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Third Edition
ADVANCED TOPICS IN
MECHANICS-II
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
29
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
Chapter
H2
ADVANCED TOPICS IN
MECHANICS-II
Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
ADVANCED TOPICS IN
MECHANICS-I
Slide No. 2
ENES 220 Assakkaf
ADVANCED TOPICS IN
MECHANICS-I
Slide No. 3
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Slide No. 4
Introduction
The analysis of a noncircular torsion
structural member is far more complicated
than a circular shaft.
The major difficulty basically lies in
determining the shear-strain distribution.
In these noncircular members, the
discussion presented previously for circular
shafts is not applicable.
Slide No. 5
Introduction
Deformation of Circular Shaft Subjected to
Torque T
Figure 11
(a)
T
(b)
Slide No. 6
Introduction
Deformation of a Bar of Square Cross
Section Subjected to Torque T
Figure 12
(a)
T
T
(b)
Slide No. 7
Introduction
In circular or cylindrical member, it was
concluded that plane transverse sections
remain plane and the shear strain varies
linearly from the geometric center.
A simple experiment indicates that these
conclusions are not true for a torsion
member having a rectangular cross
section, as shown in Figure 12.
Slide No. 8
Introduction
For circular elastic shaft, the equations that
define respectively the distribution of stain
and stress are as follows:
=
=
max
(24)
max
(25)
Slide No. 9
Introduction
Distribution of Shearing Stress within the
Circular Cross Section
Figure 13
Tc
c =
J
max =
=
Tc
J
T
J
max
min
max
ro
ri
Slide No. 10
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
Eqs. 24 and 25 that define respectively the
distribution of stain and stress in an elastic
shaft cannot be used for noncircular
members.
For example, it would be wrong to assume
that the shearing stress in the cross
section of a square bar varies linearly with
the distance from the axis of the bar and
Slide No. 11
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Introduction
is therefore largest at the corners of the
cross section.
The shearing stress is actually zero at the
corners of a square cross section
T
T
Slide No. 12
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Slide No. 13
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Slide No. 14
Slide No. 15
max
b
L
Slide No. 16
max =
T
k1ab 2
(26)
Slide No. 17
TL
k 2 ab 3G
(27)
Slide No. 18
Beer and
Johnston,
1992
k1
k2
1.0
0.208
0.1406
1.2
0.219
0.1661
1.5
0.231
0.1958
2.0
0.246
0.229
2.5
0.258
0.249
3.0
0.267
0.263
4.0
0.282
0.281
5.0
0.291
0.291
10.0
0.312
0.312
0.333
0.333
Slide No. 19
ENES 220 Assakkaf
(28)
10
Slide No. 20
a
b
T
L
T
k1ab 2
(26)
TL
k 2 ab 3G
(27)
max =
Slide No. 21
ENES 220 Assakkaf
11
Slide No. 22
b
a
b
a
Slide No. 23
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12
Slide No. 24
Slide No. 25
Ab
13
Slide No. 26
=
Ab
T
2tAb
(29)
Slide No. 27
ENES 220 Assakkaf
14
Slide No. 28
TL
ds
4 Ab2G t
(30)
Slide No. 29
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 3
Using all = 40 MPa, determine the largest
torque which may be applied to each of the
brass bars and to the brass tube shown.
Note that the two solid bars have the same
cross-sectional area, and that the square
bar and square tube have the same
outside dimensions.
15
Slide No. 30
Example 3 (contd)
Figure 17
T1
T2
m
m
m
m
64
25 mm
(1)
t = 6 mm
40 mm
40
40 mm
40
m
m
T3
(3)
(2)
Slide No. 31
Example 3 (contd)
1. Bar with Square Cross Section:
For a solid bar of rectangular cross section,
the maximum shearing stress is given by Eq.
26:
T
max =
k1ab 2
a
= 1.00
b
k1 = 0.208
16
Slide No. 32
Example 3 (contd)
For max = all = 40 MPa, we have
max =
T1
k1ab 2
40 =
T1
T1 = 532 N m
2
0.208(0.04 )(0.04 )
b = 0.025 m
Slide No. 33
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
max =
T2
k1ab 2
40 =
T2
T2 = 414 N m
2
0.259(0.064)(0,025)
3. Square Tube:
For a tube of thickness t, the shearing stress
is given by Eq. 29 as
T
2tAb
17
Slide No. 34
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
where Ab is the area bounded by the center line
of the cross section, therefore,
40 mm
34 mm
t = 6 mm
34 mm
40 mm
Slide No. 35
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 3 (contd)
= all = 40 MPa and t = 0.006 m.
Substituting these value into Eq. 27 gives
T
2tAb
40 =
T3
2(0.006 ) 1.156 10 3
T3 = 555 N m
18
Slide No. 36
Slide No. 37
Example 4 (contd)
and AC are 0.120-in thick, and walls BD
and CD are 0.200-in thick (Fig. 18b)
A
2.5 in.
4 in.
B
0.160 in.
2.5 in.
0.160 in.
(a)
4 in.
B
0.120 in.
0.200 in.
Figure 18
(b)
19
Slide No. 38
ENES 220 Assakkaf
3.84 in.
Ab = (3.84)(2.34 ) = 8.986 in 2
0.160 in.
2.34 in.
0.160 in.
