)
erimus ubi nos constitueris (settle, fut. perf. of constituo) ;
sin (but if) bellum noblscum geres, te superabimus, et
locus ubi sumus ex calamitate (the misfortune) popull Ro
manl nomen habebit." Caesar respondit (replied): "Si
(if) obsides mihi dabitis et sl Aeduis et Allobrogibus
satisfacietis (give satisfaction), pax erit."
Divico re
spondit, "Helvetii obsides non dabunt," et discessit.
Postero die Helvetii castra movent.
Caesaris equites cum
Helvetiis pugnant et superantur. Caesar suos a proelio
continebat et hostes a populationibus (devastations) prohibebat. Dies qulndecim iter fecerunt (perf. of facio).
i For
the ease of the thing asked for, and the person from whom it
2 I.e. friends.
is asked with petere, see 1. 1, above.
104
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Demonstrative Pronouns.
205.
PARADIGMS.
SINGULAR.
hie, this.
hie
haec
hfiius
D. huic
hulus
huic
JV.
G.
hunc
hoc
Ac.
Ab.
hanc
hfic
llle,
that.
ille
illius
huic
illi
Ilia
illius
hoc
hoc
ilium
111am
hoc
hulus
illo
Illi
Ilia
illud
Illius
Illi
lllud
illo
PLURAL.
N. hi
hae
horum liarum
a.
D. his
Ac. hos
his
has
his
his
Ab.
1.
haec
illi
horum
his
illis
haec
his
illae
lllorum illarum
1116s
illis
illis
illas
illis
Hie refers to that which is near the speaker and is
sometimes
called the demonstrative of the first person
hie puer, this boy.

2.
ilia
lllorum
illis
ilia
illis
Iste, that
(of yours), is declined like
file.
It
is ap
plied to that which is near or has some connection with

the person addressed, and so is called the demonstrative
of the second person : iste puer, tliat boy of yours.
3. Ille is applied to what is more remote, and so is
called the demonstrative of the third person: ille puer,
that boy.
When hie and ille are contrasted, hlc usually means

latter, and ille the former.
4.
the
Hle agreeing with a noun frequently means well-known.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
206.
VOCABULARY.
Aedui, -orum, to., the Aeduans.

Inltium, -I, n., beginning.
nemo, -inis, to., nobody.
oratio, -on is, /., speech, oration.
signum, -T, n., standard, sign.
hie, haec, hoc, this.
207.
I.
105
Ille, Ilia, lllud, that.

Iste, lsta, istud, that (of yours).
clarus, -a, -um, eminent,
militaris, -e, military.
dico, -ere, dm, dictum, say.
cur, adv., why ?
EXERCISES.
Ego et amid mel hoc vlco delectamur. 2. Hic

paucos dies in urbe manebit, ille in litus properabit.
4. Vergilius et Cae
3. Iste liber est pulcherrimus.
sar clarl Romanl fuerunt; ille poeta, hic peritus rei1
militaris fuit. 5. Aquilae erant signa militaria legionum
Romanarum.
6. Hannibal cum copils suls ex illa regi1.
Nemo libentius te videt quam

8. Initio orationis multa de virtute clvium nostroego.
rum Cicero dixit. 9. Agricola ante lucem initium laboris
2
10. Cur legatus mattirius in hiberna copias
saepe facit.
suas dedtixit ? 11. Nemo omnium clvium nostrorum clarior est illo viro.
one iam discesserat.
II.
7.
These children asked their father for a newbook.

2. This boy is two years younger than that (one) .
3. The winter quarters of our two legions were sepa
4. We were waiting for you in the
rated by a marsh.
village all day. 5. Men used to live in villages for the
sake of safety. 6. The Helvetians demanded the noblest
of the jEduans as hostages. 7. The bank of the river
was covered (filled) with large trees.
8. Why had the
1
1.
Perltus
and many other adjectives take a genitive to complete
their meaning.
* See 127. 3,
106
forces of Labienus been led away to their winter quar

9. The grain in your
ters unusually1 early that year?
fields will be ripe in a few days.
10. We saw the
eagle of the tenth legion among the military standards.
11. Those boys of yours say many things about them
selves. 12. These women do not ask the enemy for peace.
>H
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Demonstrative Pronouns. Continued.
208.
PARADIGMS.
Is, this, that.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
jv:is
(l. eius
I), ei
Ac. cum
Ab. eo
ea
id
eius
ei
eius
ei
earn
ea
id
eo
ei (ii)
eorum
eis (lis)
eae
ea
earum
eis (lis)
eorum
eos
eas
eis
ea
eis (Us)
eis (lis)
eis
(lis)
(lis)
Idem, same.
JV.
idem
eadem
idem
G. eiusdemeiusdemeiusdem
D. eidem
eidem
eidem
Ac. eundem eandem idem

Ab. eodem eadem eodem
1
Compare
eidem
I (iidem)
eadem
eorundemearundemeorundem
eisdem (iisdem)
eosdem
easdem
eadem
eisdem (iisdem)
I.
10, above.
eaedem
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
ipse, self.
SINGULAR.
N. ipse
G. ipsius
D. ipsi
ipsa
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
Ac. ipsum
Ah. ipso
ipsam
ipsum
ipso
1.
ipsius
ipsi
ipsa
Is is sometimes used
PLURAL.
ipsi
ipsorum
ipsae
ipsa
ipsarum
ipsis
ipsos
ipsis
ipsSs
ipsorum
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
as
third person, and then means

2.
107
ipsa
ipsis
the personal pronoun of the

he, she, it.
Ipse, the intensive pronoun, is used to emphasize
a noun or pronoun expressed or understood with which

it agrees as an adjective. The reflexive pronoun se, self,
is always used substantively.

The following sentences
will illustrate the use of the two.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Miles s6 laudat, the soldier praises himself.

Miles ipse laudatus est, the soldier himself
was praised.
Ipse manSbo,
myself will remain.
Mulier epistulam ipsam legit, the woman reads the letter itself,
or,
the
very letter.
209.
VOCABULARY.
committo,-ere,-misi,-missum,
(con and mitto), entrust;
cpmmlttere proelium, en-
idem, eadem, idem, same.

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self.
is, ea, id, that, this.
gage
barbarus, -i, in., barbarian,
protect, defend.
diS, adv., long, a long time.

tarn, adv., so.
in battle.
defends, -ere, -fendi, -fensum,
domus, lis and-\,f., house, home.
210.
I.
EXERCISES.
Hostes ad Caesarem legatos mittunt, pacemque

ab e6 petunt. 2. Centurio salutem suam exploratoribus
1.
108
Gallorum commlsit.
Postero die castra ex eo loco mo

4. Cur Cicero ipse suas oratiovent, idem Caesar facit.
nes tam saepe laudavit ? 5. Titum et fratrem eius obsides
dux Helvetioruin postulaverat. 6. Nonne tti ipse et frater
tuus in urbe mecum paucos dies manebitis ? 7. Caesar et
Labienus in eundem locum properaverant et tino tempore
proelium cum Belgis commiserant. 8. Legatus ipse peritissimus rel mllitaris habitus est. 9. RomanI ab inhiria
barbarorum patriam diu defenderunt. 10. Hi barbari ab
11. Mihi
impetu hostium domos suas acriter defendent.
12. Initium huius libri est
mea domus, tibi tua est cara.
facilius quam extrema pars.
II.
3.
The Belgians and the Helvetians did not live

in the same part of Gaul. 2. That speech of yours was
pleasing to many citizens. 3. The army will be led away
from the winter quarters in a few days.
4. We saw that
man in the city.
5. Cicero had great influence in those
6. No one of this legion withdrew from the
regions.
standards. 7. Why do you remain so long in this city ?
8. These boys will assist their father in his daily toil.
9. The general himself and many of his men (soldiers)
were wounded.
10. We had expected the ambassador
and his son a long time.
11. Many illustrious men
have lived in this city.
12. Why do you say these
1.
things to me ?
211.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, I.
16, 17.]
Caesaris copiae frumentum non habebant.

Aedul id
non dabant, nam (for) propter tempus anni frumenta in
Aedui cottidie dicebant "fru
agris matura non erant.
mentum dabimus," sed non dabant.
Propter hoc Iratus
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
109
(being angry) Caesar prlncipes eorum convocavit et graviter

Liscus (a man's name), princeps Aeduoeos accusavit.
ium, Caesarl dixit : " Civium Aeduorum nonnulll (some)

Hi mala
auctoritate plus valent quam ipsi prlncipes.
oratione multitudinem deterrent (deter) ne (that not) framentum dent (give, subjunctive of do).1 Hi dicunt: 'si
(if) Bomanl Helvetios superaverint, Aeduls2 et omni
bus Gallis2 libertatem (liberty) eripient (will take away).'
Ab elsdem vestra consilia (plans) hostibus enuntiantur
Has res magno cum periculo (danger)

(are reported).
tibi enuntio, et ob (on account of, for) eam causam diu
tacul (kept silent)."
CHAPTER XXXIX.
Fourth Conjugation
Present Indicative Active.
Relative Pronoun.
Learn the present indicative
212.
active
of
audio
(p. 226).
213.
PARADIGM.
qui, who, which.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
qui
G.
cuius
quae
cuius
I),
cui
cui
cui
qui
quorum
quibus
quern
quam
qua
quod
quo
quos
quibus
-V.
Ac.
All. quo
1
1
quod
cuius
quae
quae
quarum
quorum
qulbus
quSs
quibus
quibus
quae
dent, that they give not, i.e. from giving.

Dative, but translate from.
.
quibus
110
214.
1.
2.
3.
Ego qui haec scrips! homo sum, 1 who wrote this am a man.
Urbs quam vides magna est, the city which you see is large.
Pueri quos videtis discipuli mei sunt, the boys whom you
see
are my pupils.
Observe that the relative has the same gender, number, and
person as the word (called the antecedent) to which it refers,
but that its case is determined by its relatiou to the other words
of the clause in which it stands. Qui in the first sentence, while
it has no separate form to show its person, is nevertheless of the
first person, and so the verb which agrees with it is in the first
person.
215. Rule. A
relative agrees with its antecedent
in
gender, number, and person.
216.
VOCABULARY.
voi,
vocls, /. , voice.
reliquus, -a, -um, remaining,
rest of.
come.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, hear.

hlemo, -are, -avi, -atum, spend
the winter.
217.
I.
munio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, fortify.

venio, -ire,
veni, vcntum,
qui, quae, quod, who, which.
quam, adv., as ; tam . . . quam,
so
...
as.
EXERCISES.
Non is bonus est qui
laudat, sed is quem

2. Dux, qul hiemaverat in
optiml homines laudant.
Italia, prlma, aestate in Britanniam venit. 3. Locum ubi
hiemabit exercitus noster munimus. 4. Libenter vocem
1.
se ipse
5. Helvetii eo tempore
mei amlcl Marcl semper audio.
quo Caesar in Galliam venit ad fitimen Rhenum incolebant.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
Ill
Nemo rei militaris peritior quam Hannibal fuit. 7. Domus amicorum quibuscum l Memo multis picturis ornatur.
8. Ea pars Galliae quam Belgae obtinent a finibus Gallorum ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rhenl pertinet.
10. Nonne
9. Qui a multls timetur, ipse multos timebit.
audis ea quae dico ? 11. Initium itineris non est tam
difficile quam reliqua pars.
6.
II.
The same things are not easy for all men.

2. Many barbarians used to live in this region where
shall read with pleasure the orations which
we are. 3.
you gave me. 4. Those soldiers of yours always engage
in battle bravely. 5. Cicero in the oration which I am
1.
reading, praises himself. 6. These barbarians are very

skilful in the art of war. 7. The Eoman legions used
to defend their standards with the utmost Talor. 8. The
beginning of the book which I gave you is easy. 9. Dumnorix and his cavalry begin2 the battle. 10. Shall you
remain long in Greece?
11. The winter quarters which
the legion is fortifying are in the territory of the Sequanians.
1
See 192. 4,
at the end.
Make a beginning of.
A FIEST BOOK IN LATIN.
112
CHAPTER XL.
Imperfect, Future, Perfect,
Pluperfect, and Future-Perfect
Indicative Active.
Fourth Conjugation
Interrogative Pronoun.
218. Learn the imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect,

aud future-perfect of the indicative active of audio.
Compare the endings of each tense with the endings
of the same tense of duc5.
In what tenses is there a difference ?
the difference consist ?
219.
I.
In
what does
EXERCISES ON POEMS.
Audit, audiebat, audiet.

2. Venit, venerat,
3. Audivi, audiveram, audivero.
4. Munit,
venerit.
6. Vo5. Barbaras in Italiam venit.
muniet, munlvit.
cemne
8.
1.
audis ?
7.
Eadem audiverunt.
muro hiberna muniet.

Quo die venietis ? 10. Quid
Legatus
9.
dicis, dices, dixisti ?
II.
You hear, you were hearing.

2. They will
fortify, they have fortified. 3. We were coming, we had
come. 4. He will protect, he has protected. 5. Whose
voice do you hear? 6. The soldiers will fortify this
7. They will come to the city.
8. Whose speech
place.
did they hear ? 9. We will defend our home. 10. They
1.
are coming from the winter quarters.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
113
220.
PARADIGM.
quis, who ? which ? what
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
quae
N. quia
G. cuius
cuius
CUV
D. CUl
Ac. quern quam
qua
Ab. quo
quid
quae
quae
cuius
qui
quorum
quarum
cui
quid
quibus
qutis
quorum
quibus
quo
quibus
quibus
quSs
quibus
quae
quibus
is used as an adjective, it
usually has the same form as the relative.
When the interrogative
221.
VOCABULARY.
genus, -eris, ?.., kind, sort.

mercator, -oris, m. , merchant.
nu merits, -l, m. , number.
senatus, -us, m., senate.
quis, quae, quid, who, what.
publlcus, -a, -um, public.
222.
I.
ex tuo
1.
appello, -are, -avi, -a tum, call.

consido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum,
take a position, encamp.
dimitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
,
(dis and mitto), send away,

dismiss.
EXERCISES.
Mille
f ratre
clves vocem consulis audiebant.
de adventu. Germanorum audivisti ?
2.
Quid
3.
In
Graecia et in Italia urbes multae et nobiles sunt. 4. Cae

sar tertiae legionl salutem suam commisit. 5. Quibus ex
6. Quae arborum
regionibus el mercatores venerunt ?
genera in publicis hortls vidisti ? 7. Nuntil a senatu in
multas regiones dimissl sunt.
8. Homines qui Belgae
appellabantur, unam Galliae partem incolebant. 9. Cum
tribus legionibus et magno equitum numero proelium com
11. Cas
mlsit.
10. Ubi hostium copiae consederunt ?
114
ticus, cuius pater amicus populi Romanl fuerat, regnum

12. Ego in Graecia reliquam
in sua civitate occupabat.
hiemis partem manebo.
II.
Who of you will read Cicero's orations?

2. The same storm which kept us in port drove many
3. We will come into the city
ships upon the shore.
1.
4. Marcus will be glad to hear

by the shortest route.
5. That little girl whose voice
the voice of his friend.
you hear is very unhappy. 6. In what district do they
live ? 7. What towns have the enemy fortified ? 8. The
9. The
Gauls were called barbarians by the Eomans.
home of that merchant is on the bank of the Rhine.
10.
The province had for
by the tenth legion.

to Cicero.
223.
11.
long time been protected

Caesar himself wrote a letter
a
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War,
1. 18.]
Hanc orationem de Dumnorlge, Divitiaci fratre, Liscus

Caesar celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum rehabuerat.
tinet (retains). Quaerit (he asks) ex eo solo ea quae in con
cilia dixerat. Eadem ab alils quaerit. Vera (true) erant.
Dumnorlx
erat audacia (boldness), magna

apud plebem (the common people) auctoritate, Romanis
non amlcus.
Multos annos omnia Aeduorum vectlgalia
redempta (bought up) habebat.
Magnum numerum equitum semper circum (about, around) se habebat et apud
alias clvitates magnam auctoritatem habebat.
Mater
eius uxor erat hominis in Biturigibus (the Bituriges, a
Gallic tribe) nobilissiml ; ipse ex Helvetils uxorem habe
bat.
Ob (on account of) eam rem HelvetiTs amicus erat.
ipse summa
FOURTH
CONJUGATION.
115
In
proelio equestri (cavalry, adj.) quod paucis diebus ante

factum erat (had been made, i.e. fought) initium fugae a
Dumnorlge et eius equitibus factum erat.
reliqui equites territl erant.
Eorum fuga
CHAPTER XLI.
Fourth Conjugation: Passive Voice.
Indefinite Pronouns.
224. Learn
the indicative passive of audio.

Compare
the endings of each tense with the endings of the same
tense of duco, and observe the differences.
225.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Vox consulis in senatti
audita est, audietur,

audiebatur.
2. Cuius vox auditur, audita erat, audita
erit ? 3. Qua ex urbe venls, veniebas, veneras ? 4. Illud
oppidum munitur, nmni&tur, munitum est. 5. Ciceronis
orationem audiemus, audivimus, audiveramus. 6. Voces
multorum auditae sunt, audiebantur, audientur.
7. Cur
veniunt, veniebant, venerunt ? 8. Eadem in senatti dicta
1.
sunt.
II.
In
what city do we live, shall we live, have

we lived ? 2. We have come to this city, shall come, were
coming. 3. The winter quarters will be fortified, were
4. What did you
being fortified, have been fortified.
1.
116
whom did you hear?

5. What was heard, who
was heard ? 6. What place is being fortified, has been
fortified ?
7. In what place will the army spend the
winter ?
8. The shouts of the children will be heard.
hear,
226.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
The following are the more important indefinite pro
nouns :
1.
Substantive
aliquis, aliqnae aliquld,

(aliqua),
quis,
Adjective
2.
3.
4.
5.
allqui,
qui,
quae
quid,
somebody, some one,
something.
(qua),
aliqua (aliquae), aliquod,
.
> some, any.
,
qua (quae),
quod,
J
quisquam,
quidquam (no plural), any one.
quidam,
quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), a, a certain.
quisque,
quaeque, quidque (quodque), each, every.
iilluin, any.
Qllus,
filla,
These pronouns, except ullus, are declined like the in

terrogative or the relative. Where there are two forms,
the one like the interrogative is used as a noun, the one
like the relative as an adjective, but this distinction is not
always observed, except in the neuter. The neuter plural
of aliqul is generally aliqua, of qul indefinite quae or qua.
In the declension of
quldam,
m becomes n before
d, as,
quendam, quSrundam.
The indefinite quis and qul are used chiefly after sl, nisi,
ne, and num, and will be introduced later in connection
with these particles.

Quisquam
in sentences
tive.
in negative sentences, and

interrogative) implying a nega
is used chiefly
(chiefly
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
VOCABULARY.
227.
captivus, -i, m., captive.

colloquium, -i, n., conference.
allquis, -quae (-qua), -quid,
some, somebody, something.
quidam, quaedam, quiddam

(quoddam), a certain.
quls, qua (quae) , quid, some,
quisque,
quaeque,
every, every one.
228.
quisquam
quldque,
quidquam,
some, somebody, something.
-legi, -lectum
(de and lego), pick from,
dellgo, -ere,
select.
reperio, -ire, repperi, reperturn, find out.

neque, conj.
somebody, something.
I.
117
neque
.
and not.
,
.
neque,
neither
nor.
EXERCISES.
Eadem de Dumnorlge quisque apud me dixit.

2. Quidam ex militibus decimae legionis nocte ad Caesarem venit. 3. Locum aliquem colloquio idoneum deli4. Primum quisque itineris locum petebat.
5. Ex
gent.
captlvo quodam proximum iter in oppidum repertum est.
6. Cur quisquam illos barbaros timet ?
7. Quaque hieme
amici quidam patris mel in urbem veniebant.
8. Qui
vestrum rosas in hortls publicls viderunt ? 9. Vox ma10. Locus quem
gistrl a quoque nostrum audita est.
dux delegit paucls diebus munietur.
11. In provinciam
mlsit equites, sed reliquum exercitum in hiberna duxit.
12. Multa arborum genera sunt in ea silva.
II.
1.
1.
Some friends of mine are spending the win
ter in Greece and Italy. 2. In the winter we live in a

large and celebrated city. 3. He will encamp every night
4. I saw certain boys in
four miles from the enemy.
the city last night. 5. The number of inhabitants of this
city is very large. 6. Caesar's daughter was called Julia.

7. He had not heard about the arrival of Ariovistus, nor
118
was anything found out from the captives.
of my mother was heard at dawn.
8.
The voice
9. Many merchants
10. We dis
every summer.
missed every pupil before night on account of the
weather.
11. Certain captives were led into the senate.
used
to come into
Gaul
CHAPTER XLII.
Infinitives of Sum
Infinitives of First and
Second Conjugations.
Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua); Subject of the
Infinitive.
229. Learn the infinitives of
(p. 222), and the

infinitives, both active and passive, of amo and habeo,
sum
The present infinitive has already been introduced in

sentences in which it is used in Latin just as in English,
and required no explanation
as,
Helvetii pai ati erant obsides dare,

Froperat in altiorem locum castra movere.
230. For a different use of the infinitive, examine the
following sentences :
Puer parat, the boy is preparing.
Direct.
Indirect. Dico pueruni parare, / say that
Direct.
Locus paratus est,
the
the boy
is preparing.
place has been prepared.
INFINITIVES OF
Indirect. Puto locum paratum esse,

been
119
Sum.
I think that
the
place has
prepared.
Puer parabit, the boy will (is going to) prepare.

Indirect. Video puerum paraturum esse, / see that the
Direct.
boy
will (is going to) prepare.

Observe that the sentences marked
Indirect
contain the same

statements as the corresponding sentences marked Direct, but
that in the sentences marked Indirect the statements are at
A statement thus attrib
tributed to some speaker or observer.
uted to any one, and not directly quoted, is called an Indirect
statement, or a statement in Indirect Discourse.
In English, statements in Indirect Discourse are introduced
by the conjunction that (which may sometimes be omitted), the
subject is in the Nominative (Subjective) case, and the verb in
the Indicative mood. In Latin, statements in Indirect Discourse
are not introduced by a conjunction, the subject is in the Accu
sative case, and the verb in the Infinitive.
231. Rule.
The subject
of
the
Infinitive
is in the
Accusative.
232. Rule. Statements after verbs (and other ex

pressions) of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving
are expressed
233.
by the
Infinitive with Subject-Accusative.
PRESENT.
dicit
dicet
-J
[-
puerum par-are,
dixit )
-.
dicet
(he says that the boy is preparing.

-1
he
I ha
r he
1
y
dixit J
locum parari,
he
- he
will
say that the boy is preparing.
said that the boy was preparing.

says that the place is being prepared.
will
say that the place is being pre-
pared.
said that
the
place was being prepared.
120
PERFECT.
dicit
r he says that the boy has prepared.

he will say that the boy has prepared.
-J
( ^e said that the boy had prepared.
-J
y puerum paravisse,
dixit J
(licet
..
.
.
)
dixit
locum paratuml
/ he says that the place has been prepared.

he
will
say that the place has been
pre-
Pared-
688e'
*,
he said that the place had been prepared.
FUTURE.
,
|
puerum paratS
rum
esse,
C
|
1
he says that the boy
will
he
will prepare.
say that the boy
will prepare.
he said that the boy would (was going
to) prepare.
r he says that the place will be prepared.
para tu in { he will say that the place will be prepared.
L
locum
iri,1
he said that the place would (was going
I-
Observe that
to)
be
prepared.
in the first six sentences the preparing takes
place at the same time as the saying, in the second six at a time
before (past to) the saying, in the third six at a time after
(future to) the saying.
234. Rulb. In Indirect
Discourse the Present Infini

tive is used to represent an action as going on ; the Perfect,
as completed;
the
Future, as in
time denoted by the verb
235.
of
the
future relatively to the
saying.
VOCABULARY.
Athenae, -arum,/., Athens.
Roma, -ae, /., Rome.

confirmo, -Sre, -avi, -Stum,
assert, encourage.
puto, -Sre, -avi, -atum, think.

respondeo,-ere, -di, -sponsum,
reply.
scio, scire, scivi, scitum, know.
nuntio, -Sre, -Svi, -Stum, report.

1
A more usual form for the future passive infinitive is fore (a future
infinitive of sum)
ut
and the subjunctive.
See 387.
INFINITIVES
236.
I.
of
sum.
121
EXERCISES.
Impetus hostium sustinere non est facile. 2. Im3. Omnes

perator scit mllites domos nostras occupare.
sciunt Romam et Athenas fuisse nobilissimas urbes.
4. Dumnorlx neque in colloquium veniet neque exercitum
5. Casticus confirmat se provinciam occupatudiniittet.
rum esse. 6. Captivi putaverunt exercitus adventu incolas
7. Dicit aliquis portum navibus longis
territos esse.
completum M. 8. Nuntiabatur exercitum loco1 proelio
9. Repperit principes Aeduorum in
idoneo consedisse.
Britanniam properavisse. 10. Cicero respondit se postero
die senatum convocaturum esse.
11. Hortus publicus
mulieribus ac liberls completus est.
II.
1.
1.
Who says that the route through the province is
The general has already selected a certain man

3. Does not everyone know that our
as his lieutenant.
slaves have been set free ? 4. The merchant reported that
the Gauls were men of great stature. 5. My mother knows
that neither you nor I am strong. 6. The farmer ascer
tained that a large number of his horses were standing
in the water. 7. Who says that boys like to toil ? 8. My
daughter says in her letter that she will be in the city in
9. I did not know that Csesar had called
a few days.
10. Marcus is not in the
Divitiacus to a conference.
garden, nor has anyone of us seen him.
easy ?
2.
237.
READING LESSON.
[Caesar, Gallic War, Book I. 19-21.]
Caesar Divitiacum, Dumnorigis fratrem, qui populi Ro

manl amicus erat, ad se vocavit, et de Dumnorige multa
1
The preposition in is frequently omitted with looS.
122
dixit. Petivit ut (that) sine (without, takes the abl.) eius

offensione
(offence)
animl Dumnorlgem
puiriret (might
Divitiacus a Caesare petivit ne (that . . . not)

punish).
Dumnorlgem ptiniret. Caesar Dumnorlgem ad se vocat.
Dicit se el vltam (life) dare ; tamen (nevertheless) custodes ei ponit (places).
Eodem die Caesari ab exploratoribus nuntiatur hostes sub (under, at the foot of)
monte consedisse (perfect infinitive of consido) milia
passuum ab ipsius castrls octo. Iter in montem facile
esse nuntiatur.
Tertia vigilia, Titum Labienum legatum
cum duabus legionibus et eis ducibus qui iter cognoverant (knew) montem ascendere (to ascend) iubet (orders).
Ipse quarta vigilia, eodem itinere quo hostes ierant (had
gone) ad eos contendit (hastens) . Publius Considius cum
exploratoribus praemittitur (is sent ahead).
CHAPTER XLIII.
Infinitives of Third and Fourth Conjugations.
Expressions of Place.
238. Learn the infinitives, active
and passive, of dtico
and audio.
Notice the stems and endings.
Give the infinitives, active and passive, of lego, scrlbo,
peto, munio, reperio, scio.
INFINITIVES.
239.
Expressions
1.
2.
123
of Place.
Milites in oppido sunt, the soldiers are in

Milites ad montem venerunt, the soldiers
the town.
came to the moun
tain.
3.
Milites
4.
Milites
Milites
Milites
MilitSs
provincia veneruiit,
the
soldiers came from
the
province.
5.
6.
7.
Romae sunt, the soldiers are at Rome.

Athenis sunt, the soldiers are at Athens.
Romam venerunt, the soldiers came to Rome.
Roma venerunt, the soldiers came from Rome.
Notice that, in
the place where (or in which) is expressed

by a preposition with the ablative case; in 2, the place whither
(or to which) by a preposition with the accusative; and in 3,
the place whence
1,
(or from which) by a preposition with the
ablative.
Notice that with names of cities (4-7)
used, and that place where is expressed
preposition is
by the Locative
no
case.
In the singular of the first and second declensions the

Elsewhere it is like the
locative case is like the genitive.
Domus has a locative domi, at home, and rus has
ablative.
ruri, in the country.
240. Rule. With names of cities and towns :

I. Place where is expressed by the locative.
II.
Place whither
by the accusative
Place whence
by
without a prep
osition.
III.
the
ablative
without a prep
osition.
Domus,
rus, country, in expressions

used like names of cities.
home, and
of place are
124
241.
roll is,
-is, m. (ileti. like
VOCABULARY.
ignis),
hill.
convenlo, ire, -vtinl, -vent um,

(con and venio)
come
to-
Corlntbus, -i,/., Corinth.

Massllla, -ae, /., Massilia.
occldo, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, kill.
gether, assemble, meet.

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductutn, (e
and dfico), lead, out or away.
pond, -ere, posui, positum,
impedio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, (inand pes), hinder, impede.
place, pitch (of a camp).
242.
I.
EXERCISES.
Exploratores nuntiaverunt castra in colle ponl.

2. Nuntiat aliquis multos elves Athenls occlsos esse.
3. Dlcit quidam nostras copias omnes Corinthum conventtiras esse. 4. Dicebasne tuum fratrem Massilia venisse ?
5. Imperator solvit mulierem quamque mitti ex oppido.
6. Ex exploratoribus
repperi Hannibalem ex castris
exercitum suum eduxisse.
7. Nuntiatur Caesarem
in
8. Senatus non putabat
ripa RhodanI castra posuisse.
Caesarem Komam venturum esse.
9. Ex captivls reperturn est unum e filils AriovistI occlsum esse.
10. Lega,tus respondit iter impetu equitum hostium impedituni
1.
esse.
II.
He said that neither the farmer nor his son had

2. He had remained at Rome many years.
come home.
3. We thought that you would come to Rome with your
4. It was easy to fortify the hill on which the
mother.
camp had been pitched. 5. She said that she had writ
ten a letter to a friend in Athens. 6. Divitiacus asserted
that he had always been a friend to the Romans. 7. We
found out that the captives had been led away to a forti
fied place.
8. Ariovistus replied to the ambassadors that
1.
he would neither come to a conference nor withdraw from
VERBS IK -io OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
125
Gaul. 9. The general selected from his troops a cer

10. We knew that you had
tain young man as guide.
remained a long time at Massilia.
CHAPTER XLIV.
Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation.
243. Learn the indicative and infinitive
moods, active
and passive, of capio (p. 229).

Of which conjugation is capio ? Why ?
Compare each tense with the same tense of duco and
note the differences in formation, if there are any.
Like capio, conjugate all the verbs in -io in 244.
244.
VOCABULARY.
medius, -a, -um, middle of.

capio, -ere, cepi, captum,
take, capture.
facio, -ere, feci, factum, make.
fugio, -ere, fngi, fugitum, flee.

instruo, -ere, -struxi, -striictum, draw up.
245.
I.
iacio, -ere, led, lactum, throw.

recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
take back ; se reclpere, retreat.
interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum,

slay.
statim,
adv.,
[once.
immediately, at
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
2. Iacis, iacies,
Capiunt, capiminl, capiebamur.
4. Fugiemus
iaciebas.
3. Iacitur, iacietur, iaciebatur.
6.
5.
Fugiebant
Corintho.
Fngiebamus ab urbe.
8. In collem se
7. Parati erant iter facere.
Massilia.
10. Putat
9. Multi de nostris captl sunt.
recipient.
1.
omnes interfectos esse.
126
II.
We are throwing, we shall throw. 2. We shah

3. We shall make a
be taken, they have been taken.
journey to Rome. 4. They were fleeing to the camp.
5. They throw stones from the wall.
6. Many were
being slain at Rome. 7. He reports that the town has
1.
old men will remain at home.

9. They were marching from home.
10. Stones were
thrown by the boys.
been taken.
246.
I.
8.
The
EXERCISES.
1.
Milites magna caede oppidum ceperunt.
2.
Hos-
3. Duae filiae fuerunt Arites in omnes partes fugiebant.

ovisto ; harum altera occlsa est, altera capta est. 4. Sta-
tim nuntiat milites ad montem se recipere.

pila iaciebant et in castra se recipiebant.
5.
Nostrl
6. Caesar
'
respondet Labienum copias e castris edticere et in medio
colle aciem lnstructurum esse. 7. Poetae 2 erat in animo
Roma iter facere Athenas. 8. Urbs capta est et multl
9. Nuntiat castra apud Genavam
incolae interfecti sunt.
10. Quot homines Massiliae occlsi sunt?
posita esse.
11. Pater tuus, qui in urbe est, te domum missum esse
non scit.
II.
1.
He knows that you were often in Corinth.
The scouts assembled at dawn, and immediately de

parted from the camp. 3. Do you think that the enemy
will retire to a fortified place ? 4. They reported that a
2.
line of battle had been drawn up on the middle of the

hill. 5. He told the citizens that very many captives
were taken in that battle. 6. The general asserted that
7. I was at home neither
he would at once take Corinth.
1
On
the
middle of, i.e. half-way up.
* See 49.
VERBS IN
-10
OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
127
8. The boys, who threw

last night nor the night before.
the stones, have fled. 9. The troops will quickly retire to
10. The messenger said that he had
the nearest hill.
been hindered at the river.
247.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, Book I. 22-23.]
Prlma luce summus
(highest, i.e. the top of) mons a

LabienS tenebatur, Caesar ipse ab hostium castrls mille
et qulngentis passibus aberat (was distant) .
Considius ad Caesarem venit, dlxit montem
Tum (then)
ab hostibus
in proximum collem duxit,

Labienus, qui montem occupaverat,
aciem Instruxit.
nostros exspectabat suasque legiones a proelio continebat.
Multo die1 Caesarl per exploratores nuntiatum est et
montem a suls teneri et Helvetios castra movisse et Considium propter timorem (fear) falsa (false things) sibi
Eo die Caesar cum copiis suis iter fecit
nuntiavisse.
et milia passuum tria ab hostium castrls castra posuit.
Posters die Caesar ad oppidum Aeduorum maximum,
Bibracte, quod mllia passuum duodevigintl aberat (was
distant) iter facere constituit (determined), ubi copiam
HelvetiI Romanos territos
frflmentl esse putavit.
teneri.
Caesar
suas copias
Itaque (therefore) iter

(frightened) fugere putaverunt.
converterunt (they turned) et in novissimuin nostrum
agmen multos impetus faciebant.
i multo die, at much day, i.e. when
the day was
far
advanced.
128
CHAPTER XLV.
Participles.
248. Learn all the participles, active and passive, of
anio,
habeo,
and capio; also of sum,
audio,
duco,
Note the
stems and endings.

