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http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.019
ANIFEE 13657
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Animal
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
7-7-2016
21-10-2016
29-10-2016
Feed
Science
and
Technology
Please cite this article as: Zhang, Lei, Yan, Rui, Zhang, Ruiqiang, Wen, Chao, Zhou,
Yanmin, Effect of different levels of palygorskite inclusion on pellet quality, growth
performance and nutrient utilization in broilers.Animal Feed Science and Technology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.10.019
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Lei Zhang, Rui Yan, Ruiqiang Zhang, Chao Wen, Yanmin Zhou*
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 025 84396067; fax: +86 025 84395314
E-mail address: zhouym6308@163.com (Y.M. Zhou)
Highlights
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different levels of
palygorskite on the pellet quality, growth performance and nutrient utilization in
broilers. Three hundred one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into
five treatment groups with six replicates of ten broilers each for a 42-day feeding trial.
The birds were fed diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg palygorskite,
respectively. The results showed that the hardness and durability index of pellets were
improved (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001) with the increasing level of palygorskite
inclusion. The palygorskite supplementation improved average daily gain (ADG) and
average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001). The
broilers fed the diet supplemented with 10 g/kg palygorskite had the highest ADG
among groups. Compared with the control group, neither 5 g/kg nor 10 g/kg
palygorskite inclusion affected feed per unit gain (F/G) of broilers. However, the F/G
in grower period increased 1.6% with diet 15 g/kg (1.83 vs 1.80) and 3.3% with diet
20g/kg (1.86 vs 1.80). The results indicated that palygorskite inclusion could enhance
the pellet hardness and durability index, and improve the growth performance of
broilers. In additional, the optimal level of supplemented palygorskite in the pellet
diets of broilers was 10 g/kg.
Abbreviations: ADFI, average daily feed intake; ADG, average daily gain; F/G, feed
per unit gain; PDI, pellet durability index; DM, dry matter; OM, organic matter; CP,
2
ribbons
of
2:1
phyllosilicate
units
with
an
theoretical
formula
of
and adsorption ability, rheological and catalytic properties (Galn, 1996; Murray,
2000). Palygorskite is applicable for use in many industrial areas. As an additive,
palygorskite is effective in binding noxious compounds and then expelling them from
the body of animals (Phillips, 1999), treating gastroenteric diseases and creating an
intestinal barrier in both animals and humans (Szajewska et al., 2006). The recent
studies have found that dietary supplementation of palygorskite could improve growth
performance, intestinal integrity, nutrient utilization and litter quality in animals
(Pappas et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013; Tang et al., 2014; Lv et al., 2015).
Shurson et al. (1984) found silicate minerals, as a nonnutritive additive, tend to
reduce the digestible energy and metabolizable energy. Lv et al. (2015) reported that a
lower dietary concentration of palygorskite (2000 mg/kg) was more effective than a
greater concentration (3000 mg/kg) to improve growth performance and increased dry
matter, energy and crude protein utilization. These data seem to indicate that a
relatively low concentration of dietary clay mineral may be more effective than a high
dose. Traditionally, clays have been incorporated in diets (10-20 g/kg) as a
technological additive to improve feed manufacture (Angulo and Brufau, 1995). The
addition of clays at lower level was not sufficient to optimize pellet quality, especially
when high proportions of fat are included (Angulo et al., 1996). Therefore, the aim of
this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of palygorskite on feed
technological characteristics, growth performance, and nutrient utilization of broilers.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
Natural palygorskite was provided by Jiangsu Sinitic Biotech. Co., Ltd. (Xuyi,
Jiangsu, China) as a powder (AFG-200 mesh). The chemical composition was
determined using an Epsilon 5 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrophotometer
tumbling can device (THB30, Wuxi Taihu Grain Machinery Co., Ltd., Jiangsu, China).
After tumbling for 10 min at 50 r/min (Thomas and van der Poel, 1996), samples were
sieved and the amount of pellets not passing the sieve (diameter of 2 mm) was
determined. Pellet durability index was then calculated as the ratio of intact pellets
after tumbling to whole pellets at the start. Hardness was measured using 100 pellets
of each diet on a hardness tester (GWJ-1, Jiangsu Tongjun Instrument Technology Co.