Figure 19
Slide No. 39
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Since the thickness of each of the four walls is t
= 0.160 in., we find from Eq. 29 that the
shearing stress in each wall is
=
T
24
=
= 8.35 ksi
2tAb 2(0.160 )(8.986)
20
Slide No. 40
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 4 (contd)
Eq. 29, the following values for the shearing
stresses are obtained:
AB = AC =
24
= 11.13 ksi
2(0.120 )(8.986 )
BD = CD =
24
= 6.68 ksi
2(0.200)(8.986 )
and
Slide No. 41
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Background
Stresses in Beams
For introduction to bending stress the
rectangular beam and stress diagrams of Fig.
20 are considered.
If the beam is subjected to some bending
moment that stress at any point may be
computed with the usual flexure formula:
Mc
I
(31)
21
Slide No. 42
Background
Figure 20
N.A.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Slide No. 43
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Background
It is important to remember that the
expression given by Eq. 31 is only
applicable when the maximum computed
stress in the beam is below the elastic limit.
The formula of Eq. 31 is based on the
assumption that the stress is proportional
to the strain, and a plane section before
bending remains plane after bending.
22
Slide No. 44
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Background
The value of I/c is a constant for a
particular section and is known as the
section modulus S.
The flexure formula may then be written as
follows:
M
S
(32)
Slide No. 45
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Plastic Moment
In reference to Fig. 20:
Stress varies linearly from the neutral axis to
extreme fibers, as shown in Fig. 20b
When the moment increases, there will also be
a linear relationship between the moment and
the stress until the stress reaches the yield
stress Y, as shown in Fig. 20c.
In Fig. 20d, when the moment increases
beyond the yield moment, the outermost fibers
23
Slide No. 46
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Plastic Moment
In reference to Fig. 20 (contd):
that had previously stressed to their yield point
will continue to have the same but will yield.
The process will continue with more and more
parts of the beam cross section stressed to the
yield point as shown by the stress diagrams of
parts (d) and (e) of Fig. 20., until finally a full
plastic distribution is approached as shown in
Fig. 20f.
Slide No. 47
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Plastic Hinge
When the stress has reached this stage, a
plastic hinge is said to have formed
because no additional moment can be
resisted at the section.
Any additional moment applied at the
section will cause the beam to rotate with
little increase in stress.
24
Slide No. 48
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Plastic Moment
Definition
The plastic moment can be defined as
the moment that will produce full
plasticity in a member cross section
and create a plastic hinge.
Slide No. 49
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Shape Factor
Definition
The shape factor of a member cross
section can be defined as the ratio of
the plastic moment Mp to yield moment
My.
The shape factor equals 1.50 for
rectangular cross sections and varies from
about 1.10 to 1.20 for standard rolledbeam sections
25
Slide No. 50
Plastic Modulus
Definitions
The plastic modulus Z is defined as the
ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the
yield stress Y.
It can also be defined as the first
moment of area about the neutral axis
when the areas above and below the
neutral axis are equal.
Slide No. 51
Shape Factor
The shape factor Z can be computed from
the following expressions:
M
Shape Factor = P
(33)
My
Or from
Shape Factor =
Z
S
(34)
26
Slide No. 52
Example 5
Determine the yield moment My, the plastic
or nominal moment Mp (Mn), and the plastic
modulus Z for the simply supported beam
having the cross section shown in Fig. 21b.
Also calculate the shape factor and
nominal load Pn acting transversely
through the midspan of the beam. Assume
that Y = 50 ksi.
Slide No. 53
Example 5 (contd)
15 in.
Figure 21
1 in.
Pn
1 in.
17 in.
15 in.
12 ft
12 ft
8 in.
(a)
1 in.
(b)
27
Slide No. 54
Example 5 (contd)
Elastic Calculations:
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
17 in.
9.974 in.
3
3
3
3
4
= 1,672.64 in
3
15 in.
8 in.
Ix =
1 in.
S=
I 1,672.64
50(167.7 )
=
= 167.7 in 3 M y = Y S =
= 698.75 ft - kip
c
12
9.974
Slide No. 55
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 5 (contd)
Plastic Calculations:
The areas above and below the neutral axis
must be equal for plastic analysis
A1
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
yN.
A2
A1 = A2
17 in.
15 in.
8 in.
1 in.
15 + 15 y N = 8 + y N
2 y N = 15 + 15 8 = 22
y N = 11 in
28
Slide No. 56
Example 5 (contd)
Plastic Calculations (contd):
A1
1 in.
15 in.
N.A.
11 in.
17 in.
15 in.
8 in.
A2
50(228)
= 950 ft - kip
12
M
950
Shape Factor = n =
= 1.36
M y 698.75
M p = Mn = Y Z =
1 in.
1 in.
Slide No. 57
Example 5 (contd)
In order to find the nominal load Pn, we need
to find an expression that gives the maximum
moment on the beam. This maximum
moment occurs at midspan of the simply
supported beam, and is given by
Pn
M P = M L/2 =
12 ft
Pn L
4
(35)
12 ft
29
Slide No. 58
Pn
Example 5 (contd)
M P = M L/2 =
950 =
Therefore,
Pn (24)
4
Pn L
4
4(950)
Pn =
= 158.3 kips
24
12 ft
12 ft
A1
1 in.
15 in.
1 in.
N.A.
11 in.
A2
17 in.
15 in.
8 in.
1 in.
30