Observe that there is no present passive
nor perfect
active participle.
Participles ending in -ns are declined like potens.
Those ending in -us are declined like bonus.
p. 56.
See
See
p. 18.
249.
1.
Hostes pugnantes per urbem currSbant,

fighting through
2.
slain)
the
city
(literally, many having
friend (literally,
written, or, a written letter
Eiim doml manentem

was remaining
he
at home)
5.
he saw many who had been
Epiatulam scriptam ad amicum misit,
while
ran
been
slain, or, many
sent it to his
4.
enemy
city.
Multos in urbe occisos videbat,

slain in
3.
the
the
he wrote a letter and
he sent a letter
having been
to his
friend) .
saepe videbam, /
at home
(literally,
often
saw him
him remaining
Miles graviter vulneratus
fortiter pugnavit,
although
soldier fought bravely (literally, the

soldier, having been severely wounded, fought bravely).
liberated, will
6. Servus liberatus erit laetus, the slave,
severely
wounded,
glad
(literally,
the
if
be
glad).
the
slave,
having been liberated,
will
be
PARTICIPLES.
7.
129
His rebus moti proelium committebant,

were
influenced
by these
(literally, moved by
these
because
they
joined battle
considerations, they joined battle).
considerations
they
Observe (1) that the participles in the above sentences agree

with nouns or pronouns in gender, number, and case, like other
adjectives ; (2) that the present participle represents an action
going on, and the perfect participle action as completed, with

reference to the time denoted by the leading verb ; (3) that
most of the participles are equivalent to clauses in English.
Before translation, ascertain the precise idea expressed by the
as
participle.
The use of the future active participle and the gerundive
(sometimes called the future passive participle) is confined for
the most part to special constructions, which will be considered
in a subsequent chapter.
250.
VOCABULARY.
anna, -srum, n., arms.

deditio, -onis, /., surrender.
cogo, -ere,
inopla, -ae, /. , want.

iusiiirandiiin,
iSrlsinrandi,
(iiis and iil rand u in), oath.
add ii co, -ere, -dfixl, -ductum,

(ad and duco), lead to, in-
teliim,
-I,
sile.
weapon,
mis-
coactum,
collect, compel.
duce.
ob (prep, with acc.), on account

of.
251.
I.
n.,
coegi,
1.
EXERCISES.
Agricolam equos ad flumen agentem vidimus.
Clvitas ob eam rem incitata multitudinem hominum ex

3. E loco superiore in nostros (milites)
agris cogebat.
venientes tela iaciebant.
4. Helvetii omnium rerum
inopia adductl legatos de deditione ad eum miserunt.
5. Centurio fortissime pugnans
interficiebatur.
6. Ab
hostibus capti statim interficiemur.
7. Hac oratione
2.
130
adductl inter se fidem et iusiurandum dant.

8. Legiones
se armls defendentes in collem se receperunt. 9. Oppidum
natural ac manu munitum expugnatum est.
10. Equites
11. Ariovistus iureiuimpediti in flumine occlsl sunt.
rando teneri non coactus est.
12. Consederat cum omni
bus copils quae e multls civitatibus coactae erant.
II.
The boy saw his sister writing a letter. 2. Cae

sar, as he was influenced by these considerations,1 pitched
his camp on the middle of the hill. 3. The Belgee, although
they fought bravely, were slain. 4. The men, if frightened,
will flee at once. 5. Will you come to Corinth ? 6. Influ
enced by a lack of grain and (other) supplies, we shall
surrender (make a surrender).
7. He has troops col
lected from many states. 8. Did you say that Labienus
drew up a line of battle ?
9. The enemy threw their
10. We saw your brother as he
missiles and retired.
came home.
11. On account of these things the troops
were led out of the camp.
12. They had many arms
concealed in the town.
1.
CHAPTER XLVI.
Deponent Verbs.
252. Deponent verbs
in form, but active

in meaning.
They are conjugated like the passive of
other verbs, except that the future infinitive has the
are passive
active form (mtraturus esse, not mlratum Irl), and they

have the participles of both voices.
1
I.e. things.
DEPONENT
mlrans, admiring.
miraturus, about
to admire.
131
VERBS.
miratus, having admired.
mirandus, to be admired.
The perfect participle is usually active in meaning, but

the gerundive (Chapter
253.
1.
2.
passive.
Miles gladio utitur, the soldier uses his sword.

Caesar urbe potitus est, Ccesar got possession of
Observe
titus
LXIII.) is always
the
city.
that gladio is used with utitur, and urbe with po
est.
few other verbs are followed by the ablative.
254. Rule.
The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior,
and vescor and their compounds govern the ablative.
255.
angustiae,
VOCABULARY.
-arum, /., narrow
pass, narrowness.
Impedimenta, -Drum, n., bag-
form.
gage.
miror, -Sri, -fitus, admire, wonder at.
I.
potior,
potiri,
potitus,
get
possession of.
sequor, sequi, secutus, follow.

vereor, vereri, verltus, fear.
256.
utor, fiti, nsus, use.

fruor, fr'ui, frnctus, enjoy.
fungor, fungi, functus, per-
vescor, vesci, eat.
EXERCISES.
Non hostes sed angustias itineris et magnitu2. Bonls libris semper fruidinem silvarum veremur.
mur.
3. Nostri impedimentis castrlsque potlti sunt.
1.
Mercator corporum magnitudinem Gallorum mirabatur.

5. Caesar hostes fugientes secutus multos interfecit.
7. Dicunt
6. Ob eam rem milites gladiis facilius utebantur.
4.
ducem hostes magna celerLtate secutum
esse.
8.
Barbari
132
tota urbe potitl erant.
In provincia
multls rebus fruebamur.

10. Dux magnam multitudinem peditum ex
12. Marcus
11. Equi frumento vescuntur.
agrls coegit.
labore fungitur.
II.
9.
The Helvetians and Sequanians give an oath

to each other.1 2. The general drew up a line of battle
before the camp.
3. Many of the inhabitants were
killed as they were retiring into the town. 4. Did you
1.
boy who threw the stone? 5. The commander

divided among his soldiers2 the arms which were
6. The enemy threw their missiles and fled
captured.
8. The
into the woods.
7. Whose book did you use ?
general, after having followed the Helvetians many days,
took possession of their camp. 9. No one enjoys extreme
want. 10. The soldier said at once that he did not fear
12. The sol
the enemy.
11. Eagles eat small animals.
diers finished (performed) their toil and withdrew.
see the
257.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, Book I.
24r-26.]
Postquam (after) id nuntiatum est, copias suas Caesar

in proximum collem duxit equitesque contra hostes mlsit.
Ipse in colle medio aciem Instruxit legionum quattuor et
in summo (the top of) colle duas legiones et omnia auxilia (auxiliaries) posuit, ac totum montem hominibus
complevit. Helvetii, qui cum omnibus suls carris secuti
erant, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt (brought
together) ; ipsl nostras equites superaverunt et ad prlmam
nostram aciem venerunt. Caesar celeriter proelium commlsit.
1
Milites
Qf. J251.
I.
7,
loco superiore pila mlserunt

2
For among the soldiers
use the
quibus
dative,
INFINITIVE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
133
facile hostium aciem perfregerunt (broke through). Turn

Galli diu for(then) gladils in eos impetum fecerunt.
titer pugnaverunt; tandem (at length) in montem qui
suberat (was near) se receperunt.
In itinere et ad mon
tem diu et acriter pugnatum est.
Tandem impediments
Ibi (there)
castrlsque Helvetiorum nostri potitl sunt.
Orgetorlgis filia atque unus e filils captus est. Helveti
orum circiter (about) milia centum et triginta ex eo proelio
ftigerunt, et quarto die in fines Lingonum (of the Lingones)
venerunt.
CHAPTER XLVII.
Possum: Infinitive not in Indirect Discourse.
258. Learn
the indicative and the infinitive moods of
possum (p. 234).
259.
1.
Laudari est gratum,

to be
2.
to be praised
is pleasant; or, it is pleasant
praised.
Videri non est semper
esse, seeming (to seem) is not always
being (to be).
that laudari (in 1) and videri (in 2) are subjects,

and that esse (in 2) is a predicate.
This use of the infinitive
is common to both English and Latin, but more common in
Observe
Latin.
260. Rule. An infinitive with or without
a subject-
accusative may be used as the subject of a sentence or as

a predicate noun.
134
261.
1.
2.
3.
Pugnare non potest, he cannot fight.
Pugnare non poterat, he could not fight.
Pugnare parabant, they were preparing
to
fight.
Observe that the infinitive pugnare is used with potest, poterat,

and parabant not as subject, but to complete the thought. This
use of the infinitive also is common to
English and Latin.
Such an infinitive is called a complementary
262. Rule. The infinitive is
infinitive.
used with certain verbs
their meaning.
to complete
Remember that can and could should usually be expressed by

some form of possum.
263.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Nihil
videre potest.
2. Velociter currere potes.
3. Iuvare me non poterat.
4. Stare non potuit.
5. Soll
multa reperlre potueramus.
6. Impedlmenta capere potuerunt.
1. Paratus est domum venlre.
8. Properabam te
vocare.
9. Coacti sunt se recipere.
II.
1.
He could not
3. We shall not be able to come.
4. He
use his foot.
hurried to assist us. 5. I am ready to follow you. 6. We
could not read. 7. He will not be able to run. 8. They
1.
am able to conceal nothing.
2.
could not retreat.
264.
VOCABULARY.
amicitla, -ae, /., friendship.

periculum, -i, n., danger.
praesidium, -i, ., guard, protection, escort.
socius, -i, in., ally.

cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, fall.
lubeo,
-ere,
ifissi,
lfissum,
command.
polliceor,
-eri,
polllcltug,
promise.
possum, posse, potui, be able.
sine (prep, with abl.), without.
INFINITIVE
NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
265.
I.
135
EXERCISES.
2. Milites
oppido potlri non potuit.
armls titl non potuerunt. 3. Sociis praesidium polliceri
non potuerat. 4. In colle equites equls uti non potue
runt. 5. Pauci de nostrls hostes secutl in proelio ceciderunt. 6. Nonne scitis me" vobls omnia tela divisisse ?
7. Sine perlculo per angustias iter facere non possumus.
8. Eam ob rem voblscum de deditione agere non
9. Vidistine Cieeronis de amIcitia librum ?
poterimus.
10. Rem publicam 1 in magno perlculo esse consul putat.
iussit.
11. Caesar prlncipes obsides
ad se adducere
1.
Caesar
12. Militum labore centuriones functi sunt.
13.
Inopia
adductl homines equls vescuntur.
II.
He says that he is not afraid of you.
We
could see the baggage of the enemy.
3. The state could
not be bound by an oath. 4. Influenced by want, we
hurry into the territory of our allies. 5. The consul
promised2 to protect his allies from wrongs. 6. The gen
7. The
eral could not come to Rome without a guard.
commander-in-chief ordered a band of men to be collected
8. Yon enjoy the
from the country districts (agri).
friendship of all good citizens. 9. We made an attack
10. The bar
upon the camp, and many brave men fell.
barians were astonished at the size of our ships.
1.
2.
1
2
Res publica, public thing, state.
Polliceor is usually followed by future infinitive,
discourse, but sometimes by the complementary
i.e., the indirect
infinitive.
136
CHAPTER XLVIII.
Compounds
of Sum.
Dative with Compounds.
266. Learn the indicative and infinitive
moods
of
prosum (p. 235).
The peculiarities of compounds of sum, except possum

and prosum, will be readily learned from the vocabulary.
267.
1.
In perlculis amicis
3.
Liberos amicis committebant,
aderat, he aided his friends in dangers.

2. Dumnorix equitibus praefuit, Dumnorix commanded
the
cavalry.
they were
entrusting their
children to their friends.
Notice that the verbs of the above sentences are compounded

with ad, prae, and con, and that they govern the dative case.
268.
Rule. Many
verbs compounded
with ad, ante,
con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super govern
the dative as indirect object.
The dative is used with all compounds of sum except possum
and absum.
269.
VOCABULARY.
auxilium, -i, n., help, assistance.

Brutus, -i, m., Brutus.
verus, -a, -um, true.
absum, -esse, afui, (ab and
sum), be absent, away, distant.
-esse, -nii, (ad and

sum), be present, assist.
accldo, -ere, -cidi, (ad and
cado), fall upon, happen.
ad sum,
desum, -esse, -fui, (de and

sum), be away, fail.
COMPOUNDS OF SUM.
praesum, -esse, -fui, (prae and
sum), be over, at the head
prosum,
137
prodesse,
(pro(d) and sum),
of, command.
profui,
be
prof-
itable, help.
praepono, -ere, -posui, -posltum,

(prae and pond),
place over, place in command
supers inn, -esse, -fui, (super

and sum), be over, survive.
circiter, adv., about.
ot
270.
I.
EXERCISES.
Caesar hibernls quae
f ecerat
legatum praeposuit.
2. Titus amlcls in perlculis non deerat.
3. Brutus navi4. Ex eo proelio circiter hominum
bus longls praefuerat.
5. Copia
milia centum et quadraginta superfuerunt.
6. Pecunia
librorum discipulis non semper prodest.
vobis adesse possumus.
7. Socii rei publicae auxilium
pollicebantur. 8. Vera amicitia omnibus prodest. 9. Nautae aliqui de navibus in aquam cadebant.
10. Sine auxilio castris impedimentlsque potiri non poterimus.
11. Peius mihi quam tibi accidit.
12. Domus mea ab
urbe mllia passuum decem abest. 13. Equites defessi
exploratorum labore functi frumento vescebantur.
II.
1.
The best protection of the republic is the valor

of its citizens. 2. The citizens were not able to use the
3. The cavalry fol
help which had been sent to them.
lowed the enemy many miles.
4. He says that he is not
afraid of dangers. 5. I am astonished at the skill of these
young men. 6. You could have been present at the con
ference.
7. Do you think that Brutus will command the
army ? 8. We enjoy the books which we are reading.
9. The camp of Brutus was about five miles distant from
the narrow pass. 10. How many of the allies survived
(from) this battle ? 11. My father commanded us always
1.
to speak the truth (true things).
A FIRST
138
271.
BOOK
IN LATIN.
BEADING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, Book I. 27-29.]
Helvetil omnium rerum inopia adductl legatos de deditione ad Caesarem miserunt, qui in itinere eum convenerunt et pacem petlverunt.
Iussit eos in eo loco quo tum
(then) essent (were, subjunctive of sum) suum adventum exspectare.
Postquam
Quod iusserat fecerunt.
(after) ad eum locum Caesar venerat circiter hominum
milia sex nocte e castris Helvetiorum ftigerunt atque ad
Rhenum finesque Germanorum contenderunt (hastened).
Hos ab els quorum per fines iter fecerant reductos (brought
Caesar in
back, perfect passive participle of reduco)
'
hostium numero habuit ; reliquos in deditionem recepit.
Helvetios, Tulingos (the Tulingi), Latobrlgos (the Latobrigi) in flnes suos unde (whence) venerant revertl (to
return) iussit. Hoc bello Helvetiorum et sociorum cir
citer mllia ducenta qulnquftginta octo occlsa sunt.
CHAPTER XLIX.
Dative with Intransitive Verbs.
272.
1.
Dumnorla: Helvetiia favet, Dumnorix favors
the
Helvetians.
2.
3.
Puer patri paret, the boy obeys his father.

Miles gladio sibi nocuit, the soldier hurt (injured)
himself with his sword.
Observe that these verbs govern the dative

their English equivalents are transitive.
1
In hostium numero habuit,
i.e. put to death.
held
in Latin, though
in the number of his enemies,
DATIVE WITH INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
273. Rule. Most
verbs meaning
to
139
favor, please,
trust, believe, help, and their opposites, also to command,

obey, serve, resist, persuade,
and the like, govern the dative.
in the passive only impersonally, i.e.

corresponding to an English verb with the indefinite it as a sub
ject; as, nocetur, it hurts (injures), i.e. harm (injury) is done;
These verbs can be used
patrl paretur, obedience is rendered to the father. Observe that

with the impersonal passive of verbs governing the dative, the
dative used
Delecto,
with the active is retained unchanged.

iuvo, and iubed, (already familiar to the pupil) and
a few other verbs of this class govern the accusative.
274.
VOCABULARY.
equltatus, -ns, m., cavalry.

lex, legis, /., law.
alienus, -a, -um, (alius), belonging to another, unfavorable.
credo, credere, credidi, eredltum, (c/. Eng. credit),
faveo,
-ere,
favi,
fautum,
favor.
-ere, -ui, nocitum,

nocet),
harm, injure.
parco, -ere, peperci, spare.
pareo, -ere, -ui, obey.
louge, adv., far, by far.
trust.
275.
I.
1.
EXERCISES.
Bonl cives legibus civitatis parent.
2.
Ea
ora-
tione sibi ac rel publicae nocuit. 3. Sclmus mala omnibus

accidere.
4. Ille puer vera non semper dicit neque el
credere possum.
5. Cicero provinciam omnem Caesari
favere reppererat.
6. Equitatus Helvetiorum in alieno
loco proelium committunt, et tertia eorum pars occlsa est.
7. Iubet servum solis occasu equum ad se adducere.
8.
9.
Equitatum
Labienus
properavit.
perlculo sequi poterimus.

provinciae praepositus domo in G-alliam
10. Caesar mulieribus ac liberls pepercit
sine
magno
140
11. Captivis
nihil1 nocebitur.
interfecit.
12. Propter auxili adventum equitatus nos non longe
sed
viros
secutus est.
II.
2.
1.
was not able to be present at the conference.
Brutus was distant from the city about twenty miles.
Large armies are not profitable to republics. 4. A

few who had survived from the battle fell in the flight.
5. We were not far distant from the largest town of our
allies. 6. Soldiers promise to obey their generals. 7. The
ambassador did not trust the escort (praesidium) which
had been sent. 8. The consul favors severe laws. 9. He
will spare Dumnorix on account of the friendship of his
brother. 10. He was able to assist his younger brothers.
11. Who is at the head of this army ?
3.
CHAPTER L.
Fer5 and Compounds
of Fer5.
276. Learn the indicative, infinitives, and participles

of both voices of fero (p. 238).
Observe that in the forms referred
to, the irregularities
are
confined to the present tense.

What are the irregularities ?
The changes which take place in the final consonant of the
preposition in the compounds will be learned from the principal
parts.
1
Used adverbially,
in nothing.
fero and compounds

277.
141
VOCABULARY.
consilium, -i, n., advice, counsel, plan.
lingua, -ae, /.,
tongue,
Ian-
guage.
mensis, -is, m., month.

natio, -onis, /., nation, tribe.
eo, adv., to that place, thither.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, carry,
278.
EXERCISES
1.
effertis.
confers, -ferre, contuli, collatum, (con and fero), bring

together, collect.
effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum,

(ex and fer5), bring or
carry out, produce.
Infero, -ferre, intuli, ill a tu in.

(in and fero), bear in or
against ;
gin war.
bring, bear.
I.
of fero.
bellum inferre, be
ON FORMS.
2. Fertur, feruntur.
Fert, ferunt.
4. Tulimus, tulit.
5. Effert, Infert.
3.
Effers,
6.
Con-
ferinms, efferunt. 7. Conferebat, conferebautur. 8. Latus

9. Collati sunt, illatum erat.
10. Auxilest, elatl sunt.
ium ferre potest. 11. Dicit se auxilium laturum esse.
II.
We shall carry, he was carried. 2. They col

3. You (sing.) carry,
lect, they were being collected.
you (plur.) are carried. 4. It was carried out, they were
carried in. 5. They had collected arms. 6. We said that
1.
he would begin war.
279.
I.
EXERCISES.
Cives RomanI nomen regis ferre non potuerunt.

2. Omnes Galliae nationes lingua et legibus sunt dissimiles. 3. Multi sunt in nostra urbe qui in bello arma tulerunt. 4. In silvas paludesque incolae fugiunt suaque
omnia eo conferunt. 5. Frumentum trium mensium domo
6. Bona consilia senum iuvenibus
quemque efferre iubet.
saepe profuerunt et semper proderunt. 7. Neque Aeduls
1.
142
neque sociis eorum bellum Inferam.
8.
Mihi hic vir non
9. Circiter mille ho
nocuit, sed el credere non possum.
mines qui in loco alieno coactl erant pugnare interfecti
10. Pater putat malum filio accidisse.
sunt.
II.
They were daily carrying grain from the fields

into the camp.
2. Brutus did not spare his own son.
3. My brother is away, but he will be here in a short
time.
4. Only ten days of this month remain.
5. Who
was in command of the Roman legions in Gaul ? 6. Good
cavalry was not lacking in our war. 7. It is not easy
to obey all men.
8. My mother favors her youngest son.
9. True friends render assistance in danger and adversity.
10. You see by far the most beautiful part of Gaul.
1.
Brutus will be appointed to the command of (jpraepbno) the cavalry.

11.
280.
HEADING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, Book I. 30-31]
Post (after) bellum Helvetiorum
totius
fere Galliae
convenerunt.
(it
legati, principes civitatum ad Caesarem

Petierunt ut (that) sibi concilium totius Galliae in diem
certam indicere (to appoint) liceret
might be per
Dixerunt sese habere quasdam res

mitted, with dative).
Hoc Caesar perquas ab eo petere vellent (wished).
misit (permitted). Principes diem concilio constituerunt.

Post concilium pro his Divitiacus apud Caesarem dixit
Galliae totius factiones (parties) esse duas; haruin alteHos de porius duces esse Aeduos, alterius Sequanos.
A Sequanls
testate multos iam annos bellum gessisse.
Germanos in Galliam traductos (led across) esse et Sequanorum hostes multls proelils superavisse; Sequanos
IRREGULAR VERBS Void, nolo, AND mdlo.
143
ipsos Germams parere coactos esse. Ducem Germatiorum,

Ariovistum, barbarum atque crudelem (cruel) esse.
Caesarem exercitu suO eum prohibere posse ne 1 maiorem
multitudinem in Galliam ducat, Galliamque omnem ab
eius inhlria defendere posse.
CHAPTER LI.
Irregular Verbs Volo,
N515, and Malo.
Learn the indicative, infinitive, and participles

of volo, nolo, and malo (p. 236). Observe that the irregu
larity of ending is confined to the present tense.
281.
282.
I.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Leg! parere vult. 2. Scribere volumus. 3. La4. Legere mavult.

5. Scire volui.
borare non vult.
8. Fugere no7. Iubere volebat.
6. Pugnare nolunt.
10. Dlcunt se malle
luit.
9. Dixit se nolle ducere.
1.
sequl.
II.
2. He is not
(sing.) wish to move.
4. He desired
willing to lead. 3. We prefer to remain.
to be strong.
5. They were not willing to follow.
6. He
wishes to be present.
7. They will be unwilling to follow.
8. He says that he prefers to run.
9. What does he wish
to say ? 10. They wish to command.
i ne
You
1.
dacat, from leading ; or, that
he should not lead.
144
283.
VOCABULARY.
profectlo, -onls, /., departure.

instus, -a, -um, just.
eonor, -ari, atus, try, endeavor.
incldo,
-ere,
-cidi, (in and
nolo, nolle, nolui, (ne and

volo), be unwilling.
malo, malle, inalul, (magls
and volo) , wish more, prefer.

with,
post, (prep, with ace), after.
cado), fall into, fall in
volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish.
284.
I.
EXERCISES.
Mons quem Caesar a Labieno occuparl voluit ab

hostibus tenetur. 2. Per provinciam nostram sine iniuria iter facere volunt. 3. Post profectionem equitatus
captivi custodibus nocere conatl sunt. 4. Non vult alil
iniuriam inferre. 5. Senex filio qui inciderat in res
adversas
auxilium tulit.
6. Malumus
aestate
lItus
incolere quam in urbe manere.
7. Viri multarum nationum Romam se suaque contulerant. 8. Puella ex urbe
9. Multl coguntur ad laboraulta domum efferre vult.
rem magna noctis parte utl.
10. Captlvl custodibus
nocere conatl impedimenta portare coacti sunt.
1.
II.
Many men are not willing to obey the laws of

the state. 2. The young man prefers to use his own lan
3. The boy is not
guage (rather) than (that) of another.1
willing to take2 the advice of older men. 4. The just
1.
judge did not favor the citizens of his own city. 5. Our
country produces food for other nations. 6. The general
was not willing to encamp in an unfavorable place.
7. Other nations use much food which our country pro
8. Ca3sar spared his enemies, and they (qui) slew
duces.
him. 9. We desire to trust those among whom we dwell.
10. The lieutenants will select a place for a camp and
carry thither an abundance of everything.
1
For of another use proper case of alienus.
Tjse
titor.
IRREGULAR
VERBS ed AND
fio.
145
CHAPTER LII.
Irregular Verbs Ed and Flo.
Two Datives.
285. Learn the indicative, the infinitives, and the par

ticiples of eo and flo (p. 239) .
Notice that i, the stem of eo is changed to e in the first
person singular and the third person plural of the present
indicative, and in the present participle except in the
nominative singular.
Flo is used as the passive of facio,
286.
I.
1.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
Ad colloquium it.
2.
In
Ibunt.
urbem
3.
Ini-
tium fugae fit. 4. In vlcum iit. 5. Clarus fies. 6. Proelium factum erat. 7. Magnus flerl voluit. 8. Nolul Ire.
9. lerant, ierint in Insulam.
10. Non fit poeta.
II.
1.
We are going to the village.
he has gone.
3.
It
happened to be
We shall go,
summer.
4. He pre
2.
ferred to go. 5. He has become a man. 6. I desire to

become a merchant.
7. They will go in the night.
8. He says that his father has gone.
9. He says that he
is about to go. 10. He will become famous.
287.
1.
Aedui Caesari auxilio erant,

support
2.
the
Aeduans
were
(for)
to Ccesar.
Equites auxilio Bruto miss! sunt,

a support
to
Brutus.
the
cavalry were sent as
146
Observe that in each sentence one of the datives may be trans

lated by for, and the other by to. The one translated by for is
called the dative of purpose. The dative of purpose is frequently
better rendered as a predicate noun (sometimes with as) than
by for.
288. Rule. Two datives, of the object to which and of

the end for which, are used with sum and a few other verbs.
389.
VOCABULARY.
dolor, -oris, m., grief, pain.

parens, -entls, m. and/., parent.
trans, (prep, with ace), across,
debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum, ought,
owe.
eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, go.
exeo, -ire, -IT, -itum, (ex and
eo), go out or away.
290.
1.
redeo, -ire, -ii, -Hum, (red and

eo), go back, return.
fio, fierl, factus, (pass, of
facio),
be made, become.
nascor, nasci, natus, be born.

praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
(prae and fero), carry before, prefer.
EXERCISES.
Alius agricola fieri vult, alius
mercator.
2.
Om-
humanitatem voluptati praeferre debemus. 3. Agricola auxilio filiis domum hominem misit.
4. Conabimui5. Parentes
ante profectionem tuam domum redire.
nostri ex urbe exierunt ; multo die redibunt. 6. Multl
iuvenes domo exire quam cum parentibus manere malunt.
et in provinciam ibimus.
7. Omnia nostra conferemus
8. Senex nationum multarum linguis utitur.
9. Parentes
mei ex Graecia multa efferebant.
10. Natus quadraginta
annos Caesar consul factus est. 11. Ubi fuisti de secunda
vigilia proximae noctis ? 12. Cur afuistl domo ? 13. Nationes quae trans Rhenum incolebant Gallica lingua non
utebantur.
n<3s
IRREGULAR
VERBS 60 AND
fid.
147
shall try to find out his plan. 2. I have

always wished to go to Rome. 3. The departure of our
parents was (for) a great grief to us. 4. Every one 1
ought to prefer to become good (rather) than famous.
to wage war upon his fellow5. He was unwilling
citizens.
6. In the wars of Rome many citizens were
slain. 7. The merchant desired to be away two months.
8. He is a just man and ought to be made a judge.
9. The cavalry of all Gaul came together in one place
after Caesar's departure.
10. We fell in with your
parents in Rome twenty days ago.
II.
1.
291.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, I. 33-40.]
Caesar Gallorum animos confirmavit, pollicitusque est

sibi eam rem curae (dat. of ctira, care) futuram esse ;
credere2 sese auctoritate sua adductum Ariovistum finem
iniuriis facturum
Tum (then) concilium dimisit.

Legati a Caesare missi ab Ariovisto postulaverunt ut
(that) in colloquium veniret (would come). His Ariovistus
esse.
respondit se venturum non esse. Caesar iterum (again)

legatos mlsit qui dlcebant eura Aeduos aliosque populi Ro
manl amicos defensurum esse. Eodem tempore ad Caesarem legati ab Aeduis et Treveris (the Treveri) veniebant qui
dicebant multos Germanos in Galliam venisse et in finibus
His rebus adductus Caesar bellum quam
suis consedisse.
celerrime3 cum Ariovisto gerere constituit, et Vesontionem
(Vesontio), quod est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, Ire
The Romans often used omnes where we say every one.
Sometimes the indirect discourse depends upon a verb merely
implying the idea of saying (here pollicitus est). In English, insert
* quam celerrime, as quickly as possible.
taying or and said.
1
148
properavit. Milites, vocibus territl Gallorum ac mercatorum qui ingentl magnitudine corporum Germanos, incredibili virtute atque exercitatione (practice) in armis
esse dicebant, longius (comparative of longe) Ire noleEorum animos Caesar longa oratione confirmavit.
bant.
CHAPTER LIII.
Derivation and Composition of Words.
are sometimes
is,
292. Latin words, like English words,
that
made of one part; and sometimes com
pound, that is, made of two or more parts, each of which
has a distinct meaning.
Examples of compound words
have already been given, some of which are repeated in
the following lists for comparison and further study.
simple,
sum,
ab-sum,
ad-sum,
/ / /
am.
am absent.
am away (from),
am at or near (the person or thing in question),
am
present.
is
survive.
am left over,
am able,
(from pot [Is], able, and sum)
Iean.
bear, carry, bring.
carry or bring together (then, because when two or

more things are brought together one cannot help
seeing their points of resemblance or difference,
fero,
con-fero,
am over,
help, am advantageous.
/ /
possum,
I (a
I/
pro-sum,
super-sum,
or lacking,
fail.
present, am at the head
the army), command.
from, am wanting
am before, am in front of, am
in front of
of (as leader
person or thing),
am for
am away
/ /
de-sum,
prae-sum,
compare).
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS.
J bear or carry apart, I put
dif-fero,
In-fero,
prae-fero,
eo,
ex-eo,
red-eo,
capio,
re-ciplo,
differ.
or
ec
bear
out.
-fero),
carry
(for
[i.e. ex]
7 bear or bring in or against.
bear or carry or put before,
prefer.
ef-fero,
off, also
149
I
I
I
go.
go out.
7 go back,
I return.
7 take.
I take
teneo,
con-tineo,
per tineo,
sus-tineo,
ob-tineo,
back, recover.
7 hold.
7 hold together, contain, bound (in geographical sense).
7 hold or stretch through, extend, pertain to.
(for sub- teneo), 7 hold up from underneath, sustain.
I hold
(against opposition),
I maintain.
The prefixes in the compounds given above are of very

Learn their meanings.
great use in Latin word-making.
Notice that when the stem of a verb compounded with
one of these prefixes contains a short a or e, that vowel is
changed to short i (e.g. capio, re-cipio, teneo, con-tineo).
Notice also that the final consonant of the prefix is some
times changed to suit the initial consonant of the word
with which it is used

dis-fero, sus-tineo
(e.g.
ef-fero
for
ec-fero, dif-fero
for
for sub-tineo).
Note. There are other ways of making compounds, as ius-iurandum, oath, from ius, right, law, and iurandum, the gerundive of the
verb iurd, to swear. The composition of such words is explained, as
they occur, in the special vocabularies from this point to the end of the
book.
293. In the compound words given above, each part

retains the meaning it has as a separate word. So, for
instance, eo is a verb, go, and ex-eo is also a verb, go out.
But words are made from other words by derivation, as
well
as
by composition.
Notice
amo, love, amicus,
friendly
150
or friend, amloitia, friendship.
Here
amo
is a verb, amlcus
an adjective (used also as a noun), and amlcitia a noun.