Ltd., Jiangsu, China). Pellets, one at a time, were placed in the hardness tester and the
force needed to brake them was measured in kg.
The concentrations of glucose, serum urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, total
cholesterol and triglyceride were determined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer
(VITALAB-Selectra-E,
Netherlands).
All
kits
were
provided
by
KeHua
0.007) of broilers. During grower and the whole period, the palygorskite
supplementation improved ADG and ADFI (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001). The
broilers fed the diet supplemented with 10 g/kg palygorskite had the highest ADG
among groups. Compared with the control group, neither 5 g/kg nor 10 g/kg
palygorskite inclusion affected feed/gain ratio (F/G) of broilers. However, the F/G in
grower period increased 1.6% with diet 15 g/kg (1.83 vs 1.80) and 3.3% with diet
20g/kg (1.86 vs 1.80).
3.3. Blood serum biochemical parameters
The palygorskite supplementation did not affect the concentrations of glucose,
serum urea nitrogen, total protein, albumin, globulin total cholesterol or triglyceride in
the blood serum (Table 6).
3.4. Apparent nutrient digestibility
The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased as palygorskite inclusion
during 17 to 19 d (quadratic, P = 0.025, Table 7).
3.5. The amount of digesta residue in the gastrointestinal tract
The amounts of digesta residue in the gastrointestinal tract was increased (linear
and quadratic, P < 0.001, Table 8) as palygorskite inclusion. The ratio of digesta
residue in the gastrointestinal tract was increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.001).
3.6. Digestive enzyme activity in the jejunal digesta
No significant effect was found on the digestive enzyme activities in the jejunal
digesta with the palygorskite supplementation (Table 9).
4. Discussion
Clays can be incorporated as agglomerant in animal diets in order to improve
feed manufacture (Angulo and Brufau, 1995; Angulo et al., 1996; Pappas et al., 2010;
Zhang et al., 2015). In the present study, we found that dietary palygorskite inclusion
improved the hardness and durability index of pellets. Angulo et al. (1996) reported
that sepiolite, a clay with similar physical properties to palygorskite (Galn, 1996),
improved the performance of pelleted diets. Furthermore, the same authors reported
that sepiolite was more effective when fat and fiber levels were high (Angulo and
Brufau, 1995). Pappas et al. (2010) found that pellets manufactured with 1.0% added
palygorskite showed better pellet quality than those manufactured without
palygorskite. Improvement of pellet hardness and durability could be attributed to the
special sorptive and colloidal/rheological properties, which are the basis for its most
technological applications (Galn, 1996; Liu, 2007). In detail, the presence of
micropores and channels in palygorskite together with the fine particle size and
fibrous habit account for its very high surface area (Zhou, 2011; Xu et al., 2012).
Palygorskite may absorb polar liquid and form gel, which in turn may improve pellet
hardness and durability due to the increase of solid-solid bonding interaction.
Generally, clays have been incorporated in animal diets as a nonnutritive additive
to improve performance (Angulo and Brufau, 1995). However, the results of previous
experiments on the effect of clays on growth performance of birds are inconsistent.
Chalvatzi et al. (2014) found that the incorporation of 1.0% palygorskite in the laying
hen diets for 24 weeks improved laying percentage and feed conversion ratio. In
contrast, Qiao et al. (2015) found that dietary 2.0% palygorskite did not affect laying
performance of hens. Pappas et al. (2010) reported no significant effect of 1.0%
palygorskite supplementation on the live mass and feed conversion ratio of broilers.
