Fluid Mechanics 1 Chapter1

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Fluid Mechanics 1 Chapter1

stress is defined as force per unit area and is
determined by dividing the force by the area upon
which it acts
The normal component of the force acting on a
surface per unit area is called the normal stress,
and the tangential component of a force acting on
a surface per unit area is called shear stress (Fig.
13). In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called
pressure.

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a fluid in direct contact with a solid sticks to

the surface due to viscous effects, and there is no
slip. This is known as the no-slip condition.

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The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the

viscous effects (and thus the velocity gradients)
are significant is called the boundary layer.
Another consequence of the no-slip condition is
the surface drag, which is the force a fluid exerts
on a surface in the flow direction.
the boundary layer can no longer remain attached
to the surface, and at some point it separates from
the surfacea process called flow separatio
When two bodies at different temperatures are
brought into contact, heat transfer occurs until
both bodies assume the same temperature at the
points of contact. Therefore, a fluid and a solid
surface have the same temperature at the points of
contact. This is known as no-temperature-jump
condition.
Flows in which the frictional effects are
significant are called viscous flows.
However, in many flows of practical interest,
there are regions (typically regions not close to
solid surfaces) where viscous forces are negligibly
small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

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Neglecting the viscous terms in such inviscid flow

regions greatly simplifies the analysis without
much loss in accuracy.
The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface
such as a plate, a wire, or a pipe is external flow.
The flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the
fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces
a flow is said to be incompressible if the density
remains nearly constant throughout.
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft, and other
systems that involve highspeed gas flows, the
flow speed is often expressed in terms of the
dimensionless Mach number defined as
A flow is called sonic when Ma 1, subsonic
when Ma 1, supersonic when Ma 1, and
hypersonic when Ma 1.
The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by
smooth layers of fluid is called laminar.
The highly disordered fluid motion that typically
occurs at high velocities and is characterized by
velocity fluctuations is called turbulent
A flow that alternates between being laminar and
turbulent is called transitional.
forced flow, a fluid is forced to flow over a
surface or in a pipe by external means such as a
pump or a fan.
natural flows, any fluid motion is due to natural
means such as the buoyancy effect, which
manifests itself as the rise of the warmer (and thus
lighter) fluid and the fall of cooler (and thus
denser) fluid
The term steady implies no change at a point with
time. The opposite of steady is unsteady. The
term uniform implies no change with location
over a specified region.
The term periodic refers to the kind of unsteady
flow in which the flow oscillates about a steady
mean.
A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study. The mass or
region outside the system is called the
surroundings. The real or imaginary surface that
separates the system from its surroundings is
called the boundary

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A closed system (also known as a control mass)

consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass
can cross its boundary.

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An open system, or a control volume, as it is often

called, is a properly selected region in space. It
usually encloses a device that involves mass flow

SUMMARY
In this chapter some basic concepts of fluid mechanics are introduced and discussed.
A substance in the liquid or gas phase is referred to as a fluid. Fluid mechanics is the
science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion and the interaction of
fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. The flow of an unbounded fluid
over a surface is external flow, and the flow in a pipe or duct is internal flow if the
fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. A fluid flow is classified as being
compressible or incompressible, depending on the density variation of the fluid during
flow. The densities of liquids are essentially constant, and thus the flow of liquids is
typically incompressible. The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite
of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform implies no change with location
over a specified region. A flow is said to be one-dimensional when the velocity
changes in one dimension only. A fluid in direct contact with a solid surface sticks to
the surface and
there is no slip. This is known as the no-slip condition, which leads to the formation
of boundary layers along solid surfaces. A system of fixed mass is called a closed
system, and a system that involves mass transfer across its boundaries is called an
open system or control volume. A large number of engineering problems involve mass
flow in and out of a system and are therefore modeled as control volumes. In
engineering calculations, it is important to pay particular attention to the units of the
quantities to avoid errors caused by inconsistent units, and to follow a systematic
approach. It is also important to recognize that the information given is not known to
more than a certain number of significant digits, and the results obtained cannot
possibly be accurate to more significant digits. The information given on dimensions
and units; problem-solving technique; and accuracy, precision, and significant digits
will be used throughout the entire text.