Yet all evidently belong together in meaning, and all
contain the root am-.
294. Examine the following :

imperii (stem imperii-),
mand.
vlnco (stem vie-),
/ com-
imperator (-oris, m.) , commander, general.
I conquer.
victor (-Oris, m.), conqueror.

victor.
295. Rule. The

forms masculine
an action.
ending -tor added to verb stems
nouns
denoting
the
agent or doer of
Note. The verb stem is most easily found for this purpose by
removing the ending of the supine. If the supine of the verb ends in
the ending of the noun is -sor instead of -tor ; as, defends
Verb stems are
(supine defensum), defend, defensor, defender.
sometimes changed in the supine very much as noun stems of the third
declension are changed when the nominative ending is added (52.5; 55).
-sum,

de-do (supine deditum), 1 3urrender.
iminio (supine infinitum),

fortify.
ad-venio (supine adventum),
I
J
dedl-tio (-onis, /.), surrender.

mflni-tio (-onis, /.), fortification.
adventus (-iis, tn.), arrival.
come to, arrive.
297. Rule.
The endings -tio and -tus, added to verb

stems, form abstract nouns expressing action.
Note. The endings -id (-onis, f.) and -tura
same way.
If the
in the
supine of the verb ends in -sum , the endings are -siu,

utor (deponent, p.p. usus), use, Gsus (-us, m.),
-sus, and -sura; as,

use.
(-ae, f.) are used
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS.
151

miles (stem mfllt-), soldier.
amicus (stem amico-) , friend.
celer (stem celeri-), quick.
vir
(stem
vlro-). man.
milit-ia (-ae, /.), military service.

amicl-tia (-ae, /.), friendship.
celeri-t5s (-tatis,/.), quickness.
vir-tSs (-tatis, /.), manliness,
virtue, courage.
magnus (stem magno), great.
magni-tudo
greatness,
299. Rule.
tudinis,
/.),
size.
The endings -fa, -tia, -tas, -ius, -tudo,
added to adjective and noun stems, form feminine abstract

nouns expressing quality.
Note. A final o of the stem is regularly changed to i before these
endings (as amico-, amicitia). In virtfis, formed from the stem viro-,
is dropped.
Occasionally the stem is slightly changed in some
facultas,
as
in
ability, from stem facili- of facilis, easy.
other way,
the
300. Adjectives
are formed in
Latin
as
in English
from nouns (nominal adjectives) and from verbs (verbal

So few derived adjectives are used in this
adjectives).
book that only a few endings can be given here.
The endings -anus, -enus, -Inus, added to noun stems
minus their final vowel, form adjectives with the sense
of belonging to; as, Roma, Rome, Romanus, Roman; alius,
another, alienus, belonging to another or to others, foreign:
The endings -His and -bilis added to verb stems form
adjectives denoting passive qualities ; as, facio, do, faci
lis, doable, easy; credo, believe, cred-i-hilis, to be believed,
credible.
301. Verbs
derived from noun or

adjective stems ; as, llbero, set free, from the stem of
Most verbs
llber, free; sometimes from verb stems.
are
sometimes
152
of the first conjugation are formed from noun or adjec

tive stems in a or o (first or second declension), and
many verbs of the fourth conjugation are formed from
noun or adjective stems in i (third declension).
Some
verbs of the second and third conjugations, also, are
formed from noun and adjective steins.
CHAPTER LIV.
Subjunctive Mood.
Sequence
of Tenses; Indirect
Question.
302. Learn the subjunctive
mood of sum (p. 233).

What must be added to the present infinitive to form
the imperfect subjunctive ? How does the perfect sub

junctive differ from the future perfect indicative ? What
must be added to the perfect infinitive to form the plu
perfect subjunctive ?
303.
/ am finding
1.
Reperio ubi sis, ubi fueris,
2.
Reperiam ubi sis, ubi fueris,
3.
Repperero ubi sis, ubi fueris,
where you have been

where you have been
(or were).
1
(or were).
you are, where you have

4.
out where you are,
been
shall
find
/ shall
out where you are,
have
found out where
(or were).
Reperiebam ubi esses, ubi fuisses,

you were, where you had been.
/ was finding
out where
5.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
153
I found
out where you were,
Repperi ubi esses, ubi fuisses,

where you had been.
0.
Reppereram ubi esses, ubi fuisses,
1 had
found out where
you were, where you had been.
The tenses of the principal clauses of the first three examples
the present, the future, and the future perfect are called
primary or principal tenses. The tenses of the principal clauses
of the last three examples the imperfect, the perfect and the
pluperfect are called secondary or historical tenses.
In
the subjunctive, the present and perfect are primary
the
imperfect and pluperfect, secondary.

To which class of tenses, primary or secondary, do the verbs
of the subordinate clauses of the first three examples belong ?
To which class do the verbs of the subordinate clauses of the
last three examples belong ?
304. Rule. Primary

lowed by primary tenses of
tenses
of the indicative
the subjunctive,
are
fol
and secondary
tenses by secondary tenses.
305.
DIRECT
1.
Quis est tuns comes?

Who is your
panion f
2.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS.
QUESTIONS.
Ubi eras?
1.
know
com-
Cur
Where were
afuistl?
were you absent
who
your
companion
is.
2.
you f
3.
Scio quis sit tuus comes, /
Audivi ubi
esses,
where you were.
Why
3.
Repperi cur abessSs,
heard
I found
out why you were absent.
(1) that each dependent clause in the examples

begins with an interrogative word ; (2) that while it has not
the form of a question, it gives the substance of the question
Observe
154
opposite
(3) that it depends upon
a verb,
either as subject or
Such clauses are called indirect questions.

Notice the mood of indirect questions.
object.
306. Rule. The
is
subjunctive
used
in indirect
questions.
307.
VOCABULARY.
f in i ( i 111u k,
ing
hor tor, -Sri, -Stus, urge, exhort.

intellego, -ere, -lexi, -tectum,
-a, -um, neighbornoun,

neighbor,
as
of finis, adj.
ending -tlmus).
Procillus, -i, m., Procillus.
terra, -ae, /., earth, land.
(fInl-,
usus,
(Inter
stem
-us,
.,
under-
-sequi,
-secStus,
pursue.
quaere, -ere, quaesivi, quae-
situm, ask, inquire about.
experience.
I.
lego),
stand.
persequor,
advantage, use,
308.
and
EXERCISES.
Ubi fueris proxima
1.
nocte intellegere non pos
3. Mater intelCur doml non esses mlrabatur.

legit quid liberls usul sit. 4. Iulia patriam omnibus terris
5. Post bellum patria nostra secundis rebus
praefert.
usa est.
6.
Magister a me quaesivit cur afuissem.
8. Procillus in
7. Quae causa doloris esset mlratus est.
sum.
2.
ipsum Caesarem hostem equitatu persequentem incidit.

10. Dumuorix et
9. Nauta Iiiliam sibi uxori delegit.
doml et in finitimls civitatibus multos amicos habebat.
'
11. Centurio suos hortatus exspectantibus
signum dat.
12. Puerl qul trans flumen fugerunt nolunt dicere ubi
fuerint.
II.
1.
He asks me why
was absent so long.
2.
Cic
ero was made consul by the Romans when forty-two years

will endeavor to be just to every one.2 4. You
old. 3.
ought to go home early every day.

1
See 51, note.
i With iastus
use
5.
Your parents
in with ace, not dative.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
155
know where you are. 6. Your parents knew where you

were.
7. After the departure of my friends I returned
home.
8. Everybody prefers to go from the city in sum
mer.
9. My father understands what books are agreeable
to me. 10. They threw their arms to the ground and
fled.
11.
We wish to
be
useful to our neighbors.
CHAPTER LV.
First Conjugation: Subjunctive Active.
Clauses
of Purpose (Final Clauses).
309. Learn the subjunctive active of

Inflect the subjunctive of
Legatum mittit ut agros vastet,

he
2.
may lay waste, in order
to
a lieutenant that
he sends
lay waste,
to
lay waste,
Legatum mittit qui (ut is) agros vastet,

tenant who is to lay waste,
the
3.
narro, vasto, occupo, celo.
310.
1.
amo.
in order
to
the
he sends
lay waste,
to
fields.
a lieu
lay waste,
fields.
Ex duce petunt
ng agros vastet, they ask the commander

that he may not lay waste, not to lay waste, the fields.
Notice the various English equivalents of the subordinate

clauses beginning with ut, ne, and qui, and also the mood of the
verbs which follow these particles.
What is the difference in meaning between ut and ne t
Ut
vastet, qui
vastet, and ne
purpose of the action of the principal verb.
called clauses of purpose (final clauses).
vastet express the
Such clauses are
A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN".
156
311. Rule.
The subjunctive with ut, ne, or a relative
is used to express purpose (final clauses).
Caution. The rule for

chapter must be observed
312.
sequence of tenses given in the last
in clauses of purpose (final clauses)
VOCABULARY.
mors, mortis, /. , death.

tutus, -a, -um, safe.
cognosco, -ere, -novl, -nitiim,
(con and gnosco), find out.
moneo, -ere, monui, monitum,
advise, warn.
relinquo,
-ere,
-Hqui,
-lie-
remaneo, -ere, -mansi,

no
supine; fut. part., remansums, (re and maneo),
remain.
vito, -are, -avi, -Stum, avoid.

ut, conj., that, in order that.
ne, conj., that not, in order that
tum, leave.
313.
I.
not.
EXERCISES ON FORMS.
1.
Eum mittit ut vastet,
mittit ut vastent, occupent,
occupet,
iuvent.
3.
Eos
Eum mlsit ut
iuvet.
2.
vastaret, occuparet, iuvaret. 4. Eos mittet ut vastent,

5. Eos monet ne celent, properent,
occupent, iuvent.
vitent, liberent. 6. Eum monebat ne celaret, properaret,
vitaret, liberaret.
II.
He advises them to carry, hasten, adorn, set

free.
2. He was advising them not to carry, hasten,
3. He sent cavalry to assist, to attack,
adorn, set free.
4. He will send cavalry to assist, to attack,
to set free.
1.
to set free.
314.
I.
EXERCISES.
Labienus trans flumen magnas copias mlsit quae

2. Caesar quaeslvit quot
munltum locum occuparent.
3. Quaerit qua de causa se
Germanl in Gallia essent.
1.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
vltaverim.
4.
157
Mors clari poetae dolorl dvibus erat.
captivos ad montem fugientes persequebantur.

6. Ilissit mulieres et liberos ex oppido exire ut iniuriam
vitarent.
7. Perlculi temporibus sociis auxilium ferre
8. Tres leg'iones reliquit ut oppidum ab impetu
debemus.
9. Imperator me monet ut doml
hostium tfitum esset.
ubi arma tua celaveris.
10. Cognoscemus
hiemem.
11. Maior natu fllius domo discedere, minor remanere
mavult.
5. Cfi.stodes
II.
He did not know why

was avoiding him.
3, He advised his
2. I will see who is in the garden.
son to conceal his plan. 4. He sent his servant to carry5. We shall return home at1 the
grain to his horse.
6. The old
beginning of summer to assist our parents.
man urged his son to "eturn home with the utmost speed.
7. He told me why he was hurrying.
8. We shall warn
the Helvetians not to attack the towns of our neighbors.
9. I prefer the city where I was born to this (city).
10. We were unable to find the cause (what was the
11. My mother thinks that
cause) of the boy's death.
1.
am safer on land.
315.
READING LESSON.
[Cesar, Gallic War, I. 41-47.]
Septimo die postquam (after) Vesontione castra mota

erant ab exploratoribus nuntiatum est Ariovisti copias a
nostris milibus passuum quattuor et vlgintl abesse. Ariovistus ad Caesarem legatos mlsit qui eum in colloquium
vocarent.
Dies colloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus.
Ad colloquium Caesar decimae legionis milites, quos sibi
1
Prima aestate.
158
fidissimos habebat, in equos positos secum duxit.

Per
eos Caesar Ariovistum prohibere voluit ne se interficere
conaretur (imperf. subj. of conor).
In colloquio Ariovistus summa arrogantia (the greatest arrogance) tisus est
equitesque qui cum eo venerant in Eomanos lapides telaCaesar cum militibus suis in castra se
que iecerunt.
recepit, neque iterum (again) vocatus in colloquium Ire
volebat, quod sine perlculo se facere posse non putabat,
sed Gaium Valerium Procillum et Marcum Metium
mlsit.
Hls mandavit (commissioned) ut quae diceret
(said, imperf. subj. of died) Ariovistus sibi nuntiarent.
Hos Ariovistus dicere conantes prohibuit et in catenas

(fetters, chains) coniecit (threw).
CHAPTER LVI.
First Conjugation:
Clauses
316. Learn
317.
1.
(Consecutive
Clauses).
the subjunctive passive of amo,
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
Puer tam defessus fuit ut eum iuvarem,

tired that
2.
of Result
Subjunctive Passive.
the
boy was so
1 helped him.
Puer ita fecit ut non amarStur,
the boy acted so that he
was
not loved.
3.
German! tam fortes erant ut totus exercitus perturbarStur, the Germans were so brave that all the army was
disturbed.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
4.
Nemo tarn bonus est qui ab omnibus amStur,

so good that he is loved by
159
no one is
all.
The clauses beginning with ut and qui in these sentences

denote result (consecutive clauses).
Observe that they are the
same in form as purpose clauses, except that ut non is used
instead of ne in negative sentences. .
318. Rule.
The subjunctive
with ut, ut non, or a
relative, is used to express result.
319.
VOCABULARY.
-onis, /., change.

inlmicus, -I, to., (In and amicus), a person unfriendly,
commutatio,
an enemy.
mens, mentis, /., mind.

pons, pontis, m., bridge.
320.
I.
siispicio, -onis, /., suspicion.

timor, -oris, m., fear.
tantus, -a, -um, so great.
dubitS, -are, -avi, -atum,
doubt, hesitate.
ita, adv.,
so.
EXERCISES.
Easdem copias quae ad portum consederant

2. Iter tam difficile erat ut
praesidio navibus reliquit.
eodem die redire non conaremur.
3. Ea pecunia ita
1
utemini ut aliis prositis. 4. Tantus timor totum exercitum occupavit ut omnium mentes animlque perturbarentur. 5. Caesar duces militum convocavit ut deliberarent
quid optimum esset. 6. Adventu. auxiliorum tanta commutatio facta est ut nemo in hostes impetum facere
finitimos cognoscere volumus.
dubitaret.
7. Omnes
2
8. Caesar terra marique
inimlcos bellum sibi Inferentes
3
ante annis
9. Pons in Rhodano pluribus
persequebatur.
factus erat. 10. Ex captivls cognovit qui cum CicCrone
1
2
1.
Ita ut prositis,
may (or will) benefit, so as to benefit.

s Several.
In this phrase in is regularly omitted.
so that you
160
est ut timoris
deliberavissent. 11. Dux milites'hortatus

suspicionem vitarent.
II.
He fortifies the camp that it may be safe from

2. The town was so fortified
the attack of the enemy.
3. The judge was
that it was not taken by the enemy.
so just that he was praised by all his fellow-citizens.
4. Cicero did not think that death was the end of the
5. He exhorted his sons to avoid bad company.
soul.
6. My friend warned me not to spend the winter in
hesitated to
Britain. 7. The general understood why
remain in camp.
8. The seashore was so pleasant that
9. The recruit is made brave
the boys were delighted.
10. The consul
by daily experience in (of the) camp.
was disturbed in mind and spirit by the suspicion of his
1.
enemies.
CHAPTER LVII.
Second Conjugation: Subjunctive Mood.
Purpose and Result Clauses. Continued.
321. Learn the subjunctive active and passive of

hateB.
322.
of Fearing.
Clauses after Verbs

1.
Veretur ut locum occupet,
he
fears that he will not get
of the place.
nS hostes locum occupent,
possession
1.
VerStur
enemy
will get possession of
the
place.
he
fears that the
SECOND
CONJUGATION.
TimSbat ne amicum vulneraret,
3.
161
he was
afraid he might
wound his friend.
Timemus ut in urbem venerit,
4.
the
we
fear
he has
city.
Observe that in these sentences ut is translated

ne
not come to
with not and
without it.
323.
Clauses after Quin.
Non dubito quin amStur, I do not doubt that he is loved.

2. Non abest suspicio quin verum cSlet, the suspicion is
1.
wanting that
he
is concealing the truth.
Non dubitaverunt quin vSrum esset,
3.
not
they
did not doubt
that it was true.
Non dubium erat quin hostes vSnissent,
4.
there
was no
doubt that the enemy had come.
VOCABULARY.
militia, -ae,/., military service.

voluntas,-atis,/.,will,goodwill.
dignus, -a, -um, (with abl.),
worthy.
dubius, -a, -um, doubtful,
Eng. dubious).
325.
c5nstitu5, -ere, -stituI, -stitutum, arrange, decide.

proficiscor,
profectus, set
-T,
324.
out.
(of.
contra (prep, withacc), against.

quin, conj., that, but that.
EXERCISES.
6.
5.
3.
4.
2.
1.
I.
Nemo dubitare debet quin nostri elves pro paPater timet ut fllms valeat.
tria fortiter pugnent.
Non est dubium
Timebat ut comes fide dlgnus esset.
Num potest quisquam
quln iuvenis fide dlgnus sit.
dubitare quln Italia poetarum et imperatorum sit patria
Susplcio non abest quln in Italia remaneat ut militiam
162
Quaeris a nobls cur ita hoc homine delectemur.

8. Constituit post mortem patris domum relinquere et in
9. Contra voluntatem meam accidit ut ex
urbem Ire.
vltet.
7.
10. Pater filium domum

urbe proficTscI pararem.
quentem monuit ut malos comites vltaret.
II.
1.
relin-
We feared that Ariovistus intended1 to remain.
3. So great
that I remained at home.
was the tear of our soldiers that they did not sustain the
attack of thee enemies' cavalry. 4. We will find out how
5. He did not
many bridges over the Rhone remain.
2.
It
happened
doubt that his neighbors were safe. 6. So great a change

in (of) affairs was made in a few months that his enemies
were greatly disturbed.
7. The lieutenant wished to
lead his infantry across the bridge and encamp upon the
hill. 8. He feared that his soldiers would not obey.
is no doubt that my brother is present.
9. There
10. The general fears that the minds and feelings of the
recruits (new soldiers) will be disturbed by the approach
of the enemy.
326.
HEADING LESSON.
[Caesar, Gallic War, I.
48.]
Eodem die Ariovistus castra promovit (moved forward,

pro and movit) et milibus passuum sex a Caesaris castris
sub (under, at the foot of) monte consedit.
Postero die"
praeter (past) Caesaris castra suits copias duxit et mili
bus passuum duobus ultra (beyond) eum castra fecit eo
consilio ut frumento commeatuque, qui ex Sequanls et
Aeduls portaretur, Caesarem intercluderet (shut off).
Ex eo die dies continues (successive) quinque Caesar
i Esset in animo.
Cf.
Orgetorlgi in animO erat,
171.
IMPERATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.
163
pro castiis suas copias edtixit ut Ariovisto potestatein

Ariopugnandi (of fighting, gerund of pugno) daret.
vistus hls omnibus diebus exercitum castrls continuit,
Genus hoc erat
equitatu cottidie proelium commlsit.
pugnae (of fight), quo se Germanl exercuerant (had
Equitum mllia erant sex, totidem (Just so
trained).
Cum
many) numero pedites velocissimi ac fortissimi.
hls in proelia equites ibant. Ad eos se recipiebant. Hl
in perleulis equites iuvabant, et tanta erat eorum celeritas
ut non minus velociter quam equi currerent (imperf. subj.
of curro).
CHAPTER LVIII.
Imperative Constructions.
Wishes.
327. Learn the present imperative of
am5, habe5, dtico,
audio, nolo.
328. Imperative
include all kinds of

commands, requests, and permissions. The following are
the most common :
1.
constructions
POSITIVE.
NEGATIVE.
properemus, let us hurry,
ne properemus, let us not hurry.
propera, hurry,
noli properare,
or
propers, you (one) miirtj

[ ne properfiveris,
1
hurry.
.>
J\
do not hurry,
164
POSITIVE.
NEGATIVE.
let
3.
-I
properet,
or
properaverlt,
him
hurry,
or
he
shall
hurry.
329.
ne properet,
let him not
hurry,
or
or
ne
properaverlt,
he
shall not
hurry.
and permissions are ex

pressed by the subjunctive, except in the second person,
and in the second person they may be expressed by the
subjunctive.
1. The second person of the subjunctive in positive
commands is rarely used except when the subject is you
in the sense of one or people.
2. Negative commands of the second person are ex
pressed by noli (nollte) with the present infinitive, or by
the present or perfect subjunctive with n5.
3. Notice that in imperative sentences there is no
difference in the translation between the present and the
Commands,
requests,
perfect subjunctive.
4. Notice that ne is the negative in imperative sen
tences.
330.
(Utinam) bonus sis, may you be good.

TJtinam bonus esses, would you were good.
Utinam bonus fuisses, would you had been
good.
(Utinam) ne malus sis, may you not be bad.

(Utinam) ne malus esses, would you were not bad.
(Utinam) ne malus fuisses, would you had not been bad.
Notice that utinam is sometimes translated, and sometimes
merely shows that the sentence in which it occurs is a wish.
Notice, also, that utinam may usually be omitted in Latin.
Notice that when the wish refers to the future the present
IMPERATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS.
165
subjunctive, when it refers to the present the imperfect, and

,when it refers to the past the pluperfect, is used.
When the
,wish refers to the present or past, it is unfulfilled.
Compare the
Observe that the negative
subjunctive in conditions, 337-340.
is ne.
331. Rule. Wishes
are expressed by the subjunctive,
The negative is ne.

Wishes
often introduced by utinam.
referring to the future take the present tense, unfulfilled
referring to the present take the imperfect, and

referring to the past the pluperfect.
wishes
332.
VOCABULARY.
pecus, -oris, n., flock.

antiquus, -a,-um, ancient.
nSllus, -a, -um, no, no one.
audeo, -ere, ausus, (dep. in
perf., plup., and fut. per/.),
dare.
csglto,
-are,
think.
-avi,
-atum,
care, cause.
soleS, -ere, solitus, (semi-dep.)
be accustomed.
transeo, -Ire, -li, -Hum, (trans

and eo), go across, cross.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, live,
utinam, 0 that, would that.
333.
I.
euro, -are, -avi, -alum, take
EXERCISES.
Propera, mi fili, domum redire. 2. Libros, dis3. Ne quisquam

cipulT, domum voblscum ne portaveritis.
hunc hostem timuerit.
4. Noli putare me ad quemquam
1.
5. Cura ut vir dignus patre

epistulas scribere.
sls et cogita quo in loco stes.
6. Semper audste vera
dicere.
7. Ne soliti sitis hunc agrum translre.
8. NullI
erat dubium quln arma contra Caesarem pararentur.
9. AntiquI Germanl non multum frumento sed magna ex
parte ' pecore vivebant. 10. Non tam acer civis sum ut
longas
putem militiam esse semper

1
In
gratam.
great part, largely.
11.
Debemus
ita
166
vivere ut aliis prosimus. 12. Ne milites de mortis periculo cogitaverint.

14. Uti13. Utinam mater adesset.
nain domo afuissem.
II.
The minds of the soldiers were seized with so

2. The
great fear that they were thrown into disorder.
general feared that his speech might be too long. 3. He
decided to go (set out) to Britain to avoid wrong from
(of) his enemies. 4. I do not doubt that the bridge is
6. Do not send the boy
safe.
5. Send the boy home.
7. Let the soldiers avoid the suspicion of fear.
home.
9. These boys so act that
8. Let us not fear the enemy.
they are loved by everybody. 10. Caesar had perceived
11. He
the - good will of Divitiacus towards himself.
wished to drive his flock to a safe place.
12. No one ]
doubts that the ancient Germans were brave.
13. May
they not dare to cross.
1.
CHAPTER LIX.
Subjunctive Active and
Conditional Sentences.
Third Conjugation
Passive;
active and passive of
duco.
335.
Si
Si
ILLUSTRATIVE
SENTENCES.
adest, laetl sumus, if he is present, we are glad.

aderat, laetl era mus, if lie was present, we were glad.
See
I.
8.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
Si aderit, laeti
if he
erimus,
167
is (shall be) present,
we
shall
be
glad.
Si adfuit, laeti fuimus, if
he
was (has been) present, we were
(have been) glad.
Notice that each sentence consists of two clauses, a con

dition introduced by si (if), and a conclusion. The truth of
the conclusion depends upon the truth of the condition.
Such
sentences are called conditional sentences.
Notice that in the sentences given above nothing is implied
It is simply stated that if the
as to the truth of the assertions.
condition is (was, shall be) true, the conclusion is (was, shall be)
true.
Such conditions are called simple conditions.
Notice the
mood of the verbs.
Notice that in simple future conditions the future tense is
used when
in English we
use the present.
Note. Conditions referring to action completed in past time are

in the pluperfect ; as, si adfuerat, if he had (at some previous time)
But these do not often occur.

Sometimes a future conclusion depends upon a condition which will
already belong to past time when the conclusion shall or may become
shall ijo back. I evidently cannot go back until
come,
true; as,
after I have come ; the condition therefore refers to the past ; but the
whole sentence refers to the future, therefore the condition must refer
to the past and the future at once, i.e. must be in the future perfect
been present.
If I
tense,
si venerS, redibS.
336. Rule. In
simple conditional sentences
the
in
dicative is used in both condition and conclusion.
337.
Sl
aderit, laeti erimus,
if
he
is (shall be) present, we shall
be
glad.
Si adsit laeti
simus,
if he
should
be
present,
we should be glad.
Notice that these sentences refer to the future. The second

differs from the first only in being less vivid, implying that the
168
speaker is
statement.
in doubt, or is unwilling to make

Notice the moods and tenses.
338. Rule. Less vivid future
plain, simple
Compare 330, 331.
a
conditions
take the
present subjunctive in both clauses.

Note. The form of the less vivid condition corresponding
to the
future perfect indicative of the simple (more vivid) condition (see 335,
note) is the perfect subjunctive, si venerim, redeam, if should come
(have come) , should go back.
339.
ILLUSTRATIVE
SI
adesset, laeti
Si
adfuisset, laeti fuissemus,
essemus,
SENTENCES.
if
he
were present, we should
be
glad.
if
he
had been present, we should
have been glad.
Notice that in these sentences the condition is supposed to

be untrue.
Such conditions are called conditions contrary to
fact. Notice the mood and the tenses of the verbs. Compare
330, 331.
340. Rule. In
conditions
contrary to fact the im
perfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used in both clauses,

the imperfect
referring to present time, the pluperfect
to
past time.
341.
VOCABULARY.
opus, operis, n., work.

renuntio, -are, -avi, -Stum, report, [pref. re- + nuntio].
resisto, -ere, restiti (no supine), resist, [pre/, re- + sisto (redu
plicated form from sto, stand) ] .
return, go back,
[re- again, + vertor, turn] . The deponent forms
revertor, reverti, reversus
sum,
are used chiefly in the present,
\
reverto, -ere, -reverti, reimperf. and fut., the active forms
in the perf, pluperf, and fut. perf.
versum.
J
THIRD CONJUGATION.
169
quis, quae (qua), quid, indef. pron., any, any one, one.
qui, qua (quae), quod, indef. pron., any (see 226).
si, conj., if.
nisi, conj., if not, unless, [nl (for ne) + si (with shortened vowel)].
342.
I.
EXERCISES.
Sl magnum pecoris numerum in castrls habent,

inopia superarl non possunt. 2. Sl revertetur ut nobis
resistat, tertio die pugnabimus. 3. Si dignus esses qul '
Romanus appellareris, hostibus resisteres.
4. Si tanta
1.
erat operis altitudo, hostibus facile resistere poterant.

5. Legatus nisi interfectus erit, in Ttaliam revertetur ut
consull haec renuntiet.
6. Si quis barbarls restitit, non
dubium est quin interfectus sit. 7. Milites nisi castra
defendere poteruut, non dubium est quin omnes fugiant.
8. Sl flumen transiit ut in oppidum fugeret, non dubito
9. Sl
quin vlvat; sl doml remansit, interfectus est.
verum est quod exploratores renuntiaverunt, hostes ad
castra venlre non ausl sunt. 10. Sl equites Khenum transierunt ut locl naturam cognoscerent, pedites apud flumen
remanserunt qul pontem defenderent.
II.
1.
If one dares
to resist, there is no danger.
2.
No
pain is so great that it cannot be borne if one wishes to

do not doubt that the soldiers have returned
bear it. 3.
4. If you have determined to go against
to the work.
the enemy, you ought to think of the safety of the flocks.
5. If any dare not remain, let them return2 home.
6. If
the soldiers have not fled, the enemy have not taken the
camp. 7. If you wish (use void), you may return on the
i Cf.
317,
i.
In Latin, as in English, the conclusion
of a conditional sentence
sometimes takes the form of a command, which must be expressed by
the proper part of the verb. See Chapter LVIII.
a
170
fifth, day.
The ancient Romans were accustomed to

bear the toil of military service with the greatest good
will in order that they might deserve (be worthy) to be
9. May you take care to answer truly (true
praised.
8.
10. If you do not dare to resist the enemy, I

things).
fear you are not worthy to return to military service.
11. If any are accustomed to think of their own safety,
they are not worthy to be called soldiers.
III.
1.
Nisi magnum pecoris numerum in castrls habu-
2. Si quis nobis resistere

issent, inopia superati essent.
3. Imperator si in castra revertaaudebit, interficietur.
tur, summa militum voluntate contra hostes proficiscatur.
4. Caesar sl adfuisset, pugnavisset ; si pugnavisset, hostes
superavisset; si hostes superavisset, Galliam occupavis-
Si vera captlvus respondit,
milites fortiter
6. Nisi quis de hostium adventu
opus defenderunt.
7. Captlvus
nuntiavisset, castra nostra capta essent.
nisi vera respondisset, statim a militibus interfectus
esset.
8. Nisi Labienus ante solis occasum
revertatur, milites longo labore defessl de deditione cogitent.
9. Milites sl statim e castrls educantur, hostibus fortiter
resistant. 10. Si ante sextam horam in urbem consul venerit, prlma noctis vigilia contra hostes Ire properabimus.
11. Utinam ne cum Germanls proelium commlsisset.
set.
IV.
5.
If
we do not take possession of the bridge, we

shall not be able to cross the river.
2.
the soldiers
1.
If
who were in the town had not been frightened, they

would not have fled.
3. If you should try to avoid
death, you would not deserve (be worthy) to be called
brave. 4. The forces of the enemy are so great that they
would take the town if our men were not resisting
THIRD CONJUGATION.
171
bravely. 5. If the place had not been surrounded by a

wall, we should not have dared to remain. 6. If the Ro
mans had not been tired by (their) work, they would
have remained at the bridge to resist the Germans. 7. We
shall not be able to return to camp unless some one comes
to aid us (to us as an aid) before sunset.
8. If the footsoldiers should run quickly to the river, they would seize
the bridge. 9. If the general had not led out the sol
diers from the camp into line of battle, the enemy would
have set out for home on that day.
10. If the Gauls
should make an attack upon our men, they would betake
themselves to the camp.
343.
READING LESSON.
49.]
Ubi (when) Ariovistum castris se tenere Caesar intel

lect, ne dhitius (compar. of diu) commeatu prohiberetur,
ultra (beyond) eum locum quo in loco Germanl consederant circiter passus sescentos ab els, castrls idoneum
locum delegit acieque triplicl (triple) Instructs (perf.
l
pass. part, of instruo) ad eum locum venit. Prlmam et
secundam aciem in armis esse, tertiam castra munire
iussit. Hle locus ab hoste circiter passus sescentos, utl
Eo (thither) circiter hominum
(as) dictum est, aberat.
numero sedecim milia expedita (unencumbered, in fight
ing trim) cum omni equitatu Ariovistus misit, quae
copiae nostros terrerent et munitione (from fortification)
i Acie trlpllci Instructs.,
a triple line being drawn up, i.e. having

formed a triple line. So below, munltia castris, the camp having
been fortified, i.e. when the camp was fortified.
See Chapter LXII.,
Ablative Absolute.
172
ut (as) ante constituerat, duas

acies hostem propulsare (drive off), tertiam castra munlre iussit.
Castrls munitls ' duas ibi (there) legiones
reliquit et partem auxilioruin, quattuor reliquas in castra
maiora redux.it (led back).
prohiberent.
Caesar,
oHHo
CHAPTER LX.
Fourth Conjugation
Subjunctive Active and

Passive.
:
Clauses with Cum.

345.
ILLUSTRATIVE
active and passive of audio.
SENTENCES.
cum civitas bellum infert, duces dSliguntur, when
the state
begins a war, leaders are chosen.
cum haec legSs, adero, when you read (i.e. shall read) this,
shall
be
present.
oppidum Britanni vocant, cum silvas muniSrunt,
the
Britons
call it a town, when they have fortified

cum vSneris, cognosces, when you come (i.e. shall have come),
you will find out.
the woods.
Observe the mood and tenses.
346. Rule.
Cum
meaning
takes the indicative to define a time.

1
when (cum temporal)
See p. 171, note.
'
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
347.
ILLUSTRATIVE
173
SENTENCES.
cum esset Caesar in Gallia, legati venerunt,
when Cmsar was
in Gaul, envoys came.
Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, ab urbe profectus est,

when that was
from
(i.e. had been) announced
to
C&sar,
he set
out
the city.
348. Eule. In narrative,
cum meaning when or as
historical) takes the imperfect and pluperfect

junctive to describe a time.
(cum
Note. The indicative is used with cum when
sub
is given, the
subjunctive when a situation or circumstance is given involving the idea
of time. Generally dates are given in primary tenses, and therefore
cum with the imperfect and pluperfect indicative is rare. When a
time is described, the tenses used are naturally secondary, hence the
use of the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive with cum in narrative.
349.
VOCABULARY.
Britannus, -i,
m., a
Briton, in-
habitant of Britain.
magi stratus, -us. m., magistrate, magistracy [stem of
(master) + a (as
if from a verb of first conj.)
magister
-f tus].
munitio, -onls, /., fortification

[muni (o/munio) + tio].
cum, conj., when, as, since, although.
350.
I.
1.
a date
tamen, conj., nevertheless, still,

however.
contends, -ere, -tendi,-tentu;m,

contend,
struggle,
hasten
\_pref. con + tendo, stretch].

pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum,
come through, arrive [per +
venio].
vinco, -ere, vici, victum, conquer.
bene, adv., well.
EXERCISES.
Ad
amlcos,
cum
usus
est,
Galli
se
recipiunt.
vicisset, multos annos cum

3. Helvetil cum omnia constitualils bellum gerebat.
4. Ille cum dux
issent, Orgetorigem ducem delegerunt.
2.
Caesar
cum
Helvetios
174
dslectus esset, Dumnorigem adduxit ut regnum occupare

conaretur. 5. Cum magistratus multitudinem hominum
ex agrls c6gerent, Orgetorlgis mors els nuntiata est.
Barbarl cum oppidum ceperunt, incolas interficiunt.

