Table1.

Demographic characteristics of participants in a case control study,

Characteristics

Case(n=134)
Frequency

Control(n=134)

Total

Percentage

Frequency

Percentage% Frequency

Percentage%

%
Gender

Male

77

57.5

91

67.9

168

Female

57

42.5

43

32.1

100

Childs Age (in months)

Mean + SD

23.62+12.84

Childs Weight(in
Kg)

9.37+2.17

Mean+SD*
Childs
length/Height(Cm)
Mean+SD*

62.7
37.3

19.40+12.35

10.95+3.00

78.31+17.01

78.95+9.57

Midd Upper Arm

Circumference(in mm)

Normal

134

100

134

50

Mild to Moderate

109

81.3

109

40.7

Sever

25

18.7

25

9.3

Bilateral Pedal Edema

Yes

3.7

1.9

No

129

96.3

134

100

263

98.1

Place of Residency

Urban

95

70.9

98

73.1

193

72.0

Rural

39

29.1

36

26.9

75

28.0

Place of Delivery

Home

16

11.9

6.7

25

9.3

Hospital

118

88.1

125

93.3

243

90.7

Immunization status

Not done

1.5

0.7

1.1

Partially done

36

26.9

40

29.9

76

28.4

Completed

96

71.6

93

69.4

189

70.5

*Standard Deviation

Characteristics

Case(n=134)
Frequency

Age complementary feeding

(in months)
Mean + SD*

Percentage%

Control(n=134)

Total

Frequency

Frequency

Percentage%

5.66+2.12

Percen

5.74+1.29

Exclusive breastfed for 1st

6months of life

Yes

36

26.9

86

64.2

122

No

98

73.1

48

35.8

146

33

24.6

24

17.9

57

0.7

1.5

40

29.9

6.0

48

12

9.0

6.7

21

6.7

3.7

14

2.2

20.1

29

21.6

56

If not exclusively breastfed

than what was given
Infant formula
Infant formula and
Tea
Family Food

Family food and

Infant formula
Family food &Tea
Family food, Infant
formula & Tea

Months baby breastfed(

In Months)

0-6Months

27

45.5

54.5

6-12Months

12-24Months

>24Months

44
49
14

32.8

50

37.3

94

35.1

36.6

46

34.3

95

35.4

10.4

6.7

23

8.6

Table1.Demographic characteristics of participants in a case control study,

Table1.Demographic characteristics of participants in a case control study,

Characteristics

Case(n=134)

Control(n=134)

Total

Frequency

Frequency

Frequency

Percentage%

Percentage%

Percentage%

Type of complementary feeding

Animal fresh milk

1.5

.0.7

1.1

Infant formula

3.0

4.5

10

3.7

Family food

78

58.2

69

51.5

147

54.9

Family food &Animal fresh milk

2.2

2.6

Family food &Infant formula

17

12.7

14

10.4

31

11.6

Family food & Cerelac

21

15.7

14

10.4

35

13.1

Family food,Cerelac& Infant formula

2.2

5.2

10

3.7

Cerelac

3.7

16

11.9

21

7.8

Cerelac & Animal fresh milk

1.5

0.7

Cerelac&Infant formula

0.7

0.7

0.7

Complementary feeding frequency

during 24hr

Once a day
Twice a day

21

19

15.7
14.2

12
27

9.0
20.1

33
46

12.3
17.2

Thrice a day

38

28.4

42

31.3

80

29.9

More than 3 time a day

56

41.8

53

39.6

109

40.7

Table1.Demographic characteristics of participants in a case control study,

Characteristics

Case(n=134)

Control(n=134)

Total

Percentage%

Frequency

Frequency

Percentage%

96

71.6

96

71.6

192

71.6

38

28.4

38

28.6

76

28.4

26
108

19.4

15

11.2

41

15.3

80.6

119

88.8

227

84.7

37

27.6

42

31.3

79

29.5

97

72.4

92

68.7

189

70.5

14.2

12

31

11.6

Frequency

Percentage%

Variety of
complementary feeding

Yes

No

History of any chronic

illness in past

Yes

No

History of Diarrhea and

Lower respiratory
infection in last 2weeks

Yes

No

Received Antihelmentic
drug in past 6months

Yes

19
115

85.8

122

91.0

237

88.4

43

32.1

33

24.6

76

28.4

No

Mother education
status

Illiterate

Primary

27

20.1

39

29.1

66

24.6

Secondary

37

27.6

42

31.3

79

29.5

High

27

20.1

20

14.9

47

17.5

Characteristics

Case(n=134)
Frequency

No of children under 5years

Percentage%

Control(n=134)