Chen et al. (2016) and Cheng et al. (2016) reported neither 0.5% nor 1.0 %
palygorskite inclusion affected growth performance of broilers. In the present study,
palygorskite inclusion significantly enhanced ADFI and ADG during the overall
experimental period, but had no significant influence on feed conversion ratio. The
10
results in our study could be attributed to improved pellet quality by the addition of
palygorskite. Some studies indicated that broilers preferred hard to soft pellets,
resulting in an increase in feed intake (Jensen et al., 1962; Nir et al., 1994; Parsons et
al., 2006; Bouvarel et al., 2009). Vandegrift et al. (2003) reported that there was a
positive correlation between body weight and feed intake. Thus, the improved ADG
of broilers fed diets with palygorskite inclusion could be attributed to the increased
feed intake. It was notable that relatively high levels (20 g/kg) of dietary palygorskite
inclusion markedly reduced ADG compared with 1.0% and 1.5% palygorskite during
22-42 d and 1-42 d. This was in line with a previous study which reported that a lower
concentration of clay in the diet was more effective than a higher concentration (Oguz
and Kurtoglu, 2000). As indicated in the Table 2 and 3, the nutrients content in the
diets as organic matter, crude protein and ether extract were gradually reduced with
the increasing level of palygorskite inclusion. The adverse effects of higher
concentrations of palygorskite may be associated with the nutrition dilution and the
binding potential for nutrients aroused by palygorskite supplementation (Chalvatzi et
al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015).
In the current study, palygorskite supplementation did no affect the blood serum
biochemical constituents of broilers. The obtained results in this study were in
agreement with the findings by Pappas et al. (2010) who reported that the
supplementation of 1.0% palygorskite in broiler diets did not affect hematocrit and
white blood cell values, as well as protein, albumin and globulin concentration in
blood. Moreover, the blood parameters of broilers fed a diet with 10% palygorskite
ranged within physiological values (Pappas et al., 2010).
Early works on the supplementation of clays in animal feed have found that
improvement of growth performance is also associated with improvements of nutrient
11
digestibility (Ouhida et al., 2000; Safaeikatouli et al., 2012). In the present study, the
addition of palygorskite inclusion tended to increase the nitrogen retention during
17-19 d. Safaeikatouli et al. (2012) explained that the improvement of nutrient
utilization may be attributed to the reduction of digesta passage rate. In our result,
palygorskite inclusion in the diets increased the amounts of digesta residue in
digestive tract of broilers, indicating the palygorskite could increase the digesta
retention time, which may contribute to enhanced nutrient utilization in our study.
It has been reported that 2.0% palygorskite inclusion in diets (mash) significantly
enhanced protease activity, but did not affect the activities of amylase, trypsin or
lipase in jejunal digesta in laying hens (Qiao et al., 2015). The actions of clay on
digestive enzymes have been reported that pancreatic enzymes can be adsorbed to the
surface of calys, forming complexes which are active over a range of different
digestive pH (Cabezas et al., 1991). In the current study, palygorskite inclusion in
diets (pellet) did not affect the digestive enzyme activities. The discrepancy may be
due to absorbing polar liquid by palygorskite and forming gel during pelleting process.
In this situation, the adsorptive capability for the digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal
tract was reduced accordingly.
5. Conclusions
In conclusion, our results suggested that palygorskite inclusion could enhance the
pellet hardness and durability index, and thus improve the average daily gain of
broilers. In additional, the optimal level of supplemented palygorskite in the pellet
diets of broilers was 10 g/kg.
12
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17
Table 1
Chemical analysis of palygorskite.
Chemical analysis (g/kg)
SiO2
563.2
Al2O3
102.5
MgO
133.4
CaO
101.2
Na2O
7.7
K 2O
11.5
Fe2O3
60.2
LOI1
20.2
Total
1000.0
18
Table 2
Composition and nutrient content (g/kg as fed) of the basal diets in starter period.
Items
0
Ingredients
Corn
Soybean meal
Wheat middling
Corn gluten meal
Soybean oil
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
L-Lysine
DL-Methionine
Salt
Premix 1
492
330
50
44
35
11
20
3.7
1.3
3
10
0
1000
492
330
50
44
35
11
20
3.7
1.3
3
10
5
1005
492
330
50
44
35
11
20
3.7
1.3
3
10
10
1010
492
330
50
44
35
11
20
3.7
1.3
3
10
15
1015
20
492
330
50
44
35
11
20
3.7
1.3
3
10
20
1020
Palygorskite
Total2
Calculated analysis
AME (MJ/kg)
12.5
12.5
12.4
12.3
12.3
Crude protein
216
215
214
213
212
Calcium
10.0
9.95
9.90
9.85
9.80
Available phosphorus
4.70
4.68
4.65
4.63
4.61
Lysine
12.0
11.9
11.9
11.8
11.8
Methionine
5.00
4.98
4.95
4.93
4.90
Methionine +cysteine
8.40
8.36
8.32
8.28
8.24
Analyzed nutrient composition
Dry matter
900
900
898
896
890
Crude protein
223
222
220
219
219
Organic matter
851
846
839
835
824
Ether extract
47.9
47.3
46.9
46.1
45.7
Ash
49.6
53.7
59.2
61.1
66.1
1
Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (transretinyl acetate),
10,000 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 3,000 IU; vitamin E (all-rac--tocopherol
acetate), 30 IU; menadione, 1.3 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; nicotinamide,
40 mg; choline chloride, 600 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; pyridoxineHCl, 4 mg;
biotin, 0.04 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 0.013 mg; Fe (from ferrous
sulfate), 80 mg; Cu (from copper sulfate), 8 mg; Mn (from manganese sulfate), 110
mg; Zn (from zinc sulfate), 65 mg; I (from calcium iodate), 1.1 mg; Se (from sodium
selenite), 0.3 mg.