7. Dux cum hostes vlcerit exercitum dimittet nisi ei &
senatu imperatum erit ut cum Germanls bellum gerat.
8. Si vls domum reverti, cura ut respondeat.
9. Ea res
cum imperatorl renuntiata esset, in castris milites defessos continuisset nisi veritus esset ne Germanl ad
Rhenum pervenlrent.
10. Britanni antiqui pecoribus et
11. Si hostes de perlculo cogifrumento vivere solebant.
6.
tant, nulli flumen transire audebunt.
II.
When the soldiers heard the shout, they has

tened into the city.
2. When the enemy had fortified
the camp, they led out their forces into line of battle.
3. If the work of the fortification is done, cross the river
4. When the general himself
and resist the enemy.
1.
heard the enemy coming, he gave the signal to the sol

diers. 5. When an army arrives at a suitable place for
a camp, they surround themselves with a fortification
that they may be safe from the attack of the enemy.
6. When the shout of (those) fighting was heard in the
7. When the
camp, the soldiers hastened to the river.
camp had been fortified, the magistrates of the Gauls
8. Do
returned to Labienus to ask for (seek) peace.
not resist the enemy, lest they hasten to cross the Rhine
9. When the cavalry return, they
and return home.
will quickly make an end of the battle. 10. When the
Helvetians had already made their way through the ter
ritory of the Sequanians, they arrived in the territory of
our allies.
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
351.
ILLUSTRATIVE
cum haec vSra sint, bene est,
SENTENCES.
since
these
things are true, it is
well.
cum defessus essem, domi manebam,
since
at home.
cum adessem, me non vidisti,
175
although
not see me.
hoc cum audierim, non credo, although
I was tired, I staid
I was present, you

I
have heard this,
did
I do
not believe it.
352. Rule.
causal and concessive (meaning

since and although) takes the subjunctive in all tenses.
Cum
353.
I.
EXERCISES.
Milites cum proelio superati essent, tamen non

fugerunt. 2. Hostes cum dux interfectus esset in castra
1.
Cum magna pars aestatis reliqua sit,

in Britanniam profectus est.
4. Cum vlvamus, laetl
sfmus.
5. Cum venerit nuntius novas res cognoscemus.
6. Explorator cum multas res repperisset tamen nihil renuntiare ausus est. 7. Haec cum bene fecisset, laudatus
est. 8. Dux cum multa bene fecisset, tamen ab inimicls
9.
acctisatus est.
Cum timoris suspicionem vltaveris
10. Milites, cum nemo sine
fortem esse te dicimus.
vulnere esset, tamen ad noctem resistebant.
se receperunt.
II.
1.
3.
Although he was of small stature (body), he
was a brave
general.
2.
he had arrived at the
Since
Since the magistrates

have come, let us hasten to go to the council.
4. Al
shall not
though the Britons have been conquered,
return to Gaul. 5. Since the fortifications are high, we
can easily resist the enemy.
6. Since you have come to
city, he determined to remain.
3.
176
me,
will lead you
to a safe place.
7.
Although the
soldiers are fighting sharply, they cannot overcome the

8.
Since a great change of circumstances
enemy.
(things) has been brought about (made), let us seek
9. Although Caesar had led out his
safety in flight.
legions into line of battle, the enemy remained in their
10. Since the Gauls did not come against us, we
camp.
returned into the fortifications.
CHAPTER LXI.
Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs.
Indirect Discourse.
354. Learn the subjunctive, active and

possum, volo, nolo, malo,
eo,
passive,
of
fio, and fero.
Review the rules for simple indirect discourse (p. 119).
355.
I m peri ii in, -i,
rule, power,
VOCABULARY.
n., command,
sway, [imper
(of imperii, command) +

abstract ending -ium] .
porta, -ae, /., gate.
pugna, -ae,/., fight, battle,
turris, -is (ace -im), /., tower.
etiam, conj., even, also, [et +
lam].
eonficio, -ficere, -feci, -feetum, finish, wear out (esp.

in perf. pass, partic.) [con -f
facio].
existimo, -are, -avi, -Stum,

think, consider, [ex + aestimo, compute (ae weakened
tot)"].
SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR
356.
I.
VERBS.
177
EXERCISES.
Nuntius respondit turrim iam confectam
1.
esse.
Si scribere potuisset, Britannos ad urbis portam ven

tures esse scripsisset.
3. Etiam cum e munitione exl2.
non
exlstimabamus.
4. Caesarl
vulneribus iam confectos esse.
5. Caesar cum cognovisset Britannos iam
victos esse, ad castra munltionesque pervenlre contendit.
6. Galli etiam si Caesaris imperium ferre noluissent,
tamen resistere non potuissent.
7. Si celeriter castra
fiant hostibus resistere posslmus.
8. Nisi ad opus re
vertl quam in pugna manere maluissetis facile hostes
vlcissetis.
9. Legatus dicebat se tertio die ad suOs
venturum esse.
10. Si quis dicet se pugnam vidisse,
responde pugnam neque fuisse neque futuram esse.
remus,
II.
hostes
ptignaturos esse
renuntiabatur milites
that the Gauls were returning; had

returned ; would return. 2. If you did not bear the toils
3. If he
of war, I should not say that you were brave.
had not been willing to go, he would not have gone.
4. Even if they thought that their allies were brave, they
would wish to defend themselves with a fortification.
5.
1.
saw
When he had seen that the magistrates were present,
he said that he would reply immediately.
6.
The mes
senger replied that the enemy had run to the gates and
7. They say that
(atque) had seized even the tower.
they cannot endure the rule of the Romans. 8. They

announced that the foot-soldiers would seize the gates.
9. When they saw that the hill had been seized by
the enemy, they understood that they were conquered.
10. If you think that the place is suitable for a camp,
let us go thither.
178
357.
1.
Direct.
Indirect

Si quid vis, cur nou venis
ad mS?
want anything, why do you not come
If
you
to me ?
(primary tense).
Amicus tuus respondet, si
if you
want anything, why don't you come
quid veils, cur non venias ad sS, your friend
replies,
to him.
Caesar respondit, si quid

Ariovistus vellet, cur non veniret ad se,
(secondary
tense).
Cmsar replied,
did
2.
if Ariovistus
he not come to
Direct.
Veni si vis,
Indirect
(primary tense).
him.
if you
come,
wanted anything, why
wish.
Amicus tuus dicit, venias si
velis, your friend says (that) you
may come
you wish.
Caesar
(secondary tense).
if
dixit Ariovistus
veniret si vellet, Casar said (that) Ariovistus

might come
3.
Direct.
Indirect
if he
wished.
Si aderat Titus, puer

present,
the boy
bene fgcit,
did well.
If Titus
was
(primary tense). Die 6 si adfuerit Titus bene

puerum fecisse,
say that if Titus was present,
the boy did well.
(secondary tense). Dixi si adfuisset Titus bene
puerum fecisse, 1 said that if Titus was pres
said
ent, the boy did well (at some time before
4.
Direct.
Indirect
it).
Cum Titus adest, puer bene facit,

present,
the boy does
when
Titus is
well.
Died cum Titus adsit bene

(primary tense).
puerum facere, say that when Titus is present,
the boy does well.
(secondary
tense).
Dixi cum Titus adesset
bene puerum facere,

said that when Titus
was present, the boy did well.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR
VEKBS.
179
Notice the moods. Notice also how the tenses differ in the
different sentences. Observe that the first and second persons
of the Direct Discourse are usually changed (in Latin as in
English) to the third person in the Indirect Discourse.
358. Rule. In Indirect
Discourse,
questions, com
mands, and subordinate clauses are in the subjunctive.
359. Rule.
If the
verb
of saying,
etc.,
introducing
Indirect Discourse is in a primary tense, the subjunctives

are present or perfect; if it is in a secondary tense, the sub
junctives are imperfect or pluperfect.
the
Note. As the subjunctive lacks the future and future perfect

tenses, the future indicative of the Direct Discourse is represented by
the present or imperfect subjunctive in Indirect Discourse, and the
future perfect indicative by the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive.
So
si aderS, bene erlt,
if
360.
EXERCISES.
am (i.e. shall be) present,
it will
be
well, becomes, if quoted indirectly, dicit si adslt bene futflrum

esse, he says that if he is present, it will be well, or (using a sec
ondary tense) dixit si adesset bene futurum esse.
I.
1.
Dux exlstimavit milites, si vellent, vincere posse.
Vobls dico, si laudari velitis, fortes sitis. 3. Magistra

tus dixerunt Caesarem si Britannos vlcisset in Galliam
4. MagistratuI nuntiatum est omnes
reversurum esse.
hostium legiones in Italiam revertisse. 5. Dux militibus
dixit, sl hostibus resistere vellent, munltiones conficerent.
6. Nuntiatum est portam, cum Labienus ad munltiones
7. Legatus
pervenisset, iam occupatam esse a Gallis.
intellexit pedites in castra se recepttiros esse nisi quis
auxilio els venlret. 8. Centurionibus dixit, cum munl
tiones iam confectae essent, castrls milites contingent.
in
9. Imperator, cum hiemem iam adesse cognovisset,
2.
hiberna legiones
duxit.
10.
Nuntiatum est hostes, cum
180
vincere non potuissent, prlma vigilia salutem fuga petlturos esse.
II.
if
you wish to be praised.

2. The general said that the soldiers must fight bravely
if they wished to be praised. 3. When the messenger
had arrived at the town he went to the magistrates.
4.
He told the magistrates that when the camp was
5. The
taken the Gauls had sought safety in flight.
magistrates replied, that since the Gauls had been con
quered, they would receive the Romans in (into) the
city. 6. When the messenger had returned to the army,
he reported that the magistrates would not return.
7. When he heard this, the general said that he should
move the camp at daybreak, since he had done all (the
things) on account of which he had come. 8. He thought
that, since the leaders of the enemy had been slain, his
soldiers would be safe in the city. 9. When the army
had been led into the city, the general called the magis
trates to him. 10. He said that since they had received!
him and his soldiers in the city, he counted (held, habere)
them in the number of his friends.
361.
1.
Fight bravely
READING LESSON.
[Caesar, Gallic War, I.
50, 51.]
Proximo die Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum, quae

Diu atque
castra Caesaris minora oppugnaret, misit.
Solis occasu suas copias Ariovis
acriter pugnatum est.
Cum ex captivls Caesar
tus in castra reduxit (led back).
quaereret quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio contendere
non vellet, hanc reperiebat causam : apud Germanos
eam consuettidinem (custom) esse, ut matresfamiliae
(matrons) eorum sortibus (by lots) et vaticinationibus (by
PARTICIPLES.
181
prophecies) declararent (declaro, declare) utrum (whether)

proelium committere deberent necne (or not) ; eas ita
Germanos superaturos non esse, si ante novam

lunam proelio contendissent. Postero die Caesar praesidium castris reliquit (left) ; ipse triplici acie mstructa
(see note on last reading lesson) ad castra nostrum accessit (went close up). Germanl coacti sunt copias suas
castris educere.
Omnem aciem carris circumdederunt,
In carris muliene qua spes (hope) fugae relinqueretur.
res stabant quae eos hortabantur ut fortiter pugnarent.
dicere
>*z<>
CHAPTER LXII.
Participles.
( Review.)
Ablative Absolute.
362. Review
and their declensions
the participles
(p. 128).
363.
1.
ILLUSTRATIVE
duce vocante
milites
conveniunt,
SENTENCES.
leader calling,
when the leader calls,
the
at the
the
call of
the
war having
the
ble.
leader,
been
fin
the
war
soldiers assem
ished,
2.
bello
confecto
in
castra rediit,
Caesar
when
(or after)
Cmsar returned
was finished,
since the
camp.
war was fin
ished,
.
having finished
the
war,
to
182
"
equitibus fugientibus pedites interfecti
3.
fleeing,
fled,
since the horsemen fled,
on account of the flight
when the horsemen
sunt,
the horsemen
of the
the
foot-soldiers
were slain.
horsemen,
this having been done,
hdc facto conveniemus,
u
when
this has been done,
we shall assemble.
( aifler doing this,

being leader,
when he was leader,
{he
you conquered the
under his leadership,

with him as leader,
part of
re
maining,
since
part of
the
sum
they
mer remains,
if
parte aestatis
reliqua domo
exibimt,
summer
the
enemy.
part of
the
will
go
out
from home.
summer
remains,
4
is
5)
it
3,
2,
1,
and
Notice that in
noun (or pronoun) and a
are put in the ablative to des
participle in agreement with
ignate the time or circumstances of the action expressed by
the main verb.
The place of the participle may be taken by
a noun (duce in
or an adjective (reliqua in 6). The abla
tive used in this way
called the ablative absolute.
364. Rule.
The ablative absolute is used to desig
nate the time or circumstances
action.
use of the ablative absolute the following
things are to be observed
365. In the
of an
is
The noun in the ablative

never the same as the subject
or object of the main verb. If we wish to say in Latin, the leader
.
PARTICIPLES.
183
fled, having been defeated, we must say dux victua fugit, for
leader is the subject of fled, therefore dux must be the subject
of fugit, and the subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative ;
then having been defeated modifies leader, therefore victus must
be
in the same
as dux,
case
is,
modify dux, and must therefore

in the nominative.
that
The ablative absolute may be translated in various ways

as (a), by the English absolute construction (bello confecto,
2.
if
war having been finished) (b) by

temporal clause (bello
confecto, when the war was finished)
concessive
(c) by
clause (bello confecto, although the war was finished); (d) by
the war was finished)
condition (bello confecto,
(e) by
the
various expressions suited to the sentence in which the ablative

absolute stands (so bello confecto, at the end of the war, or on
the
completion
of
the
war).
The ablative absolute

often used in Latin where an
independent co-ordinate verb would be used in English; as,
is
3.
Caesar, bello confecto, domum rediit, Casar finished

and returned home.
In Latin
there
is
4.
no perfect
active participle.
If
the
war
there
fore we wish to say in Latin, C&sar, having finished the war,

returned to camp, we cannot use, as in English, a participle in
agreement with Caesar, but instead, Caesar, bello confecto,
in castra rediit.
The same idea may, of course, be expressed

by a clause with cum as, Caesar, cum bellum conf ecisset in
castra rediit. Deponent verbs have the perfect participle, and
Thus Cmsar, having
therefore offer no difficulty in translation.
exhorted the soldiers, led them against the enemy can be
translated
5.
In Latin
there
is
Caesar rrulites cohortatus contra hostes duxit.

no present passive
participle and no
future passive participle. When an English sentence contains

one of these participles, the idea must be expressed in Latin by
a clause with cum (or some other conjunction) or the voice
must be changed to the active.
184
366.
VOCABULARY.
amltto, -mittere, -misl, -missum,
let
go,
mitto].
arbitror, -Sri,
lose,
[a +
-atus
sum,
think, suppose, believe.

cllloio, -flcere, -fBci, -fectum,
accomplish,
[ec (for
ex, changed to ef before
following t) + farid J.
effect,
persuades, -ere, -suasi, -Rugsum, (with dat. ; also ut and

subj.), persuade, [per + suadeo, urge],
satis, adv., enough.
spes, spei, /..hope, expectation,
sub, prep, usually with abl, but
after
verbs
occ., under,
of motion with
close
to, at the
foot of.
367.
EXERCISES.
[Translate each ablative absolute in as many ways as you can.]
I.
Omnl spe amissa BritannI ad munltiones pervenlre contenderunt.

2. Hls rebus confectls magistrates
clvibus persuaserunt ut domo exlrent.
3. Caesar Britannls victls satis se effecisse arbitratus est. 4 Milites
satis se effecttiros1 exlstimabant sl pugna hostes vincerent.
5. Hostes turrl occupata etiam ad castrorum
portam Ire contenderunt. 6. Aedui dixerunt se Caesaris
imperia sustenturos esse sl Germanos Rhenum translre
7. Galli, cum tela amlsissent, deditionem
prohiberet.
facere voluerunt.
8. Hoc Caesarl ntintiato respondit si
vellet Ariovistus in colloquium venlre, venlret. 9. Hostibus acriter sub muro pugnantibus multl interfectl sunt.
10.
1.
Caesare
imperatore RomanI totlus Galliae imperio
potltl sunt.
II.
[Translate each sentence in at least two ways.]
Since the tower was finished, he thought the

2. Since all hope was
camp was sufficiently fortified.
3. Leaving all their vil
lost, they fled into the woods.
lages, the Helvetians tried to make a journey through the
1
1.
In indirect discourse the esse of f ut. inf. is often omitted.
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE.
territory of the Sequanians.
4.
185
He persuaded the citi
zens to leave the towns and hasten into the provinces.

5. Even though their javelins were lost, nevertheless
they fought long and sharply with their swords. 6. We

have learned1 that when Gaul had been conquered by
Caesar, the Britons lived long under the power of the
Roman people.
7. Thinking that enough had been ac
complished, since the towers and the gates had been
finished, he returned with his legions into the camp.
8. When Caesar wished to return to Rome, after finish
ing the war, he left the cohorts in winter quarters. 9. I
do not think that the general will return to the city if
10. Even if the Britons should
the legions are lost.
wish to 'fight after the loss of their leaders, the magis
trates would persuade them to remain in their fortifica
tions.
CHAPTER LXIII.
Gerund and Gerundive.
368. Learn
duco, audio,
and
the gerund and gerundive of amo, habeo,

eS.
Notice that the gerund is declined as a neuter singular

noun of the second declension, lacking the nominative
and vocative cases, and that the gerundive is declined as
a regular adjective of the first and second declensions.
The gerund is a verbal noun, the gerundive a verbal
adjective.
i Use
cSgrnoscS.
186
369.
Gen.
Milites pugnandi flnem fecerunt,
end of fighting.
Locus
pugnando1 idoneus erat,
Dat.
soldiers made an
the
place was suitable
the
for fighting.
Nostri
ad pugnandum convSnerunt, our men assembled
Ace.
for fighting (to fight).
Abl. Milites pugnando forte's Hunt, soldiers are made brave
by
fighting.
Notice that the gerund is used like the English verbal noun
in -ing. The accusative of the gerund is used only with prepo
sitions.
Instead of the nominative and accusative (without a
preposition) of the gerund, the infinitive is used ; as, vidSre est
crgdere, seeing is belieinng ; dicit vidgre esse credere, he says
that seeing is believing.
370.
Gen.
DAT.
Potestas
. .
datur
\ urbem capiendi,
.,
.
J urbis capiendae,
*
(
<
..
takinq'
,
the
,
,
.
is offered.
city
,
,
,.., ,\he is,,a leader suit,
.
(\ urbem
capiendo1 (rare) if
dux
...
rI able
for takinq"
,
idoneus ) urbi capiendae, '
.
(
)
the city.
_Est
.
Acc. VSnerunt
S,-
( ad urbem capiendum
-}
(rare),
\ they came
( ad urbem capiendam, )
Abl. Cogitamus
( dg
urbem
capiendo )
(rare),
de
urbe capienda,
(
(for
to
taking)
take
the
city.
we
are
thinking
>
about taking the
city.
Notice that in the above sentences the gerund takes an

object like the finite verb.
The gerund itself is in the case
required by the noun, adjective, or other word upon which it
depends.
1
After idSneus the ger. is usually in the accusative with ad.
GERUND
371. Rule.
other words;
AND GERUNDIVE.
187
The gerund is, as a noun, governed by
as a verb, it may take an object in the proper
case.
Notice that the gerundive agrees with its noun like any other
The noun itself is in the case required by the noun,
adjective.
adjective, or other word upon which it depends.
It is only when the gerund would take an object in the
The two
accusative that the gerundive can be used instead.
in
the genitive ; in the other
constructions are both admissible
cases, the gerundive is usual.
372. Rule. Instead of
the
gerund
with a direct
is generally used.
The gerundive
agrees in gender, number, and case with its noun, which
stands in the case in which the gerund would have been.
object,
gerundive
the
373.
apertus, -a,
\_perf.
VOCABULARY.
ibi, adv.,
-um, adj., open,
pass, partic.
ri5, open].
of ape-
there.
impers, -are, -avi, ill um. command, order, used teith the
consists, conslstere, constiti,
dat.
conspicio,
-spicere,
form
-spexi,
-spectum, spy, see, behold,

[con + splc (for spec, a
root denoting sight) +
374.
I.
the person to whom
the command is given followed

by ut or ne with the subjunc-
no supine, stand together,

stand firm, stop, halt, [con
+ sisto (reduplicated
from sto, stand)].
of
live.
retineo, -ere, -tinui, -teiitum,

hold back, retain, [re, back;
teneo, hold].
scutum, -i, n., shield.
io].
EXERCISES.
Scutis amissis tamen
constiterunt ad portam
defendendam.
2. Dixerunt ibi se mansuros esse ubi ad
castra defendenda constitissent.
3. Centurionibus imperavit ut de turribus conficiendis cogitarent.
4. Amico
1.
188
nostro persuadeamus ne spem oppidi capiendi amittat.

5. Satis effectum esse arbitror sl legati ad pacem petendam missi sunt. 6. Cum nostras ad pugnam convenientes
conspexissent, tempus pugnandi venisse existimaverunt.
7. Etiam sub imperio Populi Romanl, Galli retineri non
8. Hls rebus factis
poterant ne inter se contenderent.
nostrl ad flumen transeundum profectl sunt. 9. Helvetii
de itinere per Sequanorum fines faciendo ad Caesarem
10. His ille respondit se nulll potestalegatos miserunt.
tem itineris per provinciam faciendi daturum esse.
II.
1.
This place is not suitable for fortifying1
a camp.
When the gate was opened, he commanded us to go

3. Having seized the mountain,
against the enemy.
they halted there to wait (for waiting) for the general.
2.
When they beheld the legions going out from the

camp, they thought that an opportunity of making an
attack was offered (given).
5. They placed towers at
the gates for defending the town. 6. Although all hope
of taking the town was lost, still they did not flee, but
remained there all night.
7. When the general com
manded them to halt there, they did not obey the com
mand.
8. He said many things about taking cities and
9. If you should say anything
conquering enemies.
about making peace, you would lose the friendship of
the consul. 10. Caesar crossed into Britain to find out
(for finding out) the customs of the Britons.
4.
375.
READING LESSON.
52, 53.]
Caesar a dextro cornti, quod (because) eam partem

minime firmam (strong) hostium animadverterat, proe1
See foot-note,
p. 186.
SUPINE.
189
Ita acriter nostri in hostes signo dato

Hum commisit.
impetum fecerunt itaque celeriter hostes procurrerunt
(ran forward) ut spatium (room, space) pila in hostes
coniciendi non daretur. Gladils pugnatum est diu atque
acriter. Tandem (at length) Germanl victl fugerunt, neque
prius 1 fugere destiterunt (perf. of desisto, cease) quam ' ad
flumen Rhenum milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinque
Ibi paucl flumine transito sibi salutem
pervenerunt.
In hls fuit Ariovistus. Reliquos omnes
reppererunt.
Duae fuerunt Ariovisti uxoequitatus noster interfecit.
Duarum
res, quae in ea fuga perierunt (perished).
filiarum altera occlsa, altera capta est. Gaius Valerius

Procillus, cum a ctistodibus in fuga traheretur (traho,
-ere, drag) in ipsum Caesarem incidit, et Marcus Metius
repertus et ad eum reductus (brought back) est.
CHAPTER LXIV.
Supine.
Expressions of Purpose.
376. Learn'the supines of the regular and irregular

verbs.
377.
venSrunt aquam petitum, they came to seek water.

missus est rem renuntiatum, lie was sent to report
1
priud
quam, sooner
the matter.
than, i.e. until.
190
378. Rule.
The supine in -um (accusative

is used after verbs of motion to express purpose.
supine)
Note. The most frequent use of the supine in -um is with the
verb eo, especially with the impersonal infinitive passive ; as, amatum
iri. This is
(For
the simplest way of forming the future infinitive passive.

a more usual way of expressing the idea of the future infinitive
passive, see the following chapter.)
379. Other ways of expressing purpose

been given.
follows
as
have already
They came to seek water may be expressed
venerunt ut aquam peterent (ut and the subjunctive, 311).

venSrunt qui aquam peterent (relative and the subjunc
tive, 311).
venerunt ad aquam petendam (gerundive with ad, 370).

venerunt aquam petitum (accusative supine as above).
Instead of the gerundive with ad the gerund may be used,
but only when the verb is intransitive ; as, venerunt ad mini
respondendum,
they came to reply to me.
380. Purpose may also
be expressed
by the gerund
or gerundive in the genitive followed by causa (or gratia),
for
the sake
of:
venerunt aquam petendi causa (gratia) .

venSrunt aquae petendae causa (gratia).
Causa, and
gratia are the ablatives of causa,
cause, and
gratia,
favor, influence. They are used with the genitive as prepositions

are used with the accusative and ablative, but when so used
they are always placed after
the genitive.
381. The future participle is

to express purpose
also occasionally used
as, venerunt aquam petlturl, they came
about to seek water, i.e. they came to seek water.
What are eight ways of expressing purpose in Latin ?
SUPINE.
382.
191
facile est facts, it is easy to
difficile est dictu, it is hard
do.
to tell.
383. Rule.
The supine in -u (ablative supine) is

used with adjectives (and a few other words) to limit their
meaning.
384.
VOCABULARY.
gratia, -ae, /., influence, favor

(abl. gratia for the sake of,
coniclo, -Icere, -iScI,- -tectum,

throw together, hurl together,
causa).
quautus, -a, -iiiti, adj., rel. and
[con + iacidj.
pello, -ere, pepuli,
inter., how great.

animadverts, -ere,
notice, perceive,
repel, repulse, defeat.

nam, conj., for.
quidem, indeed, at least, espedally ne . . . quidem, not
with gen. like
ad
I.
[anim (of
verto (turn)
|
animus) |
turn the mind to].
385.
-I, -sum,
pulsum,
even.
EXERCISES.
Hoc animadverso Caesar imperavit ut ibi consisterent. 2. Incredibile dictu est quanta celeritate ad
tela conicienda convenerint.
3. Orgetorix apud Helve1.
tios plurimum valebat gratia et animi magnitudine, nam

nihil esse arbitrati sunt quod efflcere non posset.
4. Galli ne scutls quidem amissls omnem spem aml-
Helvetil proelio pulsi legatos ad Caesarem

6. Cum Procillum venientem
pacem petitum mlserunt.
serunt.
5.
conspexisset porta aperta ad eum contendit. 7. Legatos,

qui ad pacem petendam veneraut, apud se retinuit ne
8. Nam verebatur ne, si domum
domum reverterentur.
revertissent, Gallis persuaderent ut ad impetum in castra
faciendum convenient. 9. Mihi quidem satis erit sl bene
192
ac celeriter eas res confeceritis ad quas cSnficiendas vos

10. Hoc si optimum facta est faciamus.
convocavl.
Haec quidem dicere volebam ut intellegeretis.

satis dictum est.
11.
Sed
[Translate the purpose clauses In various ways.]
II.
Let us go to seek aid.

think
(thing) to do. 2. When he had noticed
had hurled their javelins, he ordered his
a charge.
3. Not even when the enemy
did he dare to halt there.
4. When the
1.
this is the best
that the Gauls

(men) to make
were repulsed
leaders of the
enemy perceived this, they encouraged (strengthened the
spirits of) their men to fight. 5. We have come to you,
not to fight, but to make peace.
6. Caesar had great
influence among the Gauls, for they understood how great
his power was. 7. Those who had been sent to learn the
nature of the place, reported that it was suitable for
making a camp. 8. Scouts came for the purpose of seeing
the army and reporting to their chiefs. 9. Having noticed
this, Caesar retained them in the camp. 10. Envoys were
sent to the general to seek peace, in order to put (make)
an end to (of) the war. 11. The general replied to them
that he had come to conquer the Gauls. 12. Having
heard this, the chiefs of the Gauls called their (men)
together and encouraged them to fight.
PEITIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS.
193
CHAPTER LXV.
Periphrastic Conjugations.
Dative of Agent.

Pres.
Imperf.
amaturus
to
sum,
love).
I am
about to love
(or,
/ am going
amaturus eram, was about to love.

amaturus ero, shall be about to love.
Fut.
amaturus ful, / have been (was) about to love.
Ferf.
Pluperf.
amaturus fueram,
had been about to love.
Fut. Perf. amaturus fuero, shall have been about to love.
The future active participle is combined in this way

with all the moods and tenses of sum. The combination
is called the First Periphrastic Conjugation. The tenses
are called present, imperfect, etc., according to the tense
of
sum employed.
The future active participle of any verb, with the present

indicative of sum, has substantially the same meaning as the
The two expressions, amabo and
future active indicative.
amaturus sum, are equivalents.
But for the other forms
given above, there are no simple equivalents.
387.
non dubito qum amaturus sit,
do not doubt that he
will (is
about to) love.
quaesivi quid facturus esset, / asked
tohat he was going to do.
Notice that the First Periphrastic Conjugation

plies a future tense for the subjunctive mood.
sup
A FIKST BOOK IN LATIN.
194
The regular future active, infinitive (as amaturus esse)

is evidently a part of the First Periphrastic Conjugation,
being formed of the future active participle and the infini
tive of sum.
The future passive infinitive is also frequently formed
with the aid of sum. For this purpose, the future infini
tive of sum is used ; but the form employed is almost
invariably fore, not futurum esse. When thus used, fore is
followed by ut and the subjunctive ; as,
credo fore ut amStur,
be
or will come
to
/ believe
that he
be loved
(that it will
pass that he is loved).
putabam fore ut liber scriberetur, /

be
will
written (that it would
be
thought that the book would
or would come to pass that
the book
was written).
The future infinitive passive in Indirect Discourse is

usually formed in this way.
388.
Pres.
I ought to (must)
loved, it is necessary that I
loved.
amandus eram, / was
loved, I ought to have been
loved.
loved, it was necessary that I
amandus ero, / ought (hereafter)
loved, it will
loved.
necessary that I
amandus ful, / have been (was)
loved, I ought to
have
loved.
loved, it was necessary that I
amandus aura, /
am to be loved,
be
be
Imperf.
to be
be
Fut.
be
to be
be
Perf.
to be
been
be
The other moods (except the imperative) and tenses

of sum are also used in combination with the gerundive,
forming the Second Periphrastic Conjugation.
Observe that the Second Periphrastic Conjugation is
passive, and involves the idea of necessity or obligation.
PERIPHRASTIC
389.
195
CONJUGATIONS.
hoc mihi faciendum est,
this must be done by me,
or
must do
this.
intellexit pontem sibi faciendum

bridge must
be
built by him, or that
esse, he understood that a
he must
build a bridge.
that the person by whom the action is to be per

formed is put in the dative. This is called the dative of agent.
Observe
390. Rule. With
the gerundive expressing obligation,
the dative is used to denote the
person upon whom the obli
gation rests.
391.
VOCABULARY.
autem, conj., but, however, (the

second word in its clause).
coepi, coepisse, began (only
the tenses formed from the
perfect stem exist), folloiced
by the infinitive.
consuesco, -suescere, -suevi,

-suetum, be accustomed,
[con + suesco].
demon stro, -are, -hvT, -atum,
show, explain,
demonstrate,
[de + monstro, show].
392.
I.
egredior, -gredl, -gressus sum,

go out, come out, [e + gredlor (/or gradlor, step, go)].
fortuna, -ae, /., fortune.
progredior, -gredi, -gressus
sum, go forward, advance,
[pro + gradlor].
trado, -dere, -didi,
give over,
hand
-ditum,
over, give
up, [trfi (for trans, across

or over) + a shortened form
of da, the root of do, give].
EXERCISES.
Ibi
imperator ut
consistamus imperat. 2. Imperavit autem ut sub muro
consisteremus, nam animadverterat hostes progressuros
esse.
3. Porta ad egrediendum aperta, tamen milites in
4. Scuta et pila nostra tradenda sunt,
castrls retinuit.
5. Ibi multls lapidianimos autem semper retinebimus.
1.
nobis consistendum
est ubi
bus in unum. locum Qoniectis murum facere coeperunt.
196
6.
7.
Omnia deraonstravl quae mihi demonstranda erant.

Quaeslvit num milites quos in silva conspexisset egres-
surl essent.
Helvetil quidem pulsl sunt, Germanl autem vincendi suut.

9. Dlscipulis multa facienda sunt ad
10. Dixit fore ut
gratiam apud magistrum petendam.
castra traderentur, cum mllites pulsl essent. 11. Intelle8.
est quanta fortunae
sit potestas.
12. Quaero
quid facturl sitis ut apud clves gratia valeatis. 13. Consuescunt homines multa facere quae facienda non sunt.
14. Ducl militum animl ad pugnandum confirmandi sunt.
gendum
II.
The Britons were accustomed to choose leaders

when they were about to go out from their territories.
2. Influence and power ought to be sought, but friendship
1.
I do not doubt that
the enemy will advance

with great spirit.
4. Since the enemy have begun to
build (make) a wall, we must go out against them.
5. You say that you have come to seek peace, but
peace must not be made unless you give up (your) arms.
6. Caesar shows in the first book with what great (how)'
great) peoples he had to fight (it was to be fought by
him). 7. When the general perceived the shields of the
enemy in the wood, he understood that he must go out to
fight. 8. Not even his enemies doubt that Cassar will
9. We must throw all our shields
conquer the Gauls.
together in (to) one place, but must retain our swords in
our hands.
10. You must not go out; for your father
ordered you to remain at home.
is better.
393.
3.
READING LESSON.
[C.ESAR, Gallic War, Book
1.
54.]
Hoc proelio trans Rhenuin ntintiato Suebl (Suebi, a

German tribe) qui ad ripas RhenI venerant, domum re
PBRIPHBASTIC
CONJUGATIONS.
197
vertl coeperunt, quos Ubil (another tribe), qui proximi

Rhenum1 incolunt, territos secutl, magnum ex hls numerum occiderunt. Caesar, una aestate duobus maximis
bellis confectls, maturius paulo (a little) quam tempus
annl postulabat in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit
(led away) ; hibernls Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem (nearer*) Galliam ad conventus (circuit courts3)
agendos profectus est.
the accusative is often used after proximus.
or Hither Gaul was Gaul nearer Rome ; i.e. the northern
part of what is now Italy.
8 Caesar was governor of Gaul, and
holding courts was one of bis
1
Rhenum
J Nearer,
duties.
SELECTIONS
FOR SIGHT-READING.
[Words not in the vocabularies are given in the foot-notes.]
394.
Respect to Age.
Lysander1 Lacedaemonius 2 hoc dixisse dicitur: "Lacedaemone3 optime vlvere possunt senes. Nusquam4 enim*
tantam habent auctoritatern."
Athenls olim8 ludls7 Institutis8 quidam in theatrum9 senex venit, nec el locus
datus est a suls clvibus; tum10 ad legatos Lacedaemonios
accessitu; hi autem omnes consurrexere12 et senl locum
dederunt.
Hoc factum13 probantibus M Atheniensibus,w
unus e legatis16 dixit, "Athenienses sciunt quidem recta1'
facere, sed facere nolunt.
Lysander,
Nowhere.
1
a man's name.
6
For (conj., postpositive).
At Lacedsemon.
Once upon a time.
8
Lacedsemonian.
6
Pert. part, of InstituS, arrange, put in order. Here

9 Theatre.
10 Then.
ludis Institutis, when a play was to be given.
11 Approached.
u Rose up at once.
14 Approving (pres.
ls Act.
ic
16
part, of probS, 1).
The Athenians.
Instead of the partitive
17 Right
genitive, the abl. with S or ex may be used.
(n. pi.).
7
Games.
395.
Retort.
Venit olim1 quidam ad Aristippum philosophum2 ei' "

que dixit : " Visne filium meum artes tuas docere ?
Respondit Aristippus : "Hoc equidem4 faciam acceptls5
iuobus talentis.6"
Pater auteiu pretio7 territus, dixit:
199
200
"At
minoris8 emere9 possum,"

Contra10 Aristippus, " Fac u hoc : ita duos servos habebis."
1
servum
J Philosopher.
Once.
accipiO, receive.
* Teach.
Certainly.
Talents, a sum of money.