Total

Frequency

Frequency

Percentage%

1.81+0.809

Mean+SD*

Perce

1.57+0.798

No of family members

3Members

15

11.2

25

18.7

40

14.9

4-5Members

58

43.3

52

38.8

110

41.0

6-8Members

40

29.9

41

30.6

81

30.2

More than 8

21

15.7

16

11.9

37

members
*Standard Deviation
Demographic & Anthropometric Distribution
This study consists of 134 undernourished children (cases) and 134 healthy children (control).
The gender distribution in case & control was 77(57.5%) male, 57(42.5%) female, & 91(67.9)
male & 43(32.1%) female respectively.
Their ages range from 6 months to 5years with mean (+SD) 23.62+12.84 for cases &
19.40+12.35 for controls. The mean (+SD) weight (Kg) for cases & controls was
calculated 9.37+2.17, 10.95+3.00. The mean (+ SD) of length/height (Cm) was

13.8

calculated for case and control (78.95+9.57),( 78.31+17.01) centimeter(cm)

respectively.
Midd Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC): Almost all control had normal MUAC size

and only few cases 25(18.7%) had below 115mm MUAC. Out of 134 cases only 5
participants had bilateral pedal edema.
Since this study conducted in Tertiary hospital so majority of participants 95(70.9%)
cases & 98(73.1%) were from urban area. Same rationale remain behind the place
of delivery and majority of (88%cases&93% controls) participants born at Hospital.
Knowing the Immunization status the participants were divided into 3 groups:
1. Out of 268 participants 96(71.6%) & 93(69.4%)of the cases and controls received
vaccine according to their age
2. Those participants whom they didnt received vaccination according to their
ages(partially done) were 36(26%)from cases and 40(29.9%) from controls
3. Few Participants whom they didnt received vaccination any time in life over all 1.1%

Nutritional Parameter:
Exclusive breast feeding for first 6months was mean core question in this study where
36(26.9%) of interviewers responded Yes in cases and remaining 98(73%) responded No
while in controls group the positive response for this question was high 86(64%). and those
who didnt received exclusive breastfeeding for first 6moth most of them fed by Infant
formula 57(42%) and Family food 48(35%).
The mean (SD) age (in months) when complementary feeding started remain same in both
groups 5.662.12 for case and 5.741.29 for controls.
Beyond the 6 moths the type of complementary feeding in cases and control were in same
pattern 58.2%(78) of cases and 51%(69) of controls received family foods.

The duration that child received breast feeding were divided in 4 steps of ages (06months),(7-12months)(13-24months)and beyond 24 months which remain almost
same between cases and controls for first 6months of life 20.1%(27) of cases and
21.6%(29) of controls, (7-12month)32.8%(44)&37.3%(50), (13-24
months)36.6%(49)&34.3%(46), and for 4th category(>24months) 10.4%(14)&
6.7%(23) of cases and controls respectively.
In this study both groups (case and control) received more than one family diet or
variety of complementary feeding.

Out of 268 participants only 31 participants (19) from cases and 12 from controls
received the anti helmentic drugs
Then mean (+SD) number of children under five for cases and controls were
1.810.809&1.57+0.798 respectively. Mother illiteracy rate remain different among
cases illiterate 43(32.1%),Primary 27(20.1%), Secondary 37(27.6%)& High
education 27(20.1%) and among controls illiterate 33(24.6%), Primary 39(29.1%),
Secondary 42(31.3%) and High education 20(14.9%).

Result from Univariate adjusted logistic regression of factors associated

with Under nutrition

N0
1

Characteristics

Controls

OR

(N=134)

(N=134)

(95% CI)*

Gender

Male

77

57.5

91

67.9

Female

57

42.5

43

32.1

Childs Age (in months)

Mean + SD

23.62+12.84

Childs Weight(in Kg)

Mean+SD

Cases

Childs
length/Height(Cm)

9.37+2.17
78.95+9.57

19.40+12.35

10.95+3.00

0.638(0.33-1.051)
1.027(1.007-1.048)

0.787(0.7090.873)

78.31+17.01

1.003(0.986-

Mean+SD
1.021)

Odd ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

Standard deviation