2
Total feed was 1000 g basal diet plus 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g of palygorskite,
respectively.
19
Table 3
Composition and nutrient content (g/kg as fed) of the basal diets in grower period.
Items
0
Ingredients
Corn
Soybean meal
Wheat middling
Corn gluten meal
Soybean oil
Limestone
Dicalcium phosphate
L-Lysine
DL-Methionine
Salt
Premix 1
547
250
50
60
46
13
16
4.1
0.9
3
10
0
1000
547
250
50
60
46
13
16
4.1
0.9
3
10
5
1005
547
250
50
60
46
13
16
4.1
0.9
3
10
10
1010
547
250
50
60
46
13
16
4.1
0.9
3
10
15
1015
20
547
250
50
60
46
13
16
4.1
0.9
3
10
20
1020
Palygorskite
Total2
Calculated analysis
AME (MJ/kg)
13.1
13.0
13.0
12.9
12.8
Crude protein
196
195
194
193
192
Calcium
9.60
9.55
9.50
9.46
9.41
Available phosphorus
4.00
3.98
3.96
3.94
3.92
Lysine
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.3
Methionine
4.40
4.38
4.36
4.33
4.31
Methionine +cysteine
7.50
7.46
7.43
7.39
7.35
Analyzed nutrient composition
Dry matter
898
895
895
894
893
Crude protein
207
203
199
198
197
Organic matter
845
840
837
833
830
Ether extract
63.1
62.6
62.1
61.8
60.9
Ash
52.7
55.2
57.9
61.4
63.1
1
Premix provided the following per kilogram of diet: vitamin A (transretinyl acetate),
10,000 IU; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 3,000 IU; vitamin E (all-rac--tocopherol
acetate), 30 IU; menadione, 1.3 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg; riboflavin, 8 mg; nicotinamide,
40 mg; choline chloride, 600 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; pyridoxineHCl, 4 mg;
biotin, 0.04 mg; folic acid, 1 mg; vitamin B12 (cobalamin), 0.013 mg; Fe (from
ferrous sulfate), 80 mg; Cu (from copper sulfate), 8 mg; Mn (from manganese sulfate),
110 mg; Zn (from zinc sulfate), 65 mg; I (from calcium iodate), 1.1 mg; Se (from
sodium selenite), 0.3 mg.
2
Total feed was 1000 g basal diet plus 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g of palygorskite,
respectively.
20
Table 4
Influence of palygorskite on the pellet durability index (PDI) and pellet hardness of starter and grower diets.
Level of palygorskite (g/kg)
P-value
Items
SEM
0
10
15
20
Hardness (kg)
1.51
3.13
4.02
4.45
4.97
PDI (%)
93.1
94.0
96.2
96.1
Hardness (kg)
1.50
1.64
2.97
PDI (%)
92.8
93.3
94.4
Linear
Quadratic
0.281
<0.001
<0.001
97.2
0.399
<0.001
<0.001
3.60
4.04
0.236
<0.001
<0.001
94.7
97.7
0.410
<0.001
<0.001
Starter diet
Grower diet
a-e
Means within a row with different superscripts are different at P < 0.05.
Table 5
Influence of palygorskite on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed per unit gain of broilers.