(genitive, denoting an indefinite price) . 9 Buy.
ative of facio.
6
An Honorable
396.
7
10
Perf. part, of
For less
u Imper
Price.
In reply.
People.
Themistocles ' olim2 pugna navali3 victls Persis4 Athenls apud concionem4 dixit : " Consilium in animo habeo :
hoc utile6 relpublicae erit, celarl tamen oportet.7
Uni e
prlmoribus8 rem dicere volo." Aristides9 ad hoc munus10
delectus est.
Huic dixit Themistocles : " Lacedaemoniorum classis11 in ancorls12 in portu est.
Hanc clam13
14
incendere
Ita illorum potestas navalis s
poterimus.
delebitur.14 "
His auditls Aristides reversus apud cons
cionem
dlxit : " Themistoclis consilium utile quidem,
sed minime16 honestum17 est."
Itaque Athenienses ne
auditum quidem consilium spreverunt.18
An Athenian statesman.
Persians.
6
T Must, is necessary.
8 The
Assembly.
Useful.
chief men.
9 A prominent
Instead of a partitive genitive, the abl. with e is used.
10 Duty.
u Fleet.
la Anchors.
Athenian.
Here in ancoris,
18
u
16
at anchor.
Set on fire.
Secretly.
Dele5, 2, destroy.
18 Not at all.
ir Honorable.
18 Rejected.
1
Once.
Naval.
397.
Ad
The Ass and the Wolf.
asinum1 gravi morbo2 aegrum3 socii venerunt,
ut
quid ageret* viderent. Inter alios lupus5 quoque6 venit.

Qul cum corpus eius tangeret,7 et interrogavisset,8 quae
corporis partes maxime dolerent, asinus respondit : " Eae
partes corporis maxime dolent, quas tti tangis.' "
1
6
Ass.
Wolf.
asked.
Disease.
Also.
Sick.
Touched
What
he was doing, i.e. how he
(tango, -ere, tetig-i, tactum)
did.
Had
FOR SIGHT-READING.
SELECTIONS
398.
201
The Lion's Share.
Cum leo1 venatum2 iret, socii eius erant canis3 et lupus.4

Leo cum partes praedae5 aequales6 factae essent, ita locutus est7: "Prlmam partem capio, quia8 rex vester sum;
secundam, quia8 fortis sum mihi dabitis ; tertiam qul9
Ita leo totam praetetigerit10 me inimlcum sibi habebit.
dam5 solus abstulit.11
Haec fabula docet, quam12 perlculosum13 sit societates14 cum potentioribus inlre.15
8 Dog.
venor, 1, dep.).
*Wolf.
Equal.
Booty.
Spoke (loquor, loqui, locutus sum).
8 Because.
9 Whoever.
10 From tang5, touch.
n Took away
w How.
abstuli,
+
[aufero, auferre,
ablatum, (ab
fero)].
18
14
16
Dangerous.
Alliances.
Enter into (in + eo).
1
Lion.
To hunt (supine of
399.
Julius
Ccesar.
[Adapted from Eutropius, Book
VI.
17-25.]
Anno urbis conditae1 sescentesimo nonagesimo tertio

Gaius Itilius Caesar, qui postea2 imperavit3 cum LuciO
Bibulo4 consul est f actus.
Is primo5 vlcit Helvetios, qul
1.
nunc Sequani appellantur, deinde6 vincendo per bella

gravissima usque ad7 Oceanum Britannicum8 processit.'
Domuit10 autem annls novem fere omnem Galliam, quae
inter Alpes, fltimen Ehodanum, Rhenum et Oceanum est.
Britannls mox11 bellum intulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen
quidem Romanorum cognitum erat, et eos quoque u victos
obsidibus acceptls13 stipendiaries14 fecit. Galliae autem
tributum15 imperavit, Germanosque multis proeliis vlcit.
In
year of the founded city, i.e. since the foundation of the

2
8 Was emperor.
city. Rome was founded B.C. 753.
Afterwards.
* The Romans elected two consuls annually.
6 First, i.e. at
first.
8 Next.
7 Usque ad, even to, as
8
The British Ocean,
far as.
9 Advanced.
10 Subdued.
n Presently.
now called the North Sea.
12 Also,
i8 Perf.part.of accipiS, receive,
M Tributaries.
16
Tribute.
1
the
202
Hinc1 iam bellum clvlle2 successit3 quo populi

Caesar enim5 rediens ex
RomanI fortfina mtitata4 est.
Gallia victor coepit poscere6 alterum7 consulatum.8
Contradictum est9 a Marcello consule, a Bibulo, a Pom2.
peio, a Catone, iussusque10 dimissls exercitibus ad urbem

redire. Propter quam u iniuriam ab Arimino,12 ubi mllites suos habebat, adversum13 patriain cum exercitu venit.
Consules cum Pompeio senatusque omnis atque uni versa14
nobilitas15
ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit.
Ibi
Pompeio duce senatus contra Caesarem bellum paravit.

* Changed.
6 For
Succeeded, followed.
6 To demand.
8 Consulship.
7 A second.
(con j., postpositive).
9 It was spoken against, i.e. opposition
10
was made.
Supply Caesar
1
Hence.
Civil.
u The relative is often used in Latin where we use a

a From about Ariminum, a place in Northern Italy.
demonstrative.
18 Against.
14 Entire.
16 Nobility.
and
est.
Caesar vacuam1 urbem ingressus2 dictatorem3 se

Inde4 Hispanias* petiit.
Ibi Pompel exercitus
fecit.
validissimos6 et fortissimos cum tribus ducibus superavit.
Inde4 regressus7 in Graeciam transiit, adversum8 Pompeium dimicavit.9 Prlmo proelio victus est et fugatus,10
evasit11 tamen quia12 nocte inter veniente 13 Pompeius sequl noluit, dixitque Caesar, nee Pompeium sclre vincere,
3.
et illo tantum14 die se potuisse superarl.
Thessalia
apud Pharsalum16 ingentibus
Deinde15 in
copiis dlmica-
verunt.9
s Having entered
Empty, i.e. with the senate and nobility gone.
3
*
6 Spain was
Dictator.
Thence.
(perf. part, of ingredior).
6 Superl.
divided into two provinces by the Romans, hence the plural.
7
of validus, strong.
Having returned (perf. part, of regredlor) .
n Escaped
8 Against.
9 Fought.
10 Put to flight
(from fu" 3,1).
12 Because.
18 From interveniO, come between,
(f rom evadS) .
14
l6
16 Near Pharsalus in Thessaly.
Only.
Next.
intervene.
1
FOR SIGHT-BEADING.
SELECTIONS
203
Nunquam1 Komanae copiae neque maiores neque

melioribus ducibus convenerant.
Pugnatum est diu et
acriter, victusque ad postremum2 Pompeius3 et castra
eius dlrepta4 sunt.
Ipse fugatus5 Alexandrlam 6 petiit,
ut a rege Aegypti, cul tutor7 a senatu datus fuerat prop
ter iuvenllem8 eius aetatem,9 acciperet10 auxilia.
Qul
fortunam magis quam amlcitiam secutus11 occidit Pompeium, caput eius et anulum12 Caesarl mlsit.
Quo con"
M
fudisse dicitur.
specto Caesar lacrimas
4.
i Never. After this, neque . . . neque must be rendered by either

* At last.
8
* Plundered
...or.
Supply est.
(from dirlpid) .
Put to flight (from f ugo,
Guardian.
Alexandria, a large seaport in Egypt.

9 Age.
10 From accipi5
Youthful, juvenile.
(ad +
n
12
capio), receive.
Ring. A
Following, i.e. paying respect to.
18 Tears.
14 Perf. inf. of fund5,
seal ring, to prove his identity.
-ere, fudi, fusum, pour, here shed.
1)
Mox1 Caesar Alexandrlam venit.

Ipsi2 quoque3
Ptolemaeus4 parare voluit Insidias,5 qua causa regi belEo victo Caesar Alexandria potltus
lum illatum est.
regnum Cleopatrae dedit, Ptolemaei sororl. Inde7 rediens
Caesar Pharnacem" qul multas populi RomanI provinInde7
oias occupabat, proelio vlcit, et ad mortem coegit.
Inde7 in
Romam regressus8 tertio9 se consulem fecit.
5.
Africam profectus est, ubi multl nobiles, quorum duces

principes erant rel publicae, bellum reparaverant.10 Con
Duces
tra hos commisso proelio victor fuit Caesar.
eorum aut ipsl se occlderunt aut a Caesare interfectl
sunt.
s Supply Caesarl, against Csesar
sAlso.
Presently.
himself.
6 Treachery, i.e. he wished to
* The king of Egypt mentioned above.
8 Having returned
6 A king of'Pontus.
7 Thence.
murder him.
9 For the third time.
10 Had renewed
[from
(f rom regfredior) .
1
reparo (re
par5)].
204
Post annum Caesar Romam regressus1 quarto2 se

consulem fecit et statim3 ad Hispanias est profectus, ubi
Pompel filios, Gnaeum et Sextuin, qul ingens bellum
6.
civitatem magno proelio

Ex PompeT filiis maior occisus est, minor
supera vit.
Inde5 Caesar bellis civilibus6 toto orbe7 comfugit.
Agere Insolentius9 coepit et
positis8 Romam rediit.
10
Haec cum
contra consuetudinem Romanae libertatis.11
diutius ferre non possent coniurationem12 in eum fecerunt multl senatores13 equitesque" Romanl.
Principes
fuerunt inter coniuratos15 duo Brutl, ex eo genere16 Bruti,
qul primus Romae consul f uerat et reges expulerat,17 Gaius
Cassius et Servilius Casca.
Ergo18 Caesar, cum senattis
19
die inter ceteros venisset ad curiam,20 viginti tribus vulreparaverant,4
apud Mundam
neribus confossus
est.21
i For the fourth time.

8 Immediately .
Having returned.
6
6
T
Had renewed.
Thence, then.
Civil.
World (orb of the
8 Put to rest,
9 More arrogantly.
+
pono).
earth).
finished (con
10 Custom, i.e. contrary to the
u Lib
free institutions of the Romans.
12
ls
14
16
erty.
Conspiracy.
Knights.
Conspirators.
Senators.
16 Family.
17 Had driven out.
18 Therefore, so.
19 The rest.
10 The senate house.
21 Was pierced, stabbed to death.
1
NOUNS.
First or a-Declension.
400.
SINGULAR.
If.
mensa, a table.
mensae, tables.
G.
mensae, of a table.
mensae, to or for a table.
mensam, table.
mensa, thou table.
mensSrum, of tables.
mensis, to or for tables.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
mensa, from, by,

etc., a table.
401.
SINGULAR.
N.
G.
servus
servi
D.
servo
Ac.
servum
V.
Ab.
serve
servo
mensas, tables.
mensae, ye tables.
mensis, from, by,
with,
with, etc.,
tables.
Second or o-Declension.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
bellum
belli
bello
bellum
bellum
bello
servi
servorum
servis
servos
servi
servis
PLURAL.
bella
bellorum
bellis
bella
bella
bellis
SINGULAR.
N.
puer
G.
pueri
D.
ager
agri
vir
viro
virum
vir
viro
puero
agro
Ac.
puerum
agrum
V.
Ab.
puer
puero
ager
agro
205
viri
206
rLUKAL.
agri
agrorum
viri
virorum
pueris
pueros
agris
viris
viros
pueri
pueris
agri
agris
N.
pueri
G.
puerorum
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
agros
viri
viris
Third Declension.
402.
Mute Stems.
SINGULAR.
N., V.
G.
n.
Ac.
Ab.
princeps
rex
miles
principle
principi
principem
regis
regi
regem
mflitls
mlliti
mllitem
rgge
IllllitO
capite
milites
mflitum
militibus
capita
principe
caput
capitis
capiti
caput
PLURAL.
y.,Ac.,v.
G.
D., Ab.
principes
prlncipum
prlncipibus
reges
regum
regibus
capitum
capitibus
SINGULAR.
N., V.
G.
voluptas
voluptatis
1).
voluptati
Ac.
voluptatem
Ab.
voluptate
pes
pedis
pedi
pedem
pede
custos
custodis
custodi
custodem
custode
PLURAL.
N., Ac, V.
voluptates
G.
voluptatum
pedes
pedum
D., Ab.
volupt&tibus
pedibus
custodes
cflstodum
custSdibus
NOUNS.
Liquid
207
Stems.
SINGULAR.
N., V.
a.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
consul
consulls
consul!
victor
virgo
vulnus
victoris
vulneris
vulneri
consulem
victorem
consule
victSre
virginis
virgin!
virginem
virgine
victor!
vulnus
vulnere
PLURAL.
N.,Ac,
V.
consules
victores
a.
consilium
consulibus
victorum
victoribus
D., Ab.
Stems in
virgines
virginum
virginibue i
vulnera
vulnerum
vulneribus
SINGULAR.
jr., v.
a.
ignis
ignis
B.
igni
hostis
hostis
host!
ignem
igni, -e
hostem
lioste
Ac.
Ab.
caedes
caedis
caedi
caedem
caede
PLURAL.
N., V.
G.
D., Ab.
Ac.
N.,Ac.,V.
a.
D., Ab.
ignes
ignium
ignibus
ignes, -is
hostes
caedes
bostium
hostibus
caedium
hostes, -iis
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
mare
aria
marium
maribus
animal
maris
mail
animalis
animall
caedibus
caedes, -Is
PLURAL.
animalia
animalium
animalibus
208
Mixed Stems.
SINGULAR.
N., V.
G.
1).
Ac.
Ab.
nox
noctis
nocti
noctem
nocte
urbs
moils
urbis
urbi
urbem
montis
urbe
monte
monti
niontem
PLURAL.
N., V.
G.
D., Ab.
Ac.
noctes
urbgs
monies
noctlum
noctibus
noctes, -is
urbium
urbibus
urbSs, -is
montium
montibus
monies, -is
Fourth or w-Declension.
403.
SINGULAR.
N., V.
Ac.
exercitui (u)
exercitum
exercitus
Ab.
exercitu
exercitibus
cornu
D.
exercituum
exercitibus
PLURAL.
cornua.
cornuum
cornibus
cornua
cornibus
Fifth or e-Dedension.
404.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
dies
dies
res
res
diel
diel
diem
dierum
diebus
re'ruiu
rebus
dies
rel
rei
rem
die
diebus
re
rebus
SINGULAR.
r.,
exercitus
SINGULAR.
cornu
cornus
cornu
cornu
G.
exercitus
exercitus
PLURAL.
V.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
PLURAL.
res
ADJECTIVES.
405.
First and Second Declension.

SINGULAR.
Masculine.
Feminine.
N.
a.
D.
Ac.
bonus
bona
boni
bonae
bonum
boni
bono
bonae
bono
bonum
bo nam
V.
Ab.
bone
bono
bona
bona
bonum
bonum
Neuter.
bono
PLURAL.
N.
G.
boni
bonorum
Ac.
bonis
bonds
V.
Ab.
boni
bonis
T).
bonae
bona
bonarum
bonis
bonorum
bonis
bonas
bonae
bona
bona
bonis
bonis
SINGULAR.
N.
a.
miser
misera
miserum
miserT
miserae
D.
misero
miserae
miseram
misera
misera
miseri
misero
miserum
miserum
Ac.
V.
miser
Ab.
misero
miserum
misero
PLURAL.
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
miseri
miserorum
miserae
misera
miserSrum
miserorum
miseris
miseros
miseri
miseris
miseris
miseras
miserae
miseris
miseris
misera
misera
miseris
'209
210
SINGULAR.
X.
pulcher
G.
1).
Ac.
V.
Ah.
pulchri
pulchra
pulchrae
pulchrum
pulchri
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
pulchrum
pulcher
pulchro
pulchram
pulchra
pulchra
pulohrum
pulchrum
pulchro
PLURAL.
pulchri
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchros
pulchri
pulchris
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
V.
Ab.
pulchra
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchrae
pulchrarum
pulchris
pulchras
pulchrae
pulchris
pulchra
pulchra
pulchris
Adjectives of Third Declension.
406.
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
SINGULAR.
Feminine.
N., V. acer
acris
G.
D., Ab.
Ac. acrem
acris
acri
acrem
Neuter. Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
acre
celer
celeris
celeris
celeri
celere
acre
celerem
celerem
celere
PLURAL.
N., V. acres
acrla celeres
acres
acrium
acribus
G.
D., Ab.
celeres
celeri um
celeria
celerlbus
Ac. acres (-is) acres (-is) acria celeres (-is) celeres (-is) celeria
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
N., V.
G.
D., Ab.
Ac.
Feminine. Neuter.
brevis
breve
Neuter.
brevia
breves
brevium
brevibus
brevis
brevi
brevem
breve
breves
(-is)
brevia
ADJECTIVES.
211
SINGULAR.
SINGULAR.
Ab.
Masculine.
velox
N., V.
G.
D.
Ac.
Neuter.
Feminine.
veloeis
velooi
velocem
velox
veloci (-e)
potentem
velScla
veloces
potentlum
potentibus
407.
velocia
(-is)
Declension
of
potentes (-is)
PLURAL.
carior
Ac.
Ab.
carius
cariorum
carioribus
carius
cariSrem
cariore or -i
408.
cariora
cariores
carioris
cariori
G.
D.
potentia
Comparatives.
SINGULAR.
N.,V.
potentla
potentes
velocium
velocibus
D., Ab.
Ac.
PLURAL.
veloces
G.
potens
potent! (-e)
PLURAL.
N., V.
Neuter.
potens
potentis
potent!
cariores (-is)
cariora
carioribus
Irregular Adjectives.
SINGULAR,
XT.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter.
alius
alius
alii
alium
alio
alia
alius
alii
aliam
alia
aliud
alius
alii
aliud
alio
The plural is regular.
anus
flnius
iini
unum
uno
una
finius
flni
imam
una
Neuter.
unum
Onius
iini
unum
iiuo
212
duo, two.
tres, three.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Neuter*
Ar.
duo
duae
duo
tres
tres
tria
G.
duorum
duobus
duarum
duabus
duorum
duobus
trium
tribus
trium
tribus
trium
tribus
duo
tres
tres
tria
duobus
tribus
tribus
tribus
1).
Ac.
Ah.
duos, duo duas
duobus
duabus
Irregular Comparison.
400.
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
exterus,
outward.
Inferus, low.
posterus,
exterior, outer or more

outward.
inferior, lower.
posterior, later
following.
superus,
upper.
bonus, good.
malus, bad.
magnus, great.
multus, much.
multi, many.
parvus, small.
senex, old.
SUPERLATIVE.
facilior.
difficillor.
similior.
dissimilior.
gracilior.
humilior.
facilis, easy.
difficilis, difficult.
similis, like.
dissimilis, unlike.
gracilis, slender.
humilis, low.
superior, higher.
facillimus.
difficillimus.
similiimus.
dissimillimus.
graoillimus.
humillimus.
extremus and extimus,
outermost or last.
Infimus and Imus, lowest.
postremus and postumus,
last.
supremus and summus,
top of, highest.
melior, melius, better.

peior, peius, worse.
maior, maius, greater.
,
plus,1 more.
pliires, plura, more.

minor, minus, smaller.
senior (maior natu),
optimus, best.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
plurimus, most.
plurimi, most.
minimus, smallest.
maximus natu,
oldest, eldest.
older, elder.
iuvenis, young. iunior (minor natu),

younger.
prae, pro (prep. before).

prope (adv., near).
minimus natu,
youngest.
prior, former.
propior, nearer.
The neuter plus, nom. and ace-, and the gen.

forms used in the singular.
1
Neuter.
primus, first.
proximus, nearest.
pluris,
are the only
ADJECTIVES.
410.
CARDINAL NUMERALS.
Gnus, una, unum

2. duo, dnae, duo
3. tres, tria
4. quattuor
1.
quinque
6. sex
5.
7.
8.
9.
213
30.
triglnta
40.
quadraginta
50.
quinquaginta
sexaginta
septuaginta
octoginta
nonaginta
centum
centum unus or centum
et iinus
centum duo or centum
et duo
GO.
70.
80.
septem
oct5
novem
00.
100.
101.
10.
decern
11.
flndecim
102.
12.
13.
duodecim
tredecim
200. ducenti, -ae, -a
14.
quattuordecim
300. trecenti, -ae, -a
quindecim
16. sedecim
400. quadringenti,
15.
-ae, -a
500. quingenti, -ae, -a
17.
septendeoim
600. sescenti, -ae, -a
18.
duodevigintl (octodecim)
undeviginti (novendecim)
700. septingentt, -ae, -a
19.
viginti
21. vlgintl unus or unus et
viginti
22. viginti duo or duo et vigintl
20.
28.
duodetriginta
800. octingenti, -ae, -a

900. nongentl, -ae, -a
mille
2000. duo mllia
10,000. decem milia
100,000. centum milia
1000.
29. undetriginta
411.
1st. primus
2d. secundus
ORDINAL NUMERALS.
8th. octavus
4th. quartus
9th. nonus
10th. decimus
11th. undecimus
5th. qulntus
12th. duodecimus
6th. sextus
13th. tertius decimus
7th. Septimus
14th. quartus decimus
3d. tertius
214
15th. quintus decimus
30th.
trlcesimus
16th. sextus decimus
40th.
quadragesimus
17th. Septimus decimus
50th.
qulnquagesimus
18th. duode vicesimus
60th. sexagesimus
19th. undevicesimus
70th. septuagesimus
20th. vicesimus
80th. octogesimus
vicesimus primus or Gnus

et vicesimus
28th. duode trlcesimus
90th. nonagesimus
21st.
100th. centesimus
ducentesimus
200th.
29th. undetricesimus
1000th. mlllesimus
Personal Pronouns.
412.
singular.
2V. ego, J.
G. mei, of me.
D. mini (ml), to, for
First
Person.
PLURAL.
dos, we.
nostrum or nostri, of us.

me.
Ac. me, me.

Ab. me, from, by, with, etc., me.
nobis, to, for us.

nbs, us.
nobis, from, by, with, etc., us.
Second Person.
N., V. tn, (thou) you.
vos, you.
G. tui, of (thee) you.
vestrum or vestri, of you.
vobis, to, for you.
D. tibl, to, for (thee) you.
vos, you.
Ac. te, (thee) you.
vobis, from, by, with, etc., you.
Ab. te, from, by, with, etc.,
(thee) you.
Third Person.
Reflexive.
N.
G. %m,ofhim(self),her(self),
it(self).
D. sibi, to, for him(self), etc.

Ac. se, sese, him(self), etc.
Ab. se, sese, from, by, with,
etc.,
him(self).
sui, ofthem(selves).
sibi, to, for them(selves).
se, sese, them(selves).
se, sese, from, by, with, etc.,
them (selves).
ADJECTIVES.
215
Demonstrative Pronouns.
413.
SINGULAR.
ille,
-hie, tftis.
N. hie
G.
hiiius
D. huic
Ac.
hunc
ilia
haec
hoc
ille
hiiius
huic
hiiius
huic
hoc
hoc
lllius
illius
illud
illius
ilium
illo
illam
ilia
illud
illo
hanc
hac
Ab. hoc
that.
illi
illi
illi
PLURAL.
N. hi
hae
haec
horum
D. his
harum
his
horum
(1.
Ac. hos
Ab. his
has
his
haec
his
his
illi
ilia
illorum illarum illorum
iUis
illis
illis
illas
illos
ilia
illis
illis
illis
lllae
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N. is
. eius
D. ei
y1'.-. eum
-46.
JV.
eo
idem
ea
id
eius
ei
eam
eius
ei
ea
eo
eadcin
id
ei (ii)
eorum
els (lis)
eae
ea
earum
eorum
eis (iis)
eSs
eis
ea
(iis)
eis
eis
eis
(iis)
eos
(lis)
(iis)
idem, same.
( eidem
idem
I (iidem)
eaedem
eadem
G. eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem eorundemearundemeorundem
D. eidem
eidem
eidem
eisdem (iisdem)
Ac. eundem eandem idem
easdem
eadem
eosdem
Ab. eodem eadem eodem
eisdem (iisdem)
SINGULAR.
N. ipse
G. lpsius
D. ipsi
Ac. ipsum
Ab. ipso
ipsius
ipsi
ipsum
ipsius
ipsi
ipsam
ipsa
ipsum
ipso
ipsa
ipsi
Ipsa
ipsae
ipsorum ipsSrum ipsorum
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
216
414.
Relative Pronoun.
qui, who, which.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
N.
qui
G.
1).
cuius
quae
cuius
quod
cuius
CUl
CUl
ciii
quam
qua
quod
quo
Ac. quem
Ab. quo
415.
qui
quae
quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus
quibus
quo's
quibus
quas
quibus
quae
quibus
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
y. quis
a. cuius
n. cm
Ac. quem
Ab. quo
quae
cuius
quid
qui
cuius
CUl
CUl
quam
qua
quid
quorum
quibus
quos
quibus
4i e.
quo
quae
quarum
quibus
quas
quibus
quae
quorum
quibus
quae
quibus
Indefinite Pronoun.
SINGULAR.
fj j aliquis
|
aliqui
G.
D.
Ac. aliquem
Ab. aliquo
aliquae
aliqna
aliquld
alien jus
alicui
aliquam
aliqna
aliquid
aliquo
PLURAL.
N. aliqui
G. aliquorum
aliquae
aliquarum
aliquibus
D.
Ac. allquos
aliquas
Ab.
aliquibus
aliqua
aliquorum
aliqua
REGULAR VERBS.
First Conjugation.
417.
Principal Parts: Amu, amare, amavi,

Stem
malum.
ami-.
Indicative.
Active Voice.
I love,
Iam
am loving, do love, etc.
amfimus
amatis
amant
amo
amas
amat
amor
amaris or -re
amatur
Imperfect.
/ loved,
I was
was loving, did love, etc.
amabam
amabas
amabat
amabo
amabis
amabit
/ have
amavi
amavisti
Future.
love, etc.
I loved,
amamur
amainini
amantur
loved, etc.
I shall
be loved, etc.
amabor
amablmur
amaberis or-re amabimini
amabitur
amabuntur
amabimus
amabitis
amabunt
loved,
loved, etc.
amabar
amabamur
amabaris or re amabamini
amabatur
amabantur
amabamus
amabatis
amabant
I shall
amavit
Passive Voice.
Present.
Perfect.
etc.
have been (was) loved, etc.
amavimus
amiivistis
amaverunt or -re
/-
amsitus
217
sum
es
l est
-J
r su in us
amati
}
(.
estis
sunt
218
Active Voice.
I had
amaveram
amiiveras
amaverat
amavero
amaveris
amaverit
/ had been loved,
loved, etc.
etc.
i cram us
amaveramus
amaveratls
amaverant
/ shall have
Passive Voice.
Pluperfect.
eras
{eram
erat
amati-J eratis
(-
erant
Future Perfect.
loved, etc.
amaverimus
amaveritis
amaverint
/ shall have
been loved, etc.
i ero
amatus-j eris
lerit
/-
amatl-j
erlmus
eritis
lerunt
Subjunctive.1
Present.
ainem
amemus
amer
amemur
aincs
ametis
amet
ameris or -re
ainetur
ai ue mini
aniont
amentur
Imperfect.
amarem
amares
amaret
amaremus
amaretis
ainarent
amaverim
amaverimus
amaveritis
amaverint
amaveris
amaverit
amarer
amareris or -re
aiuaretur
amaremur
amaremini
amarentur
Perfect.
/-sim
sis
amatus-J
sitis
Lit
{sunus
sint
ressem
s-essemus
Pluperfect.
amavissem
amavisses
amavissemus
amavisset
amavissent
amavissetis
amatus
esses
esset
amati
-J
(
essetis
essent
No satisfactory translation for the subjunctive can be given in the

It must be learned from the exercises illustrating the uses
paradigms.
of the subjunctive.
1
219
REGULAR VERBS.
Passive Voice.
Active Voice.
Imperative.
Present.
amare,
ama, love thou.

amate, love ye.
be
amamini,
thou loved.
be ye loved.
Future.
amator, thou shalt be loved.
amator, he shall be loved.
amato, thou shalt love.

amato, he shall love.
amatote, you shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
amantor, they shall
be loved.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
amare, to love.
amavisse, to have loved.
Fut.
amaturus
esse,
to
be
amari, to be loved.
amatus esse, to have been loved.
amatum iri, to be about to be
loved.
about to love.
Participles.
Pres.
amans, -antls, loving.
Fut.
amaturus,
-a,
Perf.
amatus, -a, -um, having

been loved.
about to love.
Gerund.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
amandi, of loving.
amando, for loving.
amandum, loving.
amando, by loving.
Supine.
Ac.
Ab.
amatum, to love.
amatu, to love.
Gerundive.
amandus, -a, -um, to
be loved.
220
Second Conjugation.
418.
Principal Parts
habeo, habere, babui, habitum, have, hold.1

Stem : habe-.
Indicative.
Active Voice.
I hold,
Present.
habet
/ held, was holding,

liabebam
habebas
habebat
habebis
habeblt
I
habui
habuisti
habuit
habemur
habeminl
habentur
habeor
haberis or -re
habetur
Imperfect.
I was
etc.
habebamus
habebatis
habebant
I shall hold,
habebo
/ am held, etc.
etc.
habemus
habetis
habent
habeo
habes
Passive Voice.
habebar
habebamur
habebaris or -re habebamini
habebatur
habebantur
Future.
/ shall
etc.
habebimus
habebltls
habebunt
habuimus
habuistis
habuerunt or -re
be
held, etc.
habebimur
habebor
habeberis or -re habebiminl
habebitur
habebuntur
Perfect.
have held, etc.
held, etc.
have been held, etc.

/
sum
habitus -! es
lest
r sumus
habit! \ estis
Is
The meaning have is the more common, but hold is better adapted
to the paradigm.
REGULAR VERBS.
Active Voice.
J had held,
habueram
habueras
habuerat
habuero
habueris
habuerit
Passive Voice.
Pluperfect.
etc.
habueramus
habuerfitis
habuerant
I shall have held, etc.
221
I had been held, etc.
/ cram
habitus ,< eras
/ eramus
habiti-! eratis
lerat
erant
Future Perfect.
habuerimus
habueritis
habuerlnt
I shall
have been held, etc.
( ero
habitus
eris
lerit
r erimus
habiti \ eritis
I erunt
Subjunctive.
Present.
habeam
habeas
habeamus
habefitis
habeat
habeant
habear
habearls or -re
habeatur
habeamur
liabeamini
liabeantur
Imperfect.
haberem
haberes
haberet
haberemus
haberetis
haberent
haberer
haberemur
habereris or -re haberemim
haberetur
haberentur
Perfect.
habuerimus
habueritis
liabuerint
{sim
liabuerim
habueris
habuerit
sis
sit
sitis
{simus
sint
Pluperfect.
habitus
esses
esset
habiti
fessemus
essetis
-j
<
essoin
habuisset
habu'ssemus
habuissetis
habuissent
l i
habuissem
habuisses
essent
222
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
Imperative.
Present.
habe, hold thou.
habere,
be
thou held.
habete, hold
habemini,
be ye held.
ye.
Future.
habeto, thou shalt hold.
habeto, he shall hold.
habetor, thou shalt be held.

habetor, he shall be held.
habetote. you shall hold.

habento, they shall hold.
habentor, they shall
be
held.
Infinitive.
Pkes. habere, to hold.
Perf.
habuisse, to have held.
Fut.
habiturus
esse,
to
be
about to hold.
haberl, to be held.
habitus esse, to have been held.
habitum iri, to be about to be
held.
Participles.
Pres. habens, -entis, holding.
Fut. habiturus, -a, -um, about
Perf.
habitus, -a, -um, having

been held.
to hold.
Gerundive.
Gerund.
G.
D.
habendl, of holding.
habendo,
for holding.
Ac.
habendum, holding.
Ab.
habendo,
by holding.
Supine.
Ac.
Ab.
habitum, to hold.
habitu, to hold.
habendus,
-a, -um, to
be
held.
REGULAR VERBS.
223
Third Conjugation.
419.
Principal Parts
Doco, dBcere, duxi, ductum.

Stem: dacS.
Indicative.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
Present.
J am
lead, am leading, etc.
ducor
duceris or -re
ducitur
ducimus
ducltls
ducunt
duco
duels
diicit
led, etc.
ducimur
duclmini
ducuntur
Imperfect.
Iied, was leading,
ducebam
ducebas
ducebat
ducebamus
ducebatis
ducebant
I shall
ducam
duces
ducet
dux it
I was
lead, etc.
ducemus
ducetls
ducent
led, was being led, etc.
ducebar
ducebamur
ducebarls or -re ducebamini
ducebantur
ducebatur
Future.
/ led, have
duxi
duxisti
etc.
/ shall
duear
duceris or -re
ducetur
be led, etc.
ducemur
ducemini
ducentur
Perfect.
led, etc.
duximus
duxistis
duxerunt or -re
J was
led, have been led, etc.
( sum
ductus
-J
es
l est
ducti
,!
sunius
estis
I sunt
224
Active Voice.
/ had led,
been led, etc.
r eram
ductus
-I
eras
/ eramus
ducti .! cratis
I erant
I erat
Future Perfect.
J shall
duxerimus
duxeritis
duxerint
have been led, etc.
cris
erit
erimus
1
led, etc.
eritis
diixero
dfixcris
duxerit
I had
etc.
diixeramus
diixeratis
duxerant
/ shall have
Pluperfect.
{ero
duxeram
diixeras
duxcrat
Pas3ive Voice.
Grunt
ducti
Subjunctive.
Present.
ducam
ducas
ducat
ducamus
ducatis
ducant
ducar
ducaris or -re
ducatur
ducamur
ducamini
ducantur
Imperfect.
diicerem
duceres
duccret
diiceremus
diiceretis
ducerent
ducerer
ducererls or -re
duceretur
duceremur
duceremini
dQcereutur
rsim
ductus-! sis
Isit
ducti
siinus
-J
duxerimus
duxeritis
duxerint
sitis
diixerim
duxeris
duxerit
Perfect.
eesemus
Uint
cssem
esses
esset
ducti
I \
ductus
duxlssemus
duxissetis
duxissent
duxlssem
duxisses
duxisset
Pluperfect.
essetis
essent
REGULAR VERBS.
Active Voice.
225
Passive Voice.
Imperative.
Present.
ducere,
duc(e),1 lead thou.

ducite, lead ye.
be
ducimini,
thou led.
be ye led.
Future.
ducito, thou shalt lead.
duoito, he shall lead.
ducitote, ye shall lead.
diicunto, they shall lead.
ducitor, thou shalt be led.

ducitor, he shall be led.
duountor, they shall
be led.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
Fut.
ducere, to lead.
duxisse, to have led.
ducturus esse, to
duel, to
be
about to lead.
be led.
ductus esse, to have been led.

ductum iri, to be about to
be
led.
Participles.
Pres.
Fut.
ducens, -entls, leading.

ducturus, -a, -um, about
Perf.
ductus, -a, -um, having

been led.
to lead.
Gerund.
G.
dflcendi, of leading.
1).
ducendo,
Ac.
An.
ducendum, leading.
ducendo, by leading.
Gerundive.
ducendus, -a, -um, to
be led.
for leading.
Supine.
Ac.
Ab.
I
ductum, to lead.
ductu, to lead.
Dfice would be the regular form, but the imperatives of duco,

dico, faclo, and fero lose the ending -e.
226
Fourth Conjugation.
420.
Principal Parts
Audio, audire, audivi, auditum.
Stem:
audi.
Indicative.
Active Voice.
I hear, am hearing,
audio
Passive Voice.
Present.
do hear, etc.
audimus
auditis
ami iu nt
audis
audit
I heard, was hearing, did hear, etc.
audiam
audies
audiet
audlvi
audlvisti
audivit
FUTURE.
etc.
audiemus
audietis
audient
have heard,
I heard, etc.
J was heard,
etc.
audiebar
audiebam ur
audiebaris or-re audiebamini
audiebantur
audiebatur
audlebamus
audiebatis
audiebant
I shall hear,
audimur
audimini
audiuntur
audior
audiris or -re
auditur
Imperfect.
audiebam
audiebas
audiebat
/ am heard, etc.
I shall
be
audiar
audieris or -re
audietur
heard, etc.
audiemur
audiemini
audientur
Perfect.
audivimus
audivistis
aud!verunt or-re
have been (was) heard, etc.
/-sum
audltus-l es
I.
est
/-sumus
audlt! -J estis
.
sunt
REGULAR VERBS.
Passive Voice.
Active Voice.
J had heard,
audlveram
audiveras
audlverat
audlvero
audlveris
audlverit
Pluperfect.
I had
etc.
audiveramus
audiveratis
audiverant
/ shall have
227
been heard, etc.
/-erain
auditus .! eras
verat
/-eramus
audltl -j eratis
lerant
Future Perfect.
I shall
heard, etc.
rero
audiverimus
audlveritis
audlverint
have been heard, etc.
auditus
eris
J.
Urlt
r criraus
audita
eritis
I erunt
-j
Subjunctive.
Present.
audiam
audias
audiat
audiamus
audiatis
audiant
audiar
audiaris or -re
audiatur
audiamur
audiamini
audiantur
Imperfect.
audi rem
audires
audiret
audiremus
audiretis
audlrent
audiremur
audirer
audireris or -re audiremini
audiretur
audirentur
Perfect.
audiverlm
audlveris
audlverit
audlverimus i
audlveritis
audlverint
/-sim
auditus -j sis
(sit
f simus
auditi-j sitls
(sint
Pluperfect.
audivissem audivissemus
audlvisses audivissetis
audivissent
audtvisset
auditus
i essem
esses
auditi-i essetis
-j
I esset
essemus
l essent
A FIEST BOOK IN LATIN.
228
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
Imperative.
Present.
audire, be thou heard.
audimini, be ye heard.
audi, hear thou.
auditc, hear
ye.
Future.
audito, thou shalt hear.
audito, he shall hear.
auditotc, ye shall hear.
audiunto, they shall hear.
auditor, thou shalt be heard.

auditor, he shall be heard.
audiuntor, they shall
be
heard.
Infinitive.
Pres.
audire, to hear.
Perf.
audivisse, to have heard,
Fut.
auditurus
esse,
to
be
about to hear.
audiri, to be heard.
auditus esse, to have been heard.
auditum iri, to be about to be
heard.
Participles.
Pres,
audiens, -entis, hearing.
Fut.
auditurus,
-a.,
-uin.
Perf. auditus, -a, -um,
heard,
having been heard.
about to hear.
Gerund.
6.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
audiendi, of hearing..
audiendo, for hearing.
audiendum, hearing.
audiendo, by hearing.
Supine.
Ac.
audltum, to hear.
Ab.
audlta,
to hear.
Gerundive.
audiendus, -a, -um, to
be
heard.
REGULAR VERBS.
229
Third Conjugation: Verbs in -i5.

421. Verbs of the third conjugation in
-id have some
forms of the present stem like the fourth conjugation.

Before a, o, u, and e they retain the i of the stem, but
lose it elsewhere, except in the gerund and participle.
Principal Parts
Gapio, capere, cepi, captum.

Stem: capi.
Indicative.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
Present.
/ am
take, am taking, do take, etc.
capimus
capitis
capiunt
caplo
capis
capit
capior
capitur
did take, etc.
caplebam, etc.
I shall take,
capiam
capies
capiet
/ have
I was taken,
etc.
capiebar, etc.
Future.
etc.
capiemus
capietls
capient
Perfect.
taken, took, etc.
cepi, etc.
capimur
capimini
capiuntur
caperis or -re
Imperfect.
/ took, was taking,
taken, etc.
I shall
be
taken, etc.
capiar
capierls or -re
capietur
capiemur
capieminl
capientur
/ have been (was)
taken, etc.
captus sum, etc.
230
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
Pluperfect.
/ had taken, etc.
captus cram, etc.
ceperam, etc.
/ shall have
I had been taken, etc.
Future Perfect.
I shall
taken, etc.
have been taken, etc.
captus ero, etc.
cepero, etc.
Subjunctive.
Present.
capiam
capias
capiat
capiamus
capiatis
capiant
capiar
capiaris or -re
capiatur
capiamur
capiamini
capiantur
Imperfect.
caperem, etc.
caperer, etc.
Perfect.
ceperim, etc.
captus sim, etc.
Pluperfect.
captus ossein, etc.
cepissem, etc.
Imperative.
Present.
cape, take
(thou).
capite, take (ye).
capere,
(thou) taken.
capimini, be (ye) taken.
be
Future.
capito, thou shalt take.
capito, he shall take.
capitor, thou shalt be taken.

capitor, he shall be taken.
capitote, ye shall take.

capiunto, they shall take.
capiuntor, they shall
be
taken.
REGULAR VERBS.
Active Voice.
231
Passive Voice.
Infinitive.
Pres. capere, to take.

Pebf. ceplsse, to have taken.
Put. capturus esse, to beabout
capi, to be taken.
captus esse, to have been taken.
captum in, to
be
about to
be
taken.
to take.
Participles.
Phes. capiens, -lentis, taking.
Put. capturus, -a, -um, about
Perf.
captus, -a, -um, taken,

having been taken.
to take.
Gerund.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
Gerundive.
capiendl, of taking.
capiendo,
for
taking.
caplendum, taking.
capiendo,
by
taking.
Supine.
Ac.
Ab.
captum, to take.
captfi, to take.
capiendus, -a, -um, to
be
taken.
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Principal Parts:
422.
Sum, esse, fui.
Indicative.
Present.
Imperfect.
Iam., etc.
/ was, etc.
erain
I'S
sum us
estls
est
sunt
erat
sum
eras
Future.
I shall
Perfect.
I was, have
be, etc.
fui
fuisti
fuit
erimus
eritis
erunt
era
erls
erit
Pluperfect.
been, etc.
fuimus
fuistis
fuerunt or -ere
Future Perfect.
I shall
I had been, etc.

fueram
fueras
fuerat
ramus
eratis
erant
fueramus
fueratis
fuerant
fuero
fuerls
fuerit
have been, etc.
fuerimus
fueritis
fuerint
Subjunctive.
Imperfect.
Present.
sim
SIS
sit
Minus
sitis
sint
essem
233
esses
essemus
essetis
esset
essent
234
Pluperfect.
Perfect.
fuerim
fuerlmus
fueris
fueritis
fuerint
fucrit
fuissem
fuisses
fuisset
fuissemus
fuissetls
fuissent
Imperative.
Present.
este,
es, be thou.
be ye.
Future.
thou shalt be.
esto, he shall be.
esto",
estote, you shall
be.
sunto, they shall
be.
Infinitive.
Pres.
Perf.
esse, to be.
Fut.
futBrus
I fore,
e88e-
fuisse, to have been.
\i to be about to be.
Participle.
Fut. futarus, -a, -um, about
Compounds
423.
potest
of Sum.
Possum, posse, potui,
be able.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
possum
potes
Principal Parts
to be.
possumus
potestis
possunt
possim
possls
posslmus
possit
possint
possitis
IREEGULAB
VERBS.
235
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
poteram
poteras
possem
poteramus
poteratis
poterant
poterat
possemus
possetis
posses
posset
possent
Future.
potero
Perfect.
Perfect.
potui
potuerim
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
potuissem
potueram
Future Perfect.
potuero
Infinitive.
Perf.
Pres. posse
potuisse
Participle.
Pres.
424.
potens, -entis
Principal Parts
PrSsum, prBdesse, prof ul,
be
profitable.
Indicative.
Present.
Subjunctive.
Present.
prSsum
prodes
prosumpfl
prodestis
prosim
prosis
prodest
prSsunt
prosit
Imperfect.
proderam
Future.
prodero
prosTmus
prositis
prosint
Imperfect.
prodessem
236
Perfect.
Perfect.
profui
profuerim
Pluperfect.
Pluperfect.
profueram
profuissem
Future Perfect.
profuero
Imperative.
Future.
Present.
prodes
prodestS
prodeste
prodestote
Infinitive.
Pres. prodesse
Fut.
Perf.
profuisse
profuturus esse
Participle.
Fut. profuturus,
425.
-a, -um
Principal Parts
Volo, velle, volui,
be
willing, wish.
unwilling.
Nolo, nolle, nolul, be

Maid, malle, malui, be more willing, prefer.
Indicative.
Pres.
volo
nolo
VIS
non vis
malo
mavis
vult
non vult
ma vult
volumus
vultis
nolumus
non vultis
malumus
mavultis
volunt
nolunt
malunt
Imperf.
volebam
nolebam
malebam
Fut.
volam
nolam
malam
IRREGULAR VERBS.
237
Perf.
volui
nolul
malul
Plup.
volueram
noluerani
malueram
noluero
maluerS
Pot. Perp. voluero
Subjunctive.
nolim
uolis
nolit
malim
nolimus
nolltis
nolint
malimus
vellem
velles
vellet
nollem
mallem
nolles
nollet
malles
mallet
vellemus
velletis
vellent
nollemus
mallemus
nolletis
nollent
malletis
mallent
Perf.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
maluissem
Pres.
velim
veils
velit
velimus
velttis
velint
Imperf.
mails
malit
malitis
malint
Imperative.
Pres.
noll
nolite
Fct.
nolito,
etc.
Infinitive.
Pres.
velle
nolle
malle
Perf.
voluisse
noluisse
maluisse
Participle.
Pres.
volens
nolens
238
426.
Principal Parts
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear, carry.
Active.
Passive.
Indicative.
Pkes.
ferinius
fertis
ferunt
fero
fers
fert
feror
ferimur
f erris or -re
feriminT
fertur
feruntur
Imperf.
ferebam
ferebar
Fct.
Perf.
Plcp.
feram
ferar
tuli
latus sum
tuleram
latus eram
Pot. Perf . tulero
latus ero
Subjunctive.
Pres.
feram
ferar
Imperf.
ferrem
ferrer
Perf.
tulerim
latus sim
Plup.
tulissem
latus essem
Imperative.
Pres.
feri
ferte
ferre
ferimini
Fut.
ferto
ferto
fertote
feruntS
fertor
fertor
feruntor
Infinitive.
Pres.
ferre
ferrl
Perf.
Fut.
tulisse
latus esse
laturus esse
latum
Iri
Participles.
Pres.
ferens
Fut.
laturus
Perf.
See 894, note on imperative.
latus
IRREGULAR VERBS.
Gerund.
G.
ferendi
D.
ferendo
Ac.
ferendum
An.
ferendo
239
Gerundive.
ferendus
Supine.
Ac.
Ab.
427.
latum
latu
Principal Parts : Eo, ire,
li
or Ivi, Itum, go.

Flo, fieri, factus sum, be made, become.
Indicative.
Pres.
eo
Imus
is
Itis
it
eunt
no
fis
lit
Imperf.
lbam
fiebam
Fut.
Ibo
fiam
Perf.
ii (m)
factus sum
ieram
factus eram
Plup.
Put. Perf. iero
fltis
fiunt
factus ero
Subjunctive.
Pres.
earn
flam
Imperf.
Irem
fierem
Perf.
ierim (Iverim)
factus sim
issem (Ivissem, iissem)
factus essem
Plcp.
flmus
Imperative.
Pres.
Ite
flte
FtTT.
Ito
Ito
Itote
eunto
fito
flto
fltote
flunto
240
Infinitive.
Pres.
ire
Perf.
isse (Ivisse, iisse)
factus esse
For.
iturus esse
factum
In
Perf.
factus
fieri
Pa.ticiples.
PBE9.
iens, Gen. euntis
Fct.
iturus
Gerundive.
Gerund.1
G.
eundl
D.
eundS
Ac. eundum
Ab. eundo
faciendus
Supine.
Ac. itum
1
Ab. itfl
The gerundive of eo occurs in the neuter, eundum.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
abl.
ace.
= ablative.
= accusative.
indef.
interr
= adjective.
= adverb.
adv.
= common gender.
c.
= compare.
cfcomp. = comparative.
= dative.
dat.
= demonstrative.
dem.
= deponent.
dep.
= feminine.
/.
= genitive.
gen.
adj.
indeel
m.
n.
pass.
part.
all., from, by.

afui, afutnrus,
a, ab, prep, with
absuin, -esse,
acciiso, -are, -avl, -Stum, ac

cuse, chide.
acer, acrls, acre, adj., sharp,

active.
acles, -ei,/., line of battle.
acriter, adv., sharply.
[near.
ad, prep, with ace, to, toward,

adduco, -ducere, -duxl, -ductum, lead to, induce.
participle.
pron.
rel.
sing.
= pronoun.
= relative.
subst.
= substantive.
= conjunction.
= singular.
adhibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hlbltuni, have present, call in.

adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be
present, assist.
adulescens,
be absent, be away, be dis

tant.
ac (atque), conj., and.
accido, -cidere, -cldi, fall upon,
happen.
= perfect.
= plural.
conj.
A.
= neuter.
= passive.
per/.
pi.
indeclinable.
= indefinite.
= interrogative
= masculine.
-cntls, m., youth,

young man.
adventus, -us, m., arrival.
adversus, -a, -um, (part, of
adverto), adj., adverse, un
favorable.
Aedui, -orum, m., the Aeduans,
a Gallic tribe.
aestas, -tatls, /., summer.
ager, agrl, m., field, country.
agmen, -minis, n., line of march.
ago, agere, egi, actum, drive,
do, act.
itgricola, -ae, m., farmer.
241
A FIRST BOOK IK LATIN.
242
ala, -ae,/., wing.

albus, -a, -uin, adj. , white.
alien us, -a, -urn, adj., belonging
prep, with ace.,

among, with.
aqua, -ae, /., water.
aquila, -ae,
eagle.
near,
/.,
to another, unfavorable.
apud,
aliquis, -quae (-qua), -quid, arbitror, -Sri, -it tus sum, think,
believe, judge.
(and aliqui, -qua, -quod),
arbor,
arborls, /., tree.
some
somebody,
pron.,
indef.
Ariovistus,
-i, to., Ariovistus,
thing.
alius, -a, -ud, (gen. alius, dat.
German chieftain.
arma,
-orum, n.pl., arms, wea
alii), adj., other, another;
pons,
alius . . . alius, one . . .
Allobroges, -urn, to., AllobroGallic tribe.
alter, -era, -erum, (gen. alteges, a
ars, artis, /., art.

Atbenae, -arum,
pi., Athens,
atque (ac), conj., and.
/.
another.
si iic tori tils, -talis,/., influence,

rlus, dat. alteri), adj., one
authority.
(of two), the other (of two). audeo, audere, ausus sum,
all if iido. -inis, /., height,
(semi-dep.), dare.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -Hum, hear,
depth.
altus, -a, -um, adj., high, deep.

amieitla, -ae, /., friendship.
amicus, -i, to., friend.
amitto, -mittere, rnisi, -missum (send away), let go, lose.
aino, -are, -avi, -atum, love.
angustiae, -arum, /. pi., nar
animadverto, -vertere, -verti,

-versum, attend to, notice.
animal, -alls, n., animal.
to., spirit, courage,
animus,
division of the Gauls.

Bellovaci, -orum, to. pi., Bello-
-i,
rows, narrowness.
aid.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., barba

rian.
Belgae, -arum, to. pi., Belgse, a
vaci, a Gallic tribe.
bellum, -I, n., war.

bene, adv., well.
mind.
annus,
litem, conj. (postpositive), but.

a ux ilium, -i, n., help, assistance,
Bibracte, -is, n., Bibracte, a
-1, to., year.
also adv.
town in Gaul.
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good.
antiquus, -a, -um, adj. ancient, brevis, -e, adj., short.
Britannia, -ae, /., Britain.
old.
apertus, -a, -um, (part, of Brit an n us, -a, -um, adj., British
niasc. used as noun, Briton.
aperio), adj., open.
Human
appello, -are, -avi, -atum, call, Brutus, -i, to., Brutus,
ante, prep, with acc.

before.
name.
name.
LATIN-ENGLISH
243
VOCABULARY.
clSmor, -oris, m., shout.

clams, -a, -um, adj., famous,
/., slaughter.
Caesar, -arls, m., Caesar.

capio, capere, cepi, captum,
take, capture.
captivus, -I, m., captive, prisoner.

caput, -Itis, n., head.
carmen, -minis, n., song, poem.
carrus, -i, m., cart, wagon.
Carthago, Cart, hag in is, /., Car
thage, a city in Africa.
cams, -a, -um, adj., dear.
Casticus, -l, m., Casticus.
castra, -drum, n. pi., camp.
causa, -ae, /., cause, reason ; abl.
as prep, with gen., because of ,
on account of, for the sake
of.
celer, -eris,
-ere,
quick,
adj.,
rapid.
celerltas,
-tatis, /., quickness,
speed.
celeriter, adv., quickly.

celo, -are, -avi, -Stum, conceal,
hide.
centum,
hided,
numeral
adj.,
hundred.
centurio,
-Snis, m., centurion,
commander
of
one
men.
hundred
renowned.
coepl, -isse, (no present)
began.
cogito, -are, -avi, -Stum, think,

ponder.
cognosco, -gnoscere, -gnSvi,

-gnitum, recognize, learn ; in
perfect, know.
cogd, cSgere, coegi, coactum,
collect, compel, force,

eohors, -hortis,/., cohort, o tenth
part of a legion.
col lis, -is, m., hill.
colloquium, -i, n., parley, con
ference.
columba, -ae, /., dove.
comes, -itis, c, companion,
comment us, iis, m., supplies.
committo, -mittere, -misi, -missum, entrust ; with proelium,

engage in battle.
commntatio, -onis, /., change.
compleo, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, fill.
concilium,
-I,
fall.
caedes, -is,
casum,
n., meeting, coun
cil.
confers, -ferre, contuli, collatum, bring together, collect.

conficio, -flcere, -feci, -fectum,
finish (do up), wear out.
confirms, -are, -avi, -Stum,
assert
cado, cadere, cecidi,
also, strengthen,
en
certus, -a, -um, adj., certain, sure.

courage.
Cicero, -on is, m., Cicero, a Bo- conicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum,
man.
throw together, hurl.
circiter, adv., about.

conor, -ari, -atus sum, try,
circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -datum,
endeavor.
consido, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum,
(sit together), take
encamp.
put around, surround.

civls, -is, c, citizen.
ci vitas, -tatis, /., state.
position,
/.;,
244
consilium, -i, n., plan, counsel, culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame.
cum, prep, with abl., with, to
advice.
consists,
-sistere,
-stiti,
gether with.
no
supine, (stand together), stand cum, conj., when, as, since, al
though.
one's ground, halt.
cSnspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- cur, adv., why ?
tum, catch sight of, perceive, euro, -are, -avi, -atum, take care,
cause.
spy, see.
cSnstituS,
-stituere, -stitui, curro, currere, cucurri, cur-stitutum,
sum, run.
arrange
(one's
mind), decide, draw up (an cflstSs, -odis, -&, guard, keeper.
army).
consuescS,
-suetum,
-suescere, -suevi,
D.
accustom oneself,
become accustomed.
Ae,prep. with abl., about, concern
consul, -ulis, m., consul, head of
ing, of (in composition, from,
the Roman republic.
away, down).
contends,
-tendere, -tendi, debeS, -ere, -ui, -itum, owe,
-tentum, strive, hasten.
ought.
contineS, -tinere, -tinui, -ten decem, indecl. num. adj., ten.
tum, hold together, restrain.
decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth.
contra, prep, with ace , against. deditio, -onis,/., surrender.
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- dedficS, -ducere, -dfixi, -ductum, come together, convene.
tum, lead away, withdraw.
convoco, -are, -avi, -atum, call defendo, -fendere, -fendi, -fensum, protect, defend.
together.
cSpia, -ae, /., abundance, supply ; defessus, -a, -um, adj., tired.
pi., forces of soldiers.
delecto, -are, -avi, -atum,
Corinth us, -i, /., Corinth, a city
please, delight.
deliberS,
-are, -avi, -atum,
in Greece.
Cornelia, -ae, /., Cornelia,
consider, deliberate.
deligS, -Hgere, -legi, -tectum,

Roman name.
eornu, -us, n.,horn, wing (of an
pick from, choose.
demons tro, -are, -avi, -atum,
army) .
show, demonstrate.
corona, -ae, /., crown, garland.
corpus, -oris, n., body.
desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, be
cottidianus, -a, -uni, adj.,
away, fail.
daily.
dexter, -ra, -rum, adj., right
cottidie, adv., daily.
(hand, etc.).
credo, credere, credidi, credi- dicS, dicere, dixi, dictum, say,

tum, believe, trust.
tell.
dies, diei, m. (sometimes f. in
sing.), day.
sum, send away, dismiss.

dls-, inseparable prefix, apart ;
c/. dimitto, discedo.
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum, withdraw.
discipulus, -i, m., pupil.
dissimilis, -e, adj., unlike.
diu, adv., long, a long time ;
comp. diutius, superl. dintissime.
divido, -videre, -visi, -visum,
separate, divide.
Divitiacus,
-I,
m., Divitiacus, an
Aeduan noble.
do, dare, dedi, datum, give.
doleo, -ere, -ui, -itSrus, grieve,
accomplish, effect.
ego, mei, pers. pron.,
egredior, egredi, egressus sum,

go out, come out.
eo, ire, ivi or li, itum, go.
eo, adv., thither, to that place.
eodem, adv., to the same place.

epistula, -ae, /., letter.
eques, equitls, m., horseman;
pi., cavalry.
equitatus, -Ss, m., cavalry.
equus, -i, m., horse.
et, conj., and
et .
. et, both
and.
. .
etiam, conj., even, also.
ex (e), prep, with abl., out of,
from.
exeo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum, go
out, go away.
exercitus, -5s, m., army.
.
be pained.
from.
edSco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum,

lead out or away.
effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum,
bring or carry out, produce.
efllcio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum,
I.
diligentia, -oe, /., diligence.

dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis
dlgnus, -a, -um, adj., worthy.
(ex), prep, with abl., out of,
-e, adj., difficult.
E.
e
difficills,
245
dolor, -oris, m., grief, pain.

domina, -ae,/., mistress.
dominus, -i, m., master.
domus, -us, /., house, home.
donum, -i, ,., gift.
dubito,-are,-avi, -atum, doubt,
existimo, -are, -avi, -atum,

-um, adj., doubt
think, judge.
explorStor, -toris, m., scout.
ful.
ducenti, -ae, -a, num. adj., two expugno, -are, -avi, -atum,
hesitate.
dubius, -a,
acus.
duo, -ae, -o, adj., two.

dux, duels, m., leader.
outer, outside, external

comp. exterior, outer su
perl. extremus, uttermost, last,
farthest.
adj.
Dumnorix,
an Aeduan, brother of Diviti
m.,
lead.
Dumnorix, -igis,
take by storm.
exspecto, -are, -avi, -atum,

wait for, expect.
exterus (also exter), -a, -um,
,
hundred.
duco, ducere, dfixi, ductum,
246
F.
fiibula, -ae, /., story, fable.
facile, adv. (o/facilis), easily.

-e, adj., easy.
make.
faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, favor.

femina, -ae,/., woman.
fere, adv., almost.
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear,
carry, bring.
fides, fidei, /., faith, confidence,
wage war.
gladius, -i, m., sword.

gracilis, -e, adj., slender.
filius, -i, m., son.

finis, -is, m., end, border; pi., Graecia,
territory.
boring (bordering
as noun, neighbor.
adj., neigh
masc.
on)
fio, fieri, factus sum,
finitimus, -a, -um,
be made,
-ae,
/.,
Greece.
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., Greek.
gratia, -ae, /., favor, influence.gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing,
grateful.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, severe.
graviter, adv., heavily, deeply.
name.
m., Galba,
Galba, -ae,
of
be done, happen, become,

ductus, -us, m., flood, waves.
niimcn, -inis, n., river.
fortis, -e, adj., brave.
habed, habere, habui, hablfortiter, adv., bravely.
tum, have, hold.
fortuna, -ae, /., fortune.
-is, m., Hannibal,
Hannibal,
rater, fratris, m., brother.
a famous Carthaginian gen
frumentum, -i, n., grain.
eral.
fruor, frui, fruitus and fructus
Helvetius,
-i, m., Helvetian,
sum, enjoy.
Gallic tribe.
fuga, -ae, /., flight.
-orum, n. pi., winter
hiberna,
ugio, ugere, fugi, ugltum.flee.
quarters.
fungor, fungi, functus sum,
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this.
perform.
hiemo, -are, -avi, -Stum, winter,
G.
pass the winter.
(]0
fidus, -a, -um, adj., faithful.

f ilia, -ae, /., daughter.
rV
man.
gero, gerere, gessi, gestum,

carry on, do bellum gerere,
;
pledge.
faclo, facere, feci, factum, do,
facias,
nearly the same as modern

France.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., Gallic.
Gallus, -i, m., Gaul, an inhabi
tant of the country Gaul.
town
Genava, -ae, /., Geneva,
in Switzerland.
genus, -eris, n., race, kind, sort.
Germanus, -a, -um, adj., Ger
Ger
man
masc. as noun,
Roman
Gallia, -ae, /., Gaul, a country
hiems, hiemis, /., winter.

Homerus, -i, m., Homer,
Greek poet.
the
LATIN-ENGLISH
homo, homluls, m., man, human
being.
liora, -ae,/., hour.

hortor, -Sri, -Stus sum, encour
humble.
adv., there.
inimicus, -i, m., enemy (as a
idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron.,
private person).
the same.
idoneus, -a, -um, adj. , suitable.

ignis, -is, m., fire.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that,
that well known.
impedimentum, -i, n.,hindrance
pi,
bear into or against; bellum

inferre, wage offensive war.
Inferus, -a, -um, adj., below,
inferior,
beneath ; comp.
lower, inferior ; superl. in-
fimus or imus, lowest (at the

bottom of).
ingens, -gentis, adj., huge, vast.
I (vowel).
ibi,
incola, -ae, m., inhabitant.

incolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum,
incredibilis, e, adj., incredible.

infero, -ferre, intuli, illatum,
hortus, -i, m., garden.

hostis, -Is, ., enemy (in tear).
hfimSnitas, -tatls,/., culture.
-e, adj., lowly,
baggage.
impedid, -ire, -ivi, -itum, hinder,

impede.
initium, -i, n., beginning.

ininrla, -ae, /., wrong.
inopia, -ae, /., want.
instruo, -struere, -struxi, -structum, draw up, form.
insula, -ae,/., island.
intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum,
understand.
imperator, -oris, m., general, inter, prep, with ace,

commander-in-chief.
imperium, -i, n., command, rule,

power,
imperii, -are, -avi, -Stum, com

mand, order.
Impetus, -ns, m. , charge, attack,
fury.
in, prep,
with ace and ahl. ;

with ace, into, to, against ;
2. with abl., in, on.
in-, negative prefix, un (as inimicus = in + amicus, un
friend, enemy).
1.
between,
among.
interficid, -fleere, -feci, fectum,

kill.
ipse, -a,, -um, intensive pron.,
my-, your-, him-, etc., self.
is, ea, id, dem. pron., that.
iste, ista, istud, dem. pron., that
(of yours).
ita, adv., so, thus.

Italia, -ae,/., Italy.
iter, itiueris, n., road,
route,
journey, march.
incido, -cidere, -cidi, -cSsum,

fall into, in with, or upon.
incito, -are, -avi, -Stum, urge iacio,
on, arouse.
247
inhabit, dwell in.
age, urge, exhort.
humilis,
VOCABULARY.
(consonant).
iacere, ieci, iactum,
throw, hurl.
248
iam, adv., already, now.

iubeo, iubere, ifissi, iussimi.
order, command.
liberi, -drum,
m. pi.,
children.
of liber,
libera, -are, -avi, -atum, set
iudex, iudicls, m., judge.

free.
I ii I in , -ae,/., Julia, a Roman name.
lingua, -ae, /., tongue, language.
iiiniur, -ius, adj., (comp. of litus, litoris, n., shore.
iuvenis, young, contracted for locus, -I, m., (pi. loca, n.), place.
longe, adv., far.
iuvenior), younger.
IQra, -ae, m., the Jura mountains, longitudo, -dinis,/., length.
longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
in Switzerland.
lux, lucis, /., light.
ius, iuris, n., right, law.
iQs-iurandum, iurisiurandi, n.,
\b
oath.
iSstus, -a, u in, adj., just.

iuvenis, -e, adj., young; as a maglster,
noun, young man.
iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, latum, aid,

help, assist.
M.
-trl,
m.,
master,
teacher.
magistrates,
-us,
tracy, magistrate.
m.,
magis
magnitudo, -dinis, /., size, mag

nitude.
Labienus, -i,
m., Labienus, one

Ciesar's
lieutenants.
of
labor, -Oris, in., toil, labor.
magnus, -a, -um, adj.,
large,
great.
malo, malle, malui, no supine,
wish more, prefer.

laboro, -are, -avi, -atum, toil, malus, -a, -um, adj., bad.
maneo, -ere, iiiansi, mansurus,
labor.
laetus, -a, -um, adj., glad, gay.
remain, wait.
lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
manipulus, -i, in., maniple, a
latitude, -dinis, /., width,
small company of soldiers.
breadth,
manus, -us,/., hand, also band.
lilt us, -a, -um, adj., wide, broad. Marcus, -i, m., Marcus.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, praise. mare, maris, n., sea.
legatus, -i, m., lieutenant, envoy. Massilia, -ae, /., Massilia, the
legio, on is, /., legion, a division
Latin name of Marseilles.
mater, -tris, /., mother.
of the Roman army.
lego, Iegere, legi, lectum, read mature, adv., early.
miitiii-us, -a, -um, adj., ripe.
(also gather).
lex, legis, /., law.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middlo of.
libenter, adv., gladly.
memoria, -ae, /., memory.
liber, -bri, in., book.
mens, mentis,/, mind.
liber, -era, -erum, adj., free.
nicnsa, -ae, /., table.
mensis, -is, to., month.
inercator, -toris, to., merchant.
mens, -a, -um, possess, pron.,
my, mine.
miles, militis, to., soldier.

militaris, -e, adj., military.
militia, -ae, /., military service.
men.
lowed by gen., thousand.

miror, -ari, -at us sum, wonder
at, admire.
miser, -era, -erum, adj., wretched.
mitto, mittere, misi, missum,

send.
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, warn,

advise, admonish.
manners.
moveo, -ere,
movl,
motum,
move.
muller, -erls, /., woman.

multitudo, -dinis, /, multitude.
multus, -a, -um, adj., much; pi.,
many.
natio, -onis, /., nation.

natura, -ae, /., nature.
natus, -us, to., birth.
Used
only in abl. sing. ; maiores
iiiitii, elders by birth, old
nauta, -ae, m., sailor.
navis, -is, /., ship, boat.
iiullc, indecl. num. adj., thou

sand ; pi., miliii, -um, n., fol
minis, montis, to., mountain.

mors, mortis, /., death.
iiios, moris, to., custom ; pi.
249
-ne, enclitic interrog. particle,

simply denoting a question;
in indirect questions some
times whether.
ne, negative particle, that . . .
not, lest, not to ; ne . . .
quidem, not even.
necesse, indecl. adj., necessary.
nemo, -inis, m., nobody, no one.
Not used in gen. and abl., the
corresponding forms of null us
being used instead.
neque (nee), conj., and not, nor ;
nequo . . . neque, neither . . .
nor.
niger, -gra, -grain, adj., black.
nihil, n., indecl., nothing.
nisi, conj., if not, unless.
nobilis, -e, adj., noble, of high
birth, famous.
noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, harm,
miiuio, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itum,

fortify.
mQnitio, -onis, /., fortification.
injure.
munitus, -a, -um, adj., (per/, nolo, nolle, nolui, no supine,
be unwilling.
pass. part, of munio), fortified.
murus, -i, to., wall.
nomen, -minis, n., name.
nan, adv., not.
nonne, interrog. adv. (intro
N.
nam, conj., for.

nSrro, -are, -avi, -atum, tell,
ducing a question expecting

the answer "yes"), not?
noster, -tra, -trum, possess,

pron., our.
nSscor, nasci, natus sum, be novus, -a, -um, adj., new.
nox, noctis, /., night.
born.
narrate.
250
minus, -a, -um, adj., no, not

any, no one.
mini, interrog. particle (expect
ing the answer " no "), in

indirect questions, whether.
numerus, -I, m., number.
nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, re
port, announce.
nuntius, -i, m., messenger.
O.
ob, prep, with ace, on account of.
obses, obsidis, m., hostage.
obtineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum, hold.
occfisus, -fis, m., setting; solis
occasus, sunset.
occido, -cidere, -cldi, -cisum,

kill.
occupo, -are, -avi, -atum, seize,
take.
octogiuta,
indecl.
num.
adj.,
eighty.
omnino, adv., altogether, in all.

onuiis, -e, adj., all.
oppidum, -I, n., town, walled
town.
oppfigno,
-are,
attack, storm.
-avi,
-atum,
opus, operis, n., work.

oratio, -onis, /., speech, oration.
ordo, ordinis, m., rank, order.
Orgetorix, -igis, in., Orgetorix,
a Helvetian nobleman.
orno, -are, -avi, -atum, adorn,

deck.
P.
palfis, -fidis, /., marsh, swamp.
par, paris, adj., equal.
parco, -ere, pepercl (parsi),
pars&rus (parcitiirus), spare.
parens, cutis, c, parent.

pareo, -ere, parui, pfirltSrus,
obey.
paro, -are, -avi, -atum, prepare,

furnish.
pars, partis, /., part.

parvus, -a, -um, adj.,
small,
little.
passus, -us, m., pace ; mille
passas, a Roman mile.
pater, patris, m., father.
patria, -ae, /., fatherland, native
country.
pauci,
-ae,
-a,
adj., used al
in the plural,
most exclusively
few.
pax, pacis, /., peace.

pecunia, -ae, /., money, wealth, b
(originally cattle; c/. pecus).
pecus, -oris, n., flock, cattle.
pedes, peditis, m., foot-soldier.
pedester, -tris, -tore, adj., on foot,
of infantry.
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, re
0 *
pel, drive off.

per, prep, with ace, through.
per-, adv., in composition, very
(as per-facilis, very easy).
periculum, -i, n., peril, danger.
peritus, -a, -um, adj., skilful,
experienced.
persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
pursue.
persuadeo, -ere, susisi, -suasum, persuade.
pertineo, -ere, -ui, no supine,
hold through, extend.
perturbs,
-are,
-avi,
-atum,
disturb greatly.
pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventuin,

come through, arrive.
pes,
of
pedis, m.,
the
body,
foot, as part
and also as a
measure.
peto, -ere, -ivi, -itum, seek, ask.
pictura, -ae, /., picture, paint
ing.
pilum, -i, n., javelin.
poeta, -ae, to., poet.
251
pro, prep, with abl., before, for.

Procillus, -i, m., a Roman name.
Gains Valerius Procillus was
sent by Caesar as envoy to
Ari-
ovistus.
proelium, -i, n., battle.

profectio, -onis, /., departure.
proficlscor, proficisci, profecpolliceor, -eri, polllcltus sum,
tus sum, set out, depart.
progredior,
-gredi, -gressus
promise.
sum, go (or come) forth or
pons, -ere, posui, posltum,
place, put.
forward.
prohibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum,

pons, pontis, m., bridge.
hinder, keep from.
populus, -I, m., people, nation.
propero, -are, -avi, -atum, hurry.
porta, -ae, /. , gate, door.
proplor, propius, adj., (comp.
porto, -are, -avi, -atum, carry.
portus, -us, m., port, harbor.
of stem o/prope,near), nearer;
possum, posse, potui, no supine,
superl. proximus, -a, -um.
be able, can, have power.
post, prep, with ace, after, be

hind
also adv., afterwards.
posterus, -a, -um, adj., next, fol

lowing.
postulo, -fire, -avi, -atum, de

mand.
nearest, next.
propter, prep, with ace, on ac

count of.
prdsims, prodesse, profui, profuturus, be profitable.
provincia, -ae, /., province.
proximus.
See
propior.
potens, potent is, adj., powerful. publicus, -a, -um, adj., public.
potestas, -tat is, /., power.
puella, -ae, /., girl.
potior, potiri, potitus sum, puer, pueri, m., boy.
pugna, -ae, /., fight, battle.
get possession of.
praefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, pugno, -Sre, Svi, -atum, fight.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj.,
carry before, prefer.
-ponere,
beautiful, pretty.
praepono,
-posui,
-positum, place before, put in puto, -are, -avi, -atum, think.
command of.
praesidium, -i, n., guard, escort,
protection.
praesum, -esse, -fui, -futiiriis,

command, be at the head of.
primus, -a, -um, adj., first.

princeps, principis, in., chief.
prior, prius, adj., earlier, former.
quadragintS, indecl. num. adj.,

forty.
quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum, ask, inquire about.

quam, adv., than, as.
252
quantus, -a, -um, adj., interrog.,

R.
how great? how much? rel.,
as great, as ;
tantus . . . reeiplo, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum,
quantus, so great
as.
take back ; also reflexive, se
quartus, -a, -um, ordinal nu
recipere, betake oneself , retire,
...
meral adj., fourth.
quattuor, indecl. numeral adj.,

four.
-que, enclitic conj., and, to be
translated before the word at
the end of which it stands.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, what; indef, any.
withdraw, retreat.
redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go back,
return.
regina, -ae, /., queen.
regio, - onis, /., region.
regnum, -i, n., kingdom, royal
power.
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lic-
quIdam, quaedam, quoddam,
tum, leave.
(one, reliquus, -a, -um, adj., remain
indef. pron., a certain

etc.).
quidem, conj. Often not to be
translated, except by empha
sizing the word before it;
indeed, at least ;
sometimes,
ne . . . qutdem, not even.
quin, conj., that, but that.
quinque, indecl. numeral adj.,
five.
quintus, -a, -um, ordinal nu
meral adj., fifth.
quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron.,
who ? which ? what ?
quis, quae (qua), quid, indef
pron., used after si, nisi, ne, and
num, any, any one, any thing.
quisquam,
quidquam, indef.
pron., used only after negatives
and negative expressions, any
one, anything.
quisque,
quaeque,
pron.,
each,
indef.
quidque,
eacli one,
every.
indecl. pron., interrog.,
how many ? relative, as many
quot,
as.
ing, rest of.
remaneo, -manere, -mansi,

-inaiisfirus, remain, stay.
renuntio, -are, -avi, alum.
report, announce.
reperlo, -ire, repperl, repertum,
find, find out.
res, rel,/., thing.
resisto, -ere, restiti, no supine,
resist, withstand.
respondeo, -ere, respond!, responsum, answer, reply.
res publica, rel publicae, /.

(really a noun, res, and adj.,
publica, the public thing),
state, republic.
-ui,
-ere,
retain, hold back.
retineo,
-tentum,
revertor, reverti, reversus sum

-ere, -verti,
and reverto,
-versum, the deponent forms
used in the present system,
return, go or come back.
rex, regis, m., king.
KhO n us, -i, m., the Rhine, di
viding Gaul from Germany.
LATIN-ENGLISH
Bhodanus, -I,
VOCABULARY.
m., the Rhone,
signum,
river of southern Gaul.

rlpa, -ae, /., bank of a river,
signal.
shore
of a lake.
-I,
re.,
253
sign, standard,
silva, -ae,/., woods, forest.
similis,
-e, adj.,
like, similar.
Roma, -ae, /., Rome.

sine, prep, with abl., without.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., Roman ; sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left
masc. as subst.
a Roman.
(hand, etc.).
socius, -i, m., ally.

sol, sol is, m., the sun.
soleo, -ere, solitus sum, be
rosa, -ae,/.,rose.
S.
accustomed.
solus, -a, -um, adj., alone.
soror, sororis,/, sister.
spes, spei,/., hope, expectation.
statim, adv., immediately.
saepe, adv., often.
sains, -fitis,/., safety.

satis, adv., enough.
scio, scire, seivi, scitum, know.
scribo, -ere, scripsT, scriptum, sto,
write.
scutum, -I, n., shield.

tt.0 secundus, -a, -um, adj., second,
favorable ; res secundae, pros
perity.
sed, conj., but.
semper* adv., always.
senatus, -us, in., senate.
senex, senis, m., old man.
Sequanus, -a, -um, adj., of
or belonging to the Sequani,
masc.
as
a Gallic tribe ;
subst., a Sequanian; pi., the
Sequani.
sequor, sequi,
follow.
secutus
sum,
serva, -ae, /., female slave, maid

servant.
servus, -I, m., slave, servant.
sex, indecl. numeral adj., six.
sexaglnta, indecl. numeral adj.,
sixty.
sextus, -a, -um, ordinal numeral
adj., sixth.
si, conj., if.
stare,
steti,
staturus,
stand.
sub, prep, usually with abl.,
under, at the foot of, close to ;
used with the ace after verbs of
motion.
sui, sibi, se, reflexive pron. of the
third person; no nom., him
self, herself, itself, him, her, it.
sum, esse, fui, f ut urns, be.
summus, -a, -um, adj., highest,
topmost, greatest, often at the
top of or to the top of (superl.
of the root o/superus).
supero, -are, -avi, -atum, de
feat.
supersum, -esse, -fui, -futurus,
be over, survive.
saperus, -a, -um, adj., upper,
superior ;
comp.,
higher ;
summus.
superl.,
sHspicio, -onis, /., suspicion.
suspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, suspect.
sustineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum,
hold up (under), withstand.
254
suus, -a, -um, possess, pron.,

third person, his, her, its,
their.
T.
tam,
adv., so, so greatly, so

much.
tamen, adv., nevertheless, still,
yeVnotwithstanding.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.
telum, -i, n., (missile) weapon.
tempestas, -talis, /., storm, tem
pest.
tempus, -oris, n., time.

teneo, -ere, -ul, tentum, hold.
terra, -ae, /., earth, land.
terreo, -ere, -ui, -Hum, frighten.
tertius, -a, -um, ordinal numeral
adj., third.
timed, -ere, -ui, no supine,
fear.
U.
ubi,
and rel.,
adv., interrog.
where (sometimes when).
undique, adv., on or from all
sides.
iinus, -a, -um, (gen. umus),

numeral adj., one, (sometimes
the only one, alone).
urbs, urbis, /., city.
usus, -us, m., use; also need.
ut, conj., with subj., that, in order
that, so that; also adv., as,
when.
Otor, fiti, Ssus sum, use, employ.
uxor, -oris, /., wife.
V.
valeo, -ere, valui, valiturus, be
strong.
vasto, -are, -avi,

tlmor, -oris, m., fear, alarm.
Titus, -I, m., Titus, a Soman
waste.
-Stum,
lay
vectigal, -alis, n., tax.

velociter, adv., swiftly.
velox, -ocis, adj., swift.
tire, all.
trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum, give veuio, -ire, veni, ventum, come.
ventus, -i, m., wind.
over, betray,
vereor, -eri, veritus, fear, be
trans, prep, with ace, across.
transeo, -Ire, -ii, -itum, go
afraid of.
Vergilius, m., Virgil, a Roman.
across, cross.
trecenti, -ae, -a, numeral adj., verus, -a, -um, adj., true.
vescor, -I, eat.
three hundred.
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. adj.,
tres, tria, numeral adj., three.
tn, tul, tibi, te, personal pron.,
your.
-a, -um, ordinal
second person, thou, you ; pi., vicesimus,
name.
-I,
lotus, -a, -um, adj., whole, en
vos, you.
turns, -is, /., tower, turret.
tutus, -a, -um, adj., safe.

tuus, -a, -um, poss. adj., second
person, thy, your.
numeral, twentieth.
victor,
-oris,
m.,
conqueror,
victor.
vicus, -I, m., village.

video, -ere, vidi, visum, see.
vlgilla, -ae, /., watch.
viginti, numeral adj., twenty.
vinco, -ere, vici, victum, con
quer.
vir, viri, m., man.

virgo, -inis, /., maiden, virgin.
virtus, -litis, /., virtue.
vis, vis, /., force
pi., vires,
virium, strength.
vito, -are, -avi, -Stum, avoid.
vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, live.
squ
255
voco, -are, -avi, -atum, call.

volo, velle, volui, wish, be will
ing.
voluntas, -atis, /., will, good

will.
voluptas, -atis, /., pleasure.
vos. See tu.
vox, vocis, /., voice.
vulnero,
-are, -avi, -atum,
wound.
vulnus, -erls, ., wound.
fffO .
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
The figures 1, 2, 3, or 4 after a verb denote that the verb is regular and of the
first, second, third, or fourth conjugation.
Other abbreviations are the same as
those used in the Latin-English vocabulary.
advantage, usus, -us, m.

adverse, adversus, -a, -um.
adversity,
res
(rerum,
etc.)
able (be), possum, posse, potuI.

about, de (with abl.), cireum
(with ace), circiter (adv.).
absent (be), absum, -esse, aful,
adversae.
affairs, res, rerum.

advice, consilium, -I, n.
Aeduan (Haeduan), Aeduus,
afuturus.
abundance, copia, -ae, /.

accomplish, efficio, -ere, -feet,
-I, m.
against, contra, in, (with ace).

in or by
age, aetas, -atis,
;
/.
-fectum.
account (on account of), causa
age, niitu.
agreeable, griitus, -a, -um.

aid, auxilium,
n., iuvo, iuvare,
ace).
accuse, accuso,
iuvi, iutum
1.
-l,
(with gen.), ob, propter (with
prosum, prodesse,
proful, profuturus.
accustom (oneself), consuesco,
[(adv.).
all, omnis, -e in all, omnin5

accustomed (be), soleo, -ere, Allobroges, Allobroges, -um, m.
solitus sum (semi-dep. ); con ally, socius, -I, m.
;
-ere, -suevl, -suetum.
suesco, -ere, -suevl, -suetum.
-l,
across, trans (with ace).

act, ago, -ere, egl, actum.
active, acer, acris, acre.
admire, mlror, 1, dep.
adorn, 5rn5, 1.
advance, progredior,
-gressus
sum.
almost, fere.
alone, solus, -a, -um.
already, iam.
also, etiam.
although, cum.
altogether, omnino.
always, semper.
am. See be.
257
258
A FIRST BOOK IN
LATHST.
ambassador, legatus, -I, m.

at, in (xoith abl. ).
among, inter (with ace), apud Athens, Athenae, -arum, /. pi.
(with ace.).
ancient, antiquus, -a, -um.

and, et, ac, atque, -que ; and
not, neque (nee).
animal, animal, -alis,
n.
attack, impetus, -us, m., oppugno, 1 ; make an attack,

impetum facere.
attend, adimadvertS, -ere, -vertl,

-versum.
announce, nuntio, 1; renuntio, 1. attention (pay).

See attend.
another, alius, -a, -um ; belong- avoid, vito, 1.
to another, alienus, -a, -um.
away, a(ab), and, in composi
answer, respondeS, -ere, -dl, retion, de ; lead away, educo,
sponsum.
-ere, -duxl, -ductum, deducO,
any (body or thing), aliquis,
-ere, duxl, -ductum ; go away,
-qua or -quae, -quid, (also quis,
abeo, -Ire, -il (-ivi), -itum;
qua or quae, quid).
send
away, dimitto, -tie,
approach, adventus, -us, m.
-mlsi, -missum ; be away,
ardent, iicer, acris, acre.
absum, -esse, afui, afuturus,
Arlovistus, Ariovistus, -I, m.
desum, -esse, -fui, -futurus.
arms, arma, -orum, n. pi.
B.
army, exeroitus, -us, to.
around, ciroum (with acc.); put back, re- in comp., as: take
around, circumdo, -dare, -dedl,
back, recipio, -ere, -cepl,
-datum.
-ceptum ; go back, redeo,
arouse, incito, 1.
-Ire, -il (-M), -itum; hold
arrival, adventus, -us, m.
back, retineo,
-ere,
-ul,
arrive,
/.
-I,
pervenio, -Ire, -veni,

-tentum.
-ventum.
bad, malus, -a, -um.
[n. pi.
art, ars, artis, /. ; art of war, baggage, impedlmenta, -orum,
res mllitaris.
band, manus, -us, /.
as, quam, cum.
bank, rlpa, -ae, /.
ascertain, reperio, -ire, repperl, barbarian, barbarus,
m.
repertum.
battle, proelium, -I, n. pugna,
ask, peto, -ere, petivi, petltum ;
-ae,
quaero, -ere, quaeslvi, quae- be, sum, esse, fui, futurus.
situm.
bear, fero, ferre, tull, latum
assemble, convenio, -ire, -veni,
bear against, InferS, Inferre,
-ventum.
intull, illatum.
also,
See,
assert, confirmo, 1.
bring.
assist, iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutum.
beautiful, pulcher, -chra, -chrum.
astonished (be astonished), because of, ob, propter.
mlror,-!, dep.
become, fiS, fieri, factus sum.
before, ante, prep, with acc. ;
ante, adv. ; antequam, con}.
began, coepl, coepisse (no pres
ent).
259
C.
/.
/.
/.
1,
/.
/.
/.
1.
/.
1.
-I,
1,
1.
-T,
1.
-I,
1
;
1,
Caesar, Caesar, -aris, m.

call, voco,
call
appello,
n.
beginning, initium,
together, con voco,
behalf (In bebalf of), pro camp, castra, -orum, n. pi.
can, possum, posse, potui.
(with abl.).
captive, captlvus,
Belgians, Belgae, -arum, m.
m.
believe, credo, -ere, credidl, capture,' capio, capere, cepi,
creditum.
See also take.
captum.
Bellovaci, BellovacI, -orum, m. care (take), euro,
between, inter (with ace).
carry, porto,
(see, also, bring
Bibracte, Bibracte, -is, n.
and bear) carry before, praebind, teneo, -ere, tenui, tenfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum.
cart, carrus,
tum.
m.
birth, natus, -us, m. of high Casticus, Casticus, -I, m.
birth, nobilis, -e.
cause, causa, -ae,
euro,
black, niger, -gra, -gram.
cavalry, equitatus, -us, in. equiblame, culpo,
tes, -um, (pi. of eques), m.
body, corpus, -oris, n.
cavalry-man, eques, -itis, to.
celebrated, clarus, -a, -um.
book, liber, -brl, m.
born (be), nascor, nasci, natus censure, culpo, 1.
centurion, centurio, -onis, to.
sum.
bound, contineo, -ere, -tinul, certain, certus, -a, -um a cer
-tentum.
tain (indefinite), quidam.
boy, puer, -I, to.
change, commutiitio, -onis,
character, natura, -ae,
brave, fortis, -e.
check, prohibco, -ere, -hibui,
bravely, fortiter.
bravery, virtus, -fltis,
-hibitum.
bridge, pons, pontis, m.
cheerfully, libenter.
bring, porto,
fero, ferre, tuli, chief, princeps, -ipis, m.
com
bring
together, conlatum
mander-in-chief,
imperator,
fero, -ferre, contuli, colliitum
-oris, in.
bring out, effero, efferre, ex- children, liberi, -orum, to.
tull, datum.
choose^leligo,-ere.-leg^-lectum.
Britain, Britannia, -ae,
Cicero, Cicero, -onis, m.
Briton, Britannus, -I, to.
citizen, civis, -is, m.
broad, latus, -a, -um.
city, urbs, urbis,
brother, frater, -tris, to.
cohort, cohors, -tis,
[actum.
but, sed, autem
but that, collect, copo, cogere, coegi, cocome, venio, -Ire, vera, ventum;
quln.
-venl, -ventum.
command, imperium, -I, n.
command, iubeo, -ere, iussl,
iussum ; imperS, 1 ; praesum,
-ful, -futurus ; place in

command,
praepono,
-ere,
-posui.-positum.
[tor, -oris, m.
commander-in-chief,'
imperacompanion, comes, -itis, c.
company, comites, comitum.
conceal, celo, 1.
conference, colloquium,
n.
confidence, fides, -el,
-esse,
dare, audeo, -ere, ausus sum,

(semi-dep.).
daughter, filia, -ae,

day, dies, -el, m.
dear, carus, -a, -um.
/.
come together, convenio, -Ire,
decide, constituo, -ere, -ui, -utuiu.

deck, orno,
deep, altus, -a, -um.
deeply (i.e. seriously), gravi1.
2G0
ter.
/.
/.
/.
-I,
/.
1.
/.
/. ;
-I,
/. /.
/.
/.
1.
1.
1
;
1.
1.
/.
-I,
1,
defeat, supero,
vinc5, -ere,
vici, victum.
defend, defendo, -ere, -dl, -fensum in defence of, pro, prep.
confusion (throw into), per
with abl.
turbs, 1.
deliberate, delibero,
conquer, supers,
vincS, vin- delight, delecto,
cere, vicl, victum.
demand, postulo, 1.
conqueror, victor, -oris, m.
demonstrate, deinonstro,
consider, delibero,
departure, profectio, -onis,
consul, consul, -ulis, m.
depth, altitudo, -inis,
consult, delibero, 1.
desert, relinquo, -ere, -liqui,
contend, contends, -ere, con
-lictum.
[-iitum.
tend!, contentum.
determine, constituo, -ere, -ui,
Corinth, Corinthus,
difficult, difficilis, -e.
Cornelia, Cornelia, -ae,
diligence, diligentia, -ae,
council, concilium, -I, n.
dismiss, dimitto, -ere, -misi,
country, terra, -ae,
native
-missum.
[-um.
country, patria, -ae,
coun distant (most), extremus, -a,
try, as distinguished from city, distant (be), absum, -esse, afuT,
rus, ruris, n.
af turus.
cross, transeo, -Ire, -il, -itum.
disturb greatly, perturbo,
crown, corona, -ae,
divide, divido, -ere, -vist, -visum.
culture, humanitas, -atis,
Divitiacus, Divitiacus,
m.
custom, mos, moris, m.
do, facio, facere, feci, factum
ago, -ere, egi, actum.
door, porta, -ae,
doubt, dubit,5,
there is no
doubt, non dubium est.
1
;
D.
-I,
cottidie,
(adv.)
cottldiiinus, -a, -um.
danger, periculum,
n.
(adj.)
doubtful, dubius,
-a, -um.
dove, columba, -ae,
/.
daily,
ENGLISH-LATIN
draw up, constituo,
VOCABULARY.
261
-ul, every (one), quisque, quaeque,

quidque (day), cottidie.
drive, ago, -ere, egl, actum ; exhort, liortor,
dep.
drive back, pello, -ere, pepull, expect, exspecto,
pulsum.
experience, usus, -us, m.
Dumnorix, Dumnorix, -Igis, m. experienced, pentus, -a, -um.
dwell in, incolo, -ere, -colul, extend, pertineo, -ere, -tinui,
-ere,
1.
1,
-fitum.
-cultum.
-tentum.
extreme, maximus, -a, -um
ex-
tremus, -a, -um.
E.
fable, fabula, -ae,
/.
F.
/.
fail, desum, -esse, -fui, -futflrus.

faith, fides, -el,
faithful, fldus, -a, -um.
fall, cado, -ere, cecidl, casum
-I,
eager, acer, acris, acre.

eagle, aquila, -ae, /.
early, mature, adv.
easily, facile.
easy, facilis, -e.
eat, vescor,
no perf.
eighty, octoginta.
eminent, cliirus, -a, -um.
encamp, consIdo, -ere,
fall upon, accido, -ere, -cidl

fall into, in with, upon, in-
-sedl,
cido, -ere, -cidl.
famous, nobilis, -e; clarus, -a,
-sessum.
1.
encourage, animum (animos)

confirmS,
end, finis, -is, m.
endeavor, conor,
dep.
endure, sustineo, -ere, -tinui,
-um.
far, longe.
1,
farmer, agricola, -ae, m.

farther, longius, (adv.).
farthest, extremus, -a, -um.
father, pater, patris, m.
-tentum.
enemy, hostis, -is, m. inimicus, favor, faveo, -ere, favl, fautum.
favorable, secundus, -a, -um.
-I, m.
engage (in battle), committo, fear, timor, -oris, m. timeo, -ere,
-ui vereor, -eri, veritus sum.
-ere, -misT, -missum,
(proefew,
paucT, -ae, -a.
lium).
enjoy, fruor, frul, fruitus and field, ager, agri, m.
fight, pugnS,
fill,
-I,
-a, -um.
1.
fifth, qumtus,
-I,
fructus sum.
enough, satis.
entire, totus, -a, -um.
envoy, legatus,
m.
equal, par, paris.
escort, praesidium,
n.
even, etiam not even, ne
quidem.
compleo, -ere, -evl, -etum.

find out, reperio, -Ire, repperl,
repertum.
finish, conficio, -ere, -feci, -tec
tum.
fire, Ignis, -is, m.

garden, hortus, -l, m.
garland, corona, -ae,
gate, porta, -ae,
[sum. gather, lego, -ere, legl, lectum;
Galba, Galba, -ae, m.

Gallic, Gallicus, -a, -um.
-I,
/.
-I,
2.
/.
/.
1.
free, liber, -era, -erum set free,

llbero,
friend, amicus, -I, m.
friendship, amlcitia, -ae,
frighten, terreo, 2.
from, a, ab, de, ex, (all with abl.).
G.
/.
-I,
forty, quadraginta.
four, quattuor.
fourth, quartus, -a, -um.
furthest. See farthest,

fury, impetus, -us, m.
/.
fortify, munio, -Ire, -IvI, -Itum.

fortune, fortuna, -ae,
(perf. part, of munio).
il
/.
fortification, munltio, -onis,

fortified, miinltus, -a, -um,
colligo, -ere, -legl, -lectum.

(the country), Gallia, -ae,
(an inhabitant of that
m.
country), Gallus,
gay, laetus, -a, -um.
general, imperator, -oris, m.
Geneva, Genava, -ae,
German, Germanus, -a, -um, (as
subst., Germanus, -I, m.).
get possession of, potior, -in,
-Itus sum.
gift, donum, -I, n.
girl, puella, -ae,
give, do, dare, dedl, datum.
give up, trado, -ere, -didl, -ditum.
glad, laetus, -a, -um.
gladly, libenter.
go, eo, Ire,
(IvI), itum; go
out or away, exeo go back,
redeS go across, transeo go
away, abeo go out, egredior, -I, -gressus sum; go forth,
progredior,
-gressus sum.
good, bonus, -a, -um.
grain, frumentum,
n.
-um
-a,
great, magnus,
so great,
how great,
tantus, -a, -um
quantus, -a, -um.
greater, maior, maius, gen.
maioris.
Greece, Graecia, -ae,
Greek (adj.), Graecus, -a, -um;
(subst.) Graecus, -I, m.
grief, dolor, -oris, m.
grieve, be grieved, doleo,
guard, custos, -odis, c. praesidn.
ium,
Gaul
-I,
forest, silva, -ae,
/.
/,
/.
-i,
flee, fugio, fugere, fugT.

flight, fuga, -ae, /.
follow, sequor, sequl, secutus
following (of time), posterus,
-a, -um.
fond of (be), amo, 1.
food, frumentum,
n.
foot, pes, pedis, m.
foot-soldier, pedes, -itis, m.
for, prS (with abl.), prep.; nam,
conj.
force, vis, vis, vl, vim pi. vires,
virium,
forced (march), maximus, -a,
-um.
forces (military), copiae, -arum,
/.
/.
first, primus, -a, -um.

five, quinque.
/.
2G2
263
home, domtis, -us, /. ; at home,
-ere, -didi,
Hannibal, Hannibal, -alis,

harbor, portus, -us, m.
harm, noceo, 2.
m.
happen, aecido, -ere, accidl.

hasten, contendS, -ere, contendl,
/.
horse, equus,
m.
horseman, eijues, -itis, to.

hostage, obses, -idis, c.
hour, bora, -ae,
house, domus, -us,
how great, quantus, -a, -um.
how many, quot (indecl.).
huge, ingens, -entis.
hundred, centum.
/.
over, trado,
-I,
hand
m.
/.
halt, consistS, -ere, -stitl.

hand, nianus, -us, /.
[-ditum.
-I,
doml.
Homer, Uomerus,
hope, spes, spei,
horn, cornu, -us, n.
/.
/.
4.
I,
1.
contentum ; propero, 1.
have, habeo, 2.
head, caput, -itis, n.
hear, audio, 4.
hurl, iacio, iacere, iecl, iactum
heavy, gravis, -e.
conicio, -icere, -iecl, -iectum.
height, altitudo, -inis, /.
help, auxilium, -I, n. ; iuvo, -are, hurry, propero,
iuvi, iutum.
Helvetian, Helvetius, -I, m.
her, suus, -a, -um, (reflexive);
eius (gen. of is, not reflexive).
eg5, mei, mihi, me, me.
herself, (reflexive), sui, sibi, se, if, si; if not, nisi.
se ;
ipse,
ipsa, illustrious, cliirus, -a, -um.
(intensive),
immediately, statim.
ipsum.
high, altus, -a, -um ; superus, impede, impedio,
-a, -um,
(superl. summus) ; in, in (with abl.).
incredible, incredibilis, -e.
of high birth, nobilis, -e.
hill, collis, -is, in.
induce,
adduco, -ere,
-diixi.
himself, (reflexive), sui, sibi, se,
-ductum.
se ;
ipsa, infantry (adj., = of infantry),
ipse,
(intensive),
ipsum.
pedester, -tris, -tre.
hinder, prohibeo, 2 ; impedio, 4. influence, auctoritus, -Stis,
his, suus, -a, -um, (reflexive) ;
gratia, -ae,
adduco, -ere,
eius (gen. of is, not reflex
-duxT, -ductum.
inform, certiorem facio, facere,
ive).
hold, teneo, -ere, tenul, tentum ;
feci, factum.
hold together, contineo, -ere, inhabit, incolo, -ere, -ui, -cultum.
-tinui, -tentum; hold back, inhabitant, incola, -ae, m.
retineo, -ere, -ui, -tentum ; injure, noceo, 2.
hold (in possession), obtineo, inquire (about), quaero, -ere,
-ere, -ui, -tentum.
quaeslvl, quaesitum.
264
intend,
lead, duco, -ere, duxl, duetum ;

lead away, abdiico, dedueo ;
lead out, educo ; lead on,
est in animo.
Into, in (with ace).
island, insula, -ae, /.

Italy, Italia, -ae, /.
its, suus, -a, -um, (reflexive)

eius
ive)
(gen.
of
is,
not reflex
itself (reflexive), sul, sibi,
se, se
(intensive), ipse, ipsa, ipsuin.
J.
javelin, plluin, -I,
n.
judge, iudex, -icis, m.

Julia, Iulia, -ae, /.
Jura, Iura, -ae, m.
just, iustus,
-a, -um.
line (of troops
agmen, -inis, n.
acies, -el, /.
K.
keep, contineo, -ere, -tinui, -tenturn.
keep from, prohibeo,
kill,
adduce.
[-gnitum.
learn, cognosce, -ere, -gnovi,
leader, dux, ducis, m.
[tum.
leave, relinquo, -ere, -llqul, -lieleft (i.e. left hand, etc.), sinister,
-tra, -trum ; left over (re
maining), reliquus, -a, -um.
legion, legio, -onis, /.
length, longitudo, -inis, /.
lest, ne.
letter, epistula, -ae, /.
lieutenant, legatus, -I, m.
light, lux, lucis, /.
like, similis, -e ; as verb, amo, 1.
2.
occidS, -ere, -cidi, -clsum

interficio, -ere, -feel, -tectum.
kind, genus, -eris, n.
king, rex, regis, m.
kingdom, regnum, -I, n.
knight, eques, -itis, m.

know, scio, sclre, scivi, scltum.
in motion),
(of battle) ;
live (i.e. live in, dwell), incolo,

-ere, -ul, -cultum ; live (i.e. be
alive), vivo, -ere, vlxl, vlctum.
long, longus, -a, -um; a long
time, diu (adv.).
lose, amitto, -ere, -mlsl, -missum.
love, amo, 1.
low, lnferus,
-a, -um.
M.
law, lex, legis, /. ; ius, iuris,

lay waste, vasto, 1.
n.
human male).
maniple, manipulus,
-I,
-l,
made (be), flo, fierl, factus sum.

magistracy, magistrates, -us, m.
magistrate, magistrates, -us, m.
Iiabienus, Labiemis, -I, m.
labor, labor, -oris, m. ; laboro, 1. magnitude, magnitudo, -inis, /.
maiden, virgo, -inis,/.
lack, inopia, -ae,/.
make, facio, facere, feci, factum.
land, terra, -ae,/.
language, lingua, -ae,/. [-a,-um. man, homo, -inis, c. (a human
m. (an adult
being) ; vir,
large, magnus, -a, -um ; multus,
m.
ENGLISH-LATIN
VOCABULARY.
265
/.
-I,
/.
manners, mores, -um, m., (pi. necessary, necesse, indecl. adj.

neighbor, finitimus, -I, to.
o/mos).
many, multI, -ae, -a, (pi. of mul- neighboring, finitimus, -a, -um.
nor, neque (nee)
neither
tus).
march, iter, itineris, n. ; to
. . . neque (nee).
march, iter facere.
nevertheless, tamen.
Marcus, Marcus, -I, m.
new, novus, -a, -um.
marsh, palus, -udis,/.
next, proximus, -a, -um.
Massilia, Massilia, -ae,/.
night, nox, noctis,
master (of servants, etc.), do- no, no one, nullus, -a, -um.
minus, -I, to. ; (of pupils, etc.), noble, nobilis, -e.
nobody, nemo, -inis, to., (not used
magister, -tri, m.
meeting, concilium,
n.
in gen. and abl.).
not, non, nonne (in questions),
memory, memoria, -ae,
merchant, mercator, -Sris, m.
ne (in prohibitions, wishes, and
messenger, nuntius, -i, m.
final clauses) and not, ne
.
middle of, medius, -a, -um.
que (nee); not even, ne .
military, nrilitaris, -e
mili
quidem.
tary service, militia, -ae, nothing, nihil, n., (indecl.).
/.; military forces, copiae, notice, animadverto, -ere, -vertl,
-versum.
N.
name, nomen, -inis, n.
[/. pi.
narrowness, angustiae, -arum,
natu.
one, iinus, -a, -um
one
another, alius
. alius
m.
O.
oath, iusiurandum,
iurisiurandl,
n.
obey, pareo, -ere, -ul, -itflrus.

of, de (with abl.).
;
often, saepe.
old, antlquus, -a, -um old man,
senex, senis, to. older, miiior
/.
alter
other
alter.
the
one
(of two),
open, apertus, -a, -um.
oration, oratio, -onis,
/.
/.
native country, patria, -ae,

nature, natura, -ae,
near, ad (with ace).
/.
nation, natio, -onis,
/.
-I,
now, nunc, iam.

number, numerus,
/.
animus,
mind, mens, mentis,
-I, m.
mistress, domina, -ae,
money, pecunia, -ae,/.
month, mensis, -is, to.
mother, mater, -tris,/
mountain, mons, ion lis, m.
move, moveo, -ere, movi, motum.
much, multus, -a, -um.
multitude, multitudo, -inis,
my, meus, -a, -um.
notwithstanding, tamen.
/.
/.
-arum,
266
/.
/.
1
;
1.
-I,
-I,
order, SrdS, -inis, m., (rank) ; plan, consilium,

n.
n., (command)
pleasant, gratus, -a, -um.
imperium,
iubeo, please, delecto,
to order, impero,
pleasing, gratus, -a, -um.
-ere, iussl, ifissum.
pleasure, voluptas, -atis,
Orgetorix, Orgetorlx, -Igis, to.
other, alius, -a, -ud; other of plenty, copia, -ae,
two, alter, -era, -erum.
poem, carmen, -inis, n.
poet, poeta, -ae, m.
ought, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum.
our, noster, -tra, -trum.
position, locus, -i, in.; take
over (be), praesum, -esse, -fui,
a position, consido, -ere,
-futurus.
-sedi, -sessum;
1.
overcome, supero,
owe, debeo, -ere, -ul, -itum.
consisto, -ere,
-stitT.
possession
(get),
potior,
-In,
-Itus sum.
power, potestas, -atis, /., impe

rium, -I, n.
royal power,
place, eo.
regnum,
n.
powerful, potens, -entis.
1.
1.
praise, laudo,
prefer, malo, malle, malul praefero, -ferre, -toll, -latum.
prepare, paro,
[affuturus.
present (be), adsum,-esse, affui.
produce, effero, -ferre, extuli,
elatum.
Procillus, Procillus, -i,
m.
1.
procure, paro,
pro lit able (be), prosum, prodesse, proful, -futurus.
[sum.
promise, polliceor, -eri, pollicitus
proper, idoneus, -a, -um.
prosperity, res (rcrum, etc.)
secundae.
-di,
defendo,
-ere,
-fensum.
protection, praesidium, -I, n.
province, provincia, -ae,
public, publicus, -a, -um.
pupil, discipulus, -I, m.
put around, circumdo, -dare,
-dedl, -datum.
protect,
/.
/.
-I,
/. /.
-i,
pace, passus, -us, m.

pain, dolor, -oris, to. be pained,
doleo, 2.
parent, parens, parentis, c.
parley, colloquium,
n.
part, pars, partis,
peace, pax, pacis,
people, populus, -I, m.
perceive, conspicio, -ere, -spexi,
-speotum.
perform, fungor,
functus
sum.
persuade, persuadeS, -ere, -suasl,
-suiisum.
pick (from), deligo, -ere, -legl,
-lectum.
picture, pictura, -ae,
pitch (a camp), ponS, -ere,
posui, positum.
place, locus, -I, to., (pi., loca,
-Srum, n.); pono, -ere, posui,
place over or in
positum
command,
-ere,
praepono,
to that
-posui, -positum
-I,
P.
-ful.
remaining, reliquus,
-a, -um.
memoria teneo, 2.
remember,
render, fero, -ferre, tuli, latum.
repell, pello, -ere, pepull, pulsum.
[sponsum.
reply, respondeS, -ere, -di, rereport, nuntio, 1 ; renuntiS, 1. '
republic, res publica.
repulse, pello, -ere, pepull, pulsum.
resist, resisto, -ere, -stiti, no
supine.
rest, quies, -etis,/. ; the rest of,
reliquus, -a, -um.
restrain, contineo, -ere, -tinul,
-tentum.
-ere, -tinui,
retineo,
retain,
-tentum.
-I,
S.
safe, tutus, -a, -um.

safety, salus, -iitis,
sailor, nauta, -ae, to.
same, Idem, eadem, idem.
say, dlco, -ere, dlxT, dictum.
scout, explorator, -oris, m.
sea, mare, -is, .
seashore, litus, -oris, n.
second, secundus, -a, -um.
see, video, -ere, vidl, visum conspicio, -ere, -spexl, -spectum.
seek, peto, -ere, petlvi, petitum.
capio, -ere,,
seize, occupo,
cepi, captum.
select, deligo, -ere, -legT, -leotum.
self, ipse, ipsa, ipsum.
senate, senatus, -us, m.
send, mitto, -ere, misT, missum
send away, dimitto, -ere, -misi,
,
siirus ; remaneo, -ere, -mansi,

-mansurus ; supersum, -esse,
rose, rosa, -ae,

route, iter, itineris, n.
row, ordo, -inis.
royal power, regnum, -I, n.
run, curro, currere, cucurrl, cursum.
read, lego, -ere, legl, leetum.

ready, paratus, -a, -um.
reason, causa, -ae, /.
region, regio, -onis, /.
remain, maneo,-ere, mansi, man-
/.
rank, ordO, -inis, to.

rapidity, celeritas, -atis, /.
Roman, (adj.), Romanus, -a,

m.
-um; (subst.), Romanus,
Rome, Roma, -ae,
/.
K.
n. ; right (hand,
-tra, -trum.
dexter,
etc.),
ripe, maturus, -a, -um.
river, flumen, -inis, n.
right, ius, iuris,
/.
queen, regina, -ae, /.

quick, celer, celeris, celere.
quickly, eeleriter.
Rhone, Rhodanus, -I, m.
1
;
267
/.
-missum.
retire. See retreat,
retreat, recipio, -ere, -eepi, -cep- separate, divido, -ere, -vlsl, -vi
sum.
tum, with the refl. pronouns
Sequanian, Sequanus, -i, to.
me, se, etc.
return, reverter, -I, re versus servant, servus, -I, to.; serva,
-ae,
sum ; redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum.
set free, libero, 1.
Rhine, Ehenus, -i, m.

-1,
profectus
-I,
/.
1.
/.
stand one's ground, take a

stand, consisto, -ere, -stitl.
standard, signum, -I, n.
state, clvitas, -atis,
still (adv.), tamen.
stone, lapis, -idis, m.
storm, tempestas, -atis,
op
take by storm,
pugnS,
/.
-e.
/.
since, cum.
sister, soror, -oris,
six, sex.
/.
similar, similis,
n.
-I,
severe, ilcer, acris, acre ; gra

vis, -e.
sharp, acer, acris, acre.
sharply, acriter.
shield, scutum, -I, n.
ship, navis, -is, /.
shore, litus, -oris, n.
short, brevis, -e.
shout, clamor, -oris, m.
show, demSnstrS, 1.
sides (on all sides), undique
(adv.).
-quid quisquam, quidquam.

son, filius,
m.
song, carmen, -inis, n.
soul, animus,
m.
spare, parcS, -ere, peperci (parsi),
parsurus (parciturus).
speech, oratio, -onis,
speed, celeritas, -tatis,
spend the \vinter, hiemo,
spirit, animus,
to.
[tum.
spy, conspicio, -ere, -spexl, -specstand, sto, stare, steti, statum;
-I,
setting, occasus, -us, m.
sign, signum,
something, aliquis, -qua or -quae,

-I,
set out, proficiscor,

sum.
268
1
;
sixth, sextus, -a, -um.

sixty, sexaginta.
/.
1.
1.
1.
/.
/.
; /.
1.
/.
/.
/.
/.
expugno, 1.
size, miignitfido, -inis,
etory, fabula, -ae,
skill, ars, artis,
strength, vis, vis, vl, vim; pi.
skilful, perltus, -a, -um.
vires, vlrium,
slaughter, caedes, -is,
strengthen, confirmo,
serva, strive, contendS, -ere) contendi,
slave, servus, -i, m.
contentum.
-ae,
-cidl,
-cisum
-ere,
occido,
slay,
strong (be), valeo, 2.
interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum.
suitable, idoneus, -a, -um.
slender, gracilis, -e.
summer, aestas, -atis,
small, parvus, -a, -um.
summon, convoco,
. as,
sun, sol, sSlis, m. sunset, solis
so (of degree), tam so .
tam . . . quam; so (of man
occasus, -us, m.
ner or consequence), ita; so superior (be), supero,
great, tantus, -a, -um.
supplies, commeatus, -us, m.
soldier, miles, -itis, m. foot- surpass, superS,
soldier, pedes, -itis, to.
surrender, deditio, -onis,
or surrender (verb), trado, -ere,
-qua
somebody, aliquis,
-didi, -ditum.
-quae, -quid; quisquam, quid[-datum.
surround, circumdo, -dare, -dedl,
quam.
VOCABULARY.
ENGLISH-LATIN
thither,
suspicion, suspicio, -onis, /.

swamp, paliis, -udis, /.
swift, celer, ceteris,
celere
eo.
thou, tu, tul, tibi, te, tfl, te.

thousand, mllle ; pi., milia.
three, tres, tria.
three hundred, trecentl, -ae, -a.
through, per (with ace).
velox,
velocis.
swiftly,
269
velociter.
swiftness, celeritas, -atis, /.

sword, gladius, -I, m.
throw, iacio, iacere, ieel, iactum ;

conicio,
together,
throw
T.
-ieci, -iectum ; throw

into confusion, perturbo, 1.
thy, tuus, -a, -um.
time, tempus, -oris, n.
tired, defessus, -a, -um.
-icere,
table, mensa, -ae, /.

take, occupo, 1 ; capio, -ere,
cepi, captum ; take by storm,
expugno, 1 ; take a position,
consldo, -ere, -sedl, -sessuin ; Titus, Titus, -i, in.

take to, ad, in, (with ace).
cSnsisto, -ere, -stitl ;
together, con in composition, as
back, recipio.
call together, convoco, 1 ;
take care, euro, 1.
come together, convenio, -ire,
tax, veetlgal, -alis, n.
-vein, -ventum; throw togeth
teacher, magister, -tri, m.
er, conicio, -ere, -iecl, -iectum.
tell, narro, 1.
toil, labor, -oris, m. ; laboro, 1.
tempest, tempestas, -atis,/.
tongue, lingua, -ae,/.
ten, decem (indecl.).
top of, suinmus, -a, -um.
tenth, decimus, -a, -um.
territory, fines, -ium, m., (pi. towards, ad (with ace).
of finis) ; ager, -gri, m. ; terra, tower, turris, -is,/.
town, oppidum, -I, n.
-ae, /.
tree, arbor, -oris,/.
than, quam.
that, ille, ilia, illud ; is, ea, id ; troops, copiae, -arum, /.
[tum.
that (of yours), iste, ista, true, verus, -a, -um.
credidl,
credi-ere,
credo,
trust,
istud ; that, so that, in order
that, ut ; that not, ne ; that, try, conor, 1, dep.
turret, turris, -is, /.

their, suus, -a, -um, (reflexive), twentieth, vlcesimus, -a, -um.
eoram, earum, (gen. pi of is, twenty, viginti.
but that, quln.
not reflexive).
there, ibi.
thing, res, rel, /.
think, puto, 1 ; arbitror,
existimo, 1 ; cogito, 1.
third, tertius, -a, -um.
this, hie, haec, hoc.
two, du5, -ae, -5.

two hundred, ducentl,
1, dep.
-ae, -a.
U.
under, sub (with abl. except after
verbs of motion; then with
ace).
270
understand, intellego, -ere,
war-vessel, navis longa.

waste (lay waste), vasto,
unfavorable, adversus, -a, -um ; watch, vigilia, -ae,/.
alienus, -a, -um.
water, aqua, -ae,/.
unhappy, miser, -era, -erum.
weapon, telum,
n.
weary, defessus, -a, -um.
unless, nisi.
unwilling (be), nolo, nolle, weather, tempestas, -atis,/
welcome, gratus, -a, -um.
nolui.
welfare, salus, -utis,
urge, hortor, 1, dep.
what (rel.), qui, quae, quod;
urge on, incito, 1.
use, usus, -us, m.
(interrog.), quis, quae, quid.
use, fitor, uti, usus sum.
when, cum.
utmost, maximus, -a, -um ; sum- where, ubi.
mus, -a, -um.
whether, num.
-16x1,
/.
-I,
1.
-lectuin.
W.

whole, totus, -a, -um.
why
cur.
wide, liitus, -a, -um.
width, latitudo, -inis,/
wife, uxor, -oris,/
will, voluntas, -atis,/

willing (be), volo, vclle,
wind, ventus,
wing, ala, -ae,
volul.
m.
wing of an
army, cornu, -us, n.
winter, hiems, hiemis,
/;
position.
victor, victor, -oris, m.
village, vicus, -i, m.
violence, vis, vis,/.
violent, acer, -cris, -ere.
violently, acriter (adv.).
Virgil, Vergilius, -I, m.
virgin, virgo, -inis, /.
virtue, virtus, -fltis,/.
voice, vox, vocis,/
white, albus, -a, -um.

who (rel.), qui, quae, quod;
-I,
vast, ingens, -entis.

very, to be expressed by the superl.
or sometimes by per- in com
quae, quod;
qut,
/;
valor, virtus, -litis, /.
which (rel.-),
V.
prin
ter quarters, hlberna, -orum,

n. pi.;
pass the winter,
withdraw
wish
malo, malle,
[(with ace).
abl.), apud.
(transitive), deduco,
-ere,-duxi, -ductum; (intrans.),
discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum
recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum
/.
-i,
wall, mfirus,
m.
want, inopia, -ae,
war, bellum, -I, n.
warn, moneo, 2.
volul
1.
wage war, bellum gero, gerere,

hiemo,
gessl, gestum ; wage offensive wish, volo, velle,
war, bellum infero, Inferre,
more or rather,
intuli, illatum.
malui.
wait for, exspeclo, 1.
with, cum (with
(reflexive
with
me,
te,
se,
-ere,
-ul,
-ere, scrips!, scrip-
tum.
etc.).
withstand, sustineo,
write, scribo,
271
wrong, iniuria, -ae,/.
-teutuin.
-I,
womnn, mulier, -eris,/. ; femina,

Y.
-ae,/.
year, annus,
wonder at, mlror, 1, dep.
to.
woods, silva, -ae, /.
you, tfl (sing.), vos (pi.).
work, opus, operis, n. ; laborS, I . your, vester, -tra, -trum, (belong-
nero,
1.
wretched, miser, -era, -erum.
tuus, -a,
to more than one)
-um, (belonging to one).
youth (young person), adulesiuvenis, -is, to.
cens, -entis, to.
worthy, dlgnus, -a, -um.

wound, vulnus, -eris, n. ; vul-
INDEX.
[References are to sections.]
ablative, of
instrument
or means,
70; of manner, 77; of accompani

ment, 84 ; of time, 90 ; of agent,
102 ; of cause, 109 ; of specifica
tion, 116; of quality, 122; with
comparatives for quam, 129; of
of difference, 142; with
degree
utor, fruor, etc., 254; absolute,
363, 364, 365.
accent, 7*
accompaniment,
abl.
with
as direct object, 14; of

duration and extent, 182; subject
of infinitive, 231.
adjectives, agreement of, 39 ; de
clension, 37, 46, 98, 105, 112;
(nine irregular), 167, 168.
adverbs, formation, 145 ; compari
son, 146.
agent, abl. with a or ab, 102 ; end
ing tor, 295 ; dative of, 390.
agreement, of verb, 22 ; of predi
cate noun, 26 ; of appositive, 28 ;
of adjective, 39 ; of relative, 215 ;
of participle, 249.
alphabet, 1.
antecedent, 214.
appositive, 27.
Caesar,
words in, see preface

by Eutropius, 399.
life
1.
cum, 352.
in indirect
dis
course, 358.
272
with quam or abl.,
comparison, of
adjectives (regular),
126, 132 ; (irregular), 133, 138,

139, 140 ; of adverbs, 146.
composition, see formation.

concessive clauses with cum, 352.
conditions, simple, 335, 336 ; less
vivid future, 338
conjugation,
cum,
accusative,
causal clauses with

cause, abl. of, 109.
commands, 329;
128, 129.
340.
84.
cases, 8,
comparative,
tic,
386
8,
contrary to fact,
2 ;
first periphras
periphrastic,
of conjugation,
second
388 ; paradigms
417-427.
consecutive clauses, 318.

consonants, 3 ; sounds of, 4.
cum, prep, with abl., 77, 84 ; enclitic,
192,
cum,
4.
conjunction, temporal with in

dicative, 346 ; historical with sub
junctive, 348; causal and conces
sive, 352.
dative,
indirect object, 33 ; of pos

sessor, 49 ; with adjectives, 155 ;
with compound verbs, 268 ; with
273; two datives,
intransitives,
288 ; with gerundive, 390.
declension, 8, 1 ; first, 10 to 19 ;
second, 31, 36, 42; stem of, 31,
2, 8 ; 36, 1 ; third, 52, 55, 61, 73,
80, 87; fourth, 149; fifth, 163;
of adjectives, 37, 46, 98, 105,
112; (nine irregular), 167, 168;
of comparatives, 127 ; of numerals,
179, 180, 187 ; of pronouns (per
sonal), 192, (reflexive) 192, (pos-
INDEX.
sessive) 197i (demonstrative) 205,
208, (relative) 213, (interroga
tive) 220, (indefinite) 226; of
participles, 248.
deponent verbs, 252 ; certain de
ponents with ablative, 254.
derivation,
see
formation.
difference, degree of, 142.

diphthongs, 4.
domus, in expressions of place, 240.
duration of
time, ace, 182.
S, used before consonants, 65, note.

7, 4.
enclitic,
eo, 285, 427.
Eutropius,
extent of
see also
322,
323.
formation,
of adverbs, 145 ; of
292; of nouns, 295,
297, 299 ; of adjectives, 300 ; of
verbs, 301 ; of fut. inf. pass., 378,
note, 387.
f ruor, with ablative, 254.
fungor, with ablative, 254.
compounds,
gender, 7; of
first decl., 10, 8;

of second decl., 31, 5; 36, 2;
42, 4; of third decl., 93; of
fourth decl., 149, 4 ; of fifth decl.,
163, 4.
genitive, limiting nouns, 17 ; par
titive, 135.
gerund, 368, 371.
gerundive, 368, 371 ; in second
periphrastic conjugation, 388.
ille, 205,
in indireot discourse, 230,

232, 234 ; as subject or predicate
noun, 260 ; to complete meaning
of verbs, 262; formation of future
passive, 378, note, 387.
inflection, 8. See conjugation
and declension.
instrument, ablative of,
intensive (ipse), 208, 2.
is, 208, 1.
iste, 205, 2.
locative case,
8,
1 ;
mutes, 3.
3, 4.
constructions,
328,
impersonal passive, 273.

indirect discourse, 230,
231,
329.
use,
180,
2.
in final clauses, 311; in

clauses, 318 ; after
consecutive
verbs of fearing, 322 ; in impera
tive clauses, 329 ; in wishes, 331.
Nepos, vocabulary, see preface.
noli, nollte, in negative commands,
negative,
329,
2.
nolo, 425.
nonne, 62.
num, 62.
number, 9.
numerals, cardinal, 178 ; declension
of, 179, 180; ordinal, 187.
object,
direct, 14 ; indirect, 33.

expressed by gerundive,
obligation,
388, 390.
see
course.
232, 334, 358, 359.

indirect questions, 306.
239.
ne, in final clauses, 311 ; after verbs

of fearing, 322 ; in imperative con
structions, 329, 4 ; in wishes, 331.
-ne, enclitic, 62.
oratio obllqua,
1, 4.
imperative
70.
liquids, 3.
mTIIe, declension and
311
Ho, 285, 427.

fore, 387.
hie, 205,
infinitive,
malo, 425.
manner, ablative, 77.
means, ablative, 70.
life of Caesar, 399.
space, ace, 182*
fero, 276, 436.

final clauses,
273
indirect dis
participles, 248, 249; of depo

nents, 252; declension of, 248;
363, 364, 365;
abl. absolute,
future expressing purpose, 381.
partitive genitive, 135.

parts of speech,
6.
INDEX.
274
passive, of intransitive verbs, 273.

periphrastic conjugations, 387,
388.
permission, 329.
place, how expressed, 239;
names of towns, 240
with
domus and
rus, 240.
plus, defective, 139,

possum, 423.
potior,
note.
with abl., 254.
predicate noun, 25
infinitive
as
predicate noun, 260.
principal parts, 56,
note.
personal, 192 ; reflexive,
192, 208, 2; possessive, 197;
demonstrative, 205, 208 ; relative,
213 (agreement of, 215 ; in final
in
clauses,
311 ;
consecutive
clauses, 318) ; interrogative, 220 ;
indefinite, 226.
pronunciation, Roman, 4 ; Eng
lish, 5.
purpose, clauses of, 311 (see also
322, 323) ; ways of expressing,
pronouns,
third decl., 52,
1 ; of fourth decl.,
1; of fifth decl., 163; of
present, 56, 1 ; of first conj., 56,
2; of second conj., 150, 2; of
perfect, 74, 1.
subject, of finite verb, 13 ; of infini
tive, 231 ; infinitive as subject,
260.
subjunctive, sequence of tenses of,
304, 359; in indirect questions,
306; in final clauses, 311; in
clauses of result, 318; after verbs
of fearing, 322 ; with qmnt 323 ;
in less vivid future conditions, 338 ;
in conditions contrary to fact, 340 ;
with cum, 348, 352; in indirect
discourse, 358, 359.
149,
subordinate
clauses in indirect
discourse, 358.
sum, conjugation, 422.
supine, in urn, 378 ; in -u, 383.
syllables, 4 ; quantity of, 6.
tenses, 8,
2 ; of infinitive in indirect
234; of participles,
discourse,
249; sequence of, in subjunctive,
304 ; in indirect discourse, 359.
378, 379, 380, 381.
quality, ablative
questions, 62 ;
of,
122.
indirect, 306 ; in
indirect discourse, 358.
qui and qu is indefinite after si, etc.,
226.
quTn, 323.
in final clauses, 311; in
clauses of result, 318. See under
pronoun.
requests, 329.
result, clauses of, 318.
rus, in expressions of place, 240.
decl., 31,
2,
36,
1 ;
when, abl.,
of
5.
90;
duration, ace.,
182.
in final clauses,
311;
in clauses
of result, 318 ; after verbs of fear

ing, 322.
utinam, 330.
utor, with abl., 254.
vescor, with
vocabulary,
sequence of tenses, 304.

specification, abl. of, 116.
spirants, 3.
stem, 10, 3; of first decl., 10, 4;
second
time,
ut,
relative,
of
termination, 10,
abl., 254.
composition
of,
see
preface.
volo, 425.
vowels, 2
; pronunciation
quantity of, 5.
wishes, 331.
of,
THE
STUDENTS'
UNDER
SERIES
OF
LATIN
CLASSICS.
THE EDITORIAL SUPERVISION OP
ERNEST MONDELL PEASE, A.M.,

Leland Stanford
Junior University,
HARRY THURSTON PECK, Ph.D., L.H.D.,

Columbia College.
This Series contains the Latin authors usually read in American

schools and colleges, and also others well adapted to class-room
The several
use, but not heretofore published in suitable editions.
volumes are prepared by special editors, who aim to revise the
text carefully and to edit it in the most serviceable manner.
Where there are German editions of unusual merit, representing
years of special study under the most favorable circumstances,
these are used, with the consent of the foreign editor, as a basis
for tha American edition. In this way it is possible to bring out
textbooks of the highest excellence in a comparatively short period
of time.
The editions are of two kinds, conforming to the different
methods of studying Latin in our best institutions.
Some contain
in the introductions and commentary such a careful and minute
treatment of the author's life, language, and style as to afford the
means for a thorough appreciation of the author and his place in
Latin literature. Others aim merely to assist the student to a good
reading knowledge of the author, and have only the text and brief
The latter are
explanatory notes at the bottom of each page.
for
acceptable
particularly
for sight reading, and
rapid reading
after the minute study of an author or period in one of the fuller
editions.
For instance, after a class has read a play or two of
Plautus and Terence carefully, with special reference to the pecu
liarities of style, language, metres, the methods of presenting a
play, and the like, these editions will be admirably suited for the
rapid reading of other plays.
The Series also contains various supplementary works prepared
by competent scholars. Every effort is made to give the books a
neat and attractive appearance.
1
The following volumes are now ready or in preparation :

CAESAR, Gallic War, Books I-V. By Harold W.
Professor in the Indiana University.
Johnston, Ph.D.,
CATULLUS, Selections, based upon the edition of Riese.

B. Lindsay, Ph.D., Professor in Boston University.
By Thomas
CICERO, Select Orations. By B. L. D'Oooe, A.M., Professor in the

State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich.
CICERO, De Senectute et de Amicitia. By
A.M., Professor in the Cornell University.
CICERO,
Tusculan
Books
Disputations,
Charles 1\ Bennett,
Heady.
and
II.
By Professor
Peck.
CICERO, De Oratore, Book I, based upon the edition of Sorof. By
Heady.
W. B. Owen, Ph.D., Professor in Lafayette College.
CICERO, Select Letters, based in part upon the edition of SiipfleBockel. By Professor Pease.
Ready.
EUTROPIUS, Selections.
GELLIUS, Selections. By Professor Peck.
HORACE, Odes and Epodes. By Paul Shorey, Ph.D., Professor in
Ready
the Chicago University.
HORACE, Satires and Epistles, based upon the edition of Kiessling

By James H. Kirkxand, Ph.D., Professor in Vanderbilt Unl
Ready
versity.
LIVY, Books XXI and XXII, based upon the edition of Wolfflin. By
'
Ready.
John K. Lord, Ph.D., Professor in Dartmouth College.
LIVY, Book I, for rapid reading. By Professor Lord.
Ready.
III. By W. A.
in
Professor
the University of California.
LUCRETIUS, De Rerum Natura, Book
Merrill,
Ph.D.,
By Charles
Knapf, Ph.D., Professor
NEPOS, for rapid reading.

By Isaac
University of California.
Flagg, Ph.D., Professor in
MARTIAL,
Selections.
Barnard College.
NEPOS, Selections.
of Missouri.
By
J.
C.
in
the
Ready.
Jones, A.M., Professor in the University
OVID, Selections from the Metamorphoses, based upon the edition of

Meuser-Egen. By B. L. Wiggins, A.M., Professor in the Univer
sity of the South.
2
OVID, Selections, for rapid reading. By A.

Professor in the University of Mississippi.
L. Bondurant, A.M.
PETRONIUS, Cena Trimalchionis, based npon the edition of Biicheler.

By W. E. Waters, Ph.D., President of Wells College.
PLAUTUS, Captivi, for rapid reading. By Grove E. Barber, A.M.,
Professor in the University of Nebraska.
PLAUTUS, Menaechmi, based upon the edition of Brix.
By Harold
N. Fowler, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve Univer

Ready.
sity.
PLINY, Select Letters, for rapid reading. By Samuel Ball Plai

ner, Ph.D., Professor in the Western Reserve University. Ready.
QUINTILIAN, Book X and Selections from Book XII, based npon
the edition of Kriiger. By Carl W. Belser, Ph.D., Professor in
the University of Colorado.
SALLUST, Catiline, based upon the edition of Schmalz. By Charles

6. Herbermann, rh.i.)., LL.D., Professor in the College of the
Ready.
City of New York.
SENECA,
Select Letters.
By E. C. Winslow, A.M.
TACITUS, Annals, Book

and Selections from Book II, based upon
the edition of Nipperdey-Andresen. By E. M. Hyde, Ph.D., Pro
fessor in Lehigh University.
TACITUS, Agricola and Germania, based upon the editions of Schwel.
zer-Sidler and Drager. By A. -6. Hopkins, Ph.D., Professor in
Hamilton College.
Ready.
II
TACITUS, Histories, Book

and Selections from Books
V, based
edition
of Wolff. By Edward H. Spieker, Ph.D., Pro
upon the
fessor in the Johns Hopkins University.
TEBENCE, Adelphoe, for rapid reading.

A.M., Professor in Amherst College.
By William L. Cowles,
TEBENCE, Phormio, based upon the edition of Dzlatzko.
Ready.
By Her
bert C. Elmer, Ph.D., Assistant Professor in the Cornell Uni

versity.
Ready.
TLBUXLUS AND PKOPEKTIUS, Selections, based upon the edition of

Jacoby. By Henry F. Burton, A.M., Professor in the University
of Rochester.
VALERIUS
Charles
MAXIMUS, Fifty Selections, for rapid reading. By

S. Smith, A.M., College of New Jersey.
Ready.
3
VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, Historia Komana, Book II. By F. E.

Rockwood, A.M., Professor in Bucknell University.
Ready.
VERGIL, Books I-VX
By E. Antoinette Ely, A.M., Clifton
School, and S. Frances Pellett, A.M., Binghamton High
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VERGIL, The Story of Turnus from Aen. VII-XII, for rapid reading.
By Moses
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consin.
"Wis
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VIRI ROMAE,
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A.M., Packer Collegiate Institute.
LATIN COMPOSITION, for college
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Ready.
Miller,
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use.
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A.M.,
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LATIN COMPOSITION, for advanced classes. By H. R. Fairclough,
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By Mr. Miller.
HAND-BOOK OF LATIN SYNONYMS.
A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN. By Hiram Tuell, A.M., late Principal
of the Milton High School, Mass., and
Western Reserve University.
Harold
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THE PRIVATE LIFE OF THE ROMANS, a manual for the use of
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ATLAS ANTIQUUS, twelve maps of the ancient world, for schools and
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A first book in Latin / by Hiram Tuell and Harold North Fowler.

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flTNN AND COMPANY

FIRST BOOK IX LATIN

tfyt Students' Series at tLattn Classic*

A FIRST BOOK IN LATIN

HIRAM TUELL, A.M.,

HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Ph.D.

flMN AND CCKPAur

By HTRAAf TUELL and HAROLD NORTH FOWLER.

S. Cushing & Co. Berwick & Smith

hundred words, exclusive of proper names.

While words not found in

for paradigms, illustrations,

familiar subjects, by far the greater part of the

of the Gallic War.

Indeed, nearly every word which

and they form so large a pro

that a pupil who has

the vocabulary of this book will find himself

familiar with eighty-five per cent of the words of the

and the small number of words

with special reference to

fair representative of that author.

frequent repetition in later

The illustrative sentences which in all cases pre

contain, with few

only words already found in the exercises.

chapters when first introduced, and is after

wards frequently repeated.

and contain no new

and are capable

The carefully graded reading lessons, beginning with

contain the story of the first book of

the Gallic War, and so prepare the pupil to begin the

reading of Caesar at the

understanding of the previous narrative;

with such a knowledge of its contents

Few words are used which

have not already occurred in the exercises; and when

(on indirect discourse) can be omitted without causing

The derivation and composition of words are treated

fully than is usual in

the hope that a simple presentation of important

of these subjects may lighten the pupil's

that the book will prove easier than

the ordinary first book, on account

of its small vocabu

lary and careful gradation, and will contribute far more

which has guided the selection

of the words and the more thorough mastery of their

We desire to acknowledge our indebtedness

Snyder, A.M., Superintendent of the Schools of Jersey

City, who made valuable contributions

Junior University, editor-in-chief

this series, whose criticisms

and suggestions at every

stage have been very helpful.

V. Predicate Noun and Appositive

-us, -a, -um. Agreement of Adjectives

tion : Imperfect Indicative Active

Adjectives of Three Terminations. First Conju

of Two Terminations. First Conju

Adjectives of One Termination. First Conjuga