Items
10
21
15
20
SEM1
P-value
Linear
Quadratic
Starter period
Average daily gain (g/bird)
34.1
36.4
37.2
37.0
36.8
0.229
<0.001
<0.001
46.5
49.6
50.6
49.7
49.8
0.437
0.027
0.007
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.34
1.35
0.00805
0.424
0.715
80.9
86.3
92.2
90.8
87.9
0.746
<0.001
<0.001
146
155
166
166
163
1.66
<0.001
<0.001
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.86
0.0115
0.060
0.093
57.5
61.4
64.7
63.9
62.4
0.464
<0.001
<0.001
96.1
102
108
108
107
0.964
<0.001
<0.001
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.69
1.71
0.00904
0.097
0.162
Grower period
a-c
Means within a row with different superscripts are different at P < 0.05.
Table 6
Influence of palygorskite on the serum biochemical indices of broilers.
Level of palygorskite (g/kg)
Items
0
5
10
15
22
20
SEM1
P-value
Linear
Quadratic
21d
Glucose (mmol/L)
13.4
13.7
13.2
13.3
12.8
0.142
0.121
0.196
0.635
0.658
0.658
0.703
0.710
0.0141
0.048
0.147
28.7
29.6
29.6
30.9
29.3
0.357
0.329
0.266
Albumin (g/L)
16.7
17.0
16.8
16.7
16.8
0.187
0.930
0.985
Globulin (g/L)
11.9
12.7
12.8
14.2
12.5
0.292
0.209
0.144
3.51
3.48
3.34
3.36
3.19
0.0613
0.075
0.207
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
0.507
0.570
0.490
0.472
0.493
0.0146
0.231
0.487
Glucose (mmol/L)
12.8
13.4
13.6
13.2
13.5
0.220
0.444
0.642
0.678
0.647
0.625
0.633
0.640
0.0130
0.354
0.422
32.7
34.0
32.7
34.7
35.3
0.524
0.114
0.265
Albumin (g/L)
16.1
16.2
16.9
17.7
17.3
0.318
0.077
0.206
Globulin (g/L)
16.6
17.8
15.9
17.0
18.0
0.503
0.598
0.715
2.89
2.65
2.82
2.71
2.96
0.0584
0.619
0.335
Triglyceride (mmol/L)
0.505
0.422
0.478
0.508
1
SEM, total standard error of means.
Table 7
Influence of palygorskite on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in broilers.
0.533
0.0202
0.325
0.326
42d
Items
23
SEM1
P-value
10
15
20
Linear
Quadratic
74.0
75.6
75.2
73.8
72.8
0.457
0.194
0.114
57.8
61.7
61.7
60.9
60.5
0.491
0.198
0.025
69.8
71.8
69.1
69.0
69.2
0.596
0.348
0.638
74.3
76.5
75.1
74.6
74.6
0.502
0.748
0.688
59.0
62.9
62.4
62.2
62.6
0.620
0.137
0.142
73.3
74.9
73.8
73.8
72.9
0.348
0.467
0.352
17-19 d
38-40 d
a-b
Means within a row with different superscripts are different at P < 0.05.
24
Table 8
Influence of palygorskite on the amounts and ratio of digesta residue in the gastrointestinal tract.
Level of palygorskite (g/kg)
Items
P-value
SEM1
10
15
20
31.6
35.3
43.8
46.1
47.8
0.657
<0.001
<0.001
58.7
65.6
81.7
85.9
89.3
2.94
<0.001
<0.001
Linear
Quadratic
a-d
Means within a row with different superscripts are different at P < 0.05.
Table 9
Influence of palygorskite on the intestinal enzymes activities of broilers.
Level of palygorskite (g/kg)
P-value
SEM1
Items
0
10
15
20
Linear
Quadratic
52.6
54.8
53.5
53.7
52.1
3.80
0.880
0.825
7.76
7.54
7.43
7.38
7.61
0.427
0.959
0.839
21d
25
47.5
48.1
47.0
46.7
48.0
4.54
0.910
0.993
50.9
53.2
53.8
53.6
51.8
5.26
0.829
0.269
7.66
7.92
7.65
7.65
7.34
0.661
0.687
0.923
39.8
40.4
38.1
38.0
39.0
2.77
0.689
0.546
